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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Years in Joseon Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_in_Joseon_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Late Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wuchang_Uprising_and_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wuchang_Uprising_and_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wuchang Uprising and Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wuchang_Uprising_and_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Becoming emperor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Becoming_emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Becoming emperor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Becoming_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Second revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan's_21_demands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan's_21_demands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Japan's 21 demands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan's_21_demands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_hereditary_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_hereditary_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Revival of hereditary monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_hereditary_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_international_reactions_to_dynastic_monarchy's_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_international_reactions_to_dynastic_monarchy's_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Public and international reactions to dynastic monarchy's revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_international_reactions_to_dynastic_monarchy's_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandonment_of_monarchy_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment_of_monarchy_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Abandonment of monarchy and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment_of_monarchy_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evaluation and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="يوان شيكاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوان شيكاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%A2n_S%C3%A8-kh%C3%A1i" title="Oân Sè-khái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oân Sè-khái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юань Шыкай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юань Шыкай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юен Шъкай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юен Шъкай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCan_%C5%A0%E2%80%99-kchaj" title="Jüan Š’-kchaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jüan Š’-kchaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cuan_%C5%9Cikai" title="Ĝuan Ŝikai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝuan Ŝikai" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="یوآن شیکای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوآن شیکای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" title="袁世凱 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="袁世凱" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%95%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4" title="위안스카이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위안스카이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="יואן שה-קאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יואן שה-קאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юань Шикай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юань Шикай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCan_Si-kaj" title="Jüan Si-kaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jüan Si-kaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%89" title="يوان شيكاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوان شيكاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%B2ng_Si%C3%A9-k%C4%81i" title="Uòng Sié-kāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uòng Sié-kāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юань Шикай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юань Шикай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" title="袁世凱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="袁世凱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਯੂਆਨ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਆਨ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="یوان شیکائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوان شیکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="យ័ន ស៊ីខាយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យ័ន ស៊ីខាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юань Шикай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юань Шикай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCan_%C5%A0%E2%80%99-kchaj" title="Jüan Š’-kchaj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jüan Š’-kchaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_%C5%A0ikaj" title="Juan Šikaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Juan Šikaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="யுவான் ஷிக்காய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுவான் ஷிக்காய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%BA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88" title="ยฺเหวียน ชื่อไข่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยฺเหวียน ชื่อไข่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yuan Shikai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Юань Шикай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юань Шикай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="یوان شیکائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوان شیکائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Viên Thế Khải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viên Thế Khải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" title="袁世凱 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="袁世凱" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="袁世凯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1" title="袁世凱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="袁世凱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF" title="袁世凯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="袁世凯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="View the content page [c]" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_(surname)" title="Yuan (surname)">Yuan</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Yuan Shikai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-Hant"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">袁世凱</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg/220px-YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg/330px-YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg/440px-YuanShikaiPresidente1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3296" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Yuan in 1915</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Emperor of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Reign</b></span><br />12 December 1915 – 22 March 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhengxiang" title="Lu Zhengxiang">Lu Zhengxiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself, as President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself, as President</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 March 1912 – 12 December 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Shaoyi" title="Tang Shaoyi">Tang Shaoyi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhengxiang" title="Lu Zhengxiang">Lu Zhengxiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bingjun" title="Zhao Bingjun">Zhao Bingjun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a> (acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Xiling" title="Xiong Xiling">Xiong Xiling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Baoqi" title="Sun Baoqi">Sun Baoqi</a> (acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself as Emperor of China</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 March 1916 – 6 June 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself as Emperor of China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Imperial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Imperial_Cabinet" title="Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet">Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 November 1911 – 10 March 1912</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xuantong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantong Emperor">Xuantong Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yikuang,_Prince_Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yikuang, Prince Qing">Yikuang, Prince Qing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> ended</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xun" title="Zhang Xun">Zhang Xun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">1917</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Councillor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 September 1907 – 2 January 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xuantong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantong Emperor">Xuantong Emperor</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 September 1907 – 2 January 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xuantong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantong Emperor">Xuantong Emperor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Haihuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Haihuan (page does not exist)">Lu Haihuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liang_Dunyan" title="Liang Dunyan">Liang Dunyan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Provincial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Viceroy of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 November 1901 – 4 September 1907</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Shixiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Shixiang (page does not exist)">Yang Shixiang</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_governor_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial governor of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Provincial Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 December 1899 – 7 November 1901</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuxian_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yuxian (Qing dynasty)">Yuxian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Renjun" title="Zhang Renjun">Zhang Renjun</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-09-16</span>)</span>16 September 1859<br /><a href="/wiki/Xiangcheng_City" title="Xiangcheng City">Xiangcheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-06-06)</span> (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang clique">Beiyang clique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)" title="Republican Party (China)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Yu Yishang</li><li>Lady Shen, concubine</li><li>Lady Lee, concubine</li><li>Lady Kim, concubine</li><li>Lady O, concubine</li><li>Lady Yang, concubine</li><li>Lady Ye, concubine</li><li>Lady Zhang, concubine</li><li>Lady Guo, concubine</li><li>Lady Liu, concubine</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Keding" title="Yuan Keding">Yuan Keding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Kewen" title="Yuan Kewen">Yuan Kewen</a></li><li>15 other sons</li><li>15 daughters</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">General, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Order of the Paulownia Flowers">Order of the Paulownia Flowers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuan Shikai's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg/128px-Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg/192px-Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg/256px-Yuan_Shikai_Sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="154" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> (1881–1912)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government"><img alt="Beiyang government" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1912–1915, 1916)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="625" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China</a> (1915–1916)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beiyang_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/22px-Beiyang_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/33px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/44px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1881–1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Da_yuan_shuai" class="mw-redirect" title="Da yuan shuai">Generalissimo</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yuan Shikai</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">袁世凱</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">袁世凯</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuán Shìkǎi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄩㄢˊ ㄕˋ ㄎㄞˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuan Shyhkae</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yüan<sup>2</sup> Shih<sup>4</sup>-k</span>ʻ<span>ai<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yuán Shìh-kǎi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɥɛ̌n ʂɻ̩̂.kʰàɪ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yùhn Sai-hói</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jyun4 sai3 hoi2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jyn˩ sɐj˧ hɔj˧˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Uân Sì-khái</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Courtesy name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">慰亭</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">慰亭</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wèitíng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄨㄟˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Weytyng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Wei<sup>4</sup>-t</span>ʻ<span>ing<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wèi-tíng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[wêɪ.tʰǐŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wai-tìhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">wai3 ting4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_China" title="Category:Conservatism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in China</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism#China" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#China" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism#China" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism#China" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#China" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_book#Greater_China" title="Genealogy book">Genealogy book</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rectification_of_names" title="Rectification of names">Rectification of names</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (1915–1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and opening up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Bell" title="Daniel A. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang (Ya-chung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen (Yuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan (Yang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongming" title="Gu Hongming">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Xijin" title="Hu Xijin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang (Qing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang (Shigong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Canrong" title="Jin Canrong">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao" title="Li Ao">Li (Ao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li (Hongzhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li (Zehou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zaifu" title="Liu Zaifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Yiu-chung" title="Tam Yiu-chung">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jiaxiang" title="Wu Jiaxiang">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Gongqin" title="Xiao Gongqin">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Zhang (Weiwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yongnian" title="Zheng Yongnian">Zheng (Yongnian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Imperial China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Shao" title="Duke of Shao">Duke Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Yang Jisheng (Ming dynasty)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke Zhou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (before 1949)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai (Jitao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai (Li)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu (Hanmin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>People's Republic of China (Mainland)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chan" title="Gary Chan">Chan (Gary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joephy_Chan" title="Joephy Chan">Chan (Joephy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Chow" title="Holden Chow">Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fok" title="Kenneth Fok">Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Ho" title="Junius Ho">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Kwok-him" title="Ip Kwok-him">Ip (Kwok-him)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Ip (Regina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwok_Wai-keung" title="Kwok Wai-keung">Kwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lee" title="Dominic Lee">Lee (Dominic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">Lee (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_Lee" title="Starry Lee">Lee (Starry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Liao" title="Martin Liao">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quat" title="Elizabeth Quat">Quat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Tsang (Donald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsang Yok-sing">Tsang (Yok-sing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Yung" title="Eunice Yung">Yung</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chui" title="Fernando Chui">Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Ho (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho (Iat Seng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hou_Fai" title="Sam Hou Fai">Sam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Mainland China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#After_the_Chinese_economic_reform" title="Conservatism in China">factions</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Force" title="Civil Force">Civil Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Public_Housing_Estates" title="Federation of Public Housing Estates">Federation of Public Housing Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Education_Workers" title="Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers">Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_New_Dynamic" title="Kowloon West New Dynamic">Kowloon West New Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Forum" title="New Century Forum">New Century Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party" title="New People's Party">New People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prospect_for_Hong_Kong" title="New Prospect for Hong Kong">New Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Territories_Association_of_Societies" title="New Territories Association of Societies">New Territories Association of Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politihk_Social_Strategic" title="Politihk Social Strategic">Politihk Social Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)" title="Roundtable (Hong Kong)">Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority_for_Hong_Kong" title="Silent Majority for Hong Kong">Silent Majority</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Change_(Macau)" title="Alliance for Change (Macau)">Alliance for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau-Guangdong_Union" title="Macau-Guangdong Union">Macau-Guangdong Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Development_Union" title="New Macau Development Union">New Macau Development Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_United_Citizens_Association" title="Macau United Citizens Association">United Citizens Association</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)" title="Progressive Party (China)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)" title="Republican Party (China)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)" title="Unity Party (China)">Unity Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Resources_Centre" title="Co-operative Resources Centre">Co-operative Resources Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_the_Stability_of_Hong_Kong" title="Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong">Federation for the Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_of_Chinese_and_Expatriates" title="Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates">Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Progressive_Alliance" title="Hong Kong Progressive Alliance">Hong Kong Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Federation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong">Liberal Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hong_Kong_Alliance" title="New Hong Kong Alliance">New Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Forum" title="Professional Forum">Professional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Hong_Kong_Society" title="Progressive Hong Kong Society">Progressive Hong Kong Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-Beijing camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Against_America" title="America Against America">America Against America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Wave:_Rise_of_a_Civilizational_State" title="The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State">The China Wave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_Revolution" title="Farewell to Revolution">Farewell to Revolution</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Active</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Youth_Service_%26_Recreation_Center" title="China Youth Service & Recreation Center">China Youth Service & Recreation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_89" title="Group of 89">Group of 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotanhui_Clique" title="Tsotanhui Clique">Tsotanhui Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Mainland China</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Headline_Daily" title="Headline Daily">Headline Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_Times" title="Hong Kong Economic Times">Hong Kong Economic Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Daily_News" title="Oriental Daily News">Oriental Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sing_Tao_Daily" title="Sing Tao Daily">Sing Tao Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao">Shen Bao</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong#Conservative_localism" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservative localism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_Movement" title="Hanfu Movement">Hanfu Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism#State_nationalism" title="Statism">State nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Anti-national sentiments</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_big_families_of_Hong_Kong" title="Four big families of Hong Kong">Four big families of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism in China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(opposing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Straight_man_cancer" title="Straight man cancer">Straight man cancer</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishang" title="Taishang">Taishang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template talk:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yuan Shikai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">袁世凱</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">袁世凯</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuán Shìkǎi</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüan<sup>2</sup> Shih<sup>4</sup>-k'ai<sup>3</sup></span></i>; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> general and statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Imperial_Cabinet" title="Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet">Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">provisional president</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/1913_Chinese_presidential_election" title="1913 Chinese presidential election">official president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Univ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Univ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> head of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> from 1912 to 1916 and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> from 1915 to 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-BNU_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major political figure during the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing the abdication of the <a href="/wiki/Xuantong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantong Emperor">Xuantong Emperor</a> in 1912, which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China. </p><p>Born to an affluent family in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, Yuan began his career in the <a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a>. He was sent to <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> to head a Qing garrison in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> and was appointed imperial resident and supreme adviser to the Korean government after thwarting the <a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a> in 1885. He was recalled to China shortly before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, and received command of the first <a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a>, which paved the way for his rise to power. In 1898, Yuan formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a> and helped bring an end to the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a>. Promoted to <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Viceroy of Zhili</a> in 1902, Yuan quickly expanded the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> into the best trained and most effective military force in China. He played an active role in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a>, which included the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a>. Yuan fell from power upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Cixi</a> in 1908 and was forced into exile, but he retained the loyalty of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> and as such remained an influential figure. </p><p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a> in October 1911, the Qing court, desperate to maintain control as revolutionary forces seized key provinces, recalled Yuan from retirement and appointed him <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Imperial_Cabinet" title="Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet">Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet</a> on November 1. Yuan, commanding the powerful Beiyang Army, was tasked with crushing the rebellion, initially engaged in military action but soon realized that continued fighting would only push China into civil war and financial ruin. Both the Qing government and the revolutionaries lacked the resources to sustain a drawn-out struggle, and foreign banks were unwilling to provide loans amid political instability. With both sides understanding that prolonged conflict would be disastrous, Yuan opened talks with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>’s revolutionary forces. They brokered a deal that led to the abdication of the child emperor Puyi in early 1912, effectively ending over two thousand years of imperial rule. In return for orchestrating the Qing dynasty’s peaceful surrender, Yuan was chosen as the first official president of the Republic of China after Sun voluntarily stepped aside in his favor. </p><p>Yuan's desire for dictatorial power brought him into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Beiyang_government)" title="National Assembly (Beiyang government)">National Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), provoking a <a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">second revolution</a> which was decisively crushed. He then outlawed the KMT and dissolved the National Assembly. </p><p>In December 1915, in an attempt to further secure his rule, Yuan <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">restored the monarchy</a> and proclaimed himself as the <b>Hongxian Emperor</b> (<span lang="zh">洪憲</span>). The move was met with widespread opposition from the general populace, many of his closest supporters in the Beiyang Army, as well as foreign governments. Several military governors and provinces <a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">rose in open rebellion</a>. In March 1916, Yuan formally abdicated and restored the Republic, having been emperor for only 83 days. He died of <a href="/wiki/Uraemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uraemia">uraemia</a> in June at the age of 56, leaving behind a significantly weakened Beiyang government and a fragmented political landscape, which soon plunged China into a <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">period of warlordism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>On 16 September 1859, Yuan Shikai was born in the village of Zhangying (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張營村</span></span>) to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_(surname)" title="Yuan (surname)">Yuan Clan</a> which later moved 16 kilometres southeast of <a href="/wiki/Xiangcheng_City" title="Xiangcheng City">Xiangcheng</a> to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There, the Yuan family had built the fortified village of Yuanzhaicun (<span lang="zh">袁寨村</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yuan's family was affluent enough to provide Yuan with a traditional Confucian education.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man he enjoyed riding, hunting with dogs, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Though hoping to pursue a career in the civil service, he failed the imperial examinations twice, leading him to decide on an entry into politics through the <a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a>, where many of his relatives served. His career began with the purchase of a minor official title in 1880, which was a common method of official promotion in the late Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using his father's connections, Yuan travelled to <a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a>, Shandong, and sought a post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan's first marriage was in 1876 to a woman of the Yu family who bore him a first son, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Keding" title="Yuan Keding">Keding</a>, in 1878. Yuan Shikai married nine more <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> throughout the course of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_in_Joseon_Korea">Years in Joseon Korea</h2></div> <p>In the early 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> was in the midst of a struggle between isolationists under <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">King Gojong</a>'s father <a href="/wiki/Heungseon_Daewongun" title="Heungseon Daewongun">Heungseon Daewongun</a>, and progressives, led by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a>, who wanted to open trade. After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, Japan had adopted an aggressive foreign policy, contesting Chinese domination of the peninsula. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganghwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ganghwa">Treaty of Ganghwa</a>, which the Koreans signed with reluctance in 1876, Japan was allowed to send diplomatic missions to <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Hanseong</a>, and opened trading posts in <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a>. Amidst an internal power struggle which resulted in the queen's exile, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Viceroy of Zhili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a>, sent the 3,000 strong Qing Brigade into Korea. The Korean king proposed training 500 troops in the art of modern warfare, and Yuan Shikai was appointed to lead this task in Korea. Li Hongzhang also recommended Yuan's promotion, with Yuan given the rank of <i>sub-prefect</i>. </p><p>Following the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a>. In 1885, Yuan was appointed Imperial Resident of Seoul.<sup id="cite_ref-Busky_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the surface the position equalled that of ambassador but in practice, as head official from the <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a>, Yuan had become the supreme adviser on all Korean government policies. Perceiving China's increasing influence on the Korean government, Japan sought more influence through co-suzerainty with China. A series of documents were released to Yuan Shikai, claiming the Korean government had changed its stance towards Chinese protection and would rather turn to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> for protection. Yuan was outraged yet skeptical and asked Li Hongzhang for advice. </p><p>In a treaty signed between Japan and Qing, the two parties agreed that either would send troops into Korea only after notifying the other. Although the Korean government was stable, it was still a protectorate of Qing. Koreans emerged advocating modernization. Another more radicalised group, the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Donghak Rebellion">Donghak Society</a>, promoting an early nationalist doctrine based partly upon <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> principles, rose in rebellion against the government. Yuan and Li Hongzhang sent troops into Korea to protect Seoul and Qing's interests, and Japan did the same under the pretext of protecting Japanese trading posts. Tensions boiled over between Japan and China when Japan refused to withdraw its forces and placed a blockade at the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel north</a>. Li Hongzhang wanted at all costs to avoid a war with Japan and attempted this by asking for international pressure for a Japanese withdrawal. Japan refused, and war broke out. Yuan, having been put in an ineffective position, was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> in July 1894, before the official outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>Yuan Shikai had three Korean concubines, one of whom was Korean Princess Li's relative, concubine Kim. 15 of Yuan's children came from these three Korean women.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Qing_dynasty">Late Qing dynasty</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yuan_Shikai" title="Special:EditPage/Yuan Shikai">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yuan+Shikai%22">"Yuan Shikai"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yuan+Shikai%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yuan+Shikai%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yuan+Shikai%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yuan+Shikai%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yuan+Shikai%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai_as_governor_of_shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Yuan_Shikai_as_governor_of_shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Yuan Shikai as Governor of Shandong</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_generals_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chinese_generals_1910.jpg/220px-Chinese_generals_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chinese_generals_1910.jpg/330px-Chinese_generals_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chinese_generals_1910.jpg/440px-Chinese_generals_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>Yuan Shikai and <a href="/wiki/Tieliang" title="Tieliang">Tieliang</a>（铁良) in 1906<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Yuan's rise to fame began with his nominal participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> as commander of the Chinese garrison forces in Korea. Unlike other officers, however, he avoided the humiliation of Chinese defeat by having been recalled to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> several days before the outbreak of conflict. </p><p>As an ally of <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a>, Yuan was appointed the commander of the first <a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a> in 1895. Yuan's training program modernized the army, creating enormous pride, and earning him the loyalty of capable senior officers. </p><p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese war</a> in 1895, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America Secretary of State">United States of America Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">John W. Foster</a> attempted to convince Yuan to lead a military coup against the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Crean_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>By 1901, five of China's seven divisional commanders and most other senior military officers in China were his protégés.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing court relied heavily on his army due to the proximity of its garrison to the capital and their effectiveness. Of the new armies that formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a>, Yuan's was the best trained and most effective. His success opened the way for his rise to the top in both military and political sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>, and conservatives under <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>, who had temporarily retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> as a place of "retirement". After the Guangxu Emperor's <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a> in 1898, however, Cixi decided that the reforms were too drastic, and plotted to restore her own regency through a coup d'état. Plans of the coup spread early, and the Emperor was very aware of the plot. He asked reform advocates <a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a> and others to develop a plan to save him. Yuan's involvement in the coup remains a matter of debate among historians. Tan Sitong reportedly spoke with Yuan several days before the coup, asking Yuan to assist the Emperor against Cixi. Yuan refused a direct answer, but insisted he was loyal to the Emperor. Meanwhile, the Manchu General <a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a> was planning manoeuvres for his army to stage the coup. </p><p>According to sources, including the diary of <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> and contemporary Chinese news sources, Yuan Shikai arrived in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> on 20 September 1898 by train. It is certain that by the evening, Yuan talked to Ronglu, but what was revealed to him remains ambiguous. Most historians suggest that Yuan told Ronglu all details of the Reformers' plans and asked him to take immediate action. The plot having been exposed, Ronglu's troops entered the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> at dawn on 21 September, forcing the Emperor into seclusion in a lake palace. </p><p>Making a political alliance with the Empress Dowager, and becoming a lasting enemy of the Guangxu Emperor, Yuan left the capital in 1899 for his new appointment as Governor of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. During his three-year tenure the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1899–1901) erupted; Yuan ensured the suppression of Boxers in the province, though his troops took no active part outside Shandong itself. Yuan took the side of the pro-foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with <a href="/wiki/Yikuang" title="Yikuang">Prince Qing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a>. He refused to side with the Boxers and attack the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> forces, joining with other Chinese governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhidong" title="Zhang Zhidong">Zhang Zhidong</a> not participating in the Boxer Rebellion. He and Zhang ignored Cixi's declaration of war against the foreign powers and continued to suppress the Boxers. This clique was known as <a href="/wiki/The_Mutual_Protection_of_Southeast_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mutual Protection of Southeast China">The Mutual Protection of Southeast China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luo2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luo2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to not fighting the Eight-Nation Alliance and suppressing the Boxers in Shandong, Yuan and his army (the Right Division) also helped the Eight-Nation Alliance suppress the Boxers after the Alliance <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peking_(1900)" title="Battle of Peking (1900)">captured Peking</a> in August 1900. Yuan Shikai's forces massacred tens of thousands of people in their anti-Boxer campaign in Zhili.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuan operated out of <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a> during the campaign, which ended in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also founded a provincial junior college (Shandong College, the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Shandong University</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, which adopted western ideas of education. </p><p>In June 1902 he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Viceroy of Zhili</a>, the lucrative commissioner for North China Trade, and Minister of <a href="/wiki/Beiyang" title="Beiyang">Beiyang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">北洋通商大臣</span></span>), comprising the modern regions of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, Hebei, and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained the regard of foreigners after helping crush the Boxer Rebellion, he successfully obtained numerous loans to expand his <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> into the most powerful force in China. He created a 2,000-strong police force to keep order in Tianjin, the first of its kind in Chinese history, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> forbidding any troops to be staged close to Tianjin. Yuan was also involved in the transfer of railway control from <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Xuanhuai" title="Sheng Xuanhuai">Sheng Xuanhuai</a>, leading railways and their construction to become a large source of his revenue. Yuan played an active role in late-Qing political reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Education (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">學部</span></span>) and Ministry of Police (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">巡警部</span></span>). He further advocated ethnic equality between Manchus and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg/220px-Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg/330px-Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg/440px-Yuan_Shikai_in_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Yuan Shikai in Qing dynasty uniform, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905, acting on Yuan's advice, Dowager-Empress Cixi issued a decree ending the traditional Confucian examination system that was formalized in 1906. She ordered the Ministry of Education to implement a system of primary and secondary schools and universities with state-mandated curriculum, modelled after the educational system of <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji-era</a> Japan. On 27 August 1908, the Qing court promulgated "Principles for a Constitution", which Yuan helped to draft. This document called for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional government">constitutional government</a> with a strong monarchy (modelled after Meiji Japan and Bismarck's Germany), with a constitution to be issued by 1916 and an elected parliament by 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:60%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In the hunting-park, three miles to the south of Peking, is quartered the Sixth Division, which supplies the Guards for the Imperial Palace, consisting of a battalion of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. With this Division Yuan Shi Kai retains twenty-six modified Krupp guns, which are the best of his artillery arm, and excel any guns possessed by the foreign legations in Peking. </p><p>The Manchu Division moves with the Court and is the pride of the modern army. </p><p>By his strategic disposition Yuan Shi Kai completely controls all the approaches to the capital, and holds a force which he may utilize either to protect the Court from threatened attack or to crush the Emperor should he himself desire to assume Imperial power. Contrary to treaty stipulations made at the settlement of the Boxer trouble, the Chinese have been permitted to build a great tower over the Chien Men, or central southern gate, which commands the foreign legations and governs the Forbidden City. In the threatening condition of Chinese affairs it might be assumed that this structure had been undermined by the foreign community, but this has not been done, and if trouble again arise in Peking the fate of the legations will depend upon the success of the first assault which will be necessary to take it. The foreign legations are as much in the power of Yuan Shi Kai's troops in 1907 as they were at the mercy of the Chinese rabble in 1900. </p><p>The ultimate purpose of the equipped and disciplined troops is locked in the breast of the Viceroy of Chihli. Yuan Shi Kai's yamen in Tientsin is connected by telegraph and telephone with the Imperial palaces and with the various barracks of his troops. In a field a couple of hundred yards away is the long pole of a wireless telegraph station, from which he can send the message that any day may set all China ablaze. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>To-morrow in the East</i>, Douglas Story, pp. 224–226.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Yuan Shikai's Han-dominated New Army was primarily responsible for the defence of Beijing, as most of the modernized Eight Banner divisions were destroyed in the Boxer Rebellion and the new modernized Banner forces were token in nature. </p><p>The Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor died within a day of each other in November 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Busky_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources indicate that the will of the emperor ordered Yuan's execution. Nonetheless, he avoided death. In January 1909, he was relieved of all his posts by the regent, <a href="/wiki/Zaifeng,_Prince_Chun" title="Zaifeng, Prince Chun">Prince Chun</a>. The public reason for Yuan's resignation was that he was returning to his home in the village of Huanshang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">洹上村</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">prefecture-level city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, due to a foot disease. </p><p>During his three years of effective exile, Yuan kept contact with his close allies, including <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a>, who reported to him regularly about army proceedings. Yuan had arranged for the marriage of his niece (whom he had adopted) to Duan as a means to consolidate power. The loyalty of the Beiyang Army was still undoubtedly behind him. Having this strategic military support, Yuan held the balance of power between various revolutionaries (like <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>) and the Qing court. Both wanted Yuan on their side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wuchang_Uprising_and_Republic">Wuchang Uprising and Republic</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yuan_Shikai2.jpg/220px-Yuan_Shikai2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yuan_Shikai2.jpg/330px-Yuan_Shikai2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Yuan_Shikai2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Yuan Shikai in uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a> took place on 10 October 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> province. The southern provinces subsequently declared their independence from the Qing court, but neither the northern provinces nor the Beiyang Army had a clear stance for or against the rebellion. Both the Qing court and Yuan were fully aware that the Beiyang Army was the only Qing force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries. The court requested Yuan's return on 27 October, but he repeatedly declined offers from the Qing court for his return, first as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Viceroy of Huguang</a>, and then as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Imperial_Cabinet" title="Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet">Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet</a>. Time was on Yuan's side, and Yuan waited, using his "foot ailment" as a pretext to his continual refusal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After further pleas by the Qing Court, Yuan agreed and eventually left his village for Beijing on 30 October, becoming prime minister on 1 November 1911. Immediately after that he asked the regent to withdraw from politics, which forced Zaifeng to resign as regent. This made way for Yuan to form a new, predominantly Han <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Shikai's Cabinet">cabinet</a> of confidants, with only one Manchu as Minister of Suzerainty. To further reward Yuan's loyalty to the court, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Longyu" title="Empress Dowager Longyu">Empress Dowager Longyu</a> offered Yuan the noble title Marquis of the First Rank (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一等侯</span></span>), an honour previously given only to 19th-century General <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a> for his raising of the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a> to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>. Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangxia" title="Battle of Yangxia">Battle of Yangxia</a>, Yuan's forces recaptured <a href="/wiki/Hankou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou District">Hankou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyang District">Hanyang</a> from the revolutionaries. Yuan knew that complete suppression of the revolution would end his usefulness to the Qing regime. Instead of attacking <a href="/wiki/Wuchang,_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang, Hubei">Wuchang</a>, he began to negotiate with the revolutionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication_of_child_emperor">Abdication of child emperor</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg/250px-Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg/330px-Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg/500px-Yuan_Shikai_sworn_in_as_Provisional_President_-_10_March_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Yuan Shikai sworn in as Provisional President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, 10 March 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ztysk_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ztysk_%282%29.jpg/220px-Ztysk_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ztysk_%282%29.jpg/330px-Ztysk_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ztysk_%282%29.jpg/440px-Ztysk_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Yuan Shikai pictured with ambassadors from foreign countries on 10 October 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>The revolutionaries had elected <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> as the first Provisional <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a>, but they were in a weak position militarily, so they negotiated with the Qing, using Yuan as an intermediary. Yuan arranged for the abdication of the child emperor <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> in return for being granted the position of President of the Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Busky_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puyi recalled in his autobiography the meeting between Longyu and Yuan: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Longyu" title="Empress Dowager Longyu">The Dowager Empress</a> was sitting on a kang [platform] in a side room of the Mind Nature Palace, wiping her eyes with a handkerchief as a fat old man [Yuan] knelt before her on a red cushion, tears streaming down his face. I was sitting to the right of the widow and wondering why both adults were crying. There was no one in the room other than the three of us and everything was very quiet; the fat man snorted as he spoke and I couldn't understand what he was saying ... This was the time when Yuan directly raised the question of abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sun agreed to Yuan's presidency after some internal bickering, but asked that the capital be situated in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. Yuan, however, wanted the geographic advantage of having the nation's capital close to his base of military power. Many theorized that <a href="/wiki/Cao_Kun" title="Cao Kun">Cao Kun</a>, one of his trusted subordinate Beiyang military commanders, fabricated a coup d'état in Beijing and Tianjin, apparently under Yuan's orders, to provide an excuse for Yuan not to leave his <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in Zhili (present-day <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> province). However, the claim that the coup was organized by Yuan has been challenged by others.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolutionaries compromised again, and the capital of the new republic was established in Beijing. Yuan Shikai was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China by the Nanjing Provisional Senate on 14 February 1912, and sworn in on 10 March of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhengyuan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhengyuan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_elections">Democratic elections</h3></div> <p>In February 1913, democratic elections were held for the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a> in which the KMT scored a significant victory. <a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a> zealously supported a cabinet system and was widely regarded as a candidate for prime minister. </p><p>One of Song's main political goals was to ensure that the powers and independence of China's Parliament be properly protected from the influence of the office of the president. Song's goals in curtailing the office of the president conflicted with the interests of Yuan, who, by mid-1912, clearly dominated the provisional cabinet and was showing signs of a desire to hold overwhelming executive power. During Song's travels through China in 1912, he had openly and vehemently expressed the desire to limit the powers of the president in terms that often appeared openly critical of Yuan's ambitions. When the results of the 1913 elections indicated a clear victory for the KMT, it appeared that Song would be in a position to exercise a dominant role in selecting the premier and cabinet, and the party could have proceeded to push for the election of a future president in a parliamentary setting. On 20 March 1913, Song Jiaoren was shot by a lone gunman in Shanghai, and died two days later. The trail of evidence led to the secretary of the cabinet and the provisional premier of Yuan's government. Although Yuan was considered by contemporary Chinese media sources as the man most likely behind the assassination, the main conspirators investigated by authorities either were themselves assassinated or disappeared mysteriously. For lack of evidence, Yuan was not implicated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Becoming_emperor">Becoming emperor</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (1915–1916)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png/330px-1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png/500px-1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png/960px-1_dollar_Yuan_Shikai_1914_-_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai_coinage" title="Yuan Shikai coinage">Yuan Shikai dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> in Chinese), issued for the first time in 1914, became a dominant coin type of the Republic of China.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_(1914)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281914%29_01.jpg/330px-5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281914%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281914%29_01.jpg/500px-5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281914%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281914%29_01.jpg/960px-5_Yuan_-_Bank_of_China_%281914%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption> A banknote from the early Republic of China depicting the face of President Yuan Shikai.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tensions between the KMT and Yuan continued to intensify. After arriving in Peking, the elected Parliament attempted to gain control over Yuan, to develop a permanent constitution, and to hold a legitimate, open presidential election. Because he had authorized $100 million of "<a href="/wiki/Reorganisation_loan_affair" title="Reorganisation loan affair">reorganization loans</a>" from a variety of foreign banks, the KMT in particular were highly critical of Yuan's handling of the national budget. Yuan's crackdown on the KMT began in 1913, with the suppression and bribery of KMT members in the two legislative chambers. Anti-Yuan revolutionaries also claimed Yuan orchestrated the collapse of the KMT internally and dismissed governors interpreted as being pro-KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_revolution">Second revolution</h3></div> <p>Seeing the situation for his party worsen, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan in August 1913, and called for a Second Revolution, this time against Yuan Shikai.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Yuan gradually took over the government, using the military as the base of his power. He dissolved the national and provincial assemblies, and the House of Representatives and Senate were replaced by the newly formed "Council of State", with <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a>, his trusted Beiyang lieutenant, as prime minister. He relied on the American-educated <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Tingkan" title="Tsai Tingkan">Tsai Tingkan</a> for English translation and connections with western powers. Finally, Yuan had himself elected president to a five-year term, publicly labelled the KMT a seditious organization, ordered the KMT's dissolution, and evicted all its members from Parliament. The KMT's "Second Revolution" ended in failure as Yuan's troops achieved complete victory over revolutionary uprisings. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties who remained willingly submitted to Yuan. Because those commanders not loyal to Yuan were effectively removed from power, the Second Revolution cemented Yuan's power.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1914, China's Parliament was formally dissolved. To give his government a semblance of legitimacy, Yuan convened a body of 66 men from his cabinet who, on 1 May 1914, produced a "constitutional compact" that effectively replaced China's provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China's military, finances, foreign policy, and the rights of China's citizens. Yuan justified these reforms by stating that representative democracy had been proven inefficient by political infighting.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments. Each province was supported by a military governor (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">都督</span></span>) as well as a civil authority, giving each governor control of his own army. This helped lay the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlordism</a> that crippled China over the next two decades. </p><p>During Yuan's presidency, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai_coinage" title="Yuan Shikai coinage">silver coinage featuring his portrait</a> was introduced. This coin type was the first "dollar" coin of the central authorities of the Republic of China to be minted in large quantities. It became a staple silver coin type during the first half of the 20th century and was struck for the last time as late as the 1950s. The coins were also extensively forged.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan's_21_demands"><span id="Japan.27s_21_demands"></span>Japan's 21 demands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></div> <p>In 1914, Japan captured the German colony at <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>. In January 1915, Japan sent a secret ultimatum, known as the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a>, to Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-Crean_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Japan demanded an extension of <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a>, the sale of businesses in debt to Japan and the cession of Qingdao to Japan, and virtual control of finance and the local police. When these demands were made public, hostility within China was expressed in nationwide anti-Japanese demonstrations and an effective national boycott of Japanese goods. With support from Britain and the United States Yuan secured Japan's dropping part five of the demands, which would have given Japan a general control of Chinese affairs. However he did accept the less onerous terms and that led to a decline in the popularity of Yuan's government.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_hereditary_monarchy">Revival of hereditary monarchy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Emperor of <span class="country-name">China</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中華帝國皇帝</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;">Imperial</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg/120px-Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg/180px-Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg/240px-Twelve_Symbols_national_emblem_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="506" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Imperial Emblem</b></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg/200px-%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg/300px-%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg/400px-%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%A5%AD%E5%A4%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The President dressed in the traditional <i>chaofu</i> attire, before his subsequent coronation. 1915.</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Majesty (style)">His Imperial Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Hongxian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1915</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To build up his own authority, Yuan began to re-institute elements of state <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. As the main proponent of reviving Qing state religious observances, Yuan effectively participated as emperor in rituals held at the Qing <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a>. In late 1915, rumours were floated of a popular consensus that the hereditary monarchy should be revived. With his power secure, many of Yuan's supporters, notably monarchist <a href="/wiki/Yang_Du" title="Yang Du">Yang Du</a>, advocated for a revival of the hereditary monarchy, asking Yuan to take on the title of Emperor. Yang reasoned that the Chinese masses had long been used to monarchic rule, the Republic had been effective only as a transitional phase to end Manchu rule, and China's political situation demanded the stability that only a dynastic monarchy could ensure. The American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Johnson_Goodnow" title="Frank Johnson Goodnow">Frank Johnson Goodnow</a> suggested a similar idea. Negotiators representing Japan had also offered to support Yuan's ambitions as one of the rewards for Yuan's support of the Twenty-One Demands.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November 1915, Yuan held a specially convened "Representative Assembly" which voted unanimously to offer Yuan the throne. On 12 December 1915, Yuan "accepted" the invitation and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Chinese Empire (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中华帝国大皇帝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中華帝國大皇帝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Dìguó Dà Huángdì</span></i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a> of Hongxian (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">洪宪</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">洪憲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hóngxiàn</span></i>; i.e. <i>Constitutional Abundance</i>). The new <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of China (1915–16)">Empire of China</a> was to formally begin on 1 January 1916, when Yuan intended to conduct the accession rites. Soon after becoming emperor, the Yuan placed an order with the former imperial potters for a 40,000-piece porcelain set costing 1.4 million yuan, a large jade seal, and two imperial robes costing 400,000 yuan each.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhengyuan_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhengyuan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_international_reactions_to_dynastic_monarchy's_revival"><span id="Public_and_international_reactions_to_dynastic_monarchy.27s_revival"></span>Public and international reactions to dynastic monarchy's revival</h3></div> <p>Yuan expected widespread domestic and international support for his reign. British diplomats and bankers had previously worked hard to help him succeed. They had set up a <a href="/wiki/China_Consortium" title="China Consortium">banking consortium</a> that loaned Yuan's government £25 million in April 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he and his supporters had badly miscalculated. Many of the emperor's closest supporters abandoned him, and the solidarity of the emperor's Beiyang clique of military protégés dissolved. There were open protests throughout China denouncing Yuan. Foreign governments, including Japan, suddenly proved indifferent or openly hostile to him, not giving him the recognition anticipated.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebels bombed the presidential palace from the air in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Crean_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crean-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Sun Yat-sen, who had fled to Tokyo and set up a base there, organized efforts to overthrow Yuan. The emperor's sons publicly fought over the title of "Crown Prince", and formerly loyal subordinates such as <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a> left him to create their own factions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandonment_of_monarchy_and_death">Abandonment of monarchy and death</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:left/right/center">Funeral procession of Yuan Shikai in Beijing</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg/190px-FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg/285px-FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg/380px-FuneralDeYuanShikai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg/190px-CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg/285px-CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg/380px-CatafalcoDeYuanShikaiCaminoALaEstaci%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg/250px-FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg/330px-FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg/500px-FuneralDeYuanShikai2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Faced with widespread opposition, Yuan repeatedly delayed the accession rites in order to appease his foes, but his prestige was irreparably damaged and province after province continued to voice disapproval. On 25 December 1915, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>'s military governor, <a href="/wiki/Cai_E" title="Cai E">Cai E</a>, rebelled, launching the <a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a>. The governor of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> followed in January 1916, and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> declared independence in March. Funding for Yuan's accession ceremony was cut on 1 March. </p><p>Yuan formally abdicated and restored the Republic on 22 March after being emperor for only 83 days; primarily due to these mounting revolts as well as declining health from <a href="/wiki/Uraemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uraemia">uraemia</a>. This was not enough for his enemies, who called for his resignation as president, causing more provinces to rebel. Yuan died of uraemia at 10 a.m. on 6 June 1916, at the age of fifty-six.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhengyuan_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhengyuan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spence3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yuan's remains were moved to <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">his home province</a> and placed in a large mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>. In 1928, the tomb was looted by <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a> and his soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>. </p><p>Yuan had a wife and nine concubines, who bore him 17 sons and 15 daughters, but only three were prominent: Prince <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Keding" title="Yuan Keding">Yuan Keding</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Kewen" title="Yuan Kewen">Yuan Kewen</a>, and Prince Yuan Keliang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_and_legacy">Evaluation and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg/250px-The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg/375px-The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg/500px-The_villa_of_Yuan_Shikai_in_Tianjin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The residence of Yuan in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg/250px-1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg/330px-1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg/500px-1915%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Satirical political cartoon of Yuan Shikai from 1915.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg/220px-047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg/330px-047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg/440px-047_Yuan_Shikai%27s_Flag_Used_to_Proclaim_Himself_Emperor_and_Garments_Used_to_Worship_Heaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Mianfu" title="Mianfu">mianfu</a></i> of Yuan Shikai.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians in China have considered Yuan's rule mostly negatively. He introduced far-ranging modernizations in law and social areas, and trained and organized one of China's first modern armies; but the loyalty Yuan had fostered in the armed forces dissolved after his death, undermining the authority of the central government. Yuan financed his regime through large foreign loans, and is criticized for weakening Chinese morale and international prestige, and for allowing the Japanese to gain broad concessions over China.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Jonathan Spence</a>, however, notes in his influential survey that Yuan was "ambitious, both for his country and for himself", and that "even as he subverted the constitution, paradoxically he sought to build on late-Qing attempts at reforms and to develop institutions that would bring strong and stable government to China." To gain foreign confidence and end the hated system of extraterritoriality, Yuan strengthened the court system and invited foreign advisers to reform the penal system.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Yuan's death, there was an effort by <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a> to revive the Republic by recalling the legislators who had been ejected in 1913, but this effort was confused and ineffective in asserting central control. Li lacked any support from the military. There was a short-lived effort in 1917 to <a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">revive the Qing dynasty</a> led by the loyalist general <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xun_(Qing_loyalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Xun (Qing loyalist)">Zhang Xun</a>, but his forces were defeated by rival warlords later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the collapse of Zhang's movement, all pretence of strength from the central government collapsed, and China descended into a period of warlordism. Over the next several decades, the offices of both the president and parliament became the tools of militarists, and the politicians in Peking became dependent on regional governors for their support and political survival. For this reason, Yuan is sometimes called "the Father of the Warlords". However, it is not accurate to attribute China's subsequent <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">age of warlordism</a> as a personal preference, since in his career as a military reformer he had attempted to forge a modern army based on the Japanese model. Throughout his lifetime, he demonstrated an understanding of staffing, military education, and regular transfers of officer personnel, combining these skills to create China's first modern military organisation. After his return to power in 1911, however, he seemed willing to sacrifice his legacy of military reform for imperial ambitions, and instead ruled by a combination of violence and bribery that destroyed the idealism of the early Republican movement.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the CCTV Production <i><a href="/wiki/Towards_the_Republic" title="Towards the Republic">Towards the Republic</a></i>, Yuan is portrayed through most of his early years as an able administrator, although a very skilled manipulator of political situations. His self-proclamation as Emperor is largely depicted as being influenced by external forces, especially that of his son, prince <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Keding" title="Yuan Keding">Yuan Keding</a>. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">bixi</a></i> stone tortoise with a stelae in honour of Yuan Shikai, which was installed in <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>'s Huanyuan Park soon after his death, was (partly) restored in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p>Chinese men before 1949 customarily used and were referred to by various names. Yuan's <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> was "Weiting" (<a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> spelling: Wei-ting; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">慰亭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wèitíng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><i>Wei<sup>4</sup>-t'ing<sup>2</sup></i></span></i>), and he used the pseudonym "Rong'an" (<a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> spelling: Jung-an; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">容庵</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Róng'ān</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><i>Jung<sup>2</sup>-an<sup>1</sup></i></span></i>). He was sometimes referred to by the name of his birthplace, "Xiangcheng" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">项城</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">項城</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàngchéng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><i>Hsiang<sup>4</sup>-ch'eng<sup>2</sup></i></span></i>), or by a title for tutors of the crown prince, "Kung-pao" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">宫保</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">宮保</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gōngbǎo</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><i>Kung<sup>1</sup>-pao<sup>3</sup></i></span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Order of the Paulownia Flowers">Order of the Paulownia Flowers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg/250px-Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg/330px-Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg/500px-Yuan_Shikai_and_his_kids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Yuan and his children</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Paternal grandfather</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yuan Shusan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁澍三</span></span>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Father</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yuan Baozhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁保中</span></span>) (1823–1874), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Shouchen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">受臣</span></span>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Uncle</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yuan Baoqing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁保慶</span></span>) (1825–1873), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Duchen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">篤臣</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">pseudonym</a> Yanzhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">延之</span></span>), Yuan Baozhong's younger brother</li></ul> <dl><dt>Wife</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yu Yishang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">于義上</span></span>), daughter of Yu Ao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">於鰲</span></span>), a wealthy man from <a href="/wiki/Shenqiu_County" title="Shenqiu County">Shenqiu County</a>, Henan; married Yuan Shikai in 1876; mother of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Keding" title="Yuan Keding">Yuan Keding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Concubines</dt></dl> <ul><li>Lady Shen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">沈氏</span></span>), previously a <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li>Lady Lee (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李氏</span></span>), of <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> origin; mother of Yuan Bozhen, Yuan Kequan, Yuan Keqi, Yuan Kejian, and Yuan Kedu</li> <li>Lady Kim (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金氏</span></span>), of <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> origin; mother of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Kewen" title="Yuan Kewen">Yuan Kewen</a>, Yuan Keliang, Yuan Shuzhen, Yuan Huanzhen, and Yuan Sizhen</li> <li>Lady O (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">吳氏</span></span>), of <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> origin; mother of Yuan Keduan, Yuan Zhongzhen, Yuan Cizhen, and Yuan Fuzhen</li> <li>Lady Yang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊氏</span></span>), mother of Yuan Kehuan, Yuan Kezhen, Yuan Kejiu, Yuan Ke'an, Yuan Jizhen, and Yuan Lingzhen</li> <li>Lady Ye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">葉氏</span></span>), previously a prostitute in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>; mother of Yuan Kejie, Yuan Keyou, Yuan Fuzhen, Yuan Qizhen, and Yuan Ruizhen</li> <li>Lady Zhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張氏</span></span>), originally from <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li>Lady Guo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郭氏</span></span>), originally a prostitute from <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>; mother of Yuan Kexiang, Yuan Kehe, and Yuan Huzhen</li> <li>Lady Liu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉氏</span></span>), originally a maid to Yuan Shikai's fifth concubine Lady Yang; mother of Yuan Kefan and Yuan Yizhen</li></ul> <dl><dt>17 sons</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Keding" title="Yuan Keding">Yuan Keding</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克定</span></span>) (1878–1958), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Yuntai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雲台</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Kewen" title="Yuan Kewen">Yuan Kewen</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克文</span></span>) (1889–1931), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Baocen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">豹岑</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Keliang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克良</span></span>), married a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Baixi" title="Zhang Baixi">Zhang Baixi</a></li> <li>Yuan Keduan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克端</span></span>), married He Shenji (何慎基, daughter of He Zhongjing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">何仲璟)</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kequan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克權</span></span>) (1898–1941), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Gui'an (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">規庵</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">pseudonym</a> Baina (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">百衲</span></span>), married a daughter of Toteke Duanfang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">托忒克·端方</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kehuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克桓</span></span>), married Chen Zheng (陳徵, daughter of Chen Qitai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳啟泰</span></span>))</li> <li>Yuan Keqi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">袁克齊</span></span>), married a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Baoqi" title="Sun Baoqi">Sun Baoqi</a></li> <li>Yuan Kezhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克軫</span></span>), married Zhou Ruizhu (周瑞珠, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fu" title="Zhou Fu">Zhou Fu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周馥)</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kejiu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克玖</span></span>), married Li Shaofang (黎紹芳, 1906–1945, second daughter of <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a>) in 1934</li> <li>Yuan Kejian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克堅</span></span>), married a daughter of Lu Jianzhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陸建章</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Ke'an (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克安</span></span>), married Li Baohui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李寶慧</span></span>) (daughter of Li Shiming (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李士銘)</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kedu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克度</span></span>), married a daughter of the wealthy Luo Yunzhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">羅雲章</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kexiang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克相</span></span>), married firstly Zhang Shoufang (張壽芳, granddaughter of Na Tong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">那桐)</span></span>), married secondly Chen Sixing (陳思行, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Bingkun" title="Chen Bingkun">Chen Bingkun</a>)</li> <li>Yuan Kejie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克捷</span></span>), married Lady Wang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王氏</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kehe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克和</span></span>), married a daughter of Zhang Diaochen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張調宸</span></span>)</li> <li>Yuan Kefan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克藩</span></span>), died young</li> <li>Yuan Keyou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁克友</span></span>), married a daughter of Yu Yunpeng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">於雲鵬</span></span>)</li></ol> <dl><dt>15 daughters</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_the_most_children" title="List of people with the most children">List of people with the most children</a></div> <dl><dt>Famous grandsons and great-grandsons</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yuan's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Chia-Liu_Yuan" title="Luke Chia-Liu Yuan">Luke Chia-Liu Yuan</a> (1912–2003) was a Chinese-American physicist and husband of famed physicist <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a>.</li> <li>Yuan's great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Li-Young_Lee" title="Li-Young Lee">Li-Young Lee</a> (1957–), is an Indonesian-born Chinese-American writer and poet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Univ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Univ_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFXin2000" class="citation book cs1">Xin, Zhang (2000). <i>Social Transformation in Modern China: The State and Local Elites in Henan, 1900-1937</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, United Kingdom]]: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521642892" title="Special:BookSources/0521642892"><bdi>0521642892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Transformation+in+Modern+China%3A+The+State+and+Local+Elites+in+Henan%2C+1900-1937&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom%5D%5D&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0521642892&rft.aulast=Xin&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNU-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNU_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZheng2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zheng, Shi-qu (2018). <i>中國近代史</i> [<i>Modern Chinese History</i>] (in Simplified Chinese) (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China: <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7303197552" title="Special:BookSources/978-7303197552"><bdi>978-7303197552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=Nanjing%2C+China&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Beijing+Normal+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-7303197552&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Shi-qu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/321659858/Yuan-Shikai">"Yuan Shikai | Qing Dynasty | International Politics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span> – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yuan+Shikai+%7C+Qing+Dynasty+%7C+International+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F321659858%2FYuan-Shikai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence,_Jonathan_D._1999_p._274_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> (1999) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton and Company">W.W. Norton and Company</a>. p. 274. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021014541/http://history.news.163.com/08/0606/09/4DODJOQB00011KUQ.html"><bdi lang="zh">袁世凯：一妻九妾</bdi></a>. <i>163.com</i> (in Chinese). 6 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.news.163.com/08/0606/09/4DODJOQB00011KUQ.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=163.com&rft.atitle=%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E4%B9%9D%E5%A6%BE&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.news.163.com%2F08%2F0606%2F09%2F4DODJOQB00011KUQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busky-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Busky_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busky_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busky_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busky, Donald F. (2002) <i>Communism in History and Theory</i>, Praeger/Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97733-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97733-1">0-275-97733-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMao2017" class="citation book cs1">Mao, Min (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzVCDwAAQBAJ&q=yuan+korean+concubines&pg=PA52"><i>The Revival of China, Volume 1</i></a>. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+China%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzVCDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyuan%2Bkorean%2Bconcubines%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhong_Liu2004" class="citation book cs1">Zhong Liu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGrNgHpMWkMC&q=yuan+korean+concubines&pg=PA97"><i>Thorny Road to Dignity: Surviving Mao: A Chinese Psychiatrist Embraces a Miracle in America</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595319777" title="Special:BookSources/0595319777"><bdi>0595319777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thorny+Road+to+Dignity%3A+Surviving+Mao%3A+A+Chinese+Psychiatrist+Embraces+a+Miracle+in+America&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0595319777&rft.au=Zhong+Liu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGrNgHpMWkMC%26q%3Dyuan%2Bkorean%2Bconcubines%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteven_T._Au1999" class="citation book cs1">Steven T. Au (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WU43AQAAIAAJ&q=yuan+korean+concubines"><i>Beijing Odyssey: Based on the Life and Times of Liang Shiyi, a Mandarin in China's Transition from Monarchy to Republic</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Mayhaven Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1878044680" title="Special:BookSources/1878044680"><bdi>1878044680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing+Odyssey%3A+Based+on+the+Life+and+Times+of+Liang+Shiyi%2C+a+Mandarin+in+China%27s+Transition+from+Monarchy+to+Republic&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Mayhaven+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1878044680&rft.au=Steven+T.+Au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWU43AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyuan%2Bkorean%2Bconcubines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orangenews.hk/author/1141924/伯爵茶跡-北洋元首的文化背景.shtml">"伯爵茶跡｜北洋元首的文化背景"</a>. 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E8%8C%B6%E8%B7%A1%EF%BD%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orangenews.hk%2Fauthor%2F1141924%2F%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E8%8C%B6%E8%B7%A1-%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span>Per <a href="/wiki/Orange_News" title="Orange News">Orange News</a> (in Chinese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crean-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crean_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crean_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crean_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrean2024" class="citation book cs1">Crean, Jeffrey (2024). <i>The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History</i>. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2"><bdi>978-1-350-23394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear+of+Chinese+Power%3A+an+International+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+International+History+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-23394-2&rft.aulast=Crean&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, 1999 p. 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hong Zhang, "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." <i>Chinese Historical Review</i> 26.1 (2019): 37–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luo2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luo2015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuo2015" class="citation book cs1">Luo, Zhitian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avlyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth Century China</i></a>. Brill. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28766-2"><bdi>978-90-04-28766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheritance+within+Rupture%3A+Culture+and+Scholarship+in+Early+Twentieth+Century+China&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28766-2&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Zhitian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavlyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsofrising00edge/page/94">Edgerton, <i>Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military</i>, p. 94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_W-mAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76">Chʼên, Jerome <i>Yuan Shih-kʻai</i>, pp. 76–77.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Harold Miles. <i>China: A History</i>. Hackett Publishing (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872209156" title="Special:BookSources/0872209156">0872209156</a> pp. 408–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF" class="citation book cs1">Story, Douglas (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomorrowineast02storgoog"><i>To-morrow in the East</i></a>. G. Bell & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomorrowineast02storgoog/page/n240">224</a>–226<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To-morrow+in+the+East&rft.pages=224-226&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftomorrowineast02storgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manchushanethnic0000rhoa"><i>Manchus and Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early Republican China, 1861–1928</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97938-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97938-0"><bdi>0-295-97938-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+ethnic+relations+and+political+power+in+late+Qing+and+early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-295-97938-0&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanchushanethnic0000rhoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behr, 1987 p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph W.; Wei, C.X. George (2013). <i>China: How the Empire Fell</i>. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 239–241. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83101-7">978-0-415-83101-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhengyuan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhengyuan_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhengyuan_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhengyuan_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhengyuan Fu. (1994) <i>Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press. pp. 153–154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44228-1">0-521-44228-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, 1999 pp. 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, 1999 pp. 275–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, 1999 p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert A. Altman, and Harold Z. Schiffrin, "Sun Yat-sen and the Japanese: 1914–16." <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 6.4 (1972): 385–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman D. Palmer, "Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan Shih-kai" <i>Current History</i> (Sep 1948): 15#85 pp. 149–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) <i>The Search for Modern China</i>, W.W. Norton and Company. p. 279. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyerhofer2013" class="citation book cs1">Meyerhofer, Adi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223113/http://zenwort.lima-city.de/YuanShikai-FatManDollar.pdf"><i>袁大头. Yuan Shi-kai Dollar: 'Fat Man Dollar' Forgeries and Remints</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Munich. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zenwort.lima-city.de/YuanShikai-FatManDollar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%A2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%B4.+Yuan+Shi-kai+Dollar%3A+%27Fat+Man+Dollar%27+Forgeries+and+Remints&rft.place=Munich&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Meyerhofer&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzenwort.lima-city.de%2FYuanShikai-FatManDollar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhitian Luo, "National humiliation and national assertion-The Chinese response to the twenty-one demands" <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> (1993) 27#2 pp. 297–319 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312771">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. <i>Zhou Enlai: A Political Life</i>. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&pg=PA14">p. 14</a> retrieved 12 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirata Koji, "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 47.3 (2013): 895–934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spence3_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence3_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) <i>The Search for Modern China</i>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shan, (2018) pp. 3–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <i>The Search for Modern China</i>, W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 269–270. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, pp. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynews.net.cn/jray/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=3736">洹园里的破嘴龟</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042433/http://www.aynews.net.cn/jray/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=3736">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The tortoise with a broken mouth in Huanyuan Park) <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Unveiling China's Relinquished Marital Mode: A Study of Yuan Shikai's Polygamous Household", <i>Frontiers of History in China</i>, (Vol. 14, No. 2, July 2019), pp. 185–211</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. <i>Zhou Enlai: A Political Life</i>. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&pg=PA14">p. 14</a> retrieved 12 March 2011</li> <li>Bonavia, David. <i>China's Warlords</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-586179-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-586179-5">0-19-586179-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCh'en1961" class="citation book cs1">Ch'en, Jerome (1961). <i>Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1859–1916: Brutus Assumes the Purple</i>. London: George Allen & Unwin; Reprinted: Stanford University Press, 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuan+Shih-K%27ai%2C+1859%E2%80%931916%3A+Brutus+Assumes+the+Purple&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin%3B+Reprinted%3A+Stanford+University+Press%2C+1971&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ch%27en&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yuanshihkai0000unse">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). <i>Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal</i> (U of British Columbia Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774837781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774837781">978-0774837781</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpence1999" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <i>The Search for Modern China</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." <i>Chinese Historical Review</i> 26.1 (2019): 37–54</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Clubb, O. Edmund. <i>20th century China</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20thcenturychina00oedm">online</a> pp. 40–60.</li> <li>Koji, Hirata. "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 47.3 (2013): 895–934.</li> <li>Lowe, Peter. "Great Britain, Japan and the Fall of Yuan Shih-K'ai, 1915–1916" <i>Historical Journal</i> 13#4 (1970), pp. 706–20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637712">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1992" class="citation book cs1">MacKinnon, Stephen R. (1992). <i>Power and Politics in Late Imperial China: Yuan Shikai in Beijing and Tianjin, 1901–08</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520040252" title="Special:BookSources/0520040252"><bdi>0520040252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Politics+in+Late+Imperial+China%3A+Yuan+Shikai+in+Beijing+and+Tianjin%2C+1901%E2%80%9308&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0520040252&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Palmer. Norman D. "Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan Shih-kai" <i>Current History</i> (Sep 1948): 15#85 pp. 149–55. in Proquest.</li> <li>Paulès, Xavier, <i>The Republic of China, 1912-1949</i>, Cambridge: Polity, 2023, chapter one.</li> <li>Putnam Weale, B. L. <i>The Fight For The Republic In China</i> (1917) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4522">online</a></li> <li>Rankin, Mary Backus. "State and society in early republican politics, 1912–18." <i>China Quarterly</i> 150 (1997): 260–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/655337">online</a></li> <li>Yim, Kwanha. "Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Japanese." <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> 24.1 (1964): 63–73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050414">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1977" class="citation book cs1">Young, Ernest P. (1977). <i>The Presidency of Yuan Shih-K'ai: Liberalism and Dictatorship in Early Republican China</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472089951" title="Special:BookSources/0472089951"><bdi>0472089951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Yuan+Shih-K%27ai%3A+Liberalism+and+Dictatorship+in+Early+Republican+China&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0472089951&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ernest+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuan+Shikai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." <i>Chinese Historical Review</i> 26.1 (2019): 37–54.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Yuan Shikai</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" class="extiw" title="c:Yuan Shikai">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" class="extiw" title="q:Yuan Shikai">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Yuan_Shih-k%27ai" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yuan Shih-k'ai">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210329" class="extiw" title="d:Q210329">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514033146/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/ch2.html">Early support for Yuan among overseas Chinese</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/4522">The Fight for the Republic in China by Bertram Lenox Simpson</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> This etext first published in 1917 contains a detailed account of Yuan Shikai, his rise and fall.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picasaweb.google.com/GaryLeeTodd/YuanShikaiTombAnyang#5481771022947013490">Map of Yuan's mausoleum.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/040724">Newspaper clippings about Yuan Shikai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Yuan Shikai </div><div><b>(House of Yuan)</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 16 September 1859</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 June 1916</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yuxian_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yuxian (Qing dynasty)">Yuxian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Provincial_governor_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial governor of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Provincial Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> </b><br />1900–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Renjun" title="Zhang Renjun">Zhang Renjun</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Viceroy of Zhili</a><br />Minister of Běiyáng </b><br />1901–1907 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Yang Shixiang</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lu Haihuan</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1907–1908 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liang_Dunyan" title="Liang Dunyan">Liang Dunyan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yikuang" title="Yikuang">Yikuang</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Imperial_Cabinet" title="Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet">Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet</a> </b><br />2 November 1911 – 10 March 1912 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Shaoyi" title="Tang Shaoyi">Tang Shaoyi</a><br />(Premier)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%"><b>(<a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>)</b></span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang Government">President of the Republic of China</a> </b><br />10 March 1912 – 12 December 1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Monarchy restored </b><br /><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Monarchy restored</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b>Himself </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang Government">President of the Republic of China</a> </b><br />22 March 1916 – 6 June 1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Xuantong</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Emperor of China</a> </b><br />1 January – 22 March 1916<br /><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire</a> declared on 12 December 1915</span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Xuantong</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China1506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China1506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Presidents of the Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (1912)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan Shikai</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931928).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuan Shikai</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guozhang" title="Feng Guozhang">Feng Guozhang</a> (1917–1918; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li>Li Yuanhong (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Lingwei" title="Gao Lingwei">Gao Lingwei</a> (1923; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Kun" title="Cao Kun">Cao Kun</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Fu" title="Huang Fu">Huang Fu</a> (1924; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a> (1924–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Weide" title="Hu Weide">Hu Weide</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Huiqing" title="Yan Huiqing">Yan Huiqing</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Xigui" title="Du Xigui">Du Xigui</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> (1926–1927; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> (1927–1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a><br />(Chairman)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin Sen</a> (1931–1943)</li> <li>Chiang Kai-shek (1943–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br />(Indirect election)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Tsung-jen</a> (1949; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yen Hsi-shan</a> (1949–1950; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li>Chiang Kai-shek (1950–1975; <i>resumed</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan" title="Yen Chia-kan">Yen Chia-kan</a> (1975–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> (1978–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (1988–1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Presidential elections in Taiwan">Direct election</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (1996–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chen_Shui-bian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Chen Shui-bian">2000–2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou">2008–2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen">2016–2024</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lai_Ching-te" title="Presidency of Lai Ching-te">2024–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="List of presidents of the Republic of China">List of presidents of the Republic of China</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22px_Warlord_Era_and_warlordism_during_the_Nanjing_decade_20px169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warlord_era" title="Template:Warlord era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warlord_era" title="Template talk:Warlord era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22px_Warlord_Era_and_warlordism_during_the_Nanjing_decade_20px169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beiyang_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/22px-Beiyang_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/33px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/44px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and warlordism during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1915–1924</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1925–1934</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era" title="List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era">Factions</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1911–1914</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1913</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915–1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death of Yuan Shikai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok rebellions (1917–1949)">Golok rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1918–1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Outer Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War" title="Zhili–Anhui War">Zhili–Anhui War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Guangdong–Guangxi War">Guangdong–Guangxi War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Soldier_rebellions_(1920%E2%80%931926)" title="Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)">Spirit Soldier rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China">1st National CPC Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/First_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="First Zhili–Fengtian War">First Zhili–Fengtian War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923–1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lincheng_Outrage" title="Lincheng Outrage">Lincheng Outrage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1924</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="Second Zhili–Fengtian War">Second Zhili–Fengtian War</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton_Merchants%27_Corps_Uprising" title="Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising">Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1924_Beijing_Coup" title="1924 Beijing Coup">Beijing Coup</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Yunnan–Guangxi War">Yunnan–Guangxi War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fengtian_War" title="Anti-Fengtian War">Anti-Fengtian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Zhongshan Warship Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926–1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_government#Nanjing–Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan government">Nanjing–Wuhan Split</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Nationalist-Communist Civil War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">July 15 Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927–1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)">Muslim conflict in Gansu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_incident" title="Huanggutun incident">Huanggutun incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement" title="Northeast Flag Replacement">Northeast Flag Replacement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Red_Spears%27_uprising_in_Shandong_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)">Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang-Gui_War" title="Chiang-Gui War">Chiang-Gui War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Rebellion_in_northeastern_Shandong" title="Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong">Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Revolt" title="Beijing Revolt">Beijing Revolt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930–1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1931–1935</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War" title="Han–Liu War">Han–Liu War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Two-Liu_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Liu war">Two-Liu war</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1934</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ningxia_(1934)" title="War in Ningxia (1934)">War in Ningxia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anhui_clique" title="Anhui clique">Anhui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_clique" title="Zhili clique">Zhili</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Pacification_Army" title="National Pacification Army">National Pacification Army</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_Army_(Fengtian_clique)" title="Zhili Army (Fengtian clique)">Zhili Army</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_clique" title="Shanxi clique">Shanxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_clique" title="Sichuan clique">Sichuan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique" title="Old Guangxi clique">Old Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique" title="New Guangxi clique">New Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Guangdong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_clique" title="Guizhou clique">Guizhou</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang <span style="font-size:85%;">(KMT)</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCP)</span></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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