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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_of_France_and_Navarre_(1774–1792)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Queen of France and Navarre (1774–1792) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Queen_of_France_and_Navarre_(1774–1792)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Queen of France and Navarre (1774–1792) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Queen_of_France_and_Navarre_(1774–1792)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_(1774–1778)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_(1774–1778)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early years (1774–1778) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1774–1778)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motherhood,_changes_at_court_and_intervention_in_politics_(1778–1781)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motherhood,_changes_at_court_and_intervention_in_politics_(1778–1781)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Motherhood, changes at court and intervention in politics (1778–1781) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motherhood,_changes_at_court_and_intervention_in_politics_(1778–1781)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_popularity_(1782–1785)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_popularity_(1782–1785)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Declining popularity (1782–1785) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_popularity_(1782–1785)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_the_Revolution:_scandals_and_the_failure_of_reforms_(1786–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_the_Revolution:_scandals_and_the_failure_of_reforms_(1786–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Prelude to the Revolution: scandals and the failure of reforms (1786–1789) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_the_Revolution:_scandals_and_the_failure_of_reforms_(1786–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diamond_necklace_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamond_necklace_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Diamond necklace scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamond_necklace_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_political_and_financial_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_political_and_financial_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Failure of political and financial reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_political_and_financial_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_before_Varennes_(1789–1791)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_before_Varennes_(1789–1791)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 French Revolution before Varennes (1789–1791) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_Revolution_before_Varennes_(1789–1791)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle French Revolution before Varennes (1789–1791) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_before_Varennes_(1789–1791)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mirabeau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirabeau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mirabeau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirabeau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Civil Constitution of the Clergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight,_arrest_at_Varennes_and_return_to_Paris_(21–25_June_1791)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight,_arrest_at_Varennes_and_return_to_Paris_(21–25_June_1791)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Flight, arrest at Varennes and return to Paris (21–25 June 1791) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight,_arrest_at_Varennes_and_return_to_Paris_(21–25_June_1791)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radicalization_of_the_Revolution_after_Varennes_(1791–92)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicalization_of_the_Revolution_after_Varennes_(1791–92)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Radicalization of the Revolution after Varennes (1791–92) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicalization_of_the_Revolution_after_Varennes_(1791–92)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_leading_to_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy_on_10_August_1792" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_leading_to_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy_on_10_August_1792"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Events leading to the abolition of the monarchy on 10 August 1792 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events_leading_to_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy_on_10_August_1792-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Events leading to the abolition of the monarchy on 10 August 1792 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Events_leading_to_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy_on_10_August_1792-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louis_XVI's_trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_XVI's_trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Louis XVI's trial and execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_XVI's_trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marie_Antoinette_in_the_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marie_Antoinette_in_the_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Marie Antoinette in the Temple </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marie_Antoinette_in_the_Temple-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marie Antoinette in the Temple subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marie_Antoinette_in_the_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conciergerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conciergerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Conciergerie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conciergerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Trial and execution (14–16 October 1793) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trial and execution (14–16 October 1793) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Foreign response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourbon_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bourbon Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marie Antoinette</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" > 97 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="मारी आंत्वानेत – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मारी आंत्वानेत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ماري أنطوانيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري أنطوانيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonieta_d%27Austria" title="María Antonieta d'Austria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="María Antonieta d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Antuanetta" title="Mariya Antuanetta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mariya Antuanetta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ماری آنتوانت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماری آنتوانت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="মারি অঁতোয়ানেত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারি অঁতোয়ানেত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мария-Антуанетта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мария-Антуанетта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марыя Антуанета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыя Антуанета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марыя Антуанэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыя Антуанэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мария-Антоанета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария-Антоанета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Antoaneta" title="Marija Antoaneta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marija Antoaneta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_Aostria" title="Marie-Antoinette Aostria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marie-Antoinette Aostria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonieta_d%27%C3%80ustria" title="Maria Antonieta d'Àustria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria Antonieta d'Àustria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мария-Антуанетта – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мария-Антуанетта" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinetta" title="Marie Antoinetta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie Antoinetta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" title="Marie-Antoinette – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marie-Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_von_%C3%96sterreich-Lothringen" title="Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marie-Antoinette von Österreich-Lothringen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Μαρία Αντουανέτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Αντουανέτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonieta_de_Austria" title="María Antonieta de Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María Antonieta de Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" title="Marie-Antoinette – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marie-Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonieta" title="Maria Antonieta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria Antonieta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ماری آنتوانت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری آنتوانت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche" title="Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_na_hOstaire" title="Marie Antoinette na hOstaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marie Antoinette na hOstaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonieta_de_Austria" title="María Antonieta de Austria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="María Antonieta de Austria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC_%EC%95%99%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="마리 앙투아네트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리 앙투아네트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Մարի Անտուանետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Անտուանետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="मारी आंत्वानेत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मारी आंत्वानेत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Antoaneta" title="Marija Antoaneta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marija Antoaneta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" title="Marie-Antoinette – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marie-Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonia_de_Austria" title="Maria Antonia de Austria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maria Antonia de Austria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonetta" title="María Antonetta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="María Antonetta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonietta_d%27Asburgo-Lorena" title="Maria Antonietta d'Asburgo-Lorena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria Antonietta d'Asburgo-Lorena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="מארי אנטואנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארי אנטואנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მარი ანტუანეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარი ანტუანეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мария-Антуанетта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мария-Антуанетта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Austriaca_(regina_Franciae)" title="Maria Antonia Austriaca (regina Franciae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Antonia Austriaca (regina Franciae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Antuanete" title="Marija Antuanete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marija Antuanete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_vun_%C3%89istr%C3%A4ich" title="Marie-Antoinette vun Éisträich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marie-Antoinette vun Éisträich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Antuanet%C4%97" title="Marija Antuanetė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marija Antuanetė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Tonieta" title="Maja Tonieta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Maja Tonieta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Ant%C3%B3nia_francia_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9" title="Mária Antónia francia királyné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mária Antónia francia királyné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марија Антоанета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марија Антоанета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മെറീ അന്റോനെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെറീ അന്റോനെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="मेरी आँत्वानेत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेरी आँत्वानेत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مارى انطوانيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى انطوانيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_van_Oostenrijk" title="Marie Antoinette van Oostenrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marie Antoinette van Oostenrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="मारी अँतवानेत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मारी अँतवानेत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="マリー・アントワネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリー・アントワネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_av_Frankrike" title="Marie Antoinette av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marie Antoinette av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonieta_d%27%C3%80ustria" title="Maria Antonieta d'Àustria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maria Antonieta d'Àustria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_antuanetta" title="Mariya antuanetta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mariya antuanetta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮਾਰੀ ਐਂਤੂਆਨੈਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰੀ ਐਂਤੂਆਨੈਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="میری انطونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میری انطونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AA" title="ماري انتوانېت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماري انتوانېت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonina_Austriaczka" title="Maria Antonina Austriaczka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria Antonina Austriaczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonieta" title="Maria Antonieta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria Antonieta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antoaneta,_regin%C4%83_a_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Maria Antoaneta, regină a Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maria Antoaneta, regină a Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мария-Антуанетта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария-Антуанетта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antoneta" title="Maria Antoneta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maria Antoneta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonietta" title="Maria Antonietta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Maria Antonietta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Antoinetta" title="Mária Antoinetta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária Antoinetta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Antoaneta" title="Marija Antoaneta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marija Antoaneta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марија Антоанета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марија Антоанета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_od_Austrije" title="Marie-Antoinette od Austrije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marie-Antoinette od Austrije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" title="Marie-Antoinette – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marie-Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87" title="మేరీ ఆంటోనిట్టే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మేరీ ఆంటోనిట్టే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="มารี อ็องตัวแน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มารี อ็องตัวแน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marie Antoinette" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Марія-Антуанетта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія-Антуанетта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="میری انطونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میری انطونیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonia_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%81o" title="Maria Antonia của Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maria Antonia của Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoniette" title="Marie Antoniette – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marie Antoniette" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9" title="玛丽·安托瓦内特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽·安托瓦内特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%A6%AE" title="瑪麗安東妮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗安東妮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9" title="玛丽·安托瓦内特 – Chinese" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of France from 1774 to 1792</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marie Antoinette (disambiguation)">Marie Antoinette (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Marie Antoinette</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Antoinette,_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/220px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/330px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/440px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1961" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1775</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1774 – 21 September 1792</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1755-11-02)2 November 1755 <a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a>, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1793(1793-10-16) (aged 37) <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Révolution">Place de la Révolution</a>, Paris, France <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_guillotine" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by guillotine">Execution by guillotine</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1815 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1770; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1793)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li>Sophie</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>German: Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna</li><li>French: Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie Antoinette's signature"><img alt="Marie Antoinette's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png/125px-Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png/188px-Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png/250px-Marie-AntoinetteSignature.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="51" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Marie Antoinette of Austria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Marie Antoinette of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Queen_Marie-Antoinette_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1265" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Marie Antoinette (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæntwəˈnɛt, ˌɒ̃t-/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Exilexi-Marie-Antoinette.wav">ⓘ</a>; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen of France</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>. Marie Antoinette was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>. Born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, she was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Maria_Theresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Maria Theresa">Empress Maria Theresa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis I</a>. She married Louis XVI, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>, in May 1770 at age 14. She then became the <a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">Dauphine of France</a>. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen. As queen, Marie Antoinette became increasingly a target of criticism by opponents of the domestic and foreign policies of Louis XVI, and those opposed to the monarchy in general. The French <a href="/wiki/Libelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Libelles">libelles</a> accused her of being profligate,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> promiscuous, having illegitimate children, and harboring sympathies for France's perceived enemies, including her native <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>. She was falsely accused of defrauding the Crown's jewelers in the <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace" title="Affair of the Diamond Necklace">Affair of the Diamond Necklace</a>, but the accusations damaged her reputation further. During the French Revolution, she became known as Madame Déficit because the country's <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a> was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to social and financial reforms proposed by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>. Several events were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Revolution after the government placed the royal family under house arrest in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> in October 1789. The June 1791 attempted <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">flight to Varennes</a> and her role in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> were immensely damaging to her image among French citizens. On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">Assembly</a>, and they were imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Prison">Temple Prison</a> on 13 August 1792. On 21 September 1792, France was declared a republic and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">the monarchy was abolished</a>. <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Louis XVI was executed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> on 21 January 1793. Marie Antoinette's trial began on 14 October 1793; two days later, she was convicted by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> of high treason and executed by beheading by guillotine on 16 October 1793 at the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de la Révolution">Place de la Révolution</a> during the French Revolution. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1755–1770)">Early life (1755–1770)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1755–1770)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard,_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche,_future_Reine_de_France,_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_(1762)_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard%2C_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche%2C_future_Reine_de_France%2C_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_%281762%29_-_01.jpg/220px-Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard%2C_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche%2C_future_Reine_de_France%2C_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_%281762%29_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard%2C_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche%2C_future_Reine_de_France%2C_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_%281762%29_-_01.jpg/330px-Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard%2C_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche%2C_future_Reine_de_France%2C_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_%281762%29_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard%2C_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche%2C_future_Reine_de_France%2C_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_%281762%29_-_01.jpg/440px-Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard%2C_L%27Archiduchesse_Marie-Antoinette_d%27Autriche%2C_future_Reine_de_France%2C_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A2ge_de_7_ans_%281762%29_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Archduchess Maria Antonia depicted at seven years of age in a 1762 watercolor portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard" title="Jean-Étienne Liotard">Jean-Étienne Liotard</a></figcaption></figure> Marie Antoinette, full name Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna, was born on 2 November 1755 at the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg" title="Hofburg">Hofburg</a> Palace in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Archduchy of Austria, at 20:30.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> She was the youngest daughter and 15th child of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, and her husband <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Maria Theresa gave birth to all of her previous children without any problems. During the birth of her last daughter Maria Antonia, serious complications arose, and doctors even feared for the life of the mother. Her godparents were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Victoria</a>, King and Queen of Portugal; Archduke <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> and Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)">Maria Anna</a> acted as proxies for their newborn sister.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2002_5–6-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a> Maria Antonia was born on <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> day of mourning, and during her childhood, her birthday was instead celebrated the day before, on <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, due to the connotations of the date. Shortly after her birth she was placed under the care of the governess of the imperial children, Countess von Brandeis.<a href="#cite_note-d'Armaillé-7">[7]</a> Maria Antonia was raised together with her sister, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a>, who was three years older, and with whom she had a lifelong close relationship.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Maria Antonia had a difficult but ultimately loving relationship with her mother,<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2001_166–170-9">[9]</a> who referred to her as "the little Madame Antoine". Maria Antonia spent her formative years between the Hofburg Palace and <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn</a>, the imperial summer residence in Vienna,<a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a> where on 13 October 1762, when she was seven, she met <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, two months her junior and a child prodigy.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-d'Armaillé-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Despite the private tutoring she received, the results of her schooling were less than satisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-Cronin_1989_45-12">[12]</a> At the age of 10 she could not write correctly in German or in any language commonly used at court, such as French or Italian,<a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a> and conversations with her were stilted.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a> Under the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>, Maria Antonia developed into a good musician. She learned to play the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cronin_1989_45-12">[12]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>. She sang during the family's evening gatherings, as she was known to have had a beautiful voice.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> She also excelled at dancing, had "exquisite" poise, and loved dolls.<a href="#cite_note-Weber2007-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Erzherzoginnen-Portr%C3%A4t_-_Erzherzogin_Maria_Antonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="3134" /></a><figcaption>Maria Antonia by <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Meytens" title="Martin van Meytens">Martin van Meytens</a> c.1767-1768</figcaption></figure> The death of her older sister <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha</a> from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> during the epidemic in Vienna in October 1767 made an everlasting impression on the young Maria Antonia. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200228-16">[16]</a> Maria Antonia, in her later life, recalled the ailing Maria Josepha taking her in her arms. She told her that she would not be traveling to Naples to marry King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV of Naples</a>, to whom she was betrothed, but for the <a href="/wiki/Family_vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Family vault">family vault</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200228-16">[16]</a> Later in 1768, Mathieu-Jacques de Vermond was dispatched by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> to tutor Marie Antoinette as she became the future wife to Louis XVI. Serving as an educator, Abbé de Vermond found her to be unsatisfactorily educated and lacking in, at the age of 13, important writing skills. Nonetheless, he also complimented her, stating, "Her character, her heart, are excellent." He found her "more intelligent than has been generally supposed," but since "she is rather lazy and extremely frivolous, she is hard to teach".<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Antoinette-17">[17]</a> Under the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul</a>, a strong supporter of her prospective marriage, Maria Antonia also received a makeover to bring her more in line with the fashion of French royalty. This included the straightening of her teeth by a French dentist, the diversification of her wardrobe, and hairstyles reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> She was also instructed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Georges_Noverre" title="Jean-Georges Noverre">Jean-Georges Noverre</a>, who taught her to walk in the gliding fashion characteristic of the court of Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dauphine_of_France_(1770–1774)">Dauphine of France (1770–1774)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dauphine of France (1770–1774)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg/220px-Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg/330px-Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg/440px-Marie_Antoinette_Young3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Archduchess Maria Antonia depicted at age 13 in a 1769 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ducreux" title="Joseph Ducreux">Joseph Ducreux</a>, which was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> in May 1769<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200137-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg/220px-Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg/330px-Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg/440px-Marie_Antoinette_in_a_red_hunting_habit-1772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>Queen Marie Antoinette of France, at age 16 depicted in a pastel portrait drawn in <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kranzinger" title="Joseph Kranzinger">Joseph Kranzinger</a> and sent to her mother, Empress Maria Theresa, in Austria</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a> of 1756, Empress Maria Theresa decided to end hostilities with her longtime enemy, King Louis XV of France. Their common desire to destroy the ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and to secure a definitive peace between their respective countries led them to seal their alliance with a marriage: on 7 February 1770, Louis XV formally requested the hand of Maria Antonia for his eldest surviving grandson and heir, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis Auguste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Berry" title="Duke of Berry">Duke of Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a> Maria Antonia formally renounced her rights to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> domains, and on 19 April 1770 she was <a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">married by proxy</a> with Louis Auguste at the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Church,_Vienna" title="Augustinian Church, Vienna">Augustinian Church, Vienna</a>, with her brother Archduke <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a> standing in for the Dauphin.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-liaisons-6">[6]</a> On 14 May 1770 she met her husband at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Forest of Compiègne">forest of Compiègne</a>. Upon her arrival in France, she adopted the French version of her name: Marie Antoinette. A further ceremonial wedding took place on 16 May 1770 in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> and, after the festivities, the day ended with the <a href="/wiki/Bedding_ceremony" title="Bedding ceremony">ritual bedding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The couple's longtime failure to <a href="/wiki/Consummate" class="mw-redirect" title="Consummate">consummate</a> the marriage plagued the reputations of the royal couple for the next seven years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001157d'ArnethGeffroy187480–90,_110–115-25">[25]</a> The initial reaction to the marriage between Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI was mixed. On the one hand, the Dauphine was beautiful, personable and well-liked by the common people. Her first official appearance in Paris on 8 June 1773 was a resounding success. On the other hand, those opposed to the alliance with Austria had a difficult relationship with Marie Antoinette, as did others who disliked her for more personal or petty reasons.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a> proved a troublesome foe to the new dauphine. She was Louis XV's mistress and had considerable political influence over him. In 1770 she was instrumental in ousting <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">Étienne François, duc de Choiseul</a>, who had helped orchestrate the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Austrian_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Austrian Alliance">Franco-Austrian Alliance</a> and Marie Antoinette's marriage,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and in exiling his sister, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrix_de_Choiseul" title="Béatrix de Choiseul">Duchess of Gramont</a>, one of Marie Antoinette's ladies-in-waiting. Marie Antoinette was persuaded by her husband's aunts to refuse to acknowledge du Barry, which some saw as a political blunder that jeopardized Austria's interests at the French court. Marie Antoinette's mother and the Austrian ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Florimond_Claude,_Comte_de_Mercy-Argenteau" title="Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau">Comte de Mercy-Argenteau</a>, who sent the Empress secret reports on Marie Antoinette's behaviour, pressured Marie Antoinette to speak to Madame du Barry, which she grudgingly agreed to do on New Year's Day 1772.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200180–81d'ArnethGeffroy187465–75-28">[28]</a> She merely commented to her, "There are a lot of people at Versailles today", but it was enough for Madame du Barry, who was satisfied with this recognition, and the crisis passed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Two days after the death of Louis XV in 1774, Louis XVI exiled du Barry to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbaye_du_Pont-aux-Dames&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbaye du Pont-aux-Dames (page does not exist)">Abbaye du Pont-aux-Dames</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meaux" title="Meaux">Meaux</a>, pleasing both his wife and aunts.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goncourt_1880,_pp._195–196-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Two and a half years later, at the end of October 1776, Madame du Barry's exile ended and she was allowed to return to her beloved château at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Louveciennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Louveciennes">Louveciennes</a>, but she was never permitted to return to Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_of_France_and_Navarre_(1774–1792)">Queen of France and Navarre (1774–1792)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Queen of France and Navarre (1774–1792)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/220px-Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/330px-Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/440px-Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette by Joseph Hickel c.1773</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_(1774–1778)">Early years (1774–1778)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years (1774–1778)">edit</a>]</div> On 10 May 1774, upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, the Dauphin ascended the throne as King Louis XVI of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> with Marie Antoinette as his <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. At the outset, the new queen had limited political influence with her husband, who, with the support of his two most important ministers, Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas">Maurepas</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a>, blocked several of her candidates from assuming important positions, including Choiseul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001136–37d'ArnethGeffroy1874475–480-36">[36]</a> The queen did play a decisive role in the disgrace and exile of the most powerful of Louis XV's ministers, the <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel-Armand_de_Richelieu,_duc_d%27Aiguillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon">Duc d'Aiguillon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1962107–108Fraser2001124–27Lever1991125-37">[37]</a> On 24 May 1774, two weeks after the death of Louis XV, the king gave his wife the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, a small château on the grounds of Versailles that had been built by Louis XV for his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>. Louis XVI allowed Marie Antoinette to renovate it to suit her own tastes; soon rumours circulated that she had plastered the walls with gold and diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Antoinette;_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marie-Antoinette%3B_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg/220px-Marie-Antoinette%3B_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marie-Antoinette%3B_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg/330px-Marie-Antoinette%3B_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marie-Antoinette%3B_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg/440px-Marie-Antoinette%3B_koningin_der_Fransen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Queen Marie Antoinette wearing court <a href="/wiki/Robe_de_cour" title="Robe de cour">grand habit</a> by Jean-Baptiste André Gautier-Dagoty c.1775</figcaption></figure> The Queen spent heavily on fashion, luxuries, and gambling, though the country was facing a grave financial crisis and the population was suffering. <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bertin" title="Rose Bertin">Rose Bertin</a> created dresses for her, and hairstyles such as <a href="/wiki/Pouf" title="Pouf">poufs</a>, up to three feet (90 cm) high, and the <a href="/wiki/Panache" title="Panache">panache</a>—a spray of feather plumes. She and her court also adopted the English fashion of dresses made of <a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">indienne</a>, a material banned in France from 1686 until 1759 to protect local French woolen and silk industries, <a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">percale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> As a result of all these fashion activities, Marie Antoinette presided over one of the most important and fashionable courts in history and she was dominant over all of the other ladies of the court; as for her bearing and appearance the queen was very majestic and charismatic in spite of the fact that she gained much weight over the years due to her many pregnancies. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Flour_War" title="Flour War">Flour War</a> of 1775, a series of riots, due to the high price of flour and bread, had damaged her reputation among the general public. Eventually, Marie Antoinette's reputation was no better than that of the favourites of previous kings. Many French people were beginning to blame her for the degrading economic situation, suggesting the country's inability to pay off its debt was the result of her wasting the crown's money.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In her correspondence, Marie Antoinette's mother, Maria Theresa, expressed concern over her daughter's spending habits, citing the civil unrest it was beginning to cause.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As early as 1774, Marie Antoinette had begun to befriend some of her male admirers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Besenval_de_Bronstatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Victor Besenval de Bronstatt">Baron de Besenval</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Franquetot_de_Coigny" title="François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny">Duc de Coigny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Count_Valentin_Esterhazy" title="Count Valentin Esterhazy">Count Valentin Esterházy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'ArnethGeffroy1874400–410-44">[44]</a> and also formed deep friendships with various ladies at court. Most noted was <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Marie-Louise, Princesse de Lamballe</a>, related to the royal family through her marriage into the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre">Penthièvre family</a>. On 19 September 1774, she appointed her superintendent of her household,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> an appointment she soon transferred to her new favourite, the <a href="/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron" title="Yolande de Polastron">Duchess of Polignac</a>. In 1774, she took under her patronage her former music teacher, the German opera composer <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>, who remained in France until 1779.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motherhood,_changes_at_court_and_intervention_in_politics_(1778–1781)">Motherhood, changes at court and intervention in politics (1778–1781)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motherhood, changes at court and intervention in politics (1778–1781)">edit</a>]</div> Amidst the atmosphere of a wave of <a href="/wiki/Libelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Libelles">libelles</a>, the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> came to France incognito, using the name Comte de Falkenstein, for a six-week visit during which he toured Paris extensively and was a guest at Versailles. He met his sister and her husband on 18 April 1777 at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette" title="Château de la Muette">Château de la Muette</a>, and spoke frankly to his brother-in-law, curious as to why the royal marriage had not been consummated, arriving at the conclusion that no obstacle to the couple's conjugal relations existed save the Queen's lack of interest and the King's unwillingness to exert himself.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In a letter to his brother <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>, Joseph II described them as "a couple of complete blunderers."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He disclosed to Leopold that the inexperienced—then still only 22-year-old—Louis XVI had confided in him the course of action he had been undertaking in their marital bed; saying Louis XVI "introduces the member," but then "stays there without moving for about two minutes," withdraws without having completed the act and "bids goodnight."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002b156-51">[51]</a> Suggestions that Louis suffered from <a href="/wiki/Phimosis" title="Phimosis">phimosis</a>, which was relieved by <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, have been discredited.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Nevertheless, following Joseph's intervention, the marriage was finally consummated in August 1777.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Eight months later, in April 1778, it was suspected that the queen was pregnant, which was officially announced on 16 May.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Marie Antoinette's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse Charlotte</a>, Madame Royale, was born at Versailles on 19 December 1778.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2001_166–170-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The child's paternity was contested in the libelles, as were all her children's.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> In the middle of the queen's pregnancy, two events occurred which had a profound effect on her later life: the return of her friend, the Swedish diplomat Count <a href="/wiki/Axel_von_Fersen_the_Younger" title="Axel von Fersen the Younger">Axel von Fersen the Younger</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> to Versailles for two years, and her brother's <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession" title="War of the Bavarian Succession">claim to the throne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, contested by <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Marie Antoinette pleaded with her husband for the French to intercede on behalf of Austria. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Teschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Teschen">Peace of Teschen</a>, signed on 13 May 1779, ended the brief conflict, with the Queen imposing French mediation at her mother's insistence and Austria's gaining the <a href="/wiki/Innviertel" title="Innviertel">Innviertel</a> territory of at least 100,000 inhabitants—a strong retreat from the early French position which was hostile towards Austria. This gave the impression, partially justified, that the Queen had sided with Austria against France.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEd'ArnethGeffroy1874168–170,_180–182,_210–212-62">[62]</a> Meanwhile, the Queen began to institute changes in court customs. Some of them met with the disapproval of the older generation, such as the abandonment of heavy make-up and the popular wide-hooped <a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">panniers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The new fashion called for a simpler feminine look, typified first by the rustic <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">robe à la polonaise</a> style and later by the <a href="/wiki/1775-95_in_Western_fashion#Women's_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1775-95 in Western fashion">gaulle</a>, a layered muslin dress Marie Antoinette wore in a 1783 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" title="Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun">Vigée-Le Brun</a> portrait.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 1780 she began to participate in amateur plays and musicals in the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Reine" title="Théâtre de la Reine">Théâtre de la Reine</a> built for her by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mique" title="Richard Mique">Richard Mique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA-Lebrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA-Lebrun.jpg/220px-MA-Lebrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA-Lebrun.jpg/330px-MA-Lebrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA-Lebrun.jpg/440px-MA-Lebrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_with_a_Rose" title="Marie Antoinette with a Rose">Marie Antoinette with a Rose</a>, a 1783 portrait of Marie Antoinette that was criticised for showing what was described as improper and informal attire for a queen. In response to the criticism, it was repainted with the queen in a blue silk dress.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> Repayment of the French debt remained a difficult problem, further exacerbated by Vergennes and also by Marie Antoinette prodding<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Louis XVI to involve France in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. The primary motive for the queen's involvement in political affairs in this period may arguably have had more to do with court factionalism than any true interest on her part in politics themselves,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> but she played an important role in aiding the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> by securing Austrian and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> support for France, which resulted in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">First League of Armed Neutrality</a> that stopped Britain's attack, and by weighing in decisively for the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Henri,_marquis_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur">Philippe Henri, Marquis de Ségur</a>, as Minister of War and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eug%C3%A8ne_Gabriel_de_La_Croix" title="Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix">Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix</a> as Secretary of the Navy in 1780, who helped <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> defeat the British in the American Revolutionary War, which ended in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Marie Antoinette's second pregnancy ended in a miscarriage early in July 1779, as confirmed by letters between the Queen and her mother, although some historians believed that she may have experienced bleeding related to an irregular menstrual cycle, which she mistook for a lost pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Her third pregnancy was affirmed in March 1781, and on 22 October she gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph Xavier François</a>, Dauphin of France.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Empress Maria Theresa died on 29 November 1780 in Vienna. Marie Antoinette feared that the death of her mother would jeopardise the Franco-Austrian alliance, as well as, ultimately, herself, but her brother, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, wrote to her that he had no intention of breaking the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A second visit from Joseph II, which took place in July 1781 to reaffirm the Franco-Austrian alliance and also to see his sister, was tainted by false rumours<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002186-73">[73]</a> that Marie Antoinette was sending money to him from the French treasury.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declining_popularity_(1782–1785)">Declining popularity (1782–1785)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Declining popularity (1782–1785)">edit</a>]</div> Despite the general celebration over the birth of an heir, Marie Antoinette's political influence, such as it was, was perceived to greatly benefit Austria.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Kettle_War" title="Kettle War">Kettle War</a>, in which her brother Joseph attempted to open the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river for naval passage, Marie Antoinette succeeded in obliging Vergennes to pay huge financial compensation to Austria. Finally, the Queen was able to obtain her brother's support against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in the American Revolution and she neutralized French hostility to his alliance with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991350–353-78">[78]</a> In 1782, after the governess of the royal children, the <a href="/wiki/Victoire_Armande_Jos%C3%A8phe_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire Armande Josèphe de Rohan">Princesse de Guéméné</a>, went bankrupt and resigned, Marie Antoinette appointed her favourite, the <a href="/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron" title="Yolande de Polastron">Duchess of Polignac</a>, to the position.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> This decision met with disapproval from the court as the duchess was considered to be of too modest origins to occupy such an exalted position. In contrast, both the king and the queen trusted Madame de Polignac completely, gave her a thirteen-room apartment in Versailles and paid her well.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The entire Polignac family benefited greatly from royal favour in titles and positions, but its sudden wealth and lavish lifestyle outraged most aristocratic families, who resented the Polignacs' dominance at court, and also fueled the increasing popular disapproval of Marie Antoinette, mostly in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> De Mercy wrote to the empress: "It is almost unexampled that in so short a time, the royal favour should have brought such overwhelming advantages to a family".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In June 1783, Marie Antoinette's new pregnancy was announced, but on the night of 1–2 November, her 28th birthday, she suffered a miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 1783 the Queen played a decisive role in the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a>, a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Polignac_family" title="Polignac family">the Polignacs</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Baron de Breteuil</a> as the Minister of the Royal Household, making him perhaps the strongest and most conservative minister of the reign.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The result of these two nominations was that Marie Antoinette's influence became paramount in government, and the new ministers rejected any major change to the structure of the old regime. More than that, the decree by de Ségur, the minister of war, requiring four <a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">quarterings</a> of nobility as a condition for the appointment of officers, mainly served the interest of older noble families including poorer provincial ones, who were widely seen as a reactionary interest group by ambitious members of the middle and professional classes, by some more recent nobility, and even by the Parisian populace and press. The measure also blocked the access of 'commoners', mainly sons of members of the professional classes, and of more recently elevated nobility to important positions in the armed forces. As such, the decree became an important grievance for social classes that had been habitually supportive of the monarchy and established order, and which went on to supply the bulk of the early leadership of the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2001_218–20-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Axel_von_Fersen_the_Younger" title="Axel von Fersen the Younger">Axel von Fersen</a>, after his return from America in June 1783, was accepted into the Queen's private society. There were claims that the two were romantically involved,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> but since most of their correspondence has been lost, destroyed, or redacted, for many years there was no conclusive evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser202-88">[88]</a> Starting in 2016, scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Research_and_Restoration_of_Museums_of_France" title="Centre for Research and Restoration of Museums of France">Centre for Research and Restoration of Museums of France</a> (CRCC), uncovered some of the redacted text of the queen's letters to Fersen. <a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The revealed texts do not mention a physical relationship, but do confirm a very strong emotional relationship.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Around this time, <a href="/wiki/Libelle_(literary_genre)" title="Libelle (literary genre)">pamphlets</a> describing farcical sexual deviance including the Queen and her friends in the court were growing in popularity around the country. The Portefeuille d'un talon rouge was one of the earliest, including the queen and a variety of other nobles in a political statement decrying the immoral practices of the court. As time went on, these came to focus more on the queen. They described amorous encounters with a wide range of figures, from the Duchess of Polignac to Louis XV. As these attacks increased, they were connected with the public's dislike of her association with the rival nation of Austria. It was publicly suggested that her supposed behaviour was learned at the Austrian court, particularly lesbianism, which was known as the "German vice".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Her mother again expressed concern for the safety of her daughter, and she began to use Austria's ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Florimond_Claude,_Comte_de_Mercy-Argenteau" title="Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau">Comte de Mercy</a>, to provide information on Marie Antoinette's safety and movements.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1783, the Queen was busy with the creation of her "<a href="/wiki/Hameau_de_la_Reine" title="Hameau de la Reine">hamlet</a>", a rustic retreat built by her favoured architect, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mique" title="Richard Mique">Richard Mique</a>, according to the designs of the painter <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Its creation, however, caused another uproar when its cost became widely known.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> However, the hamlet was not an eccentricity of Marie Antoinette's. It was en vogue at the time for nobles to have recreations of small villages on their properties. In fact, the design was copied from that of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a>. It was also significantly smaller and less intricate than many other nobles'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002b207-96">[96]</a> Around this time she accumulated a library of 5,000 books. Those on music, often dedicated to her, were the most read, though she also liked to read history.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> She sponsored the arts, in particular music. Marie Antoinette preferred to hold her musicales in the salon of her <a href="/wiki/Petit_appartement_de_la_reine" title="Petit appartement de la reine">Petit appartement de la reine</a> in the Palace of Versailles, or in the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Reine" title="Théâtre de la Reine">Théâtre de la Reine</a>. She limited the audience to her intimate circle and a few musicians, among them the <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges" title="Chevalier de Saint-Georges">Chevalier de Saint-Georges</a>. "Admitted to perform music with the Queen,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanat2006151-152-99">[99]</a> Saint-Georges probably played his violin sonatas for two instruments, with Her Majesty playing the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a>. She also supported some scientific endeavours, encouraging and witnessing the first launch of a <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfière</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> for the first time in human history; this extraordinary feat which represented a turning point in human civilization was done by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier" title="Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier">Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On 27 April 1784, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro_(play)" title="The Marriage of Figaro (play)">The Marriage of Figaro</a> premiered in Paris. Initially banned by the king due to its negative portrayal of the nobility, the play was finally allowed to be publicly performed because of the Queen's support and its overwhelming popularity at court, where secret readings of it had been given by Marie Antoinette. The play was a disaster for the image of the monarchy and aristocracy. It inspired <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a>, which premiered in Vienna on 1 May 1786.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller_-_Queen_Marie_Antoinette_of_France_and_two_of_her_Children_Walking_in_The_Park_of_Trianon_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="4589" /></a><figcaption>A 1784 portrait of Marie Antoinette with her two eldest children, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte and the Dauphin Louis Joseph, in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ulrik_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller">Adolf Ulrik Wertmüller</a></figcaption></figure> On 24 October 1784, putting the Baron de Breteuil in charge of its acquisition, Louis XVI bought the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a> from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a> in the name of his wife, which she wanted due to their expanding family. She wanted to be able to own her own property, one that was actually hers, to then have the authority to bequeath it to "whichever of my children I wish,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002217-102">[102]</a> choosing the child she thought could use it rather than it going through patriarchal inheritance laws or whims. It was proposed that the cost could be covered by other sales, such as that of the château Trompette in Bordeaux.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002b217-103">[103]</a> This was unpopular, particularly with those factions of the nobility who disliked the Queen, but also with a growing percentage of the population, who disapproved of a queen of France independently owning a private residence. The purchase of Saint-Cloud thus damaged the public's image of the Queen even further. The château's high price, almost 6 million <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livres</a>, plus the substantial extra cost of redecorating, ensured that much less money was going towards repaying France's substantial debt.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991358–360-105">[105]</a> On 27 March 1785, Marie Antoinette gave birth to a second son, Louis Charles, who bore the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The fact that the birth occurred exactly nine months after Fersen's return did not escape the attention of many, leading to doubt as to the parentage of the child and to a noticeable decline of the Queen's reputation in public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The majority of Marie Antoinette's and Louis XVII's biographers believe that the young prince was the biological son of Louis XVI, including <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a>, who believe that Fersen and Marie Antoinette were indeed romantically involved.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Fraser has also noted that the birthdate matches up perfectly with a known conjugal visit from the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002217-102">[102]</a> Courtiers at Versailles noted in their diaries that the date of the child's conception corresponded perfectly with a period when the King and the Queen had spent much time together, but these details were ignored amid attacks on the Queen's character.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> These suspicions of illegitimacy, along with the continued publication of the libelles and never-ending cavalcades of court intrigues, the actions of Joseph II in the <a href="/wiki/Kettle_War" title="Kettle War">Kettle War</a>, the purchase of Saint-Cloud and the <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace" title="Affair of the Diamond Necklace">Affair of the Diamond Necklace</a> combined to turn popular opinion sharply against the Queen, and the image of a licentious, spendthrift, empty-headed foreign queen was quickly taking root in the French psyche.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A second daughter, her last child, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1786-1787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1786-1787)">Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix</a>, Madame Sophie, was born on 9 July 1786 and lived only eleven months until 19 June 1787. She was named after the King's aunt, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1734%E2%80%931782)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1734–1782)">Princess Sophie of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2002244-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_the_Revolution:_scandals_and_the_failure_of_reforms_(1786–1789)">Prelude to the Revolution: scandals and the failure of reforms (1786–1789)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prelude to the Revolution: scandals and the failure of reforms (1786–1789)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diamond_necklace_scandal">Diamond necklace scandal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diamond necklace scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace" title="Affair of the Diamond Necklace">Affair of the Diamond Necklace</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg/190px-Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg/284px-Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg/379px-Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="4081" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the diamond necklace in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil" title="Château de Breteuil">Château de Breteuil</a>, in France</figcaption></figure> Marie Antoinette began to abandon her more carefree activities to become increasingly involved in politics in her role as queen of France.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> By publicly showing her attention to the education and care of her children, the queen sought to improve the dissolute image she had acquired in 1785 from the "Diamond Necklace Affair", in which public opinion had falsely accused her of criminal participation in defrauding the jewelers Boehmer and Bassenge of the price of an expensive diamond necklace they had originally created for <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a>. The main actors in the scandal were <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal de Rohan">Cardinal de Rohan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Louis,_Prince_of_Gu%C3%A9m%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Henri Louis, Prince of Guéméné">Prince de Rohan-Guéméné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Almoner_of_France" title="Grand Almoner of France">Grand Almoner of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Valois-Saint-R%C3%A9my" title="Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy">Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy</a>, Countess de La Motte, a descendant of an illegitimate child of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a>. Marie Antoinette had profoundly disliked Rohan since the time he had been the French ambassador to Vienna when she was a child. Despite his high clerical position at the Court, she never addressed a word to him. Others involved were <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Le_Guay_d%27Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicole Le Guay d'Oliva">Nicole Lequay</a>, alias Baronne d'Oliva, a prostitute who happened to look like Marie Antoinette; <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9taux_de_Villette" title="Rétaux de Villette">Rétaux de Villette</a>, a forger; <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Alessandro Cagliostro</a>, an Italian adventurer; and the Count de La Motte, Jeanne de Valois' husband. Madame de La Motte tricked Rohan into buying the necklace as a gift to Marie Antoinette, for him to gain the queen's favour. When the affair was discovered, those involved, except de La Motte and Rétaux de Villette, who both managed to flee, were arrested, tried, convicted, and either imprisoned or exiled. Madame de La Motte was sentenced for life to confinement in the <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital</a>, which also served as a prison for women. Judged by the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a>, Rohan was found innocent of any wrongdoing and allowed to leave the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a>. Marie Antoinette, who had insisted on the arrest of the Cardinal, was dealt a heavy personal blow, as was the monarchy, and despite the fact that the guilty parties were tried and convicted, the affair proved to be extremely damaging to her reputation, which never recovered from it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_of_political_and_financial_reforms">Failure of political and financial reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Failure of political and financial reforms">edit</a>]</div> Suffering from an acute case of depression, the King began to seek the advice of his wife. In her new role and with increasing political power, the Queen tried to improve the awkward situation brewing between the Parlement and the King.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser248-250-120">[120]</a> This change of the queen's position signaled the end of the Polignacs' influence and their impact on the finances of the Crown. Continuing deterioration of the financial situation despite cutbacks to the royal retinue and court expenses ultimately forced the King, the Queen and the Controller-General of Finances, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a>, at the urging of Vergennes, to call a session of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a>, after a hiatus of 160 years. The assembly was held for the purpose of initiating necessary financial reforms, but the Assembly refused to cooperate. The first meeting took place on 22 February 1787, nine days after the death of Vergennes on 13 February. Marie Antoinette did not attend the meeting and her absence resulted in accusations that the Queen was trying to undermine its purpose.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991419–420-122">[122]</a> The Assembly was a failure. It did not pass any reforms and, instead, fell into a pattern of defying the King. On the urging of the Queen, Louis XVI dismissed Calonne on 8 April 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser248-250-120">[120]</a> On 1 May 1787 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Toulouse">Archbishop of Toulouse</a> and one of the queen's political allies was appointed by the King at her urging to replace Calonne, first as Controller-General of Finances and then as <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief Minister</a>. He began to institute more cutbacks at court while trying to restore the royal absolute power weakened by the Parlement.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Brienne was unable to improve the financial situation, and since he was the Queen's ally, this failure adversely affected her political position. The continued poor financial climate of the country resulted in the 25 May dissolution of the Assembly of Notables because of its inability to function, and the lack of solutions was blamed on the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2001_218–20-85">[85]</a> France's financial problems were the result of a combination of factors: several expensive wars; a large royal family whose expenditures were paid for by the state; and an unwillingness on the part of most members of the privileged classes, aristocracy, and clergy, to help defray the costs of the government out of their own pockets by relinquishing some of their financial privileges. As a result of the public perception that she had single-handedly ruined the national finances, Marie Antoinette was given the nickname of "Madame Déficit" in the summer of 1787.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> While the sole fault for the financial crisis did not lie with her, Marie Antoinette was the biggest obstacle to any major reform effort. She had played a decisive role in the disgrace of the reformer ministers of finance, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Robert-Jacques_Turgot" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot">Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot</a> (in 1776), and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> (first dismissal in 1781). If the secret expenses of the Queen were taken into account, court expenses were much higher than the official estimate of 7% of the state budget.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/290px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/435px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/580px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>This State Portrait of Marie Antoinette and her three surviving children, Marie Thérèse, Louis Charles (on her lap) and Louis Joseph holding up the drape of an empty bassinet signifying the recent death of Marie's fourth child Sophie was meant to improve her reputation by depicting her as a mother in simple, yet stately attire, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" title="Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun">Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun</a>, 1787.</figcaption></figure> The queen attempted to fight back with propaganda portraying her as a caring mother, most notably in the painting by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" title="Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun">Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun</a> exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Salon">Royal Académie Salon de Paris</a> in August 1787, showing her with her children.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Around the same time, Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy escaped from prison and fled to London, where she published damaging slander concerning her supposed amorous affair with the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The political situation in 1787 worsened when, at Marie Antoinette's urging, the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> on 15 August. It further deteriorated when Louis XVI tried to use a <a href="/wiki/Lit_de_justice" title="Lit de justice">lit de justice</a> on 11 November to impose legislation. The new <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> publicly protested the king's actions, and was subsequently exiled to his <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Château de Villers-Cotterêts">Château de Villers-Cotterêts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The May Edicts issued on 8 May 1788 were also opposed by the public and parlement. Finally, on 8 August, Louis XVI announced his intention to bring back the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>, the traditional elected legislature of the country, which had not been convened since 1614.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> While from late 1787 up to his death in June 1789 Marie Antoinette's primary concern was the continued deterioration of the health of the Dauphin, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> she was directly involved in the exile of the Parlement, the May Edicts, and the announcement regarding the Estates General. She did participate in the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">King Council</a>, the first queen to do this in over 175 years (since <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> had been named Chef du Conseil du Roi, between 1614 and 1617), and she was making the major decisions behind the scene and in the Royal Council. Marie Antoinette was instrumental in the reinstatement of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> as Finance Minister on 26 August 1788, a popular move, even though she herself was worried that it would go against her if Necker proved unsuccessful in reforming the country's finances. She accepted Necker's proposition to double the representation of the Third Estate (tiers état) in an attempt to check the power of the aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever2001448–453-133">[133]</a> On the eve of the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General</a> the Queen attended the mass celebrating its return. As soon as it opened on 5 May 1789, the fracture between the democratic Third Estate (consisting of bourgeois and radical aristocrats) and the conservative nobility of the Second Estate widened, and Marie Antoinette knew that her rival, the Duke of Orléans, who had given money and bread to the people during the winter, would be acclaimed by the crowd, much to her detriment.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The death of the Dauphin on 4 June, which deeply affected his parents, was virtually ignored by the French people,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> who were instead preparing for the next meeting of the Estates General and hoping for a resolution to the bread crisis. As the Third Estate declared itself a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> and took the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a>, and as people either spread or believed rumours that the Queen wished to bathe in their blood, Marie Antoinette went into mourning for her eldest son.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Her role was decisive in urging the King to remain firm and not concede to popular demands for reforms. In addition, she showed her determination to use force to crush the forthcoming revolution.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991462–467-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Revolution_before_Varennes_(1789–1791)">French Revolution before Varennes (1789–1791)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French Revolution before Varennes (1789–1791)">edit</a>]</div> The situation escalated on 20 June as the Third Estate, which had been joined by several members of the clergy and radical nobility, found the door to its appointed meeting place closed by order of the King.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> It thus met at the tennis court in Versailles and took the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> not to separate before it had given a constitution to the nation. On 11 July at Marie Antoinette's urging, Necker was dismissed and replaced by Breteuil, the queen's choice to crush the Revolution with mercenary Swiss troops under the command of one of her favourites, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor,_baron_de_Besenval_de_Br%C3%BCnstatt" title="Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt">Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval de Brünstatt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> At the news, Paris was besieged by riots that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991474–478-143">[143]</a> On 15 July <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a> was named commander-in-chief of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2001_284–289-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Browning1885-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/280px-Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/420px-Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/560px-Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8332" data-file-height="6571" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> in Paris, and the arrest of its Governor <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Ren%C3%A9_de_Launay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard-René de Launay">Bernard-René de Launay</a>, 14 July 1789</figcaption></figure> In the days following the storming of the Bastille, for fear of assassination, and ordered by the King, the <a href="/wiki/French_emigration_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="French emigration (1789–1815)">emigration of members of the high aristocracy</a> began on 17 July with the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Count of Artois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Princes of Condé">Condés</a>, cousins of the King,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and the unpopular Polignacs. Marie Antoinette, whose life was as much in danger, remained with the King, whose power was gradually being taken away by the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_2001_284–289-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Browning1885-145">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">abolition of feudal privileges</a> by the National Constituent Assembly on 4 August 1789 and the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (La Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen), drafted by Lafayette with the help of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and adopted on 26 August, paved the way to a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional Monarchy</a> (4 September 1791 – 21 September 1792).<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991484–485-149">[149]</a> Despite these dramatic changes, life at the court continued, while the situation in Paris was becoming critical because of bread shortages in September. On 5 October, a <a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Women's March on Versailles">crowd from Paris descended upon Versailles</a> and forced the royal family to move to the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> in Paris, where they lived under a form of house arrest under the watch of Lafayette's National Guard, while the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Count of Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">his wife</a> were allowed to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg" title="Petit Luxembourg">Petit Luxembourg</a>, where they remained until they went into exile on 20 June 1791.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Marie Antoinette continued to perform charitable functions and attend religious ceremonies, but dedicated most of her time to her children.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> She also played an important political, albeit not public, role between 1789 and 1791 when she had a complex set of relationships with several key actors of the early period of the French Revolution. One of the most important was Necker, the Prime Minister of Finances (Premier ministre des finances).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Despite her dislike of him, she played a decisive role in his return to the office. She blamed him for his support of the Revolution and did not regret his resignation in 1790.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991536–537-154">[154]</a> Lafayette, one of the former <a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War">military leaders in the American War of Independence</a> (1775–1783), served as the warden of the royal family in his position as commander-in-chief of the National Guard. Despite his dislike of the Queen—he detested her as much as she detested him and at one time had even threatened to send her to a convent—he was persuaded by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">mayor of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a>, to work and collaborate with her, and allowed her to see Fersen a number of times. He even went as far as exiling the Duke of Orléans, who was accused by the queen of fomenting trouble. His relationship with the King was more cordial. As a liberal aristocrat, he did not want the fall of the monarchy but rather the establishment of a liberal one, similar to that of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">Great Britain</a>, based on cooperation between the King and the people, as was to be defined in the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">Constitution of 1791</a>. Despite her attempts to remain out of the public eye, Marie Antoinette was falsely accused in the libelles of having an affair with Lafayette, whom she loathed,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and, as was published in Le Godmiché Royal ("The Royal Dildo"), of having a sexual relationship with the English baroness Lady Sophie Farrell of Bournemouth, a well-known lesbian of the time. Publication of such calumnies continued to the end, climaxing at her trial with an accusation of incest with her son. There is no evidence to support the accusations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirabeau">Mirabeau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mirabeau">edit</a>]</div> A significant achievement of Marie Antoinette in that period was the establishment of an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_Comte_de_Mirabeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau</a>, the most important lawmaker in the assembly. Like Lafayette, Mirabeau was a liberal aristocrat. He had joined the Third Estate and was not against the monarchy, but wanted to reconcile it with the Revolution. He also wanted to be a minister and was not immune to corruption. On the advice of Mercy, Marie Antoinette opened secret negotiations with him and both agreed to meet privately at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a> on 3 July 1790, where the royal family was allowed to spend the summer, free of the radical elements who watched their every move in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1962334Lever1991528–530-156">[156]</a> At the meeting, Mirabeau was much impressed by the queen, and remarked in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Marie_Raymond_d%27Arenberg" title="Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg">Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_la_Marck" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de la Marck">Comte de la Marck</a>, that she was the only person the King had by him: La Reine est le seul homme que le Roi ait auprès de Lui.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> An agreement was reached turning Mirabeau into one of her political allies: Marie Antoinette promised to pay him 6000 <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livres</a> per month and one million if he succeeded in his mission to restore the King's authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991524–527-158">[158]</a> The only time the royal couple returned to Paris in that period was on 14 July to attend the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a>, an official ceremony held at the <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a> in commemoration of the fall of the Bastille one year earlier. At least 300,000 persons participated from all over France, including 18,000 National Guards, with <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>, celebrating a mass at the autel de la Patrie ("altar of the fatherland"). The King was greeted at the event with loud cheers of "Long live the King!", especially when he took the oath to protect the nation and to enforce the laws voted by the Constitutional Assembly. There were even cheers for the Queen, particularly when she presented the dauphin to the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001314–316Castelot1962335-159">[159]</a> Mirabeau sincerely wanted to reconcile the Queen with the people, and she was happy to see him restoring much of the King's powers, such as his authority over foreign policy, and the right to declare war. Over the objections of Lafayette and his allies, the King was given a suspensive veto allowing him to veto any laws for a period of four years. With time, Mirabeau would support the Queen, even more, going as far as to suggest that Louis XVI "adjourn" to <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chateau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chateau de Compiègne (page does not exist)">Compiègne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> This leverage with the Assembly ended with the death of Mirabeau in April 1791, despite the attempt of several moderate leaders of the Revolution to contact the queen to establish some basis of cooperation with her. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Civil Constitution of the Clergy">edit</a>]</div> In March 1791 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> had condemned the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>, reluctantly signed by Louis XVI, which reduced the number of bishops from 132 to 93, imposed the election of bishops and all members of the clergy by departmental or district assemblies of electors, and reduced the pope's authority over the Church. Religion played an important role in the life of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, both raised in the Roman Catholic faith. The Queen's political ideas and her belief in the absolute power of monarchs were based on France's long-established tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> On 18 April, as the royal family prepared to leave for Saint-Cloud to attend Easter mass celebrated by a refractory priest, a crowd, soon joined by the National Guard (disobeying Lafayette's orders), prevented their departure from Paris, prompting Marie Antoinette to declare to Lafayette that she and her family were no longer free. This incident fortified her in her determination to leave Paris for personal and political reasons, not alone, but with her family. Even the King, who had been hesitant, accepted his wife's decision to flee with the help of foreign powers and counter-revolutionary forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001321–323Lever1991542–552Castelot1962336–339-162">[162]</a> Fersen and Breteuil, who represented her in the courts of Europe, were put in charge of the escape plan, while Marie Antoinette continued her negotiations with some of the moderate leaders of the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001321–325Castelot1962340–341-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight,_arrest_at_Varennes_and_return_to_Paris_(21–25_June_1791)">Flight, arrest at Varennes and return to Paris (21–25 June 1791)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flight, arrest at Varennes and return to Paris (21–25 June 1791)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family,_Varennes,_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family%2C_Varennes%2C_1791.jpg/340px-Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family%2C_Varennes%2C_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family%2C_Varennes%2C_1791.jpg/510px-Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family%2C_Varennes%2C_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family%2C_Varennes%2C_1791.jpg/680px-Arrest_of_Louis_XVI_and_his_Family%2C_Varennes%2C_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Arrest of the royal family at the house of the registrar of passports at <a href="/wiki/Varennes-en-Argonne" title="Varennes-en-Argonne">Varennes</a> on the night of 21–22 June 1791, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Falcon_Marshall" title="Thomas Falcon Marshall">Thomas Falcon Marshall</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> There had been several plots designed to help the royal family escape, which the Queen had rejected because she would not leave without the King, or which had ceased to be viable because of the King's indecision. Once Louis XVI finally did commit to a plan, its poor execution was the cause of its failure. In an elaborate attempt known as the Flight to Varennes to reach the <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">royalist</a> stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Montm%C3%A9dy" title="Montmédy">Montmédy</a>, some members of the royal family were to pose as the servants of an imaginary "Mme de Korff", a wealthy Russian baroness, a role played by <a href="/wiki/Louise-%C3%89lisabeth_de_Cro%C3%BF_de_Tourzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel">Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel</a>, governess of the royal children. After many delays, the escape was ultimately attempted on 21 June 1791, but the entire family was arrested less than 24 hours later at <a href="/wiki/Varennes-en-Argonne" title="Varennes-en-Argonne">Varennes</a> and taken back to Paris within a week. The escape attempt destroyed much of the remaining support of the population for the King.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991555–568-165">[165]</a> Upon learning of the capture of the royal family, the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> sent three representatives, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_C%C3%A9sar_de_Fay_de_La_Tour-Maubourg" title="Charles César de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg">Charles César de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg</a> to Varennes to escort Marie Antoinette and her family back to Paris. On the way to the capital they were jeered and insulted by the people as never before. The prestige of the French monarchy had never been at such a low level. During the trip, Barnave, the representative of the moderate party in the Assembly, protected Marie Antoinette from the crowds, and even <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Pétion</a> took pity on the royal family. Brought safely back to Paris, they were met with total silence by the crowd. Thanks to Barnave, the royal couple was not brought to trial and was publicly <a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">exonerated</a> of any crime in relation with the attempted escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991569–575Castelot1962385–398-166">[166]</a> Marie Antoinette's first Lady of the Bedchamber, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne-Louise-Henriette_Campan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan">Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan</a>, wrote about what happened to the Queen's hair on the night of 21–22 June, "...in a single night, it had turned white as that of a seventy-year-old woman." (En une seule nuit ils étaient devenus blancs comme ceux d'une femme de soixante-dix ans.)<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radicalization_of_the_Revolution_after_Varennes_(1791–92)">Radicalization of the Revolution after Varennes (1791–92)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Radicalization of the Revolution after Varennes (1791–92)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/220px-Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/330px-Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/440px-Kucharski%27s_Marie_Antoinette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2135" /></a><figcaption>Marie-Antoinette, c. 1792. Unfinished portrait by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kucharsky" title="Alexander Kucharsky">Alexander Kucharsky</a>, damaged with a pike by a revolutionary.</figcaption></figure> After their return from Varennes and until the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">storming of the Tuileries</a> on 10 August 1792, the Queen, her family and entourage were held under tight surveillance by the National Guard in the Tuileries, where the royal couple was guarded night and day. Four guards accompanied the Queen wherever she went, and her bedroom door had to be left open at night. Her health also began to deteriorate, thus further reducing her physical activities.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991576–580-169">[169]</a> On 17 July 1791, with the support of Barnave and his friends, Lafayette's Garde Nationale <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Champ de Mars Massacre">opened fire</a> on the crowd that had assembled on the <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a> to sign a petition demanding the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposition</a> of the King. The estimated number of those killed varies between 12 and 50. Lafayette's reputation never recovered from the event and, on 8 October, he resigned as commander of the National Guard. Their enmity continuing, Marie Antoinette played a decisive role in defeating him in his aims to become the mayor of Paris in November 1791.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> As her correspondence shows, while Barnave was taking great political risks in the belief that the Queen was his political ally and had managed, despite her unpopularity, to secure a moderate majority ready to work with her, Marie Antoinette was not considered sincere in her cooperation with the moderate leaders of the French Revolution, which ultimately ended any chance to establish a moderate government.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Moreover, the view that the unpopular queen was controlling the King further degraded the royal couple's standing with the people, which the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> successfully exploited after their return from Varennes to advance their radical agenda to abolish the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> This situation lasted until the spring of 1792.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001357–358Castelot1962408–409-173">[173]</a> Marie Antoinette continued to hope that the military coalition of European kingdoms would succeed in crushing the Revolution. She counted most on the support of her Austrian family. After the death of her brother Joseph II in 1790, his successor and younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> was willing to support her to a limited degree.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> It was her hope that the threat of Austria's advancing military would deter further escalation of revolutionary violence. In a letter to her brother, penned in September of 1791, Marie Antoinette expressed how she expected the revolution to react: "...it will be effected by the approach of the war and not by the war itself. The King, his powers restored, will be entrusted with negotiations with the foreign powers, and the princes will return, in the general tranquillity, to reassume their ranks at his court and in the nation."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In the same letter, she wrote that the fall of France's monarchy and the subsequent rise of revolutionary principles would be "destructive to all governments." Upon Leopold's death in 1792, his son, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a>, a conservative ruler, was ready to support the cause of the French royal couple more vigorously because he feared the consequences of the French Revolution and its ideas for the monarchies of Europe, particularly, for Austria's influence in the continent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Barnave had advised the Queen to call back Mercy, who had played such an important role in her life before the Revolution, but Mercy had been appointed to another foreign diplomatic position[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] and could not return to France. At the end of 1791, ignoring the danger she faced, the Princesse de Lamballe, who was in London, returned to the Tuileries. As for Fersen, despite the strong restrictions imposed on the Queen, he was able to see her a final time in February 1792.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991599–601-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_leading_to_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy_on_10_August_1792">Events leading to the abolition of the monarchy on 10 August 1792</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Events leading to the abolition of the monarchy on 10 August 1792">edit</a>]</div> Leopold's and Francis II's strong action on behalf of Marie Antoinette led to France's declaration of war on Austria on 20 April 1792. This resulted in the Queen being viewed as an enemy, although she was personally against Austrian claims to French territories on European soil. That summer, the situation was compounded by multiple defeats of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> by the Austrians, in part because Marie Antoinette passed on military secrets to them.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser365–68-178">[178]</a> In addition, at the insistence of his wife, Louis XVI vetoed several measures that would have further restricted his power, earning the royal couple the nicknames "Monsieur Veto" and "Madame Veto",<a href="#cite_note-Fraser365–68-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELever1991607–609-179">[179]</a> nicknames then prominently featured in different contexts, including La <a href="/wiki/Carmagnole" title="Carmagnole">Carmagnole</a>. Barnave remained the most important advisor and supporter of the Queen, who was willing to work with him as long as he met her demands, which he did to a large extent. Barnave and the moderates comprised about 260 lawmakers in the new <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">Legislative Assembly</a>; the radicals numbered around 136, and the rest around 350. Initially, the majority was with Barnave, but the Queen's policies led to the radicalization of the Assembly and the moderates lost control of the legislative process. The moderate government collapsed in April 1792 to be replaced by a radical majority headed by the <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a>. The Assembly then passed a series of laws concerning the Church, the aristocracy and the formation of new National Guard units; all were vetoed by Louis XVI. While Barnave's faction had dropped to 120 members, the new Girondin majority controlled the legislative assembly with 330 members. The two strongest members of that government were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Marie Roland">Jean Marie Roland</a>, who was minister of interior, and General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a>, the minister of foreign affairs. Dumouriez sympathized with the royal couple and wanted to save them but he was rebuffed by the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1962415–416Lever1991591–592-180">[180]</a> Marie Antoinette's actions in refusing to collaborate with the Girondins, in power between April and June 1792, led them to denounce the treason of the Austrian comity, a direct allusion to the Queen. After <a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a> sent a letter to the King denouncing the Queen's role in these matters, urged by the Queen, Louis XVI disbanded[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the government, thus losing his majority in the Assembly. Dumouriez resigned and refused a post in any new government. At this point, the tide against royal authority intensified in the population and political parties, while Marie Antoinette encouraged the King to veto the new laws voted by the Legislative Assembly in 1792.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1962418-181">[181]</a> In August 1791, the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> threatened an invasion of France. This led in turn to a French declaration of war in April 1792, which led to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and to the events of August 1792, which ended the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tuilleries,_20th_June_1792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Tuilleries%2C_20th_June_1792.jpg/310px-The_Tuilleries%2C_20th_June_1792.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Tuilleries%2C_20th_June_1792.jpg/465px-The_Tuilleries%2C_20th_June_1792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Tuilleries%2C_20th_June_1792.jpg/620px-The_Tuilleries%2C_20th_June_1792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette with her children and her sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Madame Élisabeth</a>, facing the mob that had broken into the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> on 20 June 1792: <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Musée de la Révolution française</a> </figcaption></figure> On 20 June 1792, "a mob of terrifying aspect" broke into the Tuileries, made the King wear the <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">bonnet rouge</a> (red Phrygian cap) to show his loyalty to the Revolution, insulted Marie Antoinette, accusing her of betraying France, and threatened her life. In consequence, the Queen asked Fersen to urge the foreign powers to carry out their plans to invade France and to issue a manifesto in which they threatened to destroy Paris if anything happened to the royal family. The <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a>, issued on 25 July 1792, triggered the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">Insurrection of 10 August</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> when the approach of an armed mob on its way to the Tuileries Palace forced the royal family to seek refuge at the Legislative Assembly. Ninety minutes later, the palace was invaded by the mob, who massacred the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guards" title="Swiss Guards">Swiss Guards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001373–379Castelot1962428–435-184">[184]</a> On 13 August the royal family was imprisoned in the tower of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple (Paris)">Temple</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Le_Marais" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Marais">Marais</a> under conditions considerably harsher than those of their previous confinement in the Tuileries.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> A week later, several of the royal family's attendants, among them the Princesse de Lamballe, were taken for interrogation by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)">Paris Commune</a>. Transferred to the <a href="/wiki/La_Force_Prison" title="La Force Prison">La Force Prison</a>, after a rapid judgment, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Marie Louise de Lamballe</a> was <a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">savagely killed</a> on 3 September. Her head was affixed on a pike and paraded through the city to the Temple for the Queen to see. Marie Antoinette was prevented from seeing it, but fainted upon learning of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001389Castelot1962442–446-186">[186]</a> On 21 September 1792, France was declared a republic, the monarchy was abolished and the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> became the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>. The royal family name was downgraded to the non-royal "<a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capets</a>". Preparations began for the trial of the former king in a court of law.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louis_XVI's_trial_and_execution">Louis XVI's trial and execution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Louis XVI's trial and execution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a></div> Charged with treason against the French Republic, Louis XVI was separated from his family and <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">tried</a> in December. He was found guilty by the Convention, led by the Jacobins who rejected the idea of keeping him as a hostage. On 15 January 1793, by a majority of six votes, he was condemned to death by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> and executed on 21 January 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001395–399Castelot1962447–453-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marie_Antoinette_in_the_Temple">Marie Antoinette in the Temple</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marie Antoinette in the Temple">edit</a>]</div> The former queen, now called "Widow Capet", plunged into deep mourning. She still hoped her son <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Charles">Louis-Charles</a>, whom the exiled <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Count of Provence</a>, Louis XVI's brother, had recognized as Louis XVI's successor, would one day rule France. The royalists and the <a href="/wiki/Refractory_clergy" title="Refractory clergy">refractory clergy</a>, including those preparing the insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>, supported Marie Antoinette and the return to the monarchy. Throughout her imprisonment and up to her execution, Marie Antoinette could count on the sympathy of conservative factions and social-religious groups which had turned against the Revolution, and also on wealthy individuals ready to bribe republican officials to facilitate her escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1962453–457-189">[189]</a> These plots all failed. While imprisoned in the Tower of the Temple, Marie Antoinette, her children and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Élisabeth</a> were insulted, some of the guards going as far as blowing smoke in the former queen's face. Strict security measures were taken to assure that Marie Antoinette was not able to communicate with the outside world. Despite these measures, several of her guards were open to bribery and a line of communication was kept with the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> After Louis's execution, Marie Antoinette's fate became a central question of the National Convention. While some advocated her death, others proposed exchanging her for French prisoners of war or for a ransom from the Holy Roman Emperor. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> advocated exile to America.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In April 1793, during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a>, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>, was formed, and men such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a> began to call for Marie Antoinette's trial. By the end of May, the Girondins had been chased from power.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Calls were also made to "retrain" the eight-year-old Louis XVII, to make him pliant to revolutionary ideas. To carry this out, Louis Charles was separated from his mother on 3 July after a struggle during which his mother fought in vain to retain her son, who was handed over to <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Simon" title="Antoine Simon">Antoine Simon</a>, a cobbler and representative of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune</a>. Until her removal from the Temple, Marie Antoinette spent hours trying to catch a glimpse of her son, who, within weeks, had been made to turn against her, accusing his mother of wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conciergerie">edit</a>]</div> On the night of 1 August, at 1:00 in the morning, Marie Antoinette was transferred from the Temple to an isolated cell in the <a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a> as 'Prisoner nº 280'. Leaving the Tower she bumped her head against the <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> of a door, which prompted one of her guards to ask her if she was hurt, to which she answered, "No! Nothing now can hurt me."<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> This was the most difficult period of her captivity. She was under constant surveillance with no privacy. The "<a href="/wiki/Carnation_Plot" title="Carnation Plot">Carnation Plot</a>" (Le complot de l'œillet), an attempt to help her escape at the end of August, was foiled due to the inability to corrupt all the guards.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> She was attended by <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Lamorli%C3%A8re" title="Rosalie Lamorlière">Rosalie Lamorlière</a>, who took care of her as much as she could.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2001437-196">[196]</a> At least once she received a visit by a Catholic priest.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)">Trial and execution (14–16 October 1793)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trial and execution (14–16 October 1793)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marie_Antoinette_on_the_Way_to_the_Guillotine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marie_Antoinette_on_the_Way_to_the_Guillotine.jpg/240px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marie_Antoinette_on_the_Way_to_the_Guillotine.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marie_Antoinette_on_the_Way_to_the_Guillotine.jpg/360px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marie_Antoinette_on_the_Way_to_the_Guillotine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Marie_Antoinette_on_the_Way_to_the_Guillotine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette on her way to the guillotine. Pen and ink by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>, 16 October 1793</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg/360px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg/540px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg/720px-Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Marie_Antoinette_le_16_octobre_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette's execution by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> on 16 October 1793: at left, Sanson, the executioner, showing Marie Antoinette's head to the people. Anonymous, 1793</figcaption></figure> Marie Antoinette was tried by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> on 14 October 1793. Some historians believe the outcome of the trial had been decided in advance by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> around the time the Carnation Plot was uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1962496–500-199">[199]</a> She and her lawyers were given less than one day to prepare her defense. Among the accusations, many previously published in the <a href="/wiki/Libelle_(literary_genre)" title="Libelle (literary genre)">libelles</a>, were: orchestrating orgies in Versailles, sending millions of livres of treasury money to Austria, planning the massacre of the National Guards in 1792,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> declaring her son to be the new king of France, and <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, a charge made by her son Louis-Charles, pressured into doing so by the radical <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a> who controlled him. This last accusation drew an emotional response from Marie Antoinette, who refused to respond to this charge, instead appealing to all mothers present in the room. Their reaction comforted her since these women were not otherwise sympathetic to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1957380–385Fraser2001429–435-201">[201]</a> Upon being pressed further by a juror to address the accusations of incest, the queen replied, "If I did not respond, it was because it would be against nature for a mother to reply to such an accusation. On this I appeal to all mothers who may be here." When a juror, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Vilate" title="Joachim Vilate">Joachim Vilate</a>, told Robespierre of this over dinner, Robespierre broke his plate in anger, declaring "That imbecile Hébert!"<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Early on 16 October, Marie Antoinette was declared guilty of the three main charges against her: depletion of the national treasury, conspiracy against the internal and external security of the State, and <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> because of her intelligence activities in the interest of the enemy; the latter charge alone was enough to condemn her to death.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> At worst, she and her lawyers had expected life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In the hours left to her, she composed a letter to her sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Madame Élisabeth</a>, affirming her clear conscience, her Catholic faith, and her love and concern for her children. The letter did not reach Élisabeth.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Her will was part of the collection of papers of <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> found under his bed and was published by <a href="/wiki/Edme-Bonaventure_Courtois" title="Edme-Bonaventure Courtois">Edme-Bonaventure Courtois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Preparing for her execution, she had to change clothes in front of her guards. She wanted to wear a black dress but was forced to wear a plain white dress, white being the colour worn by widowed queens of France. Her hair was shorn, her hands bound painfully behind her back and she was put on a rope leash. Unlike her husband, who had been taken to his execution in a carriage (carrosse), she had to sit in an open cart (charrette) for the hour it took to convey her from the Conciergerie via the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">rue Saint-Honoré</a> thoroughfare to reach the guillotine erected in the Place de la Révolution, the present-day <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> She maintained her composure, despite the insults of the jeering crowd. A <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">constitutional</a> priest was assigned to hear her final confession. He sat by her in the cart, but she ignored him all the way to the scaffold as he had pledged his allegiance to the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelot1957550–558Lever1991660-209">[209]</a> Marie Antoinette was executed by beheading by guillotine at 12:15pm on 16 October 1793 during the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Her last words are recorded as, "Pardonnez-moi, monsieur. Je ne l'ai pas fait exprès" or "Pardon me, sir, I did not do it on purpose", after accidentally stepping on her executioner's shoe.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Tussaud" title="Marie Tussaud">Marie Tussaud</a> was employed to make a <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> of her head.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Her body was thrown into an <a href="/wiki/Unmarked_grave" title="Unmarked grave">unmarked grave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_cemetery" title="Madeleine cemetery">Madeleine cemetery</a>, located close by in rue d'Anjou. Because its capacity was exhausted the cemetery was closed the following year, on 25 March 1794.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_response">Foreign response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign response">edit</a>]</div> After her execution, Marie Antoinette became a symbol abroad, and a controversial figure of the French Revolution. Some used her as a scapegoat to blame for the events of the Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, writing in 1821, claimed that "Her inordinate gambling and dissipations, with those of the Count d'Artois, and others of her clique, had been a sensible item in the exhaustion of the treasury, which called into action the reforming hand of the nation; and her opposition to it, her inflexible perverseness, and dauntless spirit, led herself to the Guillotine," adding that "I have ever believed that, had there been no Queen, there would have been no revolution."<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelle_Expiatoire_3,_Paris_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chapelle_Expiatoire_3%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/220px-Chapelle_Expiatoire_3%2C_Paris_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chapelle_Expiatoire_3%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/330px-Chapelle_Expiatoire_3%2C_Paris_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chapelle_Expiatoire_3%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/440px-Chapelle_Expiatoire_3%2C_Paris_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette supported by Religion at the <a href="/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Chapelle expiatoire</a>, the chapel constructed on the grounds where she was initially buried</figcaption></figure> In his 1790 treatise, <a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a>, which was written during Marie Antoinette's imprisonment in Paris, but prior to her execution, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> lamented that "the age of chivalry is gone. That of sophisters, economists, and calculators has succeeded, and the glory of Europe is extinguished forever" and now "Never, never more, shall we behold that generous loyalty to rank and sex."<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> After receiving the news, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina</a>, Queen of Naples and close sister to Marie Antoinette, spiraled into a state of mourning and an anger against the revolutionaries. She quickly suspended protections of reformers and intellectuals in Naples, allowed Neapolitan bishops wide latitude to halt the secularization of the country, and offered succor to the overflowing number of <a href="/wiki/French_emigration_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="French emigration (1789–1815)">émigrés</a> fleeing from revolutionary France, many of whom were granted pensions.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourbon_Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bourbon Restoration">edit</a>]</div> Both Marie Antoinette's and Louis XVI's bodies were exhumed on 18 January 1815, during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, when the Count of Provence ascended the newly reestablished throne as <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, King of France and of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>. Christian burial of the royal remains took place three days later, on 21 January, in the necropolis of French kings at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> For many revolutionary figures, Marie Antoinette was the symbol of what was wrong with the old regime in France. The onus of having caused the financial difficulties of the nation was placed on her shoulders by the revolutionary tribunal,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> and under the new republican ideas of what it meant to be a member of a nation, her Austrian descent and continued correspondence with the competing nation made her a traitor.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The people of France saw her death as a necessary step toward completing the revolution. Furthermore, her execution was seen as a sign that the revolution had done its work.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Marie Antoinette is also known for her taste for fine things, and her commissions from famous craftsmen, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Riesener" title="Jean Henri Riesener">Jean Henri Riesener</a>, suggest more about her enduring legacy as a woman of taste and patronage. For instance, a writing table attributed to Riesener, now located at <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>, bears witness to Marie Antoinette's desire to escape the oppressive formality of court life, when she decided to move the table from the queen's boudoir, de la Meridienne, at Versailles to her humble interior, the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>. Her favourite objects filled her small, private chateau and reveal aspects of Marie Antoinette's character that have been obscured by satirical political prints, such as those in Les Tableaux de la Révolution.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> She owned several instruments.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> In 1788 she bought a piano made by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Sébastien Érard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> A catalog of Marie Antoinette's personal library of 736 volumes was published by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lacroix" title="Paul Lacroix">Paul Lacroix</a> in 1863, using his pseudonym P. L. Jacob.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The listed books were from her library at the Petit Trianon, including many found in her boudoir, and mostly consist of novels and plays. A random selection of her books includes Histoire de Mademoiselle de Terville by <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_Puisieux" title="Madeleine de Puisieux">Madeleine d'Arsant de Puisieux</a>, Le Philosophe parvenu ou Lettres et pièces originales contenant les aventures d'Eugène Sans-Pair by <a href="/wiki/Robert-Martin_Lesuire" title="Robert-Martin Lesuire">Robert-Martin Lesuire</a>, and Oeuvres mêlées... contenant des tragédies et différents ouvrages en vers et en prose by <a href="/wiki/Madeleine-Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Gomez" title="Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez">Madeleine-Angélique de Gomez</a>. A larger and more official library belonging to Marie Antoinette was kept at the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Long after her death, Marie Antoinette remains a major historical figure linked with conservatism, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, wealth and fashion. She has been the subject of a number of books, films, and other media. Politically engaged authors have deemed her the quintessential representative of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>. Some of her contemporaries, such as Thomas Jefferson, attributed to her the start of the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Marie_Antoinette" title="Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette">Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette</a></div> The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Let_them_eat_cake" title="Let them eat cake">let them eat cake</a>" is often conventionally attributed to Marie Antoinette, but there is no evidence that she ever uttered it, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic cliché.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> This phrase originally appeared in Book VI of the first part of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s autobiographical work <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Rousseau)" title="Confessions (Rousseau)">Les Confessions</a>, finished in 1767 and published in 1782: "Enfin Je me rappelai le pis-aller d'une grande Princesse à qui l'on disait que les paysans n'avaient pas de pain, et qui répondit: Qu'ils mangent de la brioche" ("Finally I recalled the stopgap solution of a great princess who was told that the peasants had no bread, and who responded: 'Let them eat <a href="/wiki/Brioche" title="Brioche">brioche</a>'"). Rousseau ascribes these words to a "great princess", but the purported writing date precedes Marie Antoinette's arrival in France. Some think that he invented it altogether.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In the United States, expressions of gratitude to France for its help in the American Revolution included naming a city <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a>, in 1788.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Her life has been the subject of many films, such as <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (2006 film)">Marie Antoinette</a> (2006).<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> There is a book about Marie Antoinette by <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> called <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette:_The_Journey" title="Marie Antoinette: The Journey">Marie Antoinette: The Journey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In 2020, a silk shoe that belonged to her was sold in an auction in the Palace of Versailles for 43,750 euros ($51,780).<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In 2022, her story was dramatised by a <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> English-language <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(TV_series)" title="Marie Antoinette (TV series)">television series</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Gojira_(band)" title="Gojira (band)">Gojira</a>'s performance showed a depiction of the freshly severed head of Marie Antoinette singing, in reference to the French Revolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> <div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow:auto; width: 90%;"> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Simplified family tree illustrating the Bourbon-Habsburg-Lorraine connections<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td 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colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Leopold_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leopold I">Emperor Leopold I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta of England</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Orléans">Philip I of Orléans</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Charlotte,_Madame_Palatine" title="Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine">Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td 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style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Joseph_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Joseph I">Emperor Joseph I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles VI">Emperor Charles VI</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans">Elizabeth Charlotte</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Leopold, Duke of Lorraine">Leopold of Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress">Maria Amalia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert of Bavaria">Charles Albert of Bavaria</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/August_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="August III of Poland">Frederick August II of Saxony</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mesdames_de_France" title="Mesdames de France">mesdames tantes</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Elisabeth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Francis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Francis I">Emperor Francis I</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Josepha of Bavaria">Maria Josepha</a> m. Joseph II</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph" title="Maximilian III Joseph">Maximilian III Joseph</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Wenceslaus_of_Saxony" title="Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony">Clemens Wenceslaus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Casimir,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen">Albert Casimir</a> m. Maria Christina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Parma">Isabella</a> m. Joseph II</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Ferdinand</a> m. Maria Amalia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_%C3%89galit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe Égalité">Philippe Égalité</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_of_France" title="Clotilde of France">Clotilde</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Elisabeth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Marie Antoinette</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Joseph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Joseph II">Emperor Joseph II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" title="Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leopold II">Emperor Leopold II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Maria Amalia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Caroline</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Karl,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Charles</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria">Maximilian Francis</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Francis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Francis II">Emperor Francis II</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align:left;"> Notes: Solid vertical lines indicate parent-child relationship, while dashed lines represent more distant ancestor-descendant connections. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background: #CCDDCC; border:1px solid black">Children of Marie Antoinette</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">Name</th> <th width="100px">Portrait</th> <th>Lifespan</th> <th>Age</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-Charlotte_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France">Marie-Thérèse Charlotte</a> Madame Royale </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg/100px-MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg/150px-MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg/200px-MadameRoyaleCaminade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2552" /></a> </td> <td>19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851 </td> <td>72 years and 10 months </td> <td>Married her cousin, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a>, the eldest son of the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph Xavier François</a> Dauphin de France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Crownprince,_Le_Dauphin,_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_(1781-1789)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crownprince%2C_Le_Dauphin%2C_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_%281781-1789%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Crownprince%2C_Le_Dauphin%2C_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_%281781-1789%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crownprince%2C_Le_Dauphin%2C_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_%281781-1789%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Crownprince%2C_Le_Dauphin%2C_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_%281781-1789%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crownprince%2C_Le_Dauphin%2C_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_%281781-1789%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Crownprince%2C_Le_Dauphin%2C_Louis-Joseph-Xavier-Fran%C3%A7ois_of_France_%281781-1789%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_132462.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="4644" /></a> </td> <td>22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789 </td> <td>7 years, 7 months and 13 days </td> <td>Contracted tuberculosis and died in childhood on the very day the Estates General convened. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVII of France">Louis XVII of France</a> (nominally) King of France and Navarre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg/100px-Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg/150px-Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg/200px-Louis_Charles_of_France6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2576" /></a> </td> <td>27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795 </td> <td>10 years, 2 months and 12 days </td> <td>Died in childhood; no issue. He was never officially king, nor did he rule. His title was bestowed by his royalist supporters and acknowledged implicitly by his uncle's later adoption of the regnal name Louis XVIII rather than Louis XVII, upon the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1786-1787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1786-1787)">Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg/100px-Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg/150px-Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg/200px-Sophie_Beatrice_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="330" /></a> </td> <td>9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787 </td> <td>11 months and 10 days </td> <td>Died in the Palace of Versailles at the age of 11 months after suffering several days of convulsions, possibly related to tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> In addition to her biological children, Marie Antoinette adopted four children: "Armand" <a href="/wiki/Francois-Michel_Gagn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois-Michel Gagné">Francois-Michel Gagné</a>, a poor orphan adopted in 1776; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Amilcar" title="Jean Amilcar">Jean Amilcar</a>, a Senegalese <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> boy given to the queen as a present by <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Boufflers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalier de Boufflers">Chevalier de Boufflers</a> in 1787, but whom she instead freed, baptized, adopted and placed in a pension; <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Lambriquet" title="Ernestine Lambriquet">Ernestine Lambriquet</a>, daughter of two servants at the palace, who was raised as the playmate of her daughter Marie-Thérèse and whom she adopted after the death of her mother in 1788; and "Zoe" <a href="/wiki/%22Zoe%22_Jeanne_Louise_Victoire" class="mw-redirect" title=""Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire">Jeanne Louise Victoire</a>, who was adopted in 1790 along with her two older sisters when her parents, an usher and his wife in service of the King, had died.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-238">[238]</a> Of these, only Armand, Ernestine, and Zoe actually lived with the royal family: Jean Amilcar, along with the elder siblings of Zoe and Armand who were also formally foster children of the royal couple, simply lived at the queen's expense until her imprisonment, which proved fatal for at least Amilcar, as he was evicted from the boarding school when the fee was no longer paid, and reportedly starved to death on the street.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-238">[238]</a> Armand and Zoe had a position which was more similar to that of Ernestine; Armand lived at court with the king and queen until he left them at the outbreak of the Revolution because of his republican sympathies, and Zoe was chosen to be the playmate of the dauphin, just as Ernestine had once been selected as the playmate of Marie-Thérèse, and later sent away to her sisters in a convent boarding school before the Flight to Varennes in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-12-539683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-12-539683-8"><bdi>978-3-12-539683-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-12-539683-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Royal household spending in 1788 was 13% of total state expenses(excluding interest on debts).(Finances of Louis XVI (1788) | Nicholas E. Bomba <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blogs.nvcc.edu">https://blogs.nvcc.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110420130803/http://blogs.nvcc.edu/">Archived</a> 20 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> › nbomba › files › 2016/10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixJWG9q0Eo4C">https://books.google.com/books?id=ixJWG9q0Eo4C</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/birth-marie-antoinette">"The Birth of Marie Antoinette | History Today"</a>. historytoday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historytoday.com&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Marie+Antoinette+%7C+History+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fbirth-marie-antoinette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser2002">Fraser 2002</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser_2002_5–6-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_2002_5–6_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser2002">Fraser 2002</a>, pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-liaisons-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liaisons_6-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Decker2005" class="citation book cs1">de Decker, Michel (2005). Marie-Antoinette, les dangereuses liaisons de la reine. Paris, France: Belfond. pp. 12–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2714441416" title="Special:BookSources/978-2714441416"><bdi>978-2714441416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie-Antoinette%2C+les+dangereuses+liaisons+de+la+reine&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=12-20&rft.pub=Belfond&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2714441416&rft.aulast=de+Decker&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d'Armaillé-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d'Armaillé_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d'Armaillé_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ségur_d'Armaillé1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_C%C3%A9lestine_Am%C3%A9lie_d%27Armaill%C3%A9" title="Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé">de Ségur d'Armaillé, Marie Célestine Amélie</a> (1870). Marie-Thérèse et Marie-Antoinette. 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Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-109-8"><bdi>978-1-57647-109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chevalier+de+Saint-Georges%3A+Virtuoso+of+the+Sword+and+the+Bow&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57647-109-8&rft.aulast=Banat&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchevalierdesaint0000bana%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonnet, Marie-Jo (1981). 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Denise Folliot. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301479745">301479745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+France%3A+a+biography+of+Marie+Antoinette&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F301479745&rft.aulast=Castelot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueenoffrancebio00cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelot1962" class="citation book cs1">Castelot, André (1962). Marie-Antoinette. 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London: The Harvill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-272021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-272021-2"><bdi>978-0-00-272021-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+and+Antoinette&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Harvill+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-00-272021-2&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamsZega1995" class="citation book cs1">Dams, Bernd H.; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zega" title="Andrew Zega">Zega, Andrew</a> (1995). La folie de bâtir: pavillons d'agrément et folies sous l'Ancien Régime. trans. Alexia Walker. Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-201858-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-201858-6"><bdi>978-2-08-201858-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+folie+de+b%C3%A2tir%3A+pavillons+d%27agr%C3%A9ment+et+folies+sous+l%27Ancien+R%C3%A9gime&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-08-201858-6&rft.aulast=Dams&rft.aufirst=Bernd+H.&rft.au=Zega%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacos2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Facos" title="Michelle Facos">Facos, Michelle</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk4WgsO2OZsC&pg=PA12">An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art</a>. 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Peter Owen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0720610017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0720610017"><bdi>978-0720610017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie-Antoinette+and+Count+Fersen%3A+The+Untold+Love+Story&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0720610017&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurneaux1971" class="citation book cs1">Furneaux, Rupert (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kutnAAAAMAAJ">The Last Days of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI</a>. 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Talese/Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-48948-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-48948-5"><bdi>978-0-385-48948-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=N.A.+Talese%2FDoubleday&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-385-48948-5&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinettej00fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2002" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marieantoinette00anto_0">Marie Antoinette: The Journey</a> (2nd ed.). Garden City: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-48949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-48949-2"><bdi>978-0-385-48949-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Journey&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-385-48949-2&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinette00anto_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2002b" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (2002b). Marie Antoinette: The Journey. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400033287" title="Special:BookSources/9781400033287"><bdi>9781400033287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Journey&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781400033287&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann2006" class="citation book cs1">Hermann, Eleanor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexwithqueen900y00herm">Sex with the Queen</a>. Harper/Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-084673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-084673-2"><bdi>978-0-06-084673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+with+the+Queen&rft.pub=Harper%2FMorrow&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-084673-2&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexwithqueen900y00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daysoffrenchre00hibb">The Days of the French Revolution</a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-16978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-16978-7"><bdi>978-0-688-16978-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Days+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-688-16978-7&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaysoffrenchre00hibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intellectuals00johnrich">Intellectuals</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091657-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091657-2"><bdi>978-0-06-091657-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-06-091657-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintellectuals00johnrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanser2003" class="citation book cs1">Lanser, Susan S. (2003). "Eating Cake: The (Ab)uses of Marie-Antoinette". In Goodman, Dena (ed.). Marie-Antoinette: Writings on the Body of a Queen. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93395-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93395-7"><bdi>978-0-415-93395-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eating+Cake%3A+The+%28Ab%29uses+of+Marie-Antoinette&rft.btitle=Marie-Antoinette%3A+Writings+on+the+Body+of+a+Queen&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93395-7&rft.aulast=Lanser&rft.aufirst=Susan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLever1991" class="citation book cs1">Lever, Evelyne (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZulswEACAAJ">Marie Antoinette</a>. Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=Evelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZulswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLever2001" class="citation book cs1">Lever, Evelyne (24 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNX1tQCA-w0C">Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28333-9"><bdi>978-0-312-28333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Last+Queen+of+France&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28333-9&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=Evelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNX1tQCA-w0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLever2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89velyne_Lever" title="Évelyne Lever">Lever, Évelyne</a> (2006). Marie Antoinette: The Last Queen of France. London: Portrait. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-5084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-5084-2"><bdi>978-0-7499-5084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Last+Queen+of+France&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Portrait&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7499-5084-2&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=%C3%89velyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution">Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</a>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72610-4"><bdi>978-0-679-72610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72610-4&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeulliet2008" class="citation journal cs1">Seulliet, Philippe (July 2008). "Swan Song: Music Pavillion of the Last Queen of France". World of Interiors (7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+of+Interiors&rft.atitle=Swan+Song%3A+Music+Pavillion+of+the+Last+Queen+of+France&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Seulliet&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant2011" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, Lynne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mm08vgAACAAJ">A Guide to Historic Marietta, Ohio</a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-276-2"><bdi>978-1-60949-276-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Historic+Marietta%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-276-2&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmm08vgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Weber_(author)" title="Caroline Weber (author)">Weber, Caroline</a> (2007). Queen of Fashion: What Marie Antoinette Wore to the Revolution. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42734-4"><bdi>978-0-312-42734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+Fashion%3A+What+Marie+Antoinette+Wore+to+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42734-4&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollstonecraft1795" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft, Mary</a> (1795). An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution and the Effect it Has Produced in Europe. St. Paul's.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+and+Moral+View+of+the+Origin+and+Progress+of+the+French+Revolution+and+the+Effect+it+Has+Produced+in+Europe&rft.pub=St.+Paul%27s&rft.date=1795&rft.aulast=Wollstonecraft&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashor2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Bashor" title="Will Bashor">Bashor, Will</a> (2013). Marie Antoinette's Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the Revolution. Lyons Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762791538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0762791538"><bdi>978-0762791538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%27s+Head%3A+The+Royal+Hairdresser%2C+the+Queen%2C+and+the+Revolution&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0762791538&rft.aulast=Bashor&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1991" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Carolly (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toscaffoldlifeof00eric">To the Scaffold</a>. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32205-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-32205-4"><bdi>0-312-32205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Scaffold&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-312-32205-4&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Carolly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoscaffoldlifeof00eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr2016" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Evelyn (2016). I Love You Madly: Marie-Antoinette and Count Fersen: The Secret Letters. Peter Owen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0720618778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0720618778"><bdi>978-0720618778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Love+You+Madly%3A+Marie-Antoinette+and+Count+Fersen%3A+The+Secret+Letters&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0720618778&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1863" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, P.L. (1863). Bibliothèque de la reine Marie-Antoinette au Petit Trianon d'après l'inventaire original dressé par ordre de la convention : catalogue avec des notes inédites du marquis de Paulmy. Jules Gay. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12097301">12097301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+reine+Marie-Antoinette+au+Petit+Trianon+d%27apr%C3%A8s+l%27inventaire+original+dress%C3%A9+par+ordre+de+la+convention+%3A+catalogue+avec+des+notes+in%C3%A9dites+du+marquis+de+Paulmy&rft.pub=Jules+Gay&rft.date=1863&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12097301&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser,_Thomas2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kaiser, Thomas (Fall 2003). "From the Austrian Committee to the Foreign Plot: Marie-Antoinette, Austrophobia, and the Terror". French Historical Studies. 26 (4): 579–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-26-4-579">10.1215/00161071-26-4-579</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154852467">154852467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=From+the+Austrian+Committee+to+the+Foreign+Plot%3A+Marie-Antoinette%2C+Austrophobia%2C+and+the+Terror&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=579-617&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-26-4-579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154852467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKates1998" class="citation book cs1">Kates, Gary (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution00kate/page/201">The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies 2nd ed</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution00kate/page/201">201–218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35833-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35833-7"><bdi>0-415-35833-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+Recent+Debates+and+New+Controversies+2nd+ed&rft.pages=201-218&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-35833-7&rft.aulast=Kates&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchrevolution00kate%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasky2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Lasky" title="Kathryn Lasky">Lasky, Kathryn</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marieantoinettep00lask">The Royal Diaries: Marie Antoinette, Princess of Versailles: Austria-France, 1769</a>. New York: Scholastic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-439-07666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-439-07666-1"><bdi>978-0-439-07666-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Diaries%3A+Marie+Antoinette%2C+Princess+of+Versailles%3A+Austria-France%2C+1769&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scholastic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-439-07666-1&rft.aulast=Lasky&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinettep00lask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Loomis" title="Stanley Loomis">Loomis, Stanley</a> (1972). The Fatal Friendship: Marie Antoinette, Count Fersen and the flight to Varennes. London: Davis-Poynter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7067-0047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7067-0047-3"><bdi>978-0-7067-0047-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Friendship%3A+Marie+Antoinette%2C+Count+Fersen+and+the+flight+to+Varennes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Davis-Poynter&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7067-0047-3&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2008" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Margaret Anne (2008). There Were Three of Us in the Relationship: The Secret Letters of Marie Antoinette. Irvine, Scotland: Isaac MacDonald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559991-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559991-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9559991-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+Were+Three+of+Us+in+the+Relationship%3A+The+Secret+Letters+of+Marie+Antoinette&rft.place=Irvine%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Isaac+MacDonald&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9559991-0-9&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaslund2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sena_Jeter_Naslund" title="Sena Jeter Naslund">Naslund, Sena Jeter</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abundancenovelof00nasl">Abundance: A Novel of Marie Antoinette</a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082539-3"><bdi>978-0-06-082539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abundance%3A+A+Novel+of+Marie+Antoinette&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-082539-3&rft.aulast=Naslund&rft.aufirst=Sena+Jeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabundancenovelof00nasl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomijn2008" class="citation book cs1">Romijn, André (2008). Vive Madame la Dauphine: A Biographical Novel. Ripon: Roman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554100-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554100-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9554100-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vive+Madame+la+Dauphine%3A+A+Biographical+Novel&rft.place=Ripon&rft.pub=Roman+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9554100-2-4&rft.aulast=Romijn&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Thomas" title="Chantal Thomas">Thomas, Chantal</a> (1999). The Wicked Queen: The Origins of the Myth of Marie-Antoinette. Trans. Julie Rose. New York: Zone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942299-40-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942299-40-3"><bdi>978-0-942299-40-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wicked+Queen%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Myth+of+Marie-Antoinette&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Zone+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-942299-40-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Maria_Vidal" title="Elena Maria Vidal">Vidal, Elena Maria</a> (1997). Trianon: A Novel of Royal France. Long Prairie, MN: Neumann Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911845-96-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911845-96-9"><bdi>978-0-911845-96-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trianon%3A+A+Novel+of+Royal+France&rft.place=Long+Prairie%2C+MN&rft.pub=Neumann+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-911845-96-9&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Elena+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Zweig, Stefan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marieantoinettep00zwei_0">Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an Average Woman</a>. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3909-2"><bdi>978-0-8021-3909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Portrait+of+an+Average+Woman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3909-2&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinettep00zwei_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Antoinette" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> Marie Antoinette at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_of_Austria" class="extiw" title="c:Marie Antoinette of Austria">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" class="extiw" title="q:Marie Antoinette">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Marie_Antoinette" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Marie Antoinette">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47365" class="extiw" title="d:Q47365">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/court-people/louis-xvi-time/marie-antoinette">Marie Antoinette's official Versailles profile</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chateauversailles.fr/">en.chateauversailles.fr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXhEBfK3Njc&ab_channel=RoyaltyNowStudios">Marie Antoinette:history and appearance</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@RoyaltyNowStudios">Royalty Now Studios</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parismarais.com/f_marie-antoinette-story.htm">The marais of Marie-Antoinette</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parismarais.com/en">parismarais.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waddesdon.org.uk/blog/celebrating-marie-antoinette-on-her-birthday/">Celebrating Marie-Antoinette blog article</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waddesdon.org.uk/">waddesdon.org.uk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/marie-antoinette-childhood-overshadowed-politics">Marie Antoinette: a childhood overshadowed by politics</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habsburger.net/de">habsburger.net</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Marie Antoinette </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a></div>Born: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French consorts">Queen consort of France</a> 1774–1792 from 1791 Queen of the French </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Monarchy abolished</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French consorts">Empress of the French</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Loss of title <div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic declared</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a> 4 September 1791 – 21 January 1793 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Austria" title="Kunigunde of Austria">Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret, Duchess of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria" title="Isabella of Austria">Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine, Queen of Portugal</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria, Holy Roman Empress</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Austria_(1526%E2%80%931545)" title="Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)">Elisabeth, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Anna_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Anna of Austria">Anna, Duchess of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Magdalena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Magdalena of Austria">Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland">Catherine, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(nun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (nun)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Barbara_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Barbara of Austria">Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria_(1543%E2%80%931574)" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria (1543–1574)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Grand_Duchess_of_Tuscany" title="Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany">Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain" title="Catalina Micaela of Spain">Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(1567%E2%80%931633)" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1567–1633)">Margaret (1567–1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_of_Austria_(1584%E2%80%931649)" title="Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)">Maria (1584–1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol" title="Anna of Tyrol">Anna, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anna, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Princess_of_Transylvania" title="Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania">Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Catherine_Renata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria">Catherine Renata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gregoria_Maximiliana_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria">Gregoria Maximiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleanor_of_Austria_(1582%E2%80%931620)" title="Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1582–1620)">Eleanor (1582–1620)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Maddalena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria">Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anna, Queen of France</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_of_Spain_(1603)" title="Infanta Maria of Spain (1603)">María</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Margarita_of_Spain_(1610%E2%80%931617)" title="Infanta Margarita of Spain (1610–1617)">Margarita</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1610)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610)">Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Renata_of_Austria" title="Cecilia Renata of Austria">Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_Clara_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria">Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldine of Austria">Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa, Queen of France</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Margaret Theresa of Spain">Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Maria Anna, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland">Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria">Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria" title="Claudia Felicitas of Austria">Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_of_Austria" title="Maria Antonia of Austria">Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (governor)">Maria Elisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1684%E2%80%931696)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1684–1696)">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria_(1687%E2%80%931703)" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1687–1703)">Maria Josepha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Magdalena_of_Austria_(1689%E2%80%931743)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria (1689–1743)">Maria Magdalena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress">Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(governor)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor)">Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1737)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1737)">Maria Elisabeth</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)">Maria Anna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria_(born_1740)" title="Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (born 1740)">Maria Carolina</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" title="Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)">Maria Elisabeth</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria">Johanna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples</a>^</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Antonia, Queen of France</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1762%E2%80%931770)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)">Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1770)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1770)">Maria Anna</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria">Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_(1780%E2%80%931798)" title="Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1780–1798)">Maria Amalia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este,_Queen_of_Sardinia" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este">Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este">Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise, Empress of the French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Clementina of Austria">Clementina, Princess of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Caroline_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria">Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Anne_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Anne of Austria">Maria Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1798%E2%80%931857)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1798–1857)">Maria Luisa</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1816%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)">Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Karoline_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Karoline of Austria">Maria Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Hermine_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Hermine of Austria">Hermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Elisabeth Franziska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Austria" title="Adelaide of Austria">Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1817%E2%80%931886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)">Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrix_of_Austria-Este" title="Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este">Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1835)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1835)">Maria Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Auguste_Ferdinande_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria">Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria">Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1845%E2%80%931917)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1845–1917)">Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mathilda_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Mathilda of Austria">Mathilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria">Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margarethe_Klementine_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria">Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1849%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Sophie of Austria">Sophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Gisela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Gisela of Austria">Princess Gisela of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria">Marie Valerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margarete_Sophie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria">Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Annunciata_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Annunciata of Austria">Maria Annunciata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Amalie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria">Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonietta_of_Austria_(1858%E2%80%931883)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)">Maria Antonietta</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Louise of Austria">Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)">Maria Theresa</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria">Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Christina_of_Austria_(1879%E2%80%931962)" title="Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (1879–1962)">Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1882)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1882)">Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Henrietta_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria">Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Isabella of Austria">Princess Isabella of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Eleonora_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Eleonora of Austria">Eleonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Renata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Renata of Austria">Renata, Princess Radziwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Mechthildis_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Mechthildis of Austria">Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria">Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria">Helena, Duchess of Württemberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Rosa_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Rosa of Austria">Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Dolores_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Dolores of Austria">Dolores</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Immaculata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Immaculata of Austria">Maria Inmaculata</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaretha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margaretha of Austria">Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(1899%E2%80%931977)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1899–1977)">Princess Maria Antonia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Assunta_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Assunta of Austria">Assunta</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria_(1892%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1892–1930)">Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Hedwig_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Hedwig of Austria">Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaret_of_Austria_(born_1925)" title="Archduchess Margaret of Austria (born 1925)">Margaret, Princess of Monteleone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Ilona_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Ilona of Austria">Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Adelheid_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Adelheid of Austria">Adelheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Charlotte_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Charlotte of Austria">Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1922%E2%80%931993)" title="Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1922–1993)">Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_von_Habsburg" title="Gabriela von Habsburg">Gabriela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walburga_Habsburg_Douglas" title="Walburga Habsburg Douglas">Walburga, Countess Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria-Anna_Galitzine" title="Maria-Anna Galitzine">Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Habsburg" title="Sophie Habsburg">Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_von_Habsburg" title="Eleonore von Habsburg">Eleonore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* also an infanta of Spain</li> <li>** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal</li> <li>^ also a princess of Tuscany</li> <li># also a princess of Modena</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tuscan_princesses_by_birth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tuscan_princesses" title="Template:Tuscan princesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tuscan_princesses" title="Template talk:Tuscan princesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tuscan_princesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tuscan princesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tuscan_princesses_by_birth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tuscan princesses by birth</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_de%27_Medici_(1540%E2%80%931557)" title="Maria de' Medici (1540–1557)">Princess Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_de%27_Medici" title="Isabella de' Medici">Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_de%27_Medici,_Duchess_of_Ferrara" title="Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara">Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_de%27_Medici" title="Virginia de' Medici">Virginia, Duchess of Modena</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_de%27_Medici" title="Eleanor de' Medici">Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici_(1569%E2%80%931584)" title="Anna de' Medici (1569–1584)">Princess Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Maddalena_de%27_Medici" title="Maria Maddalena de' Medici">Princess Maria Maddalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici" title="Claudia de' Medici">Claudia, Archduchess of Further Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cristina_de%27_Medici" title="Maria Cristina de' Medici">Princess Maria Cristina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_de%27_Medici" title="Margherita de' Medici">Margherita, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria" title="Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria">Anna, Archduchess of Further Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici,_Governor_of_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena">Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>none</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Luisa_de%27_Medici" title="Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici">Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>none</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Anna_of_Austria_(born_1738)" title="Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1738)">Princess Maria Anna</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina,_Duchess_of_Teschen" title="Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen">Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(born_1743)" title="Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (born 1743)">Princess Maria Elisabeth</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Johanna_Gabriela_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria">Princess Maria Johanna Gabriela</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria">Princess Maria Josepha</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Antonia, Queen of France</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1767%E2%80%931827)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)">Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Clementina_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria">Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1798%E2%80%931857)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1798–1857)">Princess Maria Luisa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1801%E2%80%931855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)">Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Auguste_Ferdinande_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria">Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Isabella_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria">Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Luisa_of_Austria_(1845%E2%80%931917)" title="Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1845–1917)">Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonietta_of_Austria_(1858%E2%80%931883)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)">Princess Maria Antonietta</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Louise_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Louise of Austria">Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)">Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Karoline_Marie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria">Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Helena_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Helena of Austria">Helena, Duchess Philipp of Württemberg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Rosa_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Rosa of Austria">Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Dolores_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Dolores of Austria">Princess Dolores</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Immaculata_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Immaculata of Austria">Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Margaretha_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Margaretha of Austria">Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(1899%E2%80%931977)" title="Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1899–1977)">Princess Maria Antonia, Mrs. Luis Pérez</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* also an archduchess of Austria ^did not have a royal or noble birth</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princesses_of_France_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Daughters_of_France_by_marriage" title="Template:Daughters of France by marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Daughters_of_France_by_marriage" title="Template talk:Daughters of France by marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daughters_of_France_by_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daughters of France by marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princesses_of_France_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">Princesses of France by marriage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg/100px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg/150px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg/200px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1601" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier">Marie, Duchess of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_of_Lorraine" title="Marguerite of Lorraine">Princess Marguerite of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Princess Henrietta of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Charlotte,_Madame_Palatine" title="Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine">Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria">Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie de Bourbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Princess Marie Louise of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" title="María Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Princess Maria Joséphine of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Theresa of Savoy">Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Princess Marie Thérèse of France</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Caroline_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry">Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria-Este_(1817%E2%80%931886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)">Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*also a princess of France in her own right</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dauphines_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dauphines_of_France" title="Template:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dauphines_of_France" title="Template talk:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphines_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dauphines_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">Dauphines of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a> (1350–1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Nevers" title="Margaret of Nevers">Margaret of Burgundy</a> (1412–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut">Jacqueline of Bavaria</a> (1415–1417)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret of Scotland</a> (1436–1445)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a> (1451–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> (1536–1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a> (1558–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria">Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria</a> (1680–1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a> (1711–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain</a> (1745–1746)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a> (1747–1765)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maria Antonia of Austria</a> (1770–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse of France</a> (1824–1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_consorts" title="Template:French consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_consorts" title="Template talk:French consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal consorts of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish queens">List of Frankish queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">List of French royal consorts</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultragotha" title="Ultragotha">Ultragotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntheuc" title="Guntheuc">Guntheuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegund" title="Radegund">Radegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingund" title="Ingund">Ingund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aregund" title="Aregund">Aregund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingoberga" title="Ingoberga">Ingoberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merofleda" title="Merofleda">Merofleda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcovefa" title="Marcovefa">Marcovefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudechild" title="Theudechild">Theudechild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austregilde" title="Austregilde">Austregilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audovera" title="Audovera">Audovera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galswintha" title="Galswintha">Galswintha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrude" title="Bertrude">Bertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichilde" title="Sichilde">Sichilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomentrude" title="Gomentrude">Gomentrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanthild" title="Nanthild">Nanthild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragintrudis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragintrudis">Ragintrudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfefundis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfefundis">Wulfefundis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertechildis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertechildis">Bertechildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles" title="Balthild of Chelles">Balthild of Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilichild_(wife_of_Childeric_II)" title="Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)">Bilichild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrothildis" title="Chrothildis">Chrothildis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon" title="Bertrada of Laon">Bertrada of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga,_wife_of_Carloman_I" title="Gerberga, wife of Carloman I">Gerberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_of_the_Lombards" title="Desiderata of the Lombards">Desiderata of the Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastrada" title="Fastrada">Fastrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)" title="Luitgard (Frankish queen)">Luitgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richilde_of_Provence" title="Richilde of Provence">Richilde of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Paris" title="Adelaide of Paris">Adelaide of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardis" title="Richardis">Richardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odrate_of_Troyes" title="Théodrate of Troyes">Théodrate of Troyes</a>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederuna" title="Frederuna">Frederuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Vermandois" title="Beatrice of Vermandois">Beatrice of Vermandois</a>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_France" title="Emma of France">Emma of France</a>B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Italy" title="Emma of Italy">Emma of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Aquitaine" title="Adelaide of Aquitaine">Adelaide of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozala_of_Italy" title="Rozala of Italy">Rozala of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Burgundy" title="Bertha of Burgundy">Bertha of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Constance of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Frisia" title="Matilda of Frisia">Matilda of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Kiev" title="Anne of Kiev">Anne of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Holland" title="Bertha of Holland">Bertha of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrade_of_Montfort" title="Bertrade of Montfort">Bertrade of Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania" title="Agnes of Merania">Agnes of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Brabant, Queen of France">Marie of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France">Margaret of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">Joan II, Countess of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Joan of Évreux">Joan of Évreux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Lame" title="Joan the Lame">Joan of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_France" title="Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France">Blanche of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Auvergne" title="Joan I, Countess of Auvergne">Joan I, Countess of Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> (1422–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Antoinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie de Montijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> (7 Jun 1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> (21 Jul 1788)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a> (Jan 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> (28 Apr 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> (5 May 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> (4 June 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> (20 Jun 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> (14 Jul 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> (4–11 Aug 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (26 Aug 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> (5 Oct 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> (2 Nov 1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> (Feb–Jul 1790)</li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> (23 Jun 1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> (12 Jul 1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a> (14 Jul 1790)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> (20–21 Jun 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> (17 Jul 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> (27 Aug 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> (3 Sep 1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> (20 Apr 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> (25 Jul 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> (Jun 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> (10 Aug 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> (Sep 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> (22 Sep 1792)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> (21 Jan 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> (2 Jun 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> (13 Jul 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> (23 Aug 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> (17 Sep 1793)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> (16 Oct 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> (throughout the year)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> (5 Apr 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> (10 Jun 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> (27 Jul 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined (28 Jul 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> (Fall 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> (11 Nov 1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> (1 Apr 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> (22 Aug 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> (1795–99) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> 5 Oct 1795</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> (May 1796)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> (4 Sep 1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> (Dec 1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> (11 May 1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> (18 Jun 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> (9 Nov 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> (24 Dec 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> (23 May 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> (13 Oct 1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> (26–27 Dec 1793)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> (24 Apr 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> (18 May 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> (22 May 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> (1 Jun 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> (26 Jun 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> (2 Oct 1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> (3–4 Aug 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> (5 Aug 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> (11 Aug 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> (24 Aug 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> (3 Sep 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> (4 Sep 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> (8 Sep 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> (19 Oct 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> (26 Oct 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> (6 Nov 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> (6–7 Nov 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> (15–17 Nov 1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> (Dec 1796)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> (13 Jan 1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> (14–15 Jan 1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> (25 Jan 1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> (17 Apr 1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> (18 Apr 1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> (17 Oct 1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> (28 January – 17 May 1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> (1798–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> (1798–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> (20–21 Mar 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> (25 Mar 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> (5 Apr 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> (27–28 Apr 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> (4–7 Jun 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> (17–20 Jun 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> (15 Aug 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> (25–26 Sep 1799)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> (14 Jun 1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> (15 Jun 1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> (3 Dec 1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> (1800–02)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> (9 Feb 1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> (18 Mar 1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> (8 Jul 1801)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> (25 Mar 1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> (25 Jun 1802)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray (Hungarian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47365#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121445058">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96583693">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52646/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMDbPkWK8MXqfbp7qqQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118577905">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80038420">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12106345v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12106345v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621070">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV049069">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35788023">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701153&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX831238">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/738868">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1556760">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070460876">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90359152">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000163140&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000591750&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=147024">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202317507">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn245zr82q35kj3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624627705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/85022">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264892805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000105941">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517749706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/19572662">Belgium</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14557248">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02707385?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122363">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8dc0e8c5-ccf6-4f86-a77c-3338ace982c9">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/053dd6bf-9682-432b-a9be-d48f85b62230">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1088182">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118577905.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118577905">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029435307">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6844g2w">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks71j8">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/316282">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&oldid=1259348535">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&oldid=1259348535</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marie_Antoinette" title="Category:Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1755_births" title="Category:1755 births">1755 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1793_deaths" title="Category:1793 deaths">1793 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Austrian_people" title="Category:18th-century Austrian people">18th-century Austrian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Austrian_women" title="Category:18th-century Austrian women">18th-century Austrian women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_French_people" title="Category:18th-century French people">18th-century French people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_French_women" title="Category:18th-century French women">18th-century French women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_people" title="Category:18th-century German people">18th-century German people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_people_executed_abroad" title="Category:Austrian people executed abroad">Austrian people executed abroad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_princesses" title="Category:Austrian princesses">Austrian princesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Austrian Roman Catholics">Austrian Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis">Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Category:Children of Maria Theresa">Children of Maria Theresa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_counts" title="Category:Daughters of counts">Daughters of counts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_duchesses_regnant" title="Category:Daughters of duchesses regnant">Daughters of duchesses regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_dukes" title="Category:Daughters of dukes">Daughters of dukes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_emperors" title="Category:Daughters of emperors">Daughters of emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_kings" title="Category:Daughters of kings">Daughters of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_queens_regnant" title="Category:Daughters of queens regnant">Daughters of queens regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphines_of_France" title="Category:Dauphines of France">Dauphines of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphines_of_Viennois" title="Category:Dauphines of Viennois">Dauphines of Viennois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_Austrian_women" title="Category:Executed Austrian women">Executed Austrian women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_French_women" title="Category:Executed French women">Executed French women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_royalty" title="Category:Executed royalty">Executed royalty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_executed_by_guillotine_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Category:French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution">French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Austrian_descent" title="Category:French people of Austrian 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