Italian Involvement with ESO

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href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-310" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li 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id="submenu-aim-318" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-320" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre 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href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-348" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 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href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-362" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre 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href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-374" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-377" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-380" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-383" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed 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href="/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-411" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a 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class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/event-horizon/"> First image of a black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/EHT-MilkyWay/"> First image of the Milky Way central black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> More about the black hole at the galactic centre </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-436" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span 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class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row page"> <div class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class='page-content'> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>Italian Involvement with ESO</h1> <p align="center"><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso2016a/"><img src="https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/newsfeature/eso2016a.jpg" alt="" /></a><br /><small>Using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), Italian astronomers found six galaxies lying around a supermassive black hole, as illustrated in this artist’s impression (Credit: ESO/L. Calçada)</small></p> <p>Italy joined ESO as a Member State on 24 May 1982. As a long-standing member, the country’s community of scientists and engineers have contributed to ESO projects in many key ways, from Italian staff taking up leading roles in developing ESO telescopes to Italian industry being awarded valuable contracts to develop instruments and telescope components. </p> <p>Italy currently contributes 11.27% of ESO’s revenue (2021 contribution), worth 21 642 000 EUR. </p> <p>As of mid 2022, there are 80 Italian nationals employed at ESO, 64 in Germany and 16 in Chile. Furthermore, ESO has awarded 72 studentships, 36 fellowships and 16 internships to Italian nationals since 2004. </p> <p>Italy is represented in the various ESO governing and advisory bodies by astronomers and policy experts; the current Italian representatives of ESO’s various committees with national representation can be found <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/committees.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. </p> <p>The ESO Science Outreach Network (ESON) includes Italian <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">representatives</a> who act as ESO’s media and outreach local contacts. </p> <p>Here follows some information about Italy’s involvement with ESO. </p> <h2>Discoveries by Italy-based astronomers using ESO telescopes </h2> <p>Italy has led and contributed towards a considerable number of astronomical discoveries with the use of ESO telescopes. Some recent examples include </p> <ul> <li>Marco Mignoli (INAF, Bologna) and collaborators who found <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2016/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">six galaxies, trapped in the web</a> of a supermassive black hole. The discovery marked the first time such a high density of galaxies was found close to a supermassive black hole early in the Universe’s history (less than a billion years after the Big Bang), and the discovery helped support the theory on how these types of black holes form.</li> <li>Yazan Momany (INAF Astronomical Observatory of Padua) who led a team that discovered <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2009/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giant spots on the surface of extremely hot stars</a>, using several instruments on ESO’s VLT and the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VLT Survey Telescope</a> (VST). The findings help astronomers better understand these puzzling stars. </li> <li>A study led by Víctor Rivilla (INAF Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, Florence) in which astronomers traced the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2001/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origin of phosphorus-bearing molecules</a> and showed how these essential building blocks for life as we know it ended up on Earth. </li> <li>The discovery of the galaxy proto-supercluster “Hyperion” by Italian astronomer Olga Cucciati (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Bologna) and her team using the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VIMOS</a> instrument on the VLT. The cluster is the most <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1833/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive and largest structure ever found</a> so early in the history of the Universe – only 2 billion years after the Big Bang. </li> </ul> <h2>Italian involvement in ESO instruments and telescopes at ESO sites </h2> <p>Italy has contributed to many aspects of ESO, with many Italian institutions behind a plethora of instruments, ESO telescopes and telescopes based at ESO sites. A subset of these includes </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph</a> (UVES), which is installed on Unit Telescope 2 of the VLT. The instrument was built by the Observatory of Trieste together with ESO and made <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9944/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first light in October 1999</a>. </li> <li>The 2.6-metre VST which was <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1119/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inaugurated in 2011</a> and designed by the Astronomical Observatory of INAF at Capodimonte, Naples. All components apart from the main optics, were built by Italian industries, and INAF managed the construction and assembly at Paranal. The VST’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OmegaCAM</a> instrument was also designed and built by an Italian-led consortium. </li> <li>The development of the future <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann21007/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MAVIS</a> instrument, to be installed on the VLT and which the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) has a major role in. </li> <li>Several VLT instruments, which Italian institutes have played key roles in the development and design of, include: <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESPRESSO</a> (INAF Osservatorio di Trieste, INAF Osservatorio di Brera), the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">upgraded CRIRES</a> (INAF Osservatorio di Arcetri, INAF Osservatorio di Bologna), <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FLAMES</a> (INAF Osservatorio di Bologna, INAF Osservatorio di Capoterra, INAF Osservatorio di Palermo, and INAF Osservatorio di Trieste) and <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VIMOS</a> (Istituto di Radioastronomia, Milano’s Istituto di Fisica Cosmica e Tecnologie Relative, INAF Osservatorio di Capodimonte), to name just a few. </li> <li><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Rapid Eye Mount</a> (REM) telescope which is an INAF-operated telescope hosted at ESO on La Silla. The purpose of the telescope is to do follow-up observations of gamma-ray bursts. </li> <li>Italy's future membership of CTA ERIC, the European Research Infrastructure Consortium, that will construct and operate the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cherenkov Telescope Array</a> (CTA). The CTA will be a ground-based observatory for very high energy gamma-ray astronomy. It will consist of two arrays of dishes, a southern-hemisphere array hosted at ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranal Observatory</a> and a northern array on the island of La Palma, Spain. ESO will also be a member of the CTA ERIC and is represented in the <a href="https://www.cta-observatory.org/about/governance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">council of the CTA</a>. Italy will also host the future CTA ERIC headquarters in Bologna. </li> </ul> <h3>Italian involvement in ELT instruments </h3> <p>Italy is part of the development of many of the instruments for ESO’s upcoming <a href="https://elt.eso.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extremely Large Telescope</a> (ELT), namely </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MAORY/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MORFEO</a> (previously known as MAORY), which will help compensate for the distortion of light caused by turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere which makes astronomical images blurry. INAF is the lead institute in the MORFEO consortium, responsible for the design and construction of the instrument at system level. </li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/ANDES/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANDES</a> (previously known as HIRES), a high-resolution spectrograph with the main scientific aim of characterising exoplanetary atmospheres. INAF is also the lead technical institute for the ANDES instrument.</li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MICADO/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MICADO</a>, the ELT’s Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations. INAF, represented by the Observatory of Padova, is part of the consortium behind this instrument</li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MOSAIC/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MOSAIC</a>, a multi-object spectrograph which can study many objects at once, with the main scientific aim of studying the first galaxies. INAF Roma is part of the consortium. </li> </ul> <h2>Italian industry and technology contributions to ESO </h2> <p>Italy has contributed to many aspects of ESO, with many contracts awarded to Italian industry, including </p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">4 Laser Guide Star Facility</a> for the VLT, which is key for obtaining sharp images, and has been developed by Italian companies Optec and Astel in collaboration with the INAF Roma.</li> <li>In 2005, when ESO <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0540/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signed</a> a contract with a consortium led by Italy’s Alcatel Alenia Space and composed also of European Industrial Engineering (Italy) and MT Aerospace (Germany), to supply 25 antennas for ALMA, along with an option for another seven antennas. The contract covers the design, manufacture, transport and on-site integration of the antennas.</li> <li>Alcatel Alenia Space, which developed fringe sensor units for ESO’s VLT interferometer </li> <li>Microgate Srl, which developed a deformable mirror for ESO's Very Large Telescope</li> <li>Costruzioni Apparecchiature, which produced a front-end DC power supply for ALMA </li> </ul> <h3>Italian industry contributions to the ELT </h3> <p>Italian companies have been instrumental in the design and construction of ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope. Some of the most valuable industrial partners include </p> <ul> <li>The ACe consortium, composed of Italian companies Astaldi and Cimolai. On <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1617/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">25 May 2016</a> ESO awarded the largest ever ground-based astronomy contract with this consortium. The contract covers the design, manufacture, transport, construction, on-site assembly and verification of the dome and telescope structure of the ELT. </li> <li>The Italian E.I.E. Group, which conducted a design study for the ELT dome. </li> <li>The AdOptica consortium, which was awarded a contract to design and manufacture the M4 and the M4 gas cooling unit. </li> <li>Microgate Srl, which has been responsible for the design study for the M4 adaptive unit. </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://www.cdn77.com">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/extras.d3e54451ebbb.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/archives/djp/js/main.86aaf133ddd1.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <div id="social-share" class="hidden-print"> <div class="link facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/italianinvolvement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on X/Twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/italianinvolvement/&text=Italian Involvement with ESO&via=ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i></i></a> </div> <div class="link pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Pinterest"> <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/italianinvolvement/&media=&description=Italian Involvement with ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link print" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Print"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link email" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share by email"> <a href="mailto:%20?subject=ESO — Italian Involvement with ESO&body=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/italianinvolvement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-regular fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <script> $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); </script> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='CSXprx5NHXQUqlfSD1miHuf1mcKra1RGRhTjPxAgtjEoJ5Lns62D4NaytFtJbEXl' /> </body> </html>

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