CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>NAACP - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"10d41a4a-20ad-41ed-8682-7f5d25a76e24","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"NAACP","wgTitle":"NAACP","wgCurRevisionId":1275853080,"wgRevisionId":1275853080,"wgArticleId":25624937,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"NAACP","wgRelevantArticleId":25624937,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym": "বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym": "گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym": "ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc", "autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym": "русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}], "wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj", "ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q502044","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model" ,"platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NAACP_seal.svg/1200px-NAACP_seal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NAACP_seal.svg/800px-NAACP_seal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NAACP_seal.svg/640px-NAACP_seal.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="NAACP - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-NAACP rootpage-NAACP stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=NAACP" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=NAACP" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">NAACP</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/NAACP" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:NAACP" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=NAACP" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> by a group including <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(activist)" title="Henry Moskowitz (activist)">Henry Moskowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Over the years, leaders of the organization have included <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>. The NAACP is the largest and oldest civil rights group in America. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:NAACP_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NAACP_seal.svg/150px-NAACP_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NAACP_seal.svg/225px-NAACP_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NAACP_seal.svg/300px-NAACP_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="262"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">NAACP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">February 12, 1909; 116 years ago (1909-02-12)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a> <a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a> <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(activist)" title="Henry Moskowitz (activist)">Henry Moskowitz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">38-4108034</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(4)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(4)">501(c)(4)</a> Civic Leagues and Social Welfare Organizations</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">"To ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination."</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leon_W._Russell" title="Leon W. Russell">Leon W. Russell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President and CEO</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Johnson_(activist)" title="Derrick Johnson (activist)">Derrick Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Board of directors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$24,800,000 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naacp.org/">naacp.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination". NAACP initiatives include political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by its legal team.<a href="#cite_note-History_and_Geography-8">[7]</a> The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct" title="Police misconduct">police misconduct</a>, the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the once common term <a href="/wiki/Colored_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Colored people">colored people</a>, referring to those with some African ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-auto-10">[9]</a> The NAACP started publishing a quarterly magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a> and it had as its editor <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W.E.B Du Bois</a> for 24 years. The NAACP bestows annual awards on African Americans in three categories: <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards" title="NAACP Image Awards">Image Awards</a> are for achievements in the arts and media, <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Theatre_Awards" title="NAACP Theatre Awards">Theatre Awards</a> are for achievements in theatre and stage, and <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medals</a> are for outstanding achievements of any kind. Its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Organization">1 Organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Predecessor:_The_Niagara_Movement">2 Predecessor: The Niagara Movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Formation">3.1 Formation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Jim_Crow_and_disenfranchisement">3.2 Jim Crow and disenfranchisement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Legal_Defense_Fund">3.3 Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Desegregation">3.4 Desegregation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_1990s">3.5 The 1990s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Lee_Alcorn_controversy">3.6 Lee Alcorn controversy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#George_W._Bush">3.7 George W. Bush</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tax_exempt_status">3.8 Tax exempt status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#LGBT_rights">3.9 LGBT rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Travel_warning_regarding_Missouri">3.10 Travel warning regarding Missouri</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Censorship">3.11 Censorship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Travel_warning_regarding_Florida">3.12 Travel warning regarding Florida</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Local_branch_impact">4 Local branch impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Current_activities">5 Current activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Youth">5.1 Youth</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Youth_and_College_Division">5.1.1 Youth and College Division</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#ACT-SO_program">5.1.2 ACT-SO program</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Environmental_justice">5.2 Environmental justice</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Headquarters">5.2.1 Headquarters</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#National_convention">6 National convention</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Awards">7 Awards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The NAACP is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, with additional regional offices in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, Maryland, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region. Local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. In the U.S., the NAACP is administered by a 64-member board led by a chairperson. The board elects one person as the president and one as the chief executive officer for the organization. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> activist and former Georgia State Senator, was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by healthcare administrator <a href="/wiki/Roslyn_Brock" title="Roslyn Brock">Roslyn Brock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> For decades in the first half of the 20th century, the organization was effectively led by its executive secretary, who acted as chief operating officer. <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter F. White">Walter F. White</a>, who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958, were much more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The organization has never had a woman president, except on a temporary basis, and there have been calls to name one.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_C._Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine C. Miller">Lorraine C. Miller</a> served as interim president after <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jealous" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Jealous">Benjamin Jealous</a> stepped down. <a href="/wiki/Maya_Wiley" title="Maya Wiley">Maya Wiley</a> was rumored to be in line for the position in 2013, but <a href="/wiki/Cornell_William_Brooks" title="Cornell William Brooks">Cornell William Brooks</a> was selected.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action. Local chapters are supported by the "Branch and Field Services" department and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">"Youth and College"</a> department. The "Legal" department focuses on <a href="/wiki/Court_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Court case">court cases</a> of broad application to minorities, such as systematic <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> in employment, government, or education. The <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, bureau is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> the U.S. government, and the Education Department works to improve <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> at the local, state, and federal levels. The goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAACP&action=edit">[update]</a>, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The NAACP's non-current records are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, which has served as the organization's official repository since 1964. The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACP's history from the time of its founding until 2003.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In 2011, the NAACP teamed with the digital repository <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> to digitize and host online the earlier portion of its archives, through 1972 – nearly two million pages of documents, from the national, legal, and branch offices throughout the country, which offer first-hand insight into the organization's work related to such crucial issues as lynching, school desegregation, and discrimination in all its aspects (in the military, the criminal justice system, employment, housing).<a href="#cite_note-ProQuest-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Predecessor:_The_Niagara_Movement">Predecessor: The Niagara Movement</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a> of 1901 in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, featured many American innovations and achievements, but also included a disparaging caricature of slave life in the South as well as a depiction of life in Africa, called "Old Plantation" and "Darkest Africa", respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Expo-22">[21]</a> A local African-American woman, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Talbert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, was appalled by the exhibit, as <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">a similar one in Paris</a> highlighted black achievements. She informed <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> of the situation, and a coalition began to form.<a href="#cite_note-Expo-22">[21]</a> In 1905, a group of thirty-two prominent African-American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing African Americans and possible strategies and solutions. They were particularly concerned by the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">Southern states</a>' <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement</a> of blacks starting with <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>'s passage of a new constitution in 1890. Through 1908, Southern legislatures, dominated by white <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, ratified new constitutions and laws creating barriers to voter registration and more complex election rules. In practice, this and the <a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">Lily-white movement</a> caused the exclusion of most blacks and many poor whites from the political system in southern states. Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation. Men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not "qualify" to register.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] White-dominated legislatures also passed segregation and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Because hotels in the US were segregated, the men convened in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> at the Erie Beach Hotel<a href="#cite_note-eriebeach-24">[23]</a> on the Canadian side of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie, Ontario</a>. As a result, the group came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a>. A year later, three non-African-Americans joined the group: journalist <a href="/wiki/William_English_Walling" title="William English Walling">William English Walling</a>, a wealthy socialist; and social workers <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(civil_rights_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Moskowitz (civil rights leader)">Henry Moskowitz</a>. Moskowitz, who was Jewish, was then also Associate Leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Society for Ethical Culture">New York Society for Ethical Culture</a>. They met in 1906 at <a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a>, and in 1907 in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-niagarahistory-25">[24]</a> The fledgling group struggled for a time with limited resources and internal conflict and disbanded in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Seven of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a> joined the Board of Directors of the NAACP, founded in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-niagarahistory-25">[24]</a> Although both organizations shared membership and overlapped for a time, the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a> was a separate organization. Historically, it is considered to have had a more radical platform than the NAACP. The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a> was formed exclusively by African Americans. Four European Americans were among the founders of the NAACP, they included <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(activist)" title="Henry Moskowitz (activist)">Henry Moskowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_English_Walling" title="William English Walling">William English Walling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-10">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg/220px-Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg/220px-Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg/330px-Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/Founders_of_the_NAACP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Founders of the NAACP: <a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Race_Riot_of_1908" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield Race Riot of 1908">Race Riot of 1908</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, the state capital and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s hometown, was a catalyst showing the urgent need for an effective civil rights organization in the U.S. In the decades around the turn of the century, the rate of <a href="/wiki/Lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynchings">lynchings</a> of blacks, particularly men, was at an all-time high. <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/William_English_Walling" title="William English Walling">William English Walling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(civil_rights_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Moskowitz (civil rights leader)">Henry Moskowitz</a> met in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in January 1909 to work on organizing for black civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-NAACP_Timeline-27">[26]</a> They sent out solicitations for support to more than 60 prominent Americans, and set a meeting date for February 12, 1909. This was intended to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Abraham Lincoln</a>, who emancipated enslaved African Americans. While the first large meeting did not occur until three months later, the February date is often cited as the organization's founding date. The NAACP was founded on February 12, 1909, by a larger group including African Americans <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a>, and the previously named whites <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moskowitz_(civil_rights_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Moskowitz (civil rights leader)">Henry Moskowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_White_Ovington" title="Mary White Ovington">Mary White Ovington</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_English_Walling" title="William English Walling">William English Walling</a> (the wealthy Socialist son of a former slave-holding family),<a href="#cite_note-NAACP_Timeline-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kelley" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a>, a social reformer and friend of Du Bois;<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell" title="Charles Edward Russell">Charles Edward Russell</a>, a renowned <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraker</a> and close friend of Walling. Russell helped plan the NAACP and had served as acting chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Committee" title="National Negro Committee">National Negro Committee</a> (1909), a forerunner to the NAACP.<a href="#cite_note-LOC_Russell-30">[29]</a> On May 30, 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a> conference took place at New York City's <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement" title="Henry Street Settlement">Henry Street Settlement</a> House; they created an organization of more than 40, identifying as the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Committee" title="National Negro Committee">National Negro Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marlin-31">[30]</a> Among other founding members were <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a>, a nurse who had founded the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement" title="Henry Street Settlement">Henry Street Settlement</a> where the conference took place. Du Bois played a key role in organizing the event and presided over the proceedings. Also in attendance was <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida B. Wells-Barnett">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a>, an African-American journalist and anti-<a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> crusader. Wells-Barnett addressed the conference on the history of lynching in the United States and called for action to publicize and prosecute such crimes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The members chose the new organization's name to be the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and elected its first officers:<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <ul><li>National President, <a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a>, Boston</li> <li>Chairman of the executive committee, <a href="/wiki/William_English_Walling" title="William English Walling">William English Walling</a></li> <li>Treasurer, <a href="/wiki/John_Elmer_Milholland" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elmer Milholland">John E. Milholland</a> a prominent New York Republican</li> <li>Disbursing Treasurer, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a></li> <li>Executive Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Blascoer" title="Frances Blascoer">Frances Blascoer</a></li> <li>Director of Publicity and Research, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>.</li></ul> The NAACP was incorporated a year later in 1911. The association's charter expressed its mission: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">To promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice among citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment according to their ability, and complete equality before the law.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></blockquote> The larger conference resulted in a more diverse organization, where the leadership was predominantly white. <a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a>, a white attorney from a Boston abolitionist family, served as the president of the NAACP from its founding to 1915. At its founding, the NAACP had one African American on its executive board, Du Bois. Storey was a long-time classical liberal and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> who advocated <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> free markets, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>. Storey consistently and aggressively championed <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, not only for blacks but also for <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and immigrants (he opposed immigration restrictions). Du Bois continued to play a pivotal leadership role in the organization, serving as editor of the association's magazine, <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>, which had a circulation of more than 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a> was used both for news reporting and for publishing African-American poetry and literature. During the organization's campaigns against lynching, Du Bois encouraged the writing and performance of plays and other expressive literature about this issue.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The Jewish community contributed greatly to the NAACP's founding and continued financing.<a href="#cite_note-myjewishlearning1-37">[36]</a> Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Howard Sachar</a>'s book A History of Jews in America notes "In 1914, Professor Emeritus <a href="/wiki/Joel_Elias_Spingarn" title="Joel Elias Spingarn">Joel Spingarn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Billikopf" title="Jacob Billikopf">Jacob Billikopf</a>, and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise" title="Stephen Samuel Wise">Stephen Wise</a>."<a href="#cite_note-myjewishlearning1-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jim_Crow_and_disenfranchisement">Jim Crow and disenfranchisement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal,_Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/220px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2764"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/220px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/330px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/440px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An African American drinks out of a segregated water cooler designated for "colored" patrons in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg/220px-JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg/220px-JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg/330px-JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg/440px-JimCrowInDurhamNC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sign for the "colored" waiting room at a bus station in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a>, North Carolina, 1940</figcaption></figure> In its early years, the NAACP was based in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. It concentrated on litigation in efforts to overturn <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement</a> of blacks, which had been established in every southern state by 1908, excluding most from the political system, and the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow statutes</a> that legalized <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>. In 1913, the NAACP organized opposition to President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s introduction of racial segregation into federal government policy, workplaces, and hiring. African-American women's clubs were among the organizations that protested Wilson's changes, but the administration did not alter its assuagement of Southern cabinet members and the Southern bloc in Congress. By 1914, the group had 6,000 members and 50 branches. It was influential in winning the right of African Americans to serve as military officers in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Six hundred African-American officers were commissioned and 700,000 men registered for the draft. The following year, the NAACP organized a nationwide protest, with marches in numerous cities, against <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s silent movie <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a>, a film that glamorized the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. As a result, several cities refused to allow the film to open.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The NAACP began to lead lawsuits targeting disfranchisement and racial segregation early in its history. It played a significant part in the challenge of <a href="/wiki/Guinn_v._United_States" title="Guinn v. United States">Guinn v. United States</a> (1915) to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>'s discriminatory <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a>, which effectively disenfranchised most black citizens while exempting many whites from certain voter registration requirements. It persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> to rule in <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a> in 1917 that state and local governments cannot officially segregate African Americans into separate residential districts. The Court's opinion reflected the jurisprudence of property rights and freedom of contract as embodied in the earlier precedent it established in <a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a>. It also played a role in desegregating recreational activities via the historic Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan after plaintiff <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Ray" title="Sarah Elizabeth Ray">Sarah Elizabeth Ray</a> was wrongfully discriminated against when attempting to board a ferry. In 1916, chairman Joel Spingarn invited <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a> to serve as field secretary. Johnson was a former U.S. consul to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and a noted African-American scholar and columnist. Within four years, Johnson was instrumental in increasing the NAACP's membership from 9,000 to almost 90,000. In 1920, Johnson was elected head of the organization. Over the next ten years, the NAACP escalated its lobbying and litigation efforts, becoming internationally known for its advocacy of equal rights and equal protection for the "American Negro".<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The NAACP devoted much of its energy during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar years">interwar years</a> to fight the <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> of blacks throughout the United States by working for legislation, lobbying, and educating the public. The organization sent its field secretary <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter F. White</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phillips_County,_Arkansas" title="Phillips County, Arkansas">Phillips County</a>, Arkansas, in October 1919, to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Race_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Race Riot">Elaine Race Riot</a>. Roving white vigilantes killed more than 200 black tenant farmers and federal troops after a deputy sheriff's attack on a union meeting of <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a> left one white man dead. White published his report on the riot in the Chicago Daily News.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The NAACP organized the appeals for twelve black men sentenced to death a month later based on the fact that testimony used in their convictions was obtained by beatings and electric shocks. It gained a groundbreaking Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Dempsey" title="Moore v. Dempsey">Moore v. Dempsey</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_261" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 261">261</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/86/">86</a> (1923) that significantly expanded the Federal courts' oversight of the states' criminal justice systems in the years to come. White investigated eight race riots and 41 lynchings for the NAACP and directed its study Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg/220px-NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3665" data-file-height="2954"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg/220px-NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg/330px-NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg/440px-NAACP_leaders_with_poster_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NAACP leaders <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry L. Moon">Henry L. Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hill_(labor_director)" title="Herbert Hill (labor director)">Herbert Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> in 1956</figcaption></figure> The NAACP also worked for more than a decade seeking federal anti-lynching legislation, but the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> of white Democrats voted as a bloc against it or used the filibuster in the Senate to block passage. Because of disenfranchisement, African Americans in the South were unable to elect representatives of their choice to office. The NAACP regularly displayed <a href="/wiki/A_man_was_lynched_yesterday_flag" title="A man was lynched yesterday flag">a black flag stating "A Man Was Lynched Yesterday"</a> from the window of its offices in New York to mark each lynching.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> It organized the first of the two <a href="/wiki/1935_New_York_anti-lynching_exhibitions" title="1935 New York anti-lynching exhibitions">1935 New York anti-lynching exhibitions</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/Costigan-Wagner_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Costigan-Wagner Bill">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a>, having previously widely published an account of the <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Lowry" title="Lynching of Henry Lowry">Lynching of Henry Lowry</a>, as An American Lynching, in support of the <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a>. Throughout the 1930s the NAACP revitalized its youth organization. In 1933, Walter F. White released a memo to the NAACP Board of Directors critiquing the lack of a standardized youth program in the NAACP, saying that one of their biggest problems was that energized young people's ideas were often stifled. <a href="/wiki/Juanita_Jackson_Mitchell" title="Juanita Jackson Mitchell">Juanita Jackson Mitchell</a> was appointed the national director of a new Youth and College Division in 1936. Its goals were to form new activists and leaders, educate youth on black history, build pride and cooperation, and support national goals of the NAACP. Youth were frequently mobilized to support national legal and political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-:4-43">[42]</a> In alliance with the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, the NAACP led the successful fight to prevent the nomination of <a href="/wiki/John_J._Parker" title="John J. Parker">John Johnston Parker</a> to the Supreme Court, based on his support for denying the vote to blacks and his anti-labor rulings. It organized legal support for the <a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a>. The NAACP lost most of the internecine battles with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Defense" title="International Labor Defense">International Labor Defense</a> over the control of those cases and the legal strategy to be pursued in that case. The organization also brought litigation to challenge the "<a href="/wiki/White_primary" title="White primary">white primary</a>" system in the South. Southern state Democratic parties had created white-only primaries as another way of barring blacks from the political process. Since the Democrats dominated southern states, the primaries were the only competitive contests. In 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Allwright" title="Smith v. Allwright">Smith v. Allwright</a>, the Supreme Court ruled against the white primary. Although states had to retract legislation related to the white primaries, the legislatures soon came up with new methods to severely limit the franchise for blacks. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Second Red Scare</a> the NAACP was often linked to Communism by right-wing politicians. The <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Internal_Security" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security">United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security</a>, and security agencies sought to prove to the NAACP had been infiltrated by Communists. To distance themselves from these accusations, the NAACP purged suspected Communists from its membership, according to the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>'s website.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_Defense_Fund">Legal Defense Fund</h3></div> The board of directors of the NAACP created the <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund" title="NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund">Legal Defense Fund</a> in 1939 specifically for tax purposes. It functioned as the NAACP legal department. Intimidated by the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service, the Legal and Educational Defense Fund, Inc., became a separate legal entity in 1957, although it was clear that it was to operate in accordance with NAACP policy. After 1961 serious disputes emerged between the two organizations, creating considerable confusion in the eyes and minds of the public.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desegregation">Desegregation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_(NAACP)_Group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg/170px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg/170px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg/255px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg/340px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29_Group.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NAACP representatives E. Franklin Jackson and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_Spottswood" title="Stephen Gill Spottswood">Stephen Gill Spottswood</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> By the 1940s, the federal courts were amenable to lawsuits regarding constitutional rights, against which Congressional action was virtually impossible. With the rise of private corporate litigators such as the NAACP to bear the expense, civil suits became the pattern in modern civil rights litigation,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and the public face of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. The NAACP's Legal department, headed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, undertook a campaign spanning several decades to bring about the reversal of the "<a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>" doctrine announced by the Supreme Court's decision in <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a>. The NAACP's <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> chapter, under president <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Mae_Carroll_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson">Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson</a>, challenged segregation in Maryland state professional schools by supporting the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Murray_v._Pearson" title="Murray v. Pearson">Murray v. Pearson</a> case argued by Marshall. Houston's victory in <a href="/wiki/Missouri_ex_rel._Gaines_v._Canada" title="Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada">Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada</a> (1938) led to the formation of the Legal Defense Fund in 1939. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_(5_September_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg/220px-Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="3006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg/220px-Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg/330px-Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg/440px-Bomb-damaged_home_of_Arthur_Shores_%285_September_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Locals viewing the bomb-damaged home of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Shores" title="Arthur Shores">Arthur Shores</a>, NAACP attorney, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, Alabama, on September 5, 1963. The bomb exploded on September 4, the previous day, injuring Shores' wife.</figcaption></figure> The campaign for desegregation culminated in a unanimous 1954 Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> that held state-sponsored segregation of public elementary schools was <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a>. Bolstered by that victory, the NAACP pushed for full desegregation throughout the South.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> NAACP activists were excited about the judicial strategy. Starting on December 5, 1955, NAACP activists, including <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a>, its local president, and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, who had served as the chapter's Secretary, helped organize a <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">bus boycott</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, Alabama. This was designed to protest segregation on the city's buses, two-thirds of whose riders were black. The boycott lasted 381 days.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In 1956 the South Carolina legislature created an anti-NAACP oath, and teachers who refused to take the oath lost their positions. After twenty-one Black teachers at the Elloree Training School refused to comply, White school officials dismissed them. Their dismissal led to Bryan v. Austin in 1957, which became an important civil rights case.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In Alabama, the state responded by effectively barring the NAACP from operating within its borders because of its refusal to divulge a list of its members. The NAACP feared members could be fired or face violent retaliation for their activities. Although the Supreme Court eventually overturned the state's action in <a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_357" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 357">357</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/357/449/">449</a> (1958), the NAACP lost its leadership role in the Civil Rights Movement while it was barred from Alabama. New organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC, in 1957) and the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC, in 1960) rose up with different approaches to activism. Rather than relying on litigation and legislation, these newer groups employed direct action and mass mobilization to advance the rights of African Americans. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>, NAACP's executive director, clashed repeatedly with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and other civil rights leaders over questions of strategy and leadership within the movement. The NAACP continued to use the Supreme Court's decision in Brown to press for desegregation of schools and public facilities throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a>, president of its Arkansas state chapter, spearheaded the campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrate</a> the public schools in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a>, Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> By the mid-1960s, the NAACP had regained some of its prominence in the Civil Rights Movement by pressing for civil rights legislation. The <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> took place on August 28, 1963. That fall, President John F. Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress before he was assassinated. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> worked hard to persuade Congress to pass a civil rights bill aimed at ending racial discrimination in employment, education and public accommodations, and succeeded in gaining passage in July 1964. He followed that with passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, which provided for protection of the franchise, with a role for federal oversight and administrators in places where voter turnout was historically low. Under its anti-desegregation director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> program targeted civil rights groups, including the NAACP, for infiltration, disruption and discreditation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kivie_Kaplan" title="Kivie Kaplan">Kivie Kaplan</a> became NAACP President in 1966. After his death in 1975, scientist <a href="/wiki/W._Montague_Cobb" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Montague Cobb">W. Montague Cobb</a> took over until 1982. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a> retired as executive director in 1977, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a>, a lawyer and clergyman, was elected his successor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1990s">The 1990s</h3></div> In the 1990s, the NAACP ran into debt. The dismissal of two leading officials further added to the picture of an organization in deep crisis. After such, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Richardson" title="Rupert Richardson">Rupert Richardson</a> began her term as president of the NAACP in 1992. In 1993, the NAACP's Board of Directors narrowly selected Reverend <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chavis" title="Benjamin Chavis">Benjamin Chavis</a> over Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> to fill the position of executive director. A controversial figure, Chavis was ousted eighteen months later by the same board. They accused him of using NAACP funds for an out-of-court settlement in a sexual harassment lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-Marable-53">[52]</a> Following the dismissal of Chavis, <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a> narrowly defeated NAACP chairperson <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson_(NAACP)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gibson (NAACP)">William Gibson</a> for president in 1995, after Gibson was accused of overspending and mismanagement of the organization's funds. In 1996, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Kweisi_Mfume" title="Kweisi Mfume">Kweisi Mfume</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> Congressman from Maryland and former head of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>, was named the organization's president. Three years later strained finances forced the organization to drastically cut its staff, from 250 in 1992 to 50. In the second half of the 1990s, the organization restored its finances, permitting the NAACP National Voter Fund to launch a major get-out-the-vote offensive in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 U.S. presidential elections</a>. 10.5 million African Americans cast their ballots in the election; this was one million more than four years before.<a href="#cite_note-Marable-53">[52]</a> The NAACP's effort was credited by observers as playing a significant role in Democrat <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>'s winning several states where the election was close, such as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-Marable-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lee_Alcorn_controversy">Lee Alcorn controversy</h3></div> During the 2000 presidential election, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Alcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Alcorn">Lee Alcorn</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> NAACP branch, criticized Al Gore's selection of Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> for his vice-presidential candidate because Lieberman was Jewish. On a gospel talk radio show on station <a href="/wiki/KHVN" title="KHVN">KHVN</a>, Alcorn stated, "If we get a Jew person, then what I'm wondering is, I mean, what is this movement for, you know? Does it have anything to do with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process#1996%E2%80%9399_agreements" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">failed peace talks</a>? ... So I think we need to be very suspicious of any kind of partnerships between the Jews at that kind of level because we know that their interest primarily has to do with money and these kind of things."<a href="#cite_note-CBS1-54">[53]</a> NAACP President Kweisi Mfume immediately suspended Alcorn and condemned his remarks. Mfume stated,<blockquote>I strongly condemn those remarks. I find them to be repulsive, anti-Semitic, anti-NAACP and anti-American. Mr. Alcorn does not speak for the NAACP, its board, its staff or its membership. We are proud of our long-standing relationship with the <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish community</a> and I personally will not tolerate statements that run counter to the history and beliefs of the NAACP in that regard.<a href="#cite_note-CBS1-54">[53]</a></blockquote>Alcorn, who had been suspended three times in the previous five years for misconduct, subsequently resigned from the NAACP. He founded what he called the Coalition for the Advancement of Civil Rights. Alcorn criticized the NAACP, saying, "I can't support the leadership of the NAACP. Large amounts of money are being given to them by large corporations with which I have a problem."<a href="#cite_note-CBS1-54">[53]</a> Alcorn also said, "I cannot be bought. For this reason I gladly offer my resignation and my membership to the NAACP because I cannot work under these constraints."<a href="#cite_note-CNN1-55">[54]</a> Alcorn's remarks were also condemned by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, Jewish groups and George W. Bush's rival Republican presidential campaign. Jackson said he strongly supported Lieberman's addition to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> ticket, saying, "When we live our faith, we live under the law. He [Lieberman] is a firewall of exemplary behavior."<a href="#cite_note-CBS1-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a>, another prominent African-American leader, said, "The appointment of Mr. Lieberman was to be welcomed as a positive step."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-56">[55]</a> The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a> praised the NAACP for its quick response, stating that: "It will take more than one bigot like Alcorn to shake the sense of fellowship of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> with the NAACP and black America ... Our common concerns are too urgent, our history too long, our connection too sturdy, to let anything like this disturb our relationship."<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jena_63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jena_63.jpg/170px-Jena_63.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jena_63.jpg/170px-Jena_63.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jena_63.jpg/255px-Jena_63.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Jena_63.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Louisiana NAACP leads Jena March 6</figcaption></figure> In 2004, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> declined an invitation to speak to the NAACP's national convention.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Bush's spokesperson said that Bush had declined the invitation to speak to the NAACP because of harsh statements about him by its leaders.<a href="#cite_note-allen-59">[58]</a> In an interview, Bush said, "I would describe my relationship with the current leadership as basically nonexistent. You've heard the rhetoric and the names they've called me."<a href="#cite_note-allen-59">[58]</a> Bush said he admired some members of the NAACP and would seek to work with them "in other ways".<a href="#cite_note-allen-59">[58]</a> On July 20, 2006, Bush addressed the NAACP national convention. He made a bid for increasing support by African Americans for Republicans, in the midst of a <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">midterm election</a>. He referred to Republican Party support for civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_exempt_status">Tax exempt status</h3></div> In October 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> informed the NAACP that it was investigating its tax-exempt status based on chairman <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a>'s speech at its 2004 Convention, in which he criticized President George W. Bush as well as other political figures.<a href="#cite_note-janofsky-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In general, the US <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal Revenue Code</a> prohibits organizations granted <a href="/wiki/Tax-exempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax-exempt">tax-exempt</a> status from "directly or indirectly participating in, or intervening in, any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for elective public office."<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The NAACP denounced the investigation as retaliation for its success in increasing the number of African Americans who were voting.<a href="#cite_note-janofsky-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In August 2006, the IRS investigation concluded with the agency's finding "that the remarks did not violate the group's tax-exempt status."<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3></div> As the American LGBT rights movement gained steam after the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> of 1969, the NAACP became increasingly affected by the movement to gain rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. While chairman of the NAACP, Bond became an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians and stated his support for <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. He boycotted the 2006 funeral services for <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, as he said the King children had chosen an anti-gay megachurch. This was in contradiction to their mother's longstanding support for the rights of gay and lesbian people.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In a 2005 speech in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, Bond said: <dl><dd>African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries, but we were far from the only Americans suffering discrimination then and now. ... Sexual disposition parallels race. I was born this way. I have no choice. I wouldn't change it if I could. Sexuality is unchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></dd></dl> In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at <a href="/wiki/Clayton_State_University" title="Clayton State University">Clayton State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morrow,_Georgia" title="Morrow, Georgia">Morrow, Georgia</a>, Bond said, "If you don't like gay marriage, don't get gay married." His positions have pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in the civil rights movement who oppose gay marriage, mostly within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC). The NAACP became increasingly vocal in opposition against state-level constitutional amendments to ban same-sex marriage and related rights. State NAACP leaders such as <a href="/wiki/William_Barber_II" title="William Barber II">William J. Barber II</a> of North Carolina participated actively against <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Amendment_1" title="North Carolina Amendment 1">North Carolina Amendment 1</a> in 2012, but voters passed it. On May 19, 2012, the NAACP's board of directors formally endorsed same-sex marriage as a civil right, voting 62–2 for the policy in a <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida quarterly meeting.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Benjamin Jealous, the organization's president, said of the decision, "Civil marriage is a civil right and a matter of civil law. ... The NAACP's support for marriage equality is deeply rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> of the United States Constitution and equal protection of all people." Possibly significant in the NAACP's vote was its concern with the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS crisis</a> in the black community; while AIDS support organizations recommend that people live a monogamous lifestyle, the government did not recognize same-sex relationships as part of this.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> As a result of this endorsement, Keith Ratliff Sr. of <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a>, Iowa, resigned from the NAACP board.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_warning_regarding_Missouri">Travel warning regarding Missouri</h3></div> On June 7, 2017, the NAACP issued a warning for African-American travelers to <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>: <blockquote> Individuals traveling in the state are advised to travel with extreme CAUTION. Race, gender and color based crimes have a long history in Missouri. Missouri, home of <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Gaines">Lloyd Gaines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dred Scot">Dred Scott</a> and the dubious distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> and one of the last states to lose its slaveholding past, may not be safe. ... [Missouri Senate Bill] SB 43 legalizes individual discrimination and harassment in Missouri and would prevent individuals from protecting themselves from discrimination, harassment, and retaliation in Missouri. Moreover, over-zealous enforcement of routine traffic violations in Missouri against African Americans has resulted in an increasing trend that shows African Americans are 75% more likely to be stopped than Caucasians.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></blockquote> Missouri NAACP Conference president Rod Chapel Jr., suggested that visitors to Missouri "should have <a href="/wiki/Bail_in_the_United_States" title="Bail in the United States">bail</a> money."<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3></div> The NAACP led protests of the 1915 film <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In 2019, the NAACP called for a ban of all <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> books from public schools and libraries, citing discriminatory depictions of Blacks, Jews, Indigenous peoples, Muslims, and Asians.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In 2023, the group sued to block a book from being banned from school libraries.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_warning_regarding_Florida">Travel warning regarding Florida</h3></div> In May 2023 in response to new laws targeting people of color and <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ+</a> individuals, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, the NAACP, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">League of United Latin American Citizens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equality_Florida" title="Equality Florida">Equality Florida</a> issued travel advisories for visitors to Florida.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <blockquote>Under its current Governor, the State of Florida has engaged in an all-out attack on Black Americans, accurate Black history, voting rights, members of the LGBTQ+community, immigrants, women's reproductive rights, and free speech, while simultaneously embracing a culture of fear, bullying, and intimidation by public officials. In his effort to rewrite American history to exclude the voices, contributions of African Americans and the challenges they overcame despite the systemic racism that African Americans have faced since first arriving in this country, Governor DeSantis has signed various controversial anti-civil rights measures into law; including the Combatting Violence, Disorder and Looting and Law Enforcement Protection Act Florida HB 1, <a href="/wiki/Stop_WOKE_Act" title="Stop WOKE Act">Stop Wrongs against Our Kids and Employees Act ("Stop W.O.K.E. Act") Florida HB 7</a>, Constitutional Carry Act Florida House HB 543, Florida Senate Bill 266, and Florida Senate Bill 7066.</blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Local_branch_impact">Local branch impact</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:NAACP" title="Talk:NAACP">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAACP&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22NAACP%22">"NAACP"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22NAACP%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22NAACP%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22NAACP%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22NAACP%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22NAACP%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ANAACP&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+17+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=NAACP">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAACP&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The organization's national initiatives, political lobbying, and publicity efforts were handled by the headquarters staff in New York and Washington, D.C. Court strategies were developed by the legal team based for many years at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_and_Geography-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> NAACP local branches have also been important. When, in its early years, the national office launched campaigns against The Birth of a Nation, it was the local branches that carried out the boycotts. When the organization fought to expose and outlaw lynching, the branches carried the campaign into hundreds of communities. And while the Legal Defense Fund developed a federal court strategy of legal challenges to segregation, many branches fought discrimination using state laws and local political opportunities, sometimes winning important victories.<a href="#cite_note-History_and_Geography-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Those victories were mostly achieved in Northern and Western states before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. When the Southern civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1940s and 1950s, credit went both to the Legal Defense Fund attorneys and to the massive network of local branches that <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> and other organizers had spread across the region.<a href="#cite_note-History_and_Geography-8">[7]</a> Local organizations built a culture of black political activism.<a href="#cite_note-History_and_Geography-8">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Current_activities">Current activities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_left_to_right,_Benjamin_T._Jealous,_president_and_CEO_of_the_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_(NAACP),_former_president_William_%22Bill%22_Clinton_and_Myrlie_Evers-Williams,_chairman_130605-A-WP504-047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/From_left_to_right%2C_Benjamin_T._Jealous%2C_president_and_CEO_of_the_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29%2C_former_president_William_%22Bill%22_Clinton_and_Myrlie_Evers-Williams%2C_chairman_130605-A-WP504-047.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1371"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/From_left_to_right%2C_Benjamin_T._Jealous%2C_president_and_CEO_of_the_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29%2C_former_president_William_%22Bill%22_Clinton_and_Myrlie_Evers-Williams%2C_chairman_130605-A-WP504-047.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/From_left_to_right%2C_Benjamin_T._Jealous%2C_president_and_CEO_of_the_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29%2C_former_president_William_%22Bill%22_Clinton_and_Myrlie_Evers-Williams%2C_chairman_130605-A-WP504-047.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/From_left_to_right%2C_Benjamin_T._Jealous%2C_president_and_CEO_of_the_National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_%28NAACP%29%2C_former_president_William_%22Bill%22_Clinton_and_Myrlie_Evers-Williams%2C_chairman_130605-A-WP504-047.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NAACP President and CEO <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jealous" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Jealous">Benjamin Jealous</a> and former president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a> wreath-laying ceremony in Arlington, June 5, 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3></div> Youth sections of the NAACP were established in 1936; there are now more than 600 groups with a total of more than 30,000 individuals in this category. The NAACP Youth & College Division is a branch of the NAACP in which youth are actively involved. The Youth Council is composed of hundreds of state, county, high school and college operations where youth (and college students) volunteer to share their opinions with their peers and address local and national issues. Sometimes volunteer work expands to a more international scale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Youth_and_College_Division">Youth and College Division</h4></div> "The mission of the NAACP Youth & College Division shall be to inform youth of the problems affecting African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities; to advance the economic, education, social and political status of African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities and their harmonious cooperation with other peoples; to stimulate an appreciation of the African Diaspora and other African Americans' contribution to civilization; and to develop an intelligent, militant effective youth leadership."<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ACT-SO_program">ACT-SO program</h4></div> Since 1978, the NAACP has sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Academic,_Cultural,_Technological_and_Scientific_Olympics" title="Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics">Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics</a> (ACT-SO) program for high school youth around the United States. The program is designed to recognize and award African-American youth who demonstrate accomplishment in academics, technology, and the arts. Local chapters sponsor competitions in various categories for young people in grades 9–12. Winners of the local competitions are eligible to proceed to the national event at a convention held each summer at locations around the United States. Winners at the national competition receive national recognition, along with cash awards and various prizes.<a href="#cite_note-actso1-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_justice">Environmental justice</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> group at NAACP has 11 full-time staff members. In April 2019, the NAACP published a report outlining the tactics used by the fossil fuel industry. The report claims that "Fossil fuel companies target the NAACP for manipulation and co-optation."<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The NAACP has been concerned about the influence of utilities which have contributed massive amounts of money to NAACP chapters in return for chapter support of non-environmentally friendly goals of utilities. In response, the NAACP has been working with its chapters to encourage them to support environmentally sound policies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h4></div> On June 29, 2020, <a href="/wiki/WTOP-FM" title="WTOP-FM">WTOP-FM</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> news radio station, reported that the NAACP intended to relocate its national headquarters from its longtime home in Baltimore to the Franklin D. Reeves Center of Municipal Affairs, a building owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Government of the District of Columbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> located at <a href="/wiki/U_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="U Street (Washington, D.C.)">U</a> and <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="14th Street (Washington, D.C.)">14th Streets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Northwest (Washington, D.C.)">Northwest</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Derrick Johnson, the NAACP's president and CEO, emphasized that the organization will be better able to engage in and influence change in D.C. than in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="National_convention">National convention</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The NAACP's national convention has been held annually in the following cities: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1909: New York City</li> <li>1910: New York City</li> <li>1928: Los Angeles</li> <li>1929: Cleveland</li> <li>1954: Dallas</li> <li>1980: Miami Beach, Florida</li> <li>1981: Denver</li> <li>1982: Boston</li> <li>1983: New Orleans</li> <li>1984: Kansas City, Missouri</li> <li>1985: Dallas</li> <li>1986: Baltimore</li> <li>1987: New York City</li> <li>1988: Washington, D.C.</li> <li>1989: Detroit</li> <li>1990: Los Angeles</li> <li>1991: Houston</li> <li>1992: Nashville, Tennessee</li> <li>1993: Indianapolis</li> <li>1994: Chicago</li> <li>1995: Minneapolis</li> <li>1996: Charlotte, North Carolina</li> <li>1997: Pittsburgh</li> <li>1998: Atlanta</li> <li>1999: New York City</li> <li>2000: Baltimore</li> <li>2001: New Orleans</li> <li>2002: Houston</li> <li>2003: Miami</li> <li>2004: Philadelphia</li> <li>2005: Milwaukee</li> <li>2006: Washington, D.C.</li> <li>2007: Detroit</li> <li>2008: Cincinnati</li> <li>2009: New York City</li> <li>2010: Kansas City, Missouri</li> <li>2011: Los Angeles</li> <li>2012: Houston</li> <li>2013: Orlando, Florida</li> <li>2014: Baltimore</li> <li>2015: Philadelphia</li> <li>2016: Cincinnati</li> <li>2017: Baltimore</li> <li>2018: San Antonio</li> <li>2019: Detroit</li> <li>2020: Virtually</li> <li>2021: Virtually</li> <li>2022: Atlantic City, New Jersey</li> <li>2023: Boston</li> <li>2024: Chicago</li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards" title="NAACP Image Awards">NAACP Image Awards</a> – honoring African-American achievements in film, television, music, and literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Theatre_Awards" title="NAACP Theatre Awards">NAACP Theatre Awards</a> – honoring African-American achievements in theatre productions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> – honoring general African-American achievements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalheimer_Award" title="Thalheimer Award">Thalheimer Award</a> – for achievements by NAACP branches and chapters</li> <li>Montague Cobb Award – honoring African-American achievements in the field of health</li> <li>Nathaniel Jones Award for Public Service – first awarded to public servants in 2018</li> <li>Foot Soldier In the Sands Award – awarded to attorneys who have contributed legal expertise to the NAACP on a pro bono basis</li> <li>Juanita Jackson Mitchell Award for Legal Activism – awarded to an NAACP unit for "exemplary legal redress committee activities"</li> <li>William Robert Ming Advocacy Award – awarded to lawyers who exemplify personal and financial sacrifice for human equality</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg/220px-Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2487"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg/220px-Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg/330px-Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg/440px-Thalheimer_Award_Publications_-_2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dayton (OH) NAACP President <a href="/wiki/Derrick_L._Foward" title="Derrick L. Foward">Derrick L. Foward</a> Receives Thalheimer Award for Publications in Atlantic City, New Jersey in July 2022</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althea_T._L._Simmons" title="Althea T. L. Simmons">Althea T. L. Simmons</a>, NAACP attorney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil rights movement (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Better_Housing_Association" title="Chicago Better Housing Association">Chicago Better Housing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>, official magazine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Political_League" title="National Independent Political League">National Independent Political League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_New_Orleans_Branch" title="NAACP New Orleans Branch">NAACP New Orleans Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Theatre_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="NAACP Theatre Award – President's Award">NAACP Theatre Award – President's Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Movement" title="Niagara Movement">Niagara Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> NAACP is usually pronounced "N double-A C P."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/NAACP2016AnnualReportWEB.pdf">NAACP2016AnnualReport</a> naacp.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054436/http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-passes-resolution-supporting-strong-clean-air-act">Archived</a> August 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/131084135">"Charity Navigator – Rating for NAACP Empowerment Programs, Inc"</a>. www.charitynavigator.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821161918/https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/131084135">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.charitynavigator.org&rft.atitle=Charity+Navigator+%E2%80%93+Rating+for+NAACP+Empowerment+Programs%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charitynavigator.org%2Fein%2F131084135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/pronunciation/english/naacp">"NAACP"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241222113004/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/pronunciation/english/naacp">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=NAACP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fpronunciation%2Fenglish%2Fnaacp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Colored-People">"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | History"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430172425/https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Colored-People">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People+%7C+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNational-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Colored-People&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, in articles "Civil Rights Movement" by Patricia Sullivan (pp 441–455) and "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" by Kate Tuttle (pp 1,388–1,391). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1">0-465-00071-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoer2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Foer, Franklin (March 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/04/us-anti-semitism-jewish-american-safety/677469/">"The Golden Age of American Jews is Ending"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319111414/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/04/us-anti-semitism-jewish-american-safety/677469/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Age+of+American+Jews+is+Ending&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Foer&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2024%2F04%2Fus-anti-semitism-jewish-american-safety%2F677469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_and_Geography-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_and_Geography_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_and_Geography_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_and_Geography_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_and_Geography_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_and_Geography_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NAACP_intro.shtml">"NAACP History and Geography"</a>. Mapping American Social Movements Through the 20th Century. University of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510072048/http://depts.washington.edu/moves/NAACP_intro.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mapping+American+Social+Movements+Through+the+20th+Century&rft.atitle=NAACP+History+and+Geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fmoves%2FNAACP_intro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611053922/http://www.naacp.org/about/mission/">"NAACP – Our Mission"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/about/mission/">the original</a> on June 11, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+%E2%80%93+Our+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fabout%2Fmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/naacp">"NAACP"</a>. HISTORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515201652/https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/naacp">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=NAACP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fcivil-rights-movement%2Fnaacp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091109213340/http://www.naacp.org/about/contact/form/">"Contact Us"</a>. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/about/contact/form/">the original</a> on November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.pub=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fabout%2Fcontact%2Fform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> NAACP, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naacp.3cdn.net/1b6e74deb6b68ca8e3_67m6be3cp.pdf">Youth and College – Advisor's Manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000320/http://naacp.3cdn.net/1b6e74deb6b68ca8e3_67m6be3cp.pdf">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", p 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Ian Urbina, "Health Executive Named Chairwoman of N.A.A.C.P.," The New York Times, February 21, 2010, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whos-going-to-be-the-next-president-of-the-naacp/2013/09/20/cf82dfc6-213d-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html">"Who's going to be the next president of the NAACP?"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710195939/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whos-going-to-be-the-next-president-of-the-naacp/2013/09/20/cf82dfc6-213d-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Who%27s+going+to+be+the+next+president+of+the+NAACP%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fwhos-going-to-be-the-next-president-of-the-naacp%2F2013%2F09%2F20%2Fcf82dfc6-213d-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/us/amid-tumult-naacp-elects-18th-leader.html">"Amid Tumult, N.A.A.C.P. Elects 18th Leader"</a>. The New York Times. May 17, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142106/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/us/amid-tumult-naacp-elects-18th-leader.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amid+Tumult%2C+N.A.A.C.P.+Elects+18th+Leader&rft.date=2014-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F18%2Fus%2Famid-tumult-naacp-elects-18th-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whos-going-to-be-the-next-president-of-the-naacp/2013/09/20/cf82dfc6-213d-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html">"Who's going to be the next president of the NAACP?"</a>. The Washington Post. September 20, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710195939/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/whos-going-to-be-the-next-president-of-the-naacp/2013/09/20/cf82dfc6-213d-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Who%27s+going+to+be+the+next+president+of+the+NAACP%3F&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fwhos-going-to-be-the-next-president-of-the-naacp%2F2013%2F09%2F20%2Fcf82dfc6-213d-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naacp.org/issues/health">health</a> naacp.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502084047/https://naacp.org/issues/health/">Archived</a> May 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTexeira2007" class="citation news cs1">Texeira, Erin (March 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-04-naacp_N.htm">"NAACP president to step down, cites discord with board"</a>. USA Today. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222208/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-04-naacp_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=NAACP+president+to+step+down%2C+cites+discord+with+board&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft.aulast=Texeira&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007-03-04-naacp_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/1003/collection.html">The NAACP Records</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175517/https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/1003/collection.html">Archived</a> January 5, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Information Bulletin, March 2010. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 4, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-ProQuest-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ProQuest_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2011" class="citation web cs1">Dempsey, Beth (November 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2011/NAACP-Archives-Go-Digital.html">"NAACP Archives Go Digital"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822120429/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2011/NAACP-Archives-Go-Digital.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Archives+Go+Digital&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2011%2FNAACP-Archives-Go-Digital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Laguardia, Cheryl; Swoger, Bonnie J. M. (June 5, 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2014/06/reference/ereviews/proquests-naacp-papers-history-vault-treehouse-reference-ereviews">ProQuest's NAACP Papers, History Vault & Treehouse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180238/http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2014/06/reference/ereviews/proquests-naacp-papers-history-vault-treehouse-reference-ereviews/">Archived</a> January 5, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Reference eReviews. Library Journal. Retrieved January 4, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Expo-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Expo_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Expo_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Mark (2007). City on the edge: Buffalo, New York. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 19–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-457-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-457-6"><bdi>978-1-59102-457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+on+the+edge%3A+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-457-6&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws">"Jim Crow Laws"</a>. HISTORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093947/https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Jim+Crow+Laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fearly-20th-century-us%2Fjim-crow-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eriebeach-24"><a href="#cite_ref-eriebeach_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b004-i088">"Niagara Movement First Annual Meeting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112013742/http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b004-i088">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niagara+Movement+First+Annual+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcredo.library.umass.edu%2Fview%2Ffull%2Fmums312-b004-i088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-niagarahistory-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niagarahistory_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-niagarahistory_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b157-i205">"The story of the Niagara Movement and the N. A. A. C. P., ca. 1945"</a>. credo.library.umass.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112013754/http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b157-i205">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=credo.library.umass.edu&rft.atitle=The+story+of+the+Niagara+Movement+and+the+N.+A.+A.+C.+P.%2C+ca.+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcredo.library.umass.edu%2Fview%2Ffull%2Fmums312-b157-i205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326010835/http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/digital/niagara.htm">"Niagara Movement"</a>. W.E.B. DuBois Papers, Special Collections and University Archives W.E.B Du Bois Library, UMass, Amherst, Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/digital/niagara.htm">the original</a> on March 26, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W.E.B.+DuBois+Papers%2C+Special+Collections+and+University+Archives+W.E.B+Du+Bois+Library%2C+UMass%2C+Amherst%2C+Massachusetts&rft.atitle=Niagara+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.umass.edu%2Fspcoll%2Fdigital%2Fniagara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAACP_Timeline-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAACP_Timeline_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAACP_Timeline_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617133445/http://www.naacp.org/about/history/timeline/">"NAACP Timeline"</a>. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/about/history/timeline/">the original</a> on June 17, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People&rft.atitle=NAACP+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin,_John" class="citation web cs1">Simkin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104220140/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAwalling.htm">"William English Walling biography"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAwalling.htm">the original</a> on January 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+English+Walling+biography&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft.au=Simkin%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FUSAwalling.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Kathryn Kish Sklar, "Florence Kelley", in Rima Lunin Schultz and Adele Hast (eds), Women Building Chicago, 1790–1990: A Biographical Dictionary, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC_Russell-30"><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_Russell_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="citation web cs1">Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524175716/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/naacp/earlyyears/ExhibitObjects/CharlesEdwardRussell.aspx">"NAACP Founder Charles Edward Russell"</a>. Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/naacp/earlyyears/ExhibitObjects/CharlesEdwardRussell.aspx">the original</a> on May 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Founder+Charles+Edward+Russell&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyloc.gov%2FExhibitions%2Fnaacp%2Fearlyyears%2FExhibitObjects%2FCharlesEdwardRussell.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marlin-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Marlin_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlin" class="citation news cs1">Marlin, John Tepper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-tepper-marlin/naacp-happy-100th-birthda_b_166264.html">"NAACP, Happy 100th Birthday"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227185202/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-tepper-marlin/naacp-happy-100th-birthda_b_166264.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=NAACP%2C+Happy+100th+Birthday&rft.aulast=Marlin&rft.aufirst=John+Tepper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-tepper-marlin%2Fnaacp-happy-100th-birthda_b_166264.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Wells-Barnett, Ida A., "Lynching: Our National Cause", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Negro%20Conference%201909_%20New%20York_%20May%2031%20and%20June_1.pdf">Proceedings of the National Negro Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111135917/http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Negro%20Conference%201909_%20New%20York_%20May%2031%20and%20June_1.pdf">Archived</a> January 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 174. New York: May 31 – June 1, 1909. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122230015/http://naacp.org/about/history/howbegan/index.htm">"NAACP – How NAACP Began"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/about/history/howbegan/index.htm">the original</a> on January 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+%E2%80%93+How+NAACP+Began&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhowbegan%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowden-McCray2019" class="citation web cs1">Snowden-McCray, Lisa (February 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrisismagazine.com/single-post/2019/02/12/The-NAACP-Was-Established-Febuary-12-1909">"The NAACP Was Established February 12, 1909"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728095627/https://www.thecrisismagazine.com/single-post/2019/02/12/The-NAACP-Was-Established-Febuary-12-1909">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis&rft.atitle=The+NAACP+Was+Established+February+12%2C+1909&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Snowden-McCray&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrisismagazine.com%2Fsingle-post%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2FThe-NAACP-Was-Established-Febuary-12-1909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Crisis-American-magazine">"The Crisis | Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209222426/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Crisis-American-magazine">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Crisis-American-magazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrisismagazine.com/">"Black News & Politics | The Crisis Magazine | United States"</a>. crisismagazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140240/https://www.thecrisismagazine.com/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crisismagazine&rft.atitle=Black+News+%26+Politics+%7C+The+Crisis+Magazine+%7C+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrisismagazine.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-myjewishlearning1-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myjewishlearning1_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myjewishlearning1_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachar" class="citation web cs1">Sachar, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301185659/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/Overview_The_Story_19481980/America/PWPolitics/CivilRights.htm">"Working to Extend America's Freedoms: Jewish Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. Excerpt from A History of Jews in America, published by Vintage Books. MyJewishLearning.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/Overview_The_Story_19481980/America/PWPolitics/CivilRights.htm">the original</a> on March 1, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Excerpt+from+A+History+of+Jews+in+America%2C+published+by+Vintage+Books.&rft.atitle=Working+to+Extend+America%27s+Freedoms%3A+Jewish+Involvement+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.aulast=Sachar&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fhistory_community%2FModern%2FOverview_The_Story_19481980%2FAmerica%2FPWPolitics%2FCivilRights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/birth-of-a-nation-opens">""The Birth of A Nation" opens, glorifying the KKK"</a>. HISTORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220094751/https://history.com/this-day-in-history/birth-of-a-nation-opens">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=%22The+Birth+of+A+Nation%22+opens%2C+glorifying+the+KKK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fbirth-of-a-nation-opens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2020" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, Anthony (November 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/a-century-ago-james-weldon-johnson-became-the-first-black-person-to-head-the-naacp-149513">"A century ago, James Weldon Johnson became the first Black person to head the NAACP"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506040638/https://theconversation.com/a-century-ago-james-weldon-johnson-became-the-first-black-person-to-head-the-naacp-149513">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=A+century+ago%2C+James+Weldon+Johnson+became+the+first+Black+person+to+head+the+NAACP&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fa-century-ago-james-weldon-johnson-became-the-first-black-person-to-head-the-naacp-149513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Kenneth Robert Janken, Walter White: Mr. NAACP, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2006, p.49 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Kenneth Robert Janken, Walter White: Mr. NAACP, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2006, p.2 and 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2016" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Angelica (July 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/15/us/artist-flag-protests-lynching-by-police.html">"Does This Flag Make You Flinch?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506120026/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/15/us/artist-flag-protests-lynching-by-police.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Does+This+Flag+Make+You+Flinch%3F&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Angelica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F15%2Fus%2Fartist-flag-protests-lynching-by-police.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-43"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynum2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bynum, Thomas L. (September 2009). ""We must march forward!": Juanita Jackson and the origin of the NAACP youth movement". The Journal of African American History. 94 (4): 491–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FJAAHv94n4p487">10.1086/JAAHv94n4p487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+American+History&rft.atitle=%22We+must+march+forward%21%22%3A+Juanita+Jackson+and+the+origin+of+the+NAACP+youth+movement&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FJAAHv94n4p487&rft.aulast=Bynum&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/international-connections/red-baiting/">"Red-Baiting"</a>. SNCC Digital Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407011616/https://snccdigital.org/inside-sncc/international-connections/red-baiting/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red-Baiting&rft.pub=SNCC+Digital+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnccdigital.org%2Finside-sncc%2Finternational-connections%2Fred-baiting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/536671/mod_resource/content/1/Civil_Rights_Anti_Communism_2010.pdf">"Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism: The NAACP in the Early Cold War"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408044725/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/536671/mod_resource/content/1/Civil_Rights_Anti_Communism_2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Civil+Rights+and+Liberal+Anticommunism%3A+The+NAACP+in+the+Early+Cold+War&rft.pub=Organization+of+American+Historians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F536671%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FCivil_Rights_Anti_Communism_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Benjamin L. Hooks, "Birth and Separation of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund," Crisis 1979 86(6): 218–220. 0011–1422 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacelleCurryMarshall2011" class="citation book cs1">Pacelle, Richard L. Jr; Curry, Brett W.; Marshall, Bryan W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnVP2trSfcIC&pg=PA111">Decision Making by the Modern Supreme Court</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49879-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49879-1"><bdi>978-1-139-49879-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+Making+by+the+Modern+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49879-1&rft.aulast=Pacelle&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.+Jr&rft.au=Curry%2C+Brett+W.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Bryan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnVP2trSfcIC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> James T. Patterson and William W. Freehling, Brown v. Board of Education: A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Randall Kennedy, "Martin Luther King's constitution: a legal history of the Montgomery bus boycott." Yale Law Journal 98.6 (1989): 999–1067. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Candace (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2020.66">""Hell is Popping Here in South Carolina": Orangeburg County Black Teachers and Their Community in the Immediate Post-Brown Era"</a>. History of Education Quarterly. 61 (1): 35–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2020.66">10.1017/heq.2020.66</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Hell+is+Popping+Here+in+South+Carolina%22%3A+Orangeburg+County+Black+Teachers+and+Their+Community+in+the+Immediate+Post-Brown+Era&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2020.66&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Candace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fheq.2020.66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Judith Bloom Fradin, and Dennis B. Fradin, The power of one: Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.uncw.edu/eresources/federal_surveillance_african_americans">"Federal Surveillance of African Americans"</a>. University of North Carolina Wilmington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230823/https://library.uncw.edu/eresources/federal_surveillance_african_americans">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Surveillance+of+African+Americans&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Wilmington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.uncw.edu%2Feresources%2Ffederal_surveillance_african_americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marable-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marable_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marable_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marable_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarable2002" class="citation web cs1">Marable, Manning (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106002529/http://www.manningmarable.net/works/pdf/aug02a.pdf">"The NAACP's 93rd Convention: An Assessment (archived copy)"</a> (PDF). Along the Color Line. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manningmarable.net/works/pdf/aug02a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 6, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Along+the+Color+Line&rft.atitle=The+NAACP%27s+93rd+Convention%3A+An+Assessment+%28archived+copy%29&rft.date=2002-08&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manningmarable.net%2Fworks%2Fpdf%2Faug02a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS1-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS1_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS1_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS1_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS1_54-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/naacp-leader-quits-under-fire/">"NAACP Leader Quits Under Fire"</a>. CBS News. August 9, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202200130/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/08/09/politics/main223114.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=NAACP+Leader+Quits+Under+Fire&rft.date=2000-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnaacp-leader-quits-under-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-55"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/09/lieberman.naacp/index.html">"Bush campaign denounces Dallas NAACP comments on Lieberman"</a>. CNN. August 9, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202193753/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/09/lieberman.naacp/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush+campaign+denounces+Dallas+NAACP+comments+on+Lieberman&rft.date=2000-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2000%2FALLPOLITICS%2Fstories%2F08%2F09%2Flieberman.naacp%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2000" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Duncan (August 10, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/print/0,,4049962-103632,00.html">"Black leader suspended for anti-semitic Lieberman slur"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Black+leader+suspended+for+anti-semitic+Lieberman+slur&rft.date=2000-08-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fprint%2F0%2C%2C4049962-103632%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcongress.org/site/PageServer?pagename=aug00_05">AJCongress on Statement by NAACP Chapter Director on Lieberman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214090311/http://www.ajcongress.org/site/PageServer?pagename=aug00_05">Archived</a> February 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Jewish Congress (AJC), August 9, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04199/347713.stm">"Editorial: No mutual respect: Mr. Bush unwisely forgoes NAACP meeting"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 17, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914204348/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04199/347713.stm">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+No+mutual+respect%3A+Mr.+Bush+unwisely+forgoes+NAACP+meeting&rft.date=2004-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F04199%2F347713.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allen-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allen_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allen_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2004" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Mike (July 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40255-2004Jul10.html">"Bush Criticizes NAACP's Leadership"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019200851/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40255-2004Jul10.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bush+Criticizes+NAACP%27s+Leadership&rft.pages=A05&rft.date=2004-07-10&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA40255-2004Jul10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202174954/http://fora.tv/fora/showthread.php?t=256">"President Bush addresses the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) national convention"</a>. FORA.tv. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush+addresses+the+National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People%27s+%28NAACP%29+national+convention&rft.pub=FORA.tv&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffora.tv%2Ffora%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13949974">Bush invokes civil rights in NAACP speech</a>, Associated Press (reprinted by NBC News), July 20, 2006. (retrieved on October 14, 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-janofsky-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janofsky_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janofsky_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanofsky2004" class="citation news cs1">Janofsky, Michael (October 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/politics/29probe.html?oref=login&th">"Citing July Speech, I.R.S. Decides to Review N.A.A.C.P."</a> The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522062317/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/politics/29probe.html?oref=login&th">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Citing+July+Speech%2C+I.R.S.+Decides+to+Review+N.A.A.C.P.&rft.date=2004-10-29&rft.aulast=Janofsky&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F10%2F29%2Fpolitics%2F29probe.html%3Foref%3Dlogin%26th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/07/12/naacp.bush/index.html">"NAACP chairman calls for Bush's ouster"</a>. CNN. July 13, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224211114/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/07/12/naacp.bush/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=NAACP+chairman+calls+for+Bush%27s+ouster&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FALLPOLITICS%2F07%2F12%2Fnaacp.bush%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305221157/http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=154712,00.html">"Election Year Activities and the Prohibition on Political Campaign Intervention for Section 501(c)(3) Organizations"</a>. Internal Revenue Service. February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=154712,00.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internal+Revenue+Service&rft.atitle=Election+Year+Activities+and+the+Prohibition+on+Political+Campaign+Intervention+for+Section+501%28c%29%283%29+Organizations&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irs.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2Cid%3D154712%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2005" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Makebra M (February 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsterdamnews.org/News/article/article.asp?NewsID=3701&sID=3">"NAACP says IRS has no "Legitimate" Claim"</a>. National Newspaper Publishers Association. Amsterdam News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916120811/http://www.amsterdamnews.org/News/article/article.asp?NewsID=3701&sID=3">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Newspaper+Publishers+Association&rft.atitle=NAACP+says+IRS+has+no+%22Legitimate%22+Claim&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Makebra+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdamnews.org%2FNews%2Farticle%2Farticle.asp%3FNewsID%3D3701%26sID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFears2006" class="citation news cs1">Fears, Darryl (September 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/31/AR2006083100737.html?nav=rss_print/asection">"IRS Ends 2-Year Probe Of NAACP's Tax Status"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111341/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/31/AR2006083100737.html?nav=rss_print/asection">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=IRS+Ends+2-Year+Probe+Of+NAACP%27s+Tax+Status&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.aulast=Fears&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F08%2F31%2FAR2006083100737.html%3Fnav%3Drss_print%2Fasection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2006" class="citation web cs1">Bronner, Angela (September 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504063629/http://www.blackvoices.com/black_news/canvas_directory_headlines_features/_a/bv-qanda-with-julian-bond/20060908115409990002">"BV Q&A With Julian Bond; Why This Civil Rights Icon Embraces Gay Rights"</a>. Blackvoices.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackvoices.com/black_news/canvas_directory_headlines_features/_a/bv-qanda-with-julian-bond/20060908115409990002">the original</a> on May 4, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blackvoices.com&rft.atitle=BV+Q%26A+With+Julian+Bond%3B+Why+This+Civil+Rights+Icon+Embraces+Gay+Rights&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackvoices.com%2Fblack_news%2Fcanvas_directory_headlines_features%2F_a%2Fbv-qanda-with-julian-bond%2F20060908115409990002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321202124/http://www.washblade.com/2005/4-8/news/localnews/naacp.cfm">"NAACP chair says 'gay rights are civil rights'"</a>. Washington Blade. April 8, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washblade.com/2005/4-8/news/localnews/naacp.cfm">the original</a> on March 21, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Blade&rft.atitle=NAACP+chair+says+%27gay+rights+are+civil+rights%27&rft.date=2004-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washblade.com%2F2005%2F4-8%2Fnews%2Flocalnews%2Fnaacp.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbaro2012" class="citation web cs1">Barbaro, Michael (May 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/n-a-a-c-p-endorses-same-sex-marriage/">"N.A.A.C.P. Endorses Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. The Caucus. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521080120/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/n-a-a-c-p-endorses-same-sex-marriage/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caucus&rft.atitle=N.A.A.C.P.+Endorses+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft.aulast=Barbaro&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F19%2Fn-a-a-c-p-endorses-same-sex-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522160138/http://www.naacp.org/news/entry/naacp-passes-resolution-in-support-of-marriage-equality">"NAACP Passes Resolution in Support of Marriage Equality"</a>. NAACP. May 19, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/news/entry/naacp-passes-resolution-in-support-of-marriage-equality">the original</a> on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Passes+Resolution+in+Support+of+Marriage+Equality&rft.pub=NAACP&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fnews%2Fentry%2Fnaacp-passes-resolution-in-support-of-marriage-equality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellanos2012" class="citation news cs1">Castellanos, Dalina (May 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-naacp-gay-marriage-20120519,0,2217856.story">"NAACP endorses same-sex marriage, says it's a civil right"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132307/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-naacp-gay-marriage-20120519,0,2217856.story">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=NAACP+endorses+same-sex+marriage%2C+says+it%27s+a+civil+right&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft.aulast=Castellanos&rft.aufirst=Dalina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fnationnow%2Fla-na-nn-naacp-gay-marriage-20120519%2C0%2C2217856.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/154522287/after-naacp-marriage-stance-discord-and-discussion">After NAACP's Gay Marriage Stance, Discord And Discussion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131446/https://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/154522287/after-naacp-marriage-stance-discord-and-discussion">Archived</a> February 11, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NPR (June 8, 2012). Retrieved on May 24, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monaacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/170605-NAACP-MO-Travel-Advisory.pdf">"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003952/http://www.monaacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/170605-NAACP-MO-Travel-Advisory.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monaacp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2F170605-NAACP-MO-Travel-Advisory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2017" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Nancy (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/us/naacp-missouri-travel-advisory-trnd/index.html">"NAACP issues its first statewide travel advisory, for Missouri"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209110544/https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/us/naacp-missouri-travel-advisory-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=NAACP+issues+its+first+statewide+travel+advisory%2C+for+Missouri&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F08%2F02%2Fus%2Fnaacp-missouri-travel-advisory-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/03/03/the-birth-of-a-nation/">"'The Birth of a Nation': The most racist movie ever made"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. October 6, 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905072712/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/03/03/the-birth-of-a-nation/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27The+Birth+of+a+Nation%27%3A+The+most+racist+movie+ever+made&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F03%2Fthe-birth-of-a-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naacp.org/resources/naacp-calls-censorship-all-dr-seuss-booksworks-all-public-schoolsinstitutions-and-public">"NAACP Calls for Censorship of all Dr. Seuss Books/Works in all Public Schools/Institutions and Public Libraries | NAACP"</a>. January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Calls+for+Censorship+of+all+Dr.+Seuss+Books%2FWorks+in+all+Public+Schools%2FInstitutions+and+Public+Libraries+%26%23124%3B+NAACP&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaacp.org%2Fresources%2Fnaacp-calls-censorship-all-dr-seuss-booksworks-all-public-schoolsinstitutions-and-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimon2023" class="citation web cs1">Limon, Janice (April 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wyff4.com/article/naacp-parents-sue-south-carolina-school-book-ban/43731199">"'Pure censorship': NAACP, parents file federal lawsuit over Upstate school district's book ban"</a>. WYFF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030164237/https://www.wyff4.com/article/naacp-parents-sue-south-carolina-school-book-ban/43731199">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WYFF&rft.atitle=%27Pure+censorship%27%3A+NAACP%2C+parents+file+federal+lawsuit+over+Upstate+school+district%27s+book+ban&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft.aulast=Limon&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyff4.com%2Farticle%2Fnaacp-parents-sue-south-carolina-school-book-ban%2F43731199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/05/22/1177455149/civil-rights-groups-warn-tourists-about-traveling-to-florida">"Civil rights groups warn tourists about traveling to Florida"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. May 22, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605142750/https://www.npr.org/2023/05/22/1177455149/civil-rights-groups-warn-tourists-about-traveling-to-florida/">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+groups+warn+tourists+about+traveling+to+Florida&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F05%2F22%2F1177455149%2Fcivil-rights-groups-warn-tourists-about-traveling-to-florida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson" class="citation web cs1">Hutchinson, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/naacp-issues-travel-advisory-alleging-florida-hostile-african/story?id=99492997">"NAACP issues travel advisory alleging, Florida 'hostile to African Americans'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729043533/https://abcnews.go.com/US/naacp-issues-travel-advisory-alleging-florida-hostile-african/story?id=99492997">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=NAACP+issues+travel+advisory+alleging%2C+Florida+%27hostile+to+African+Americans%27&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fnaacp-issues-travel-advisory-alleging-florida-hostile-african%2Fstory%3Fid%3D99492997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/3-organized/naacp-legal-team.html">"A New Legal Team at the NAACP - Separate Is Not Equal"</a>. americanhistory.si.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514172645/https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/3-organized/naacp-legal-team.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanhistory.si.edu&rft.atitle=A+New+Legal+Team+at+the+NAACP+-+Separate+Is+Not+Equal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fbrown%2Fhistory%2F3-organized%2Fnaacp-legal-team.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.howard.edu/brownat50/BrownBios/BioCharlesHHouston.html">"Charles Hamilton Houston"</a>. law.howard.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825230507/http://law.howard.edu/brownat50/BrownBios/BioCharlesHHouston.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.howard.edu&rft.atitle=Charles+Hamilton+Houston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.howard.edu%2Fbrownat50%2FBrownBios%2FBioCharlesHHouston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/03/03/the-birth-of-a-nation/">"'The Birth of a Nation': The most racist movie ever made"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905072712/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/03/03/the-birth-of-a-nation/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27The+Birth+of+a+Nation%27%3A+The+most+racist+movie+ever+made&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F03%2Fthe-birth-of-a-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.howard.edu/brownat50/brownChrono/BrownHistory.html">"Brown@50: Brief History of Brown Fifty Years Later"</a>. law.howard.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010085545/http://law.howard.edu/brownat50/brownChrono/BrownHistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.howard.edu&rft.atitle=Brown%4050%3A+Brief+History+of+Brown+Fifty+Years+Later&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.howard.edu%2Fbrownat50%2FbrownChrono%2FBrownHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ellabakercenter.org/who-was-ella-baker/">"Ella Baker Center for Human Rights Who Was Ella Baker?"</a>. ellabakercenter.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211144653/https://ellabakercenter.org/about/who-was-ella-baker">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ellabakercenter.org&rft.atitle=Ella+Baker+Center+for+Human+Rights+Who+Was+Ella+Baker%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fellabakercenter.org%2Fwho-was-ella-baker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/activist/ella-baker">"Ella Baker"</a>. Biography. May 4, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525192839/https://www.biography.com/activist/ella-baker">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Ella+Baker&rft.date=2021-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Factivist%2Fella-baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naacp.org/youth-college/">youth-college</a> naacp.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502040758/https://naacp.org/youth-college/">Archived</a> May 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-actso1-87"><a href="#cite_ref-actso1_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204222812/http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2008-08-13/index.htm">"NAACP Proudly Announces 30th Anniversary ACT-SO Medalists"</a>. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2008-08-13/index.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Proudly+Announces+30th+Anniversary+ACT-SO+Medalists&rft.pub=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2008-08-13%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://live-naacp-site.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Fossil-Fueled-Foolery-An-Illustrated-Primer-on-the-Top-10-Manipulation-Tactics-of-the-Fossil-Fuel-Industry-FINAL-1.pdf">"NAACP Fossil Fuels report"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106045458/https://live-naacp-site.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Fossil-Fueled-Foolery-An-Illustrated-Primer-on-the-Top-10-Manipulation-Tactics-of-the-Fossil-Fuel-Industry-FINAL-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Fossil+Fuels+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flive-naacp-site.pantheonsite.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F04%2FFossil-Fueled-Foolery-An-Illustrated-Primer-on-the-Top-10-Manipulation-Tactics-of-the-Fossil-Fuel-Industry-FINAL-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2020" class="citation news cs1">Penn, Ivan (January 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/05/business/energy-environment/naacp-utility-donations.html">"N.A.A.C.P. Tells Local Chapters: Don't Let Energy Industry Manipulate You"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106000500/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/05/business/energy-environment/naacp-utility-donations.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=N.A.A.C.P.+Tells+Local+Chapters%3A+Don%27t+Let+Energy+Industry+Manipulate+You&rft.date=2020-01-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy-environment%2Fnaacp-utility-donations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taxpayerservicecenter.com/RP_Detail.jsp?ssl=0204%20%20%20%200844">District of Columbia Office of Tax and Revenue property information for the Franklin D. Reeves Center of Municipal Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926160202/https://www.taxpayerservicecenter.com/RP_Detail.jsp?ssl=0204%20%20%20%200844">Archived</a> September 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Retrieved November 9, 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wtop.com/dc/2020/06/naacp-intends-to-move-national-hq-from-baltimore-to-dcs-u-street-corridor/">NAACP intends to move national headquarters from Baltimore to DC's U Street corridor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109232205/https://wtop.com/dc/2020/06/naacp-intends-to-move-national-hq-from-baltimore-to-dcs-u-street-corridor/">Archived</a> November 9, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Retrieved from WTOP Radio, Washington D.C. on November 9, 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2020" class="citation news cs1">Booker, Brakkton (June 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/30/885191089/naacp-plans-to-move-its-headquarters-from-baltimore-to-washington-d-c">"NAACP Plans To Move Its Headquarters From Baltimore To Washington, D.C."</a> NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072811/https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/30/885191089/naacp-plans-to-move-its-headquarters-from-baltimore-to-washington-d-c">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=NAACP+Plans+To+Move+Its+Headquarters+From+Baltimore+To+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Brakkton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Flive-updates-protests-for-racial-justice%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2F885191089%2Fnaacp-plans-to-move-its-headquarters-from-baltimore-to-washington-d-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about NAACP <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NAACP">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=NAACP&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Alexander, Shawn Leigh. An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Berg" title="Manfred Berg">Berg, Manfred</a>. The Ticket to Freedom: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration. University Press of Florida, 2007.</li> <li>Browne-Marshall, Gloria J. The Voting Rights War: The NAACP and the Ongoing Struggle for Justice. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016.</li> <li>Bynum, Thomas L. NAACP: Youth and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1936–1965. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2013.</li> <li>Carle, Susan D. Defining the Struggle: National Racial Justice Organizing, 1880–1915 (Oxford University Press, 2013). 404pp. Focus on NAACP.</li> <li>Dalfiume, Richard. "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a> 55, 1 (June 1968): 99–100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1894253">10.2307/1894253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894253">1894253</a>.</li> <li>Fleming, Cynthia Griggs. In the Shadow of Selma: The Continuing Struggle for Civil Rights in the Rural South. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.</li> <li>Francis, Megan Ming. 2014. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139583749.002" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/CBO9781139583749.002">The Birth of the NAACP, Mob Violence, and the Challenge of Public Opinion</a>". The Birth of the NAACP, Mob Violence, and the Challenge of Public Opinion. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Goings, Kenneth W. (1990). The NAACP Comes of Age: The Defeat of Judge John J. Parker.</li> <li>Hughes, Langston (1962). Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP.</li> <li>Janken, Kenneth Robert. White: The Biography of Walter White, Mr. NAACP. New York: The New Press, 2003.</li> <li>Jonas, Gilbert S. Freedom's Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle against Racism in America, 1909–1969. London: Routledge, 2005.</li> <li>Kellogg, Charles Flint. NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levering_Lewis" title="David Levering Lewis">Lewis, David Levering</a>. W.E.B. DuBois. In two volumes (<a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois:_Biography_of_a_Race,_1868%E2%80%931919" title="W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919">1994</a>; <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois:_The_Fight_for_Equality_and_the_American_Century_1919%E2%80%931963" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919–1963">2001</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosnier2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Mosnier, Joseph L. (2005). Crafting Law in the Second Reconstruction: Julius Chambers, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and Title VII (PhD dissertation). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70810152">70810152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Crafting+Law+in+the+Second+Reconstruction%3A+Julius+Chambers%2C+the+NAACP+Legal+Defense+Fund%2C+and+Title+VII&rft.inst=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70810152&rft.aulast=Mosnier&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Murphy, Walter F. "The South Counterattacks: The Anti-NAACP Laws". Western Political Quarterly 12.2 (1959): 371–390. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/443977">443977</a>.</li> <li>Reed, Christopher Robert. The Chicago NAACP and the Rise of Black Professional Leadership, 1910–1966. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997.</li> <li>Ring, Natalie J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=372">"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"</a>. Encyclopedia of American Studies, ed. Simon J. Bronner (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015).</li> <li>Ross, Barbara Joyce (1972). J. E. Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP, 1911–1939.</li> <li>Ryan, Yvonne. Roy Wilkins: The Quiet Revolutionary and the NAACP. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2014.</li> <li>Sartain, Lee. Borders of Equality: The NAACP and the Baltimore Civil Rights Struggle, 1914–1970. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2013.</li> <li>Sartain, Lee. Invisible Activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1915–1945. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. 2007.</li> <li>Schneider, Mark Robert. We Return Fighting: The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2001.</li> <li>St. James, Warren D. (1958). The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: A Case Study in Pressure Groups.</li> <li>Sullivan, Patricia. Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: The New Press, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Thompson, Christina M. (2010). A More Perfect Union: Race, Rights, and Rhetoric in the NAACP and the White Citizens' Council (MA thesis). Simmons College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754658741">754658741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+More+Perfect+Union%3A+Race%2C+Rights%2C+and+Rhetoric+in+the+NAACP+and+the+White+Citizens%27+Council&rft.inst=Simmons+College&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754658741&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Christina+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANAACP" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Topping, Simon (2004). "'Supporting Our Friends and Defeating Our Enemies': Militancy and Nonpartisanship in the NAACP, 1936–1948". Journal of African American History, Vol. 89. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4134044">4134044</a>.</li> <li>Tushnet, Mark V. The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925–1950. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.</li> <li>Wedin, Carolyn. Inheritors of the Spirit: Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP. Wiley 1998.</li> <li>Woodley, Jenny. Art for Equality: The NAACP's Cultural Campaign for Civil Rights. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2014.</li> <li>Verney, Kevern, and Lee Sartain, eds. (2009). Long Is the Way and Hard: One Hundred Years of the NAACP.</li> <li>Zangrando, Robert. The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> NAACP at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/NAACP" class="extiw" title="wikt:NAACP">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NAACP" class="extiw" title="c:Category:NAACP">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="extiw" title="n:Category:National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="extiw" title="q:National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502044" class="extiw" title="d:Q502044">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naacp.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502044#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NAACP_intro.shtml">NAACP History and Geography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/moves/NAACP_map-basic.shtml">Map of NAACP branches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a>, crmvet.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/national-association-advancement-colored-people-naacp">NAACP in Georgia</a>, georgiaencyclopedia.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/20/naacp_turns_100_the_history_and">NAACP Turns 100: The History and Future of the Nation's Oldest and Largest Civil Rights Organization</a>, democracynow.org video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/NAACP">FBI file on the NAACP</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAACP&oldid=1275853080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAACP&oldid=1275853080</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 13:10 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الجمعية الوطنية للنهوض بالملونين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمعية الوطنية للنهوض بالملونين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Asocio_por_la_Plibonigo_de_Koloruloj" title="Nacia Asocio por la Plibonigo de Koloruloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Asocio por la Plibonigo de Koloruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انجمن ملی پیشرفت رنگین‌پوستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن ملی پیشرفت رنگین‌پوستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%AF%B8_%EC%9C%A0%EC%83%89%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%9C%84_%ED%96%A5%EC%83%81_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="전미 유색인 지위 향상 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전미 유색인 지위 향상 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գունավոր մարդկանց առաջընթացի ազգային ասոցիացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գունավոր մարդկանց առաջընթացի ազգային ասոցիացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2" title="नेशनल असोसियेशन फॉर दि एडवान्स्मेन्ट ऑफ कलर्ड पीपल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेशनल असोसियेशन फॉर दि एडवान्स्मेन्ट ऑफ कलर्ड पीपल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional_Asociuro_por_l%27Avancigo_di_Kolorizita_Homi" title="Nacional Asociuro por l'Avancigo di Kolorizita Homi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nacional Asociuro por l'Avancigo di Kolorizita Homi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="NAACP" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%B1%B3%E9%BB%92%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%90%91%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A" title="全米黒人地位向上協会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全米黒人地位向上協会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajowe_Stowarzyszenie_na_rzecz_Popierania_Ludno%C5%9Bci_Kolorowej" title="Krajowe Stowarzyszenie na rzecz Popierania Ludności Kolorowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krajowe Stowarzyszenie na rzecz Popierania Ludności Kolorowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_para_o_Progresso_de_Pessoas_de_Cor" title="Associação Nacional para o Progresso de Pessoas de Cor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Associação Nacional para o Progresso de Pessoas de Cor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%83_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национальная ассоциация содействия прогрессу цветного населения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная ассоциация содействия прогрессу цветного населения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalno_udru%C5%BEenje_za_napredak_Obojenih" title="Nacionalno udruženje za napredak Obojenih – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalno udruženje za napredak Obojenih" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%8F.%E0%AE%8F.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF." title="என்.ஏ.ஏ.சி.பி. – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்.ஏ.ஏ.சி.பி." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Національна асоціація сприяння прогресу кольорового населення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна асоціація сприяння прогресу кольорового населення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%89%E8%89%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E5%8D%8F%E8%BF%9B%E4%BC%9A" title="全国有色人种协进会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全国有色人种协进会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 13:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAACP&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-7grhw","wgBackendResponseTime":311,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.379","walltime":"1.680","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9009,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":472945,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23814,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":561317,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1320.609 1 -total"," 36.06% 476.276 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.30% 241.737 45 Template:Cite_web"," 10.30% 136.010 1 Template:African_American_topics_sidebar"," 10.03% 132.427 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.95% 131.388 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 9.38% 123.834 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.94% 104.894 20 Template:Cite_news"," 6.35% 83.881 10 Template:Sidebar"," 5.77% 76.185 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.765","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10134509,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bc5fbd784-k2xzt","timestamp":"20250217143233","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"NAACP","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NAACP","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q502044","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q502044","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-19T16:12:32Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T13:10:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/0\/0f\/NAACP_seal.svg","headline":"civil rights organization in the United States"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>