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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battle and the sack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_and_the_sack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_with_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Problems with primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sack of Thessalonica (904)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_(904)" title="نهب ثيسالونيكا (904) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهب ثيسالونيكا (904)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(904)" title="Սալոնիկի Գրաւում (904) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սալոնիկի Գրաւում (904)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqueig_de_Tessal%C3%B2nica_(904)" title="Saqueig de Tessalònica (904) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saqueig de Tessalònica (904)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Solun%C4%9B_(904)" title="Obléhání Soluně (904) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obléhání Soluně (904)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCnderung_von_Thessalonike_(904)" title="Plünderung von Thessalonike (904) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plünderung von Thessalonike (904)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82_(904)" title="Άλωση της Θεσσαλονίκης (904) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλωση της Θεσσαλονίκης (904)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqueo_de_Tesal%C3%B3nica_(904)" title="Saqueo de Tesalónica (904) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saqueo de Tesalónica (904)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Thessalonique_(904)" title="Siège de Thessalonique (904) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Thessalonique (904)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(904)" title="Սալոնիկի գրավում (904) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սալոնիկի գրավում (904)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjarahan_Tesalonika_(904)" title="Penjarahan Tesalonika (904) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjarahan Tesalonika (904)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacco_di_Tessalonica_(904)" title="Sacco di Tessalonica (904) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacco di Tessalonica (904)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_(904)" title="თესალონიკის ძარცვა (904) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თესალონიკის ძარცვა (904)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saque_de_Tessal%C3%B4nica_(904)" title="Saque de Tessalônica (904) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saque de Tessalônica (904)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(904)" title="Осада Салоник (904) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Салоник (904)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_(904)" title="Пљачка Солуна (904) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пљачка Солуна (904)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plja%C4%8Dka_Soluna_(904)" title="Pljačka Soluna (904) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pljačka Soluna (904)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selanik%27in_Ya%C4%9Fmalanmas%C4%B1_(904)" title="Selanik'in Yağmalanması (904) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Selanik'in Yağmalanması (904)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1109261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&params=40_39_N_22_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°39′N</span> <span class="longitude">22°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.650°N 22.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.650; 22.900</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Arab-Byzantine Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Capture and Sack of Thessalonica</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Arab–Byzantine Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs,_904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png/250px-Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png/375px-Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png/500px-Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="609" /></a></span><br />The sack of Thessalonica, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>904</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Abbasid victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>capture of Thessalonica</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Thessalonica captured by the Arabs</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Petronas<br />Leo Chitzilakes<br />Niketas</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early conflicts</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Balqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dathin" title="Battle of Dathin">Dathin</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">The Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Sanita-al-Uqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Battle of Heliopolis">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Nikiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam#Campaign_in_Africa" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Darishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Mamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Sebastopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana" title="Siege of Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon" title="Battle of Akroinon">Akroinon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamacha" title="Siege of Kamacha">Kamacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Asia Minor (782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kopidnadon" title="Battle of Kopidnadon">Kopidnadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos" title="Battle of Krasos">Krasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Asia Minor (806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Faruriyyah" title="Capture of Faruriyyah">Faruriyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Lalakaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Bathys Ryax</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">1st Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Messina_(842-843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Messina (842-843)">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butera" title="Battle of Butera">Butera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lentini" title="Siege of Lentini">Lentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enna" title="Siege of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(868)" title="Siege of Syracuse (868)">2nd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">1st Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">3rd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caltavuturo" title="Battle of Caltavuturo">Caltavuturo</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Apostyppes" title="Leo Apostyppes">Leo Apostyppes</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">1st Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(888)" title="Battle of Milazzo (888)">2nd Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">1st Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">2nd Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Straits of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">2nd Malta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keramaia" title="Battle of Keramaia">Keramaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete#Conquest_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">1st Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(828)" title="Cretan expedition (828)">2nd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos" title="Battle of Thasos">Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)" title="Sack of Damietta (853)">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(866%E2%80%93868)" title="Siege of Ragusa (866–868)">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia" title="Battle of Kardia">Kardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Battle of the Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos" title="Siege of Euripos">Euripos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(911%E2%80%93912)" title="Cretan expedition (911–912)">3rd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(949)" title="Cretan expedition (949)">4th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a></li></ul> <p><b>Byzantine reconquest</b> </p> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash_(953)" title="Battle of Marash (953)">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raban" title="Battle of Raban">Raban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andrassos" title="Battle of Andrassos">Andrassos</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">5th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">Antioch</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes" title="Battle of the Orontes">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">Azaz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Sack of Thessalonica</b> refers to the capture, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sack</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in the year 904, led by <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a>, a privateer and Muslim convert. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city, which is now in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, was in 904 A.D. a part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and was considered the greatest city in the empire, second only to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the weakening of centralized power in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a>, many areas of the vast <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> began to breakaway from the Caliph's control and while still paying religious lip service, acted independently on military and state matters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attention of these largely autonomous Muslim dynasties was subsequently turned to the Mediterranean sea. In 860 the Muslim dynasties attempted to reassert their dominance over the Mediterranean seaway and built naval bases at <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>. In 898, the eunuch admiral Raghib, a former <i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decisively defeated a Byzantine fleet and carried off 3,000 Byzantine sailors of the Kibyrrhaiotai as prisoners. This naval battle proved to be a turning point as it opened the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> up to raids by the Muslim fleets.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_and_the_sack">Battle and the sack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle and the sack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg/220px-Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg/330px-Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg/440px-Two_messengers_inform_Emperor_Leo_VI_of_a_Saracen_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Two messengers inform Emperor Leo VI of a Saracen attack on Thessalonica</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sack of Thessalonica in 904 by the Abbasid Caliphate's navy was one of the worst disasters to befall the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> and even in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Karlin-Hayter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlin-Hayter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Muslim fleet of 54 ships, led by the renegade <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a>, who was a recent convert to Islam, set sail from Syria with the imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as its initial target. The Muslims were deterred from attacking Constantinople, and instead turned to Thessalonica, totally surprising the Byzantines, whose <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">navy</a> was unable to react in time. An old tradition recounted by <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> tells that the part of Thessalonica's wall that faces seaward was low, and totally unequipped to deal with any military threat. On that side the city was for many years completely unwalled. At the time of the Muslim sack of the city, this fortification had remained the same, and unimproved, as it was never supposed that it would enter into anyone's head to inflict damage from that quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Word came from the Byzantine Emperor of the planned attack by the Abbasids. When word of this reached Thessalonica's citizens, panic gripped the city. The name of the Emperor's messenger was Petronas, who held the rank of <a href="/wiki/Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">protospatharios</a>. Petronas advised the Thessalonicans not to concentrate their efforts on repairs of the walls. <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> relates that Petronas devised an alternative strategy. Knowing that work on the walls would be superfluous not having the benefit of time, Petronas designed an underwater fence that would have protected the city by not letting ships near the walls. In 1777 a French abbot, Belley, in his study on the history and monuments of the city of Thessalonica, wrote: "There exist a great number of inscriptions, although a multitude of them were thrown into the sea, in order to prevent the fleet of the Saracens from landing at the city, which they sacked at the beginning of the tenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which corroborates Kaminiates' account. </p><p>However, before the fence could be completed, along came yet another envoy from the emperor to take over responsibility for the welfare of the city and to expedite the recall of Petronas. This was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Chitzilakes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Chitzilakes (page does not exist)">Leo Chitzilakes</a> who had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a> of the region and put in charge of military operations. He decided to call a temporary halt to the work on the underwater fence and to have the building up of the wall completed. <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> sent yet again another <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a> named Niketas to replace <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Chitzilakes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Chitzilakes (page does not exist)">Leo Chitzilakes</a> to take command of the city. Despite a fearful reputation as a military commander, he was only able to marginally improve the city's chances for defense. Pleas for help to the outlying lands and vassals were largely ignored, while repair work on the wall would prove to be insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Karlin-Hayter_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlin-Hayter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abbasid raiders appeared and after a short siege lasting less than four days, the attackers were able to storm the seaward walls, overcome the Thessalonians' resistance, and take the city on 29 July.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sacking continued for a full week before the raiders departed for their bases in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, having freed 4,000 Muslim prisoners while capturing 60 ships,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gaining a large amount of loot and 22,000 captives, mostly young people, and destroying 60 Byzantine ships in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporaneous account by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> stated that there were 5,000 Byzantines killed during the bloodbath and each Arab sailor was given 1,000 gold dinars as booty.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Elias_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Elias the Younger (page does not exist)">St. Elias the Younger</a> visited Thessalonica after the sack and described the city as one of sheer misery.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abbasids withdrew after the siege and returned to Tripoli while the captives were sent to <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the captives, including <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>, who chronicled the sack, were ransomed by the Empire and exchanged for Muslim captives. </p><p>It is said that the Byzantine raid led by <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(general_under_Leo_VI)" title="Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)">General Andronicus Ducas</a> on the region of <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Germanicea</a> in late 904 was launched to avenge the sack of Thessalonica.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabs of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> were defeated and an exchange of prisoners transpired.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a> tried again to sail against Byzantium in 907 and 912 but was thwarted both times.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems_with_primary_sources">Problems with primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problems with primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist only two major primary sources for the Sack of Thessalonica. The first is the Greek <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>, and the second the Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>. Despite there being short references to the event in other letters (mostly by clergymen) in the years following the sack, little historical evidence is found for this event. Combined with the fact that al-Tabari claims that Leo of Tripoli sacked <a href="/wiki/Attaleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaleia">Attaleia</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a> has led some scholars to claim that the Sack of Thessalonica never happened. Others claim that it is the product of a number of stories combined,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others argue over the historicity of the character of <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major historical issues found in <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">Kaminiates</a>' account are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Conflicting information with <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> who claims that <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Attaleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attaleia">Attaleia</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The writing style of <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> does not match the historical genre of his contemporaries.</li></ul> <ul><li>Dates given by <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> do not match dates in <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> sources.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> provides very few historical facts that can be corroborated with other sources.</li></ul> <ul><li>Very little sources by fellow Byzantines mention or reference <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>. In fact only one does so in passing.</li></ul> <ul><li>The language that <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> uses is reminiscent of 15th century Greek, raises questions whether he was alive during the sack itself.</li></ul> <p>Despite this, even scholars who cast the account of <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a> into doubt, especially the dates he uses, most scholars agree that the sack indeed took place, and roughly around the dates provided by <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTellier,_Luc-Normand.2009" class="citation book cs1">Tellier, Luc-Normand. (2009). <i>Urban world history : an economic and geographical perspective</i>. Québec [Qué.]: Presses de l'Université du Québec. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1"><bdi>978-2-7605-2209-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/444730453">444730453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+world+history+%3A+an+economic+and+geographical+perspective&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec+%5BQu%C3%A9.%5D&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F444730453&rft.isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1&rft.au=Tellier%2C+Luc-Normand.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_Hugh_(Hugh_N.)1986" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.) (1986). <i>The prophet and the age of the caliphates : the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49312-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49312-9"><bdi>0-582-49312-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12262139">12262139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+and+the+age+of+the+caliphates+%3A+the+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+sixth+to+the+eleventh+century&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12262139&rft.isbn=0-582-49312-9&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Hugh+%28Hugh+N.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬabarī,_838?–923.طبري,_838?–923.1985" class="citation book cs1">Ṭabarī, 838?–923.; طبري, 838?–923. (1985). <i>The return of the Caliphate to Baghdad</i>. Rosenthal, Franz, 1914–2003. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-14994-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-14994-1"><bdi>0-585-14994-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44962412">44962412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+return+of+the+Caliphate+to+Baghdad&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44962412&rft.isbn=0-585-14994-1&rft.au=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+838%3F%E2%80%93923.&rft.au=%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%2C+838%3F%E2%80%93923.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faith and sword: a short history of Christian-Muslim conflict By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_G._Jamieson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan G. Jamieson (page does not exist)">Alan G. Jamieson</a>, pg.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karlin-Hayter-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karlin-Hayter_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karlin-Hayter_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlin-Hayter1967" class="citation journal cs1">Karlin-Hayter, Patricia (1967). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'WHEN MILITARY AFFAIRS WERE IN LEO'S HANDS': A Note on Byzantine Foreign Policy (886-912)". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>23</b>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 15–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900008722">10.1017/S0362152900008722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830825">27830825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152098357">152098357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=%27WHEN+MILITARY+AFFAIRS+WERE+IN+LEO%27S+HANDS%27%3A+A+Note+on+Byzantine+Foreign+Policy+%28886-912%29&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=15-40&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152098357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830825%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900008722&rft.aulast=Karlin-Hayter&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. the account of <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasilev1943" class="citation journal cs1">Vasilev, A. (1943). "An Edict of the Emperor Justinian II, September, 688". <i>Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2853636">10.2307/2853636</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853636">2853636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162185288">162185288</a> – via University of Chicago Press Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum%3A+A+Journal+of+Medieval+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Edict+of+the+Emperor+Justinian+II%2C+September%2C+688&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162185288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2853636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2853636&rft.aulast=Vasilev&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2018" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Meredith L. D. (2018). <i>Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity: Writings of an Unexpected Emperor</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107053076" title="Special:BookSources/9781107053076"><bdi>9781107053076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+VI+and+the+Transformation+of+Byzantine+Christian+Identity%3A+Writings+of+an+Unexpected+Emperor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107053076&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/202"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815390" title="Special:BookSources/9780521815390"><bdi>9780521815390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500-1250&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521815390&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). <i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804726306" title="Special:BookSources/9780804726306"><bdi>9780804726306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780804726306&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan,_A._P._(Aleksandr_Petrovich),_1922-1997Talbot,_Alice-Mary_MaffryCutler,_Anthony,_1934-Gregory,_Timothy_E.1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, A. P. (Aleksandr Petrovich), 1922-1997; <a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry</a>; Cutler, Anthony, 1934-; Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). <i>The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22733550">22733550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22733550&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.au=Kazhdan%2C+A.+P.+%28Aleksandr+Petrovich%29%2C+1922-1997&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Alice-Mary+Maffry&rft.au=Cutler%2C+Anthony%2C+1934-&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Timothy+E.&rft.au=%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko%2C+Nancy+Patterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFARAG1989" class="citation journal cs1">FARAG, W. A. (1989). "Some Remarks on Leo of Tripoli's Attack on Thessaloniki in 904 A. D". <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>82</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbyzs.1989.82.1-2.133">10.1515/byzs.1989.82.1-2.133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-7704">0007-7704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194053305">194053305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+Leo+of+Tripoli%27s+Attack+on+Thessaloniki+in+904+A.+D&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194053305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-7704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbyzs.1989.82.1-2.133&rft.aulast=FARAG&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kazhdan, A. P. (1978). "Some Questions Addressed to the Scholars Who Believe in the Authenticity of Kaminiates' "capture of Thessalonica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>71</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbyzs.1978.71.2.301">10.1515/byzs.1978.71.2.301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-7704">0007-7704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192190998">192190998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Some+Questions+Addressed+to+the+Scholars+Who+Believe+in+the+Authenticity+of+Kaminiates%27+%22capture+of+Thessalonica%22&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192190998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-7704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbyzs.1978.71.2.301&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrendoFotiou2000" class="citation cs2">Frendo, David; Fotiou, Athanasios, eds. (2000), <i>John Kaminiates: The Capture of Thessaloniki</i>, Perth: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876503-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-876503-00-9"><bdi>1-876503-00-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Kaminiates%3A+The+Capture+of+Thessaloniki&rft.place=Perth&rft.pub=Australian+Association+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-876503-00-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatoura1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patoura, Sofia (1994), <bdi lang="el">Οι αιχμάλωτοι ως παράγοντες επικοινωνίας και πληροφόρησης (4ος–10ος αι.)</bdi> [<i>Prisoners of War as Agents of Communication and Information (4th–10th C.)</i>] (in Greek), Athens: National Research Foundation – Center for Byzantine Research, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7094-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/960-7094-42-5"><bdi>960-7094-42-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82+%284%CE%BF%CF%82%E2%80%9310%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B1%CE%B9.%29&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=National+Research+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Byzantine+Research&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=960-7094-42-5&rft.aulast=Patoura&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Vasiliev, Alexander A.</a> (1968). <i>Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (les empereurs Basile I, Léon le Sage et Constantin VII Porphyrogénète) 867-959 (253-348). Première partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne. Première période, de 867 à 959</i>. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Marius Canard</a>. Brussels: Fondation Byzantine. pp. 163–179. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1070617015">1070617015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+les+Arabes%2C+Tome+II%3A+Les+relations+politiques+de+Byzance+et+des+Arabes+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+de+la+dynastie+mac%C3%A9donienne+%28les+empereurs+Basile+I%2C+L%C3%A9on+le+Sage+et+Constantin+VII+Porphyrog%C3%A9n%C3%A8te%29+867-959+%28253-348%29.+Premi%C3%A8re+partie%3A+Les+relations+politiques+de+Byzance+et+des+Arabes+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+de+la+dynastie+mac%C3%A9donienne.+Premi%C3%A8re+p%C3%A9riode%2C+de+867+%C3%A0+959&rft.place=Brussels&rft.series=Corpus+Bruxellense+Historiae+Byzantinae&rft.pages=163-179&rft.pub=Fondation+Byzantine&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1070617015&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Thessalonica+%28904%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807034846/http://www.deremilitari.org/2009/09/the-siege-of-thessaloniki-in-904-from-the-letter-of-john-kaminiates/">"The Siege of Thessaloniki in 904, from the letter of John Kaminiates"</a>. De Re Militari. 27 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/2009/09/the-siege-of-thessaloniki-in-904-from-the-letter-of-john-kaminiates/">the original</a> on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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