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Dr Brigitte Steger explains."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p03t889t.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p03t889t.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><meta name="robots" content="NOODP, NOYDIR"/><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=364147881, app-argument=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160506-the-japanese-art-of-not-sleeping"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/bbcx/favicon-32x32.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/bbcx/favicon-16x16.png"/><link rel="alternate icon" href="/bbcx/favicon.ico"/><link rel="manifest" href="/bbcx/site.webmanifest"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="/bbcx/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#000000"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160506-the-japanese-art-of-not-sleeping"/><meta name="version" content="2.13.1+1"/><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"The Japanese art of (not) sleeping","description":"The Japanese don’t sleep. 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sleeping</h1></div><div data-component="byline-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR"><div data-testid="hero-image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t889t.jpg.webp" alt="Adrian Storey/Uchujin (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Adrian Storey/Uchujin</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">(Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><b id="the-japanese-don’t-sleep.-they-don’t-nap.-they-do-‘inemuri’.-dr-brigitte-steger-explains." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">The Japanese don’t sleep. They don’t nap. They do ‘inemuri’. Dr Brigitte Steger explains.</b></p></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl"><ul class="sc-5c9c90b0-0 cnfHHs"><li class="sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE"><i id="this-story-is-featured-in-bbc-future’s-“best-of-2016”-collection." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">This story is featured in BBC Future’s “Best of 2016” collection. </i><a target="_self" href="http://www.bbc.com/future/columns/best-of-bbc-future" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="discover-more-of-our-picks" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Discover more of our picks</i></a><i id="." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">. </i></li></ul></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The Japanese don’t sleep. This is what everyone – the Japanese above all – say. It’s not true, of course. But as a cultural and sociological statement, it is very interesting.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">I first encountered these intriguing attitudes to sleep during my first stay in Japan in the late 1980s. At that time Japan was at the peak of what became known as the Bubble Economy, a phase of extraordinary speculative boom. Daily life was correspondingly hectic. People filled their schedules with work and leisure appointments, and had hardly any time to sleep. The lifestyle of this era is aptly summed up by a wildly popular advertising slogan of the time, extolling the benefits of an energy drink. “Can you battle through 24 hours? / Businessman! Businessman! Japanese businessman!”</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Many voiced the complaint: “We Japanese are crazy to work so much!” But in these complaints one detected a sense of pride at being more diligent and therefore morally superior to the rest of humanity. Yet, at the same time, I observed countless people dozing on underground trains during my daily commute. Some even slept while standing up, and no one appeared to be at all surprised by this.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_1" id="dotcom-mid_1" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t89f9.jpg.webp" alt="Adrian Storey/Uchujin Anthropologist Brigitte Steger has found that Japanese society tends to be more tolerant of catching sleep in public - a concept known as inemuri (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Adrian Storey/Uchujin</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Anthropologist Brigitte Steger has found that Japanese society tends to be more tolerant of catching sleep in public - a concept known as inemuri (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">I found this attitude contradictory. The positive image of the worker bee, who cuts back on sleep at night and frowns on sleeping late in the morning, seemed to be accompanied by an extensive tolerance of so-called ‘inemuri’ – napping on public transportation and during work meetings, classes and lectures. Women, men and children apparently had little inhibition about falling asleep when and wherever they felt like doing so.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">If sleeping in a bed or a futon was considered a sign of laziness, then why wasn’t sleeping during an event or even at work considered an even greater expression of indolence? What sense did it make to allow children to stay up late at night to study if it meant that they would fall asleep during class the next day? These impressions and apparent contradictions led to my more intensive involvement with the theme of sleep for my PhD project several years later.</p></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">Sleep can be loaded with&nbsp;a variety of meanings and ideologies</span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Initially, I had to fight against prejudice as people were reluctant to consider sleep a serious topic for academic enquiry. Of course, it was precisely such attitudes that had originally caught my attention. Sleep can be loaded with a variety of meanings and ideologies; analysing sleep arrangements and the discourse on it reveals attitudes and values embedded in the contexts in which sleep is organised and discussed. In my experience, it is the everyday and seemingly natural events upon which people generally do not reflect that reveal essential structures and values of a society.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_2" id="dotcom-mid_2" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t8bhd.jpg.webp" alt="Adrian Storey/Uchujin We tend to assume that sleep traditionally centred around the rising and setting of the sun, but daily rhythms have always been more complicated (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Adrian Storey/Uchujin</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">We tend to assume that sleep traditionally centred around the rising and setting of the sun, but daily rhythms have always been more complicated (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">We often assume that our ancestors went to bed ‘naturally’ when darkness fell and rose with the Sun. However, sleep times have never been such a simple matter, whether in Japan or elsewhere. Even before the invention of electric light, the documentary evidence shows that people were scolded for staying up late at night for chatting, drinking and other forms of pleasure. However, scholars – particularly young samurai – were considered highly virtuous if they interrupted their sleep to study, even though this practice may not have been very efficient as it required oil for their lamps and often resulted in them falling asleep during lectures.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Napping is hardly ever discussed in historical sources and seems to have been widely taken for granted. Falling asleep in public tends to be only mentioned when the nap is the source for a funny anecdote, such as when someone joins in with the wrong song at a ceremony, unaware that they have slept through most of it. People also seem to have enjoyed playing tricks on friends who had involuntarily dozed off.</p></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">Doctors are adamant that co-sleeping with children will help them develop into independent and socially stable adults</span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Early rising, on the other hand, has clearly been promoted as a virtue, at least since the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism. In antiquity, sources show a special concern for the work schedule of civil servants, but from the Middle Ages onwards, early rising was applied to all strata of society, with “going to bed late and rising early” used as a metaphor to describe a virtuous person.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_3" id="dotcom-mid_3" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Another interesting issue is co-sleeping. In Britain, parents are often told they should provide even babies with a separate room so that they can learn to be independent sleepers, thus establishing a regular sleep schedule. In Japan, by contrast, parents and doctors are adamant that co-sleeping with children until they are at least at school age will reassure them and help them develop into independent and socially stable adults.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t8cpx.jpg.webp" alt="Adrian Storey/Uchujin The habit of 'inemuri' is considered quite different from sleeping at night, or even taking a power nap (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Adrian Storey/Uchujin</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">The habit of 'inemuri' is considered quite different from sleeping at night, or even taking a power nap (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Maybe this cultural norm helps Japanese people to sleep in the presence of others, even when they are adults – many Japanese say they often sleep better in company than alone. Such an effect could be observed in spring 2011 after the huge tsunami disaster destroyed several coastal towns. Survivors had to stay in evacuation shelters, where dozens or even hundreds of people shared the same living and sleeping space. Notwithstanding various conflicts and problems, survivors described how sharing a communal sleeping space provided some comfort and helped them to relax and regain their sleep rhythm.</p></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">On a certain level, inemuri is not considered sleep at&nbsp;all</span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">However, this experience of sleeping in the presence of others as children is not sufficient on its own to explain the widespread tolerance of inemuri, especially at school and in the workplace. After some years of investigating this subject, I finally realised that on a certain level, inemuri is not considered sleep at all. Not only is it seen as being different from night-time sleep in bed, it is also viewed differently from taking an afternoon nap or power nap.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_4" id="dotcom-mid_4" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">How can we make sense of this? The clue lies in the term itself, which is composed of two Chinese characters. ‘I’ which means ‘to be present’ in a situation that is not sleep and ‘nemuri’ which means ‘sleep’. Erving Goffman’s concept of “involvement within social situations” is useful I think in helping us grasp the social significance of inemuri and the rules surrounding it. Through our body language and verbal expressions we are involved to some extent in every situation in which we are present. We do, however, have the capacity to divide our attention into dominant and subordinate involvement.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In this context, inemuri can be seen as a subordinate involvement which can be indulged in as long as it does not disturb the social situation at hand – similar to daydreaming. Even though the sleeper might be mentally ‘away’, they have to be able to return to the social situation at hand when active contribution is required. They also have to maintain the impression of fitting in with the dominant involvement by means of body posture, body language, dress code and the like.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p03t8dhw.jpg.webp" alt="Adrian Storey/Uchujin Business may say they are suffering from "an attack of the sleep demon" (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Adrian Storey/Uchujin</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Business may say they are suffering from "an attack of the sleep demon" (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Inemuri in the workplace is a case in point. In principle, attentiveness and active participation are expected at work, and falling asleep creates the impression of lethargy and that a person is shirking their duties. However, it is also viewed as the result of work-related exhaustion. It may be excused by the fact that meetings are usually long and often involve simply listening to the chair’s reports. The effort made to attend is often valued more than what is actually achieved. As one informant told me: “We Japanese have the Olympic spirit – participating is what counts.”</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Diligence, which is expressed by working long hours and giving one’s all, is highly valued as a positive moral trait in Japan. Someone who makes the effort to participate in a meeting despite being exhausted or ill demonstrates diligence, a sense of responsibility and their willingness to make a sacrifice. By overcoming physical weaknesses and needs, a person becomes morally and mentally fortified and is filled with positive energy. Such a person is considered reliable and will be promoted. If, in the end, they succumb to sleep due to exhaustion or a cold or another health problem, they can be excused and an “attack of the sleep demon” can be held responsible. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_5" id="dotcom-mid_5" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">Inemuri &ndash; or even feigning inemuri &ndash; can be employed as a sign that a person has been working hard</span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Moreover, modesty is also a highly valued virtue. Therefore, it is not possible to boast about one’s own diligence – and this creates the need for subtle methods to achieve social recognition. Since tiredness and illness are often viewed as the result of previous work efforts and diligence, inemuri – or even feigning inemuri by closing one’s eyes – can be employed as a sign that a person has been working hard but still has the strength and moral virtue necessary to keep themselves and their feelings under control.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Thus, the Japanese habit of inemuri does not necessarily reveal a tendency towards laziness. Instead, it is an informal feature of Japanese social life intended to ensure the performance of regular duties by offering a way of being temporarily ‘away’ within these duties. And so it is clear: the Japanese don’t sleep. They don’t nap. They do inemuri. It could not be more different.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="--" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">--</i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="dr-brigitte-steger,-senior-lecturer-in-modern-japanese-studies,-university-of-cambridge.-this-piece-was-first-published-in-cam,-the-university-of-cambridge’s-alumni-magazine.-read-more-from-cam" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Dr Brigitte Steger, Senior Lecturer in Modern Japanese Studies, University of Cambridge. This piece was first published in CAM, the University of Cambridge’s alumni magazine. Read more from CAM </i><a target="_blank" href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/magazine?utm_source=BBC&url_medium=web" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="here" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">here</i></a><i id="." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">. </i></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_6" id="dotcom-mid_6" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="photography-by-adrian-storey-also-known-as-uchujin" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Photography by Adrian Storey also known as Uchujin</i><i id="("alien"-in-japanese).-born-in-england,-storey-is" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> ("Alien" in Japanese). Born in England, Storey is </i><i id="currently-based-in-tokyo,-where-he-works-as-a-filmmaker,-editor-and-freelance-photographer." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">currently based in Tokyo, where he works as a filmmaker, editor and freelance photographer.</i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="join-600,000+-future-fans-by-liking-us-on" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Join 600,000+ Future fans by liking us on </i><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/BBCFuture" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="facebook" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Facebook</i></a><i id=",-or-follow-us-on" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">, or follow us on </i><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/bbc_future" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="twitter" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Twitter</i></a><i id="," class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">, </i><a target="_blank" href="https://plus.google.com/107828172298602173375/posts" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="google+" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Google+</i></a><i id="," class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">, </i><a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/bbc-com" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="linkedin" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">LinkedIn</i></a><i id="and" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> and </i><a target="_blank" href="https://instagram.com/bbcfuture_official/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="instagram" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Instagram</i></a><i id="." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">.</i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="if-you-liked-this-story," class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">If you liked this story, </i><a target="_self" href="http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="sign-up-for-the-weekly-bbc.com-features-newsletter" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</i></a><i id=",-called-“if-you-only-read-6-things-this-week”.-a-handpicked-selection-of-stories-from-bbc-future,-earth,-culture,-capital,-travel-and-autos,-delivered-to-your-inbox-every-friday." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, Travel and Autos, delivered to your inbox every Friday.</i> </p></div><div data-component="tags" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl"><div class="sc-4b0aaa-0 dGavUm"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/future/tags/anthropology" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-3df0d64d-0 kMyFYO">Anthropology</a></div></div></div></article><aside data-testid="texas-section-outer" data-analytics-group="true" data-analytics_group_name="Watch" data-analytics_group_type="texas-20" data-analytics_group_position="1" data-analytics_group_item_count="20" data-analytics_group_link="" class="sc-ba42a659-1 cYqRar"><div data-testid="texas-section" class="sc-ba42a659-2 jqWjKw"><div class="sc-7a382a26-2 lhbHDZ"><div class="sc-7a382a26-1 vyVNI"><hr data-testid="texas-line" class="sc-7a382a26-0 cZNAZj"/></div><div data-testid="section-title-wrapper" class="sc-7a382a26-3 gOPBZn"><div><div class="sc-7a382a26-7 jlJwDB"><span 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class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kg006p.jpg.webp" alt="A baby seal saved by its mum" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Mum saves baby seal with a clever trick</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch as David Attenborough reveals the unique behaviour of a mother seal to protect her pup in icy waters.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">2 days ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcpnm6/how-arctic-communities-protect-themselves-from-avalanches" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kfy5cr.jpg.webp" alt="How Arctic communities protect themselves from avalanches" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">How Arctic communities protect themselves from avalanches</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">BBC Click finds out how local communities in Svalbard use technology to combat avalanches and heavy snowfall.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">2 days ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Innovation</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a 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class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Peggy Whitson has spent 675 days in space, more than any other American. 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1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kfrrg4.jpg.webp" alt="Brian Cox on why you should keep your inner child alive" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" 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data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kdj302/timoth-e-chalamet-learned-to-play-live-for-bob-dylan-role" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kdjs5j.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kdjs5j.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kdjs5j.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kdjs5j.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kdjs5j.jpg.webp 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knMbnp">Timothée Chalamet learned to play live for Bob Dylan role</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Timothée Chalamet on how he learned to play the guitar and harmonica for his role in A Complete Unknown.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">6 days ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Film & TV</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kf80t3/bbc-talking-movies-top-10-films-of-2024" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kf82g6.jpg.webp" alt="BBC Talking Movies top 10 films of 2024" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">BBC Talking Movies top 10 films of 2024</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Talking Movies presenter Tom Brook looks back at 2024 to pick the top 10 films of the year.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">7 days ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Film & TV</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kdj3ky/how-andrew-garfield-got-upstaged-by-a-horse-on-his-new-film" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kdjvwq.jpg.webp" alt="How Andrew Garfield got upstaged by a horse on his latest film" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">How Andrew Garfield got upstaged by a horse on his new film</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Andrew Garfield explains how a fairground horse on the poster of his film 'We Live in Time' went viral.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">24 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Film & TV</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a 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festivals</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Discover the magic of the Salzburg Festival, where young talent meets century-old traditions.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">23 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Arts in Motion</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kd9nnb/experience-david-attenborough-s-first-expedition-in-colour" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div 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for stress</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Humming is an effective tool for managing stress, improving our mood, and helping us feel calmer.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">19 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Health Decoded</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcvp03/us-fed-could-make-three-rate-cuts-in-2025-18-dec-2024" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcvtsy.jpg.webp" alt="Fed could make three rate cuts in 2025 - 18 Dec 2024" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">US Fed could make three rate cuts in 2025 - 18 Dec 2024</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Expert predicts the Fed will make three interest rate cuts soon, balancing low inflation, and unemployment</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">18 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Opening Bell</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcmq0p/the-little-known-truth-behind-a-christmas-tale" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcrl7d.jpg.webp" alt="The little-known truth behind a Christmas belief" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The little-known truth behind a Christmas tale</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Science says that Santa must have a crew of female reindeer. So why do we think Rudolph the reindeer is a boy?</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">18 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Culture & Experiences</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kby4fw/jesse-eisenberg-cast-kieran-culkin-based-on-his-essence-" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kbykr2.jpg.webp" alt="Jesse Eisenberg cast Kieran Culkin based on his "essence"" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Jesse Eisenberg cast Kieran Culkin based on his 'essence'</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Kieran Culkin reveals that he was cast in 'A Real Pain' without an audition.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">18 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Film & TV</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcmryk/us-markets-head-back-down-after-historic-high-17-dec-2024" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcmtp1.jpg.webp" alt="US markets open lower after a historic high" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">US markets head back down after historic high - 17 Dec 2024</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">US markets head back to earth after record highs as investors await the latest Fed interest rate decision.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">17 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Opening Bell</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcmb16/listen-to-the-earliest-known-country-song-ever-recorded" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcmpct.jpg.webp" alt="Listen to the oldest country record" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-1097f7fe-0 jmthjj"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Listen to the 'earliest known country song' ever recorded</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA"> A wax cylinder containing the oldest recorded country song was discovered in Pennsylvania. </p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">17 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Music</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcdnx2/mountain-goats-a-death-defying-battle-to-mate" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 kpNmDb"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 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All rights reserved. <i id="" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> </i>The<i id="bbc" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> BBC </i>is<i id="not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> not responsible for the content of external sites.</i> <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><b id="read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Read about our approach to external linking.</b></a></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"> </p></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"page":{"@\"future\",\"article\",\"20160506-the-japanese-art-of-not-sleeping\",":{"id":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future/article/20160506-the-japanese-art-of-not-sleeping","contents":[{"type":"headline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Japanese art of (not) sleeping","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1462552926687}},{"type":"byline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"contributor","model":{"topicUrl":"future/author/brigitte-steger--images-by-adrian-storey","blocks":[{"type":"name","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"By Brigitte Steger / Images by Adrian Storey","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"By Brigitte Steger / Images by Adrian Storey","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"role","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Features correspondent","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Features correspondent","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1462552926687}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"(Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"(Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"(Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"(Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p03t889t.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Adrian Storey/Uchujin"}}],"emphasiseImage":true}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Japanese don’t sleep. They don’t nap. They do ‘inemuri’. Dr Brigitte Steger explains.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Japanese don’t sleep. They don’t nap. They do ‘inemuri’. Dr Brigitte Steger explains.","attributes":["bold"]}}]}}],"bodyIntro":true}},{"type":"unorderedList","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"listItem","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"This story is featured in BBC Future’s “Best of 2016” collection. ","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Discover more of our picks","locator":"http://www.bbc.com/future/columns/best-of-bbc-future","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Discover more of our picks","attributes":["italic"]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". ","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Japanese don’t sleep. This is what everyone – the Japanese above all – say. It’s not true, of course. But as a cultural and sociological statement, it is very interesting.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Japanese don’t sleep. This is what everyone – the Japanese above all – say. It’s not true, of course. But as a cultural and sociological statement, it is very interesting.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"I first encountered these intriguing attitudes to sleep during my first stay in Japan in the late 1980s. At that time Japan was at the peak of what became known as the Bubble Economy, a phase of extraordinary speculative boom. Daily life was correspondingly hectic. People filled their schedules with work and leisure appointments, and had hardly any time to sleep. The lifestyle of this era is aptly summed up by a wildly popular advertising slogan of the time, extolling the benefits of an energy drink. “Can you battle through 24 hours? / Businessman! Businessman! Japanese businessman!”","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"I first encountered these intriguing attitudes to sleep during my first stay in Japan in the late 1980s. At that time Japan was at the peak of what became known as the Bubble Economy, a phase of extraordinary speculative boom. Daily life was correspondingly hectic. People filled their schedules with work and leisure appointments, and had hardly any time to sleep. The lifestyle of this era is aptly summed up by a wildly popular advertising slogan of the time, extolling the benefits of an energy drink. “Can you battle through 24 hours? / Businessman! Businessman! Japanese businessman!”","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Many voiced the complaint: “We Japanese are crazy to work so much!” But in these complaints one detected a sense of pride at being more diligent and therefore morally superior to the rest of humanity. Yet, at the same time, I observed countless people dozing on underground trains during my daily commute. Some even slept while standing up, and no one appeared to be at all surprised by this.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Many voiced the complaint: “We Japanese are crazy to work so much!” But in these complaints one detected a sense of pride at being more diligent and therefore morally superior to the rest of humanity. Yet, at the same time, I observed countless people dozing on underground trains during my daily commute. Some even slept while standing up, and no one appeared to be at all surprised by this.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_1"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Anthropologist Brigitte Steger has found that Japanese society tends to be more tolerant of catching sleep in public - a concept known as inemuri (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Anthropologist Brigitte Steger has found that Japanese society tends to be more tolerant of catching sleep in public - a concept known as inemuri (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Anthropologist Brigitte Steger has found that Japanese society tends to be more tolerant of catching sleep in public - a concept known as inemuri (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Anthropologist Brigitte Steger has found that Japanese society tends to be more tolerant of catching sleep in public - a concept known as inemuri (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p03t89f9.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Adrian Storey/Uchujin"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"I found this attitude contradictory. The positive image of the worker bee, who cuts back on sleep at night and frowns on sleeping late in the morning, seemed to be accompanied by an extensive tolerance of so-called ‘inemuri’ – napping on public transportation and during work meetings, classes and lectures. Women, men and children apparently had little inhibition about falling asleep when and wherever they felt like doing so.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"I found this attitude contradictory. The positive image of the worker bee, who cuts back on sleep at night and frowns on sleeping late in the morning, seemed to be accompanied by an extensive tolerance of so-called ‘inemuri’ – napping on public transportation and during work meetings, classes and lectures. Women, men and children apparently had little inhibition about falling asleep when and wherever they felt like doing so.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"If sleeping in a bed or a futon was considered a sign of laziness, then why wasn’t sleeping during an event or even at work considered an even greater expression of indolence? What sense did it make to allow children to stay up late at night to study if it meant that they would fall asleep during class the next day? These impressions and apparent contradictions led to my more intensive involvement with the theme of sleep for my PhD project several years later.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"If sleeping in a bed or a futon was considered a sign of laziness, then why wasn’t sleeping during an event or even at work considered an even greater expression of indolence? What sense did it make to allow children to stay up late at night to study if it meant that they would fall asleep during class the next day? These impressions and apparent contradictions led to my more intensive involvement with the theme of sleep for my PhD project several years later.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"Sleep can be loaded with\u0026nbsp;a variety of meanings and ideologies","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Initially, I had to fight against prejudice as people were reluctant to consider sleep a serious topic for academic enquiry. Of course, it was precisely such attitudes that had originally caught my attention. Sleep can be loaded with a variety of meanings and ideologies; analysing sleep arrangements and the discourse on it reveals attitudes and values embedded in the contexts in which sleep is organised and discussed. In my experience, it is the everyday and seemingly natural events upon which people generally do not reflect that reveal essential structures and values of a society.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Initially, I had to fight against prejudice as people were reluctant to consider sleep a serious topic for academic enquiry. Of course, it was precisely such attitudes that had originally caught my attention. Sleep can be loaded with a variety of meanings and ideologies; analysing sleep arrangements and the discourse on it reveals attitudes and values embedded in the contexts in which sleep is organised and discussed. In my experience, it is the everyday and seemingly natural events upon which people generally do not reflect that reveal essential structures and values of a society.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_2"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"We tend to assume that sleep traditionally centred around the rising and setting of the sun, but daily rhythms have always been more complicated (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"We tend to assume that sleep traditionally centred around the rising and setting of the sun, but daily rhythms have always been more complicated (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"We tend to assume that sleep traditionally centred around the rising and setting of the sun, but daily rhythms have always been more complicated (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"We tend to assume that sleep traditionally centred around the rising and setting of the sun, but daily rhythms have always been more complicated (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p03t8bhd.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Adrian Storey/Uchujin"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"We often assume that our ancestors went to bed ‘naturally’ when darkness fell and rose with the Sun. However, sleep times have never been such a simple matter, whether in Japan or elsewhere. Even before the invention of electric light, the documentary evidence shows that people were scolded for staying up late at night for chatting, drinking and other forms of pleasure. However, scholars – particularly young samurai – were considered highly virtuous if they interrupted their sleep to study, even though this practice may not have been very efficient as it required oil for their lamps and often resulted in them falling asleep during lectures.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"We often assume that our ancestors went to bed ‘naturally’ when darkness fell and rose with the Sun. However, sleep times have never been such a simple matter, whether in Japan or elsewhere. Even before the invention of electric light, the documentary evidence shows that people were scolded for staying up late at night for chatting, drinking and other forms of pleasure. However, scholars – particularly young samurai – were considered highly virtuous if they interrupted their sleep to study, even though this practice may not have been very efficient as it required oil for their lamps and often resulted in them falling asleep during lectures.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Napping is hardly ever discussed in historical sources and seems to have been widely taken for granted. Falling asleep in public tends to be only mentioned when the nap is the source for a funny anecdote, such as when someone joins in with the wrong song at a ceremony, unaware that they have slept through most of it. People also seem to have enjoyed playing tricks on friends who had involuntarily dozed off.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Napping is hardly ever discussed in historical sources and seems to have been widely taken for granted. Falling asleep in public tends to be only mentioned when the nap is the source for a funny anecdote, such as when someone joins in with the wrong song at a ceremony, unaware that they have slept through most of it. People also seem to have enjoyed playing tricks on friends who had involuntarily dozed off.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"Doctors are adamant that co-sleeping with children will help them develop into independent and socially stable adults","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Early rising, on the other hand, has clearly been promoted as a virtue, at least since the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism. In antiquity, sources show a special concern for the work schedule of civil servants, but from the Middle Ages onwards, early rising was applied to all strata of society, with “going to bed late and rising early” used as a metaphor to describe a virtuous person.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Early rising, on the other hand, has clearly been promoted as a virtue, at least since the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism. In antiquity, sources show a special concern for the work schedule of civil servants, but from the Middle Ages onwards, early rising was applied to all strata of society, with “going to bed late and rising early” used as a metaphor to describe a virtuous person.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_3"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Another interesting issue is co-sleeping. In Britain, parents are often told they should provide even babies with a separate room so that they can learn to be independent sleepers, thus establishing a regular sleep schedule. In Japan, by contrast, parents and doctors are adamant that co-sleeping with children until they are at least at school age will reassure them and help them develop into independent and socially stable adults.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Another interesting issue is co-sleeping. In Britain, parents are often told they should provide even babies with a separate room so that they can learn to be independent sleepers, thus establishing a regular sleep schedule. In Japan, by contrast, parents and doctors are adamant that co-sleeping with children until they are at least at school age will reassure them and help them develop into independent and socially stable adults.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The habit of 'inemuri' is considered quite different from sleeping at night, or even taking a power nap (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The habit of 'inemuri' is considered quite different from sleeping at night, or even taking a power nap (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The habit of 'inemuri' is considered quite different from sleeping at night, or even taking a power nap (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The habit of 'inemuri' is considered quite different from sleeping at night, or even taking a power nap (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p03t8cpx.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Adrian Storey/Uchujin"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Maybe this cultural norm helps Japanese people to sleep in the presence of others, even when they are adults – many Japanese say they often sleep better in company than alone. Such an effect could be observed in spring 2011 after the huge tsunami disaster destroyed several coastal towns. Survivors had to stay in evacuation shelters, where dozens or even hundreds of people shared the same living and sleeping space. Notwithstanding various conflicts and problems, survivors described how sharing a communal sleeping space provided some comfort and helped them to relax and regain their sleep rhythm.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Maybe this cultural norm helps Japanese people to sleep in the presence of others, even when they are adults – many Japanese say they often sleep better in company than alone. Such an effect could be observed in spring 2011 after the huge tsunami disaster destroyed several coastal towns. Survivors had to stay in evacuation shelters, where dozens or even hundreds of people shared the same living and sleeping space. Notwithstanding various conflicts and problems, survivors described how sharing a communal sleeping space provided some comfort and helped them to relax and regain their sleep rhythm.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"On a certain level, inemuri is not considered sleep at\u0026nbsp;all","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"However, this experience of sleeping in the presence of others as children is not sufficient on its own to explain the widespread tolerance of inemuri, especially at school and in the workplace. After some years of investigating this subject, I finally realised that on a certain level, inemuri is not considered sleep at all. Not only is it seen as being different from night-time sleep in bed, it is also viewed differently from taking an afternoon nap or power nap.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"However, this experience of sleeping in the presence of others as children is not sufficient on its own to explain the widespread tolerance of inemuri, especially at school and in the workplace. After some years of investigating this subject, I finally realised that on a certain level, inemuri is not considered sleep at all. Not only is it seen as being different from night-time sleep in bed, it is also viewed differently from taking an afternoon nap or power nap.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_4"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"How can we make sense of this? The clue lies in the term itself, which is composed of two Chinese characters. ‘I’ which means ‘to be present’ in a situation that is not sleep and ‘nemuri’ which means ‘sleep’. Erving Goffman’s concept of “involvement within social situations” is useful I think in helping us grasp the social significance of inemuri and the rules surrounding it. Through our body language and verbal expressions we are involved to some extent in every situation in which we are present. We do, however, have the capacity to divide our attention into dominant and subordinate involvement.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"How can we make sense of this? The clue lies in the term itself, which is composed of two Chinese characters. ‘I’ which means ‘to be present’ in a situation that is not sleep and ‘nemuri’ which means ‘sleep’. Erving Goffman’s concept of “involvement within social situations” is useful I think in helping us grasp the social significance of inemuri and the rules surrounding it. Through our body language and verbal expressions we are involved to some extent in every situation in which we are present. We do, however, have the capacity to divide our attention into dominant and subordinate involvement.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In this context, inemuri can be seen as a subordinate involvement which can be indulged in as long as it does not disturb the social situation at hand – similar to daydreaming. Even though the sleeper might be mentally ‘away’, they have to be able to return to the social situation at hand when active contribution is required. They also have to maintain the impression of fitting in with the dominant involvement by means of body posture, body language, dress code and the like.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In this context, inemuri can be seen as a subordinate involvement which can be indulged in as long as it does not disturb the social situation at hand – similar to daydreaming. Even though the sleeper might be mentally ‘away’, they have to be able to return to the social situation at hand when active contribution is required. They also have to maintain the impression of fitting in with the dominant involvement by means of body posture, body language, dress code and the like.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Business may say they are suffering from \"an attack of the sleep demon\" (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Business may say they are suffering from \"an attack of the sleep demon\" (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Business may say they are suffering from \"an attack of the sleep demon\" (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Business may say they are suffering from \"an attack of the sleep demon\" (Credit: Adrian Storey/Uchujin)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1080,"width":1920,"locator":"/p03t8dhw.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Adrian Storey/Uchujin"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Inemuri in the workplace is a case in point. In principle, attentiveness and active participation are expected at work, and falling asleep creates the impression of lethargy and that a person is shirking their duties. However, it is also viewed as the result of work-related exhaustion. It may be excused by the fact that meetings are usually long and often involve simply listening to the chair’s reports. The effort made to attend is often valued more than what is actually achieved. As one informant told me: “We Japanese have the Olympic spirit – participating is what counts.”","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Inemuri in the workplace is a case in point. In principle, attentiveness and active participation are expected at work, and falling asleep creates the impression of lethargy and that a person is shirking their duties. However, it is also viewed as the result of work-related exhaustion. It may be excused by the fact that meetings are usually long and often involve simply listening to the chair’s reports. The effort made to attend is often valued more than what is actually achieved. As one informant told me: “We Japanese have the Olympic spirit – participating is what counts.”","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Diligence, which is expressed by working long hours and giving one’s all, is highly valued as a positive moral trait in Japan. Someone who makes the effort to participate in a meeting despite being exhausted or ill demonstrates diligence, a sense of responsibility and their willingness to make a sacrifice. By overcoming physical weaknesses and needs, a person becomes morally and mentally fortified and is filled with positive energy. Such a person is considered reliable and will be promoted. If, in the end, they succumb to sleep due to exhaustion or a cold or another health problem, they can be excused and an “attack of the sleep demon” can be held responsible. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Diligence, which is expressed by working long hours and giving one’s all, is highly valued as a positive moral trait in Japan. Someone who makes the effort to participate in a meeting despite being exhausted or ill demonstrates diligence, a sense of responsibility and their willingness to make a sacrifice. By overcoming physical weaknesses and needs, a person becomes morally and mentally fortified and is filled with positive energy. Such a person is considered reliable and will be promoted. If, in the end, they succumb to sleep due to exhaustion or a cold or another health problem, they can be excused and an “attack of the sleep demon” can be held responsible. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_5"},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"Inemuri \u0026ndash; or even feigning inemuri \u0026ndash; can be employed as a sign that a person has been working hard","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Moreover, modesty is also a highly valued virtue. Therefore, it is not possible to boast about one’s own diligence – and this creates the need for subtle methods to achieve social recognition. Since tiredness and illness are often viewed as the result of previous work efforts and diligence, inemuri – or even feigning inemuri by closing one’s eyes – can be employed as a sign that a person has been working hard but still has the strength and moral virtue necessary to keep themselves and their feelings under control.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Moreover, modesty is also a highly valued virtue. Therefore, it is not possible to boast about one’s own diligence – and this creates the need for subtle methods to achieve social recognition. Since tiredness and illness are often viewed as the result of previous work efforts and diligence, inemuri – or even feigning inemuri by closing one’s eyes – can be employed as a sign that a person has been working hard but still has the strength and moral virtue necessary to keep themselves and their feelings under control.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Thus, the Japanese habit of inemuri does not necessarily reveal a tendency towards laziness. Instead, it is an informal feature of Japanese social life intended to ensure the performance of regular duties by offering a way of being temporarily ‘away’ within these duties. And so it is clear: the Japanese don’t sleep. They don’t nap. They do inemuri. It could not be more different.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Thus, the Japanese habit of inemuri does not necessarily reveal a tendency towards laziness. Instead, it is an informal feature of Japanese social life intended to ensure the performance of regular duties by offering a way of being temporarily ‘away’ within these duties. And so it is clear: the Japanese don’t sleep. They don’t nap. They do inemuri. It could not be more different.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"--","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"--","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Dr Brigitte Steger, Senior Lecturer in Modern Japanese Studies, University of Cambridge. This piece was first published in CAM, the University of Cambridge’s alumni magazine. Read more from CAM here. 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