Esther Brimmer | Council on Foreign Relations

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /> <title>Esther Brimmer | Council on Foreign Relations</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var dataLayer = [{"keywords":["U.S. Foreign Policy"],"topic":["Global Governance","International Organizations","Security Alliances","Diplomacy and International Institutions"],"region":["Space","Global Commons"],"program name":"International Institutions and Global Governance Program","nodeid_dl":"5547"}];</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <meta name="description" content="Esther Brimmer is the James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Brimmer’s career spans government, academia, and non-governmental organization leadership. Her primary areas of interest are governance of the global commons, international organizations, and transatlantic relations. Her U.S. government service includes leading U.S." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Global Governance,International Organizations,Space,Security Alliances,Global Commons,Diplomacy and International Institutions,U.S. Foreign Policy" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/esther-brimmer" /> <meta name="robots" content="index" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" /> <meta property="og:type" content="person" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Esther Brimmer" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org//themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="New York" /> <meta property="og:region" content="NY" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" /> <meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" /> <meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "NewsArticle", "name": "Esther Brimmer", "headline": "Esther Brimmer", "about": "Global Governance, International Organizations, Space, Security Alliances, Global Commons, Diplomacy and International Institutions, U.S. Foreign Policy", "datePublished": "2016-10-24T21:37:32-0400", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Council on Foreign Relations", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations", "https://twitter.com/CFR_org", "https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr", "https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" ], "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" } }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.cfr.org/expert/esther-brimmer", "description": "Esther Brimmer is the James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Brimmer’s career spans government, academia, and non-governmental organization lead…", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "CFR Editors" } } ] }</script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/expert/esther-brimmer" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Esther Brimmer is the James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Brimmer’s career spans government, academia, and non-governmental organization lead…" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Esther Brimmer" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Esther Brimmer is the James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Brimmer’s career spans government, academia, and non-governmental organization lead…" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_szE1bpq_ctQ39fI5oTtSUIH1xE2IAQzL5Vp6-hIJ71M.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_eLDShZQffo_oeZNwLfRsAc7YDPkyeYKY0PwA672Lp70.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/5547","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNU9GO3CAM_KFk-YirKvX52mfkGCehhRhhk730689JrtuctKr6gmBmgPFgEIriDG4AoQ7H6qfEAySXoY5E6YBmzlRgIi-EGnkRB2GFBSl4aMrIuSTSc7tATDrX5n7CCoI1FvVQok9xqFC3Q6MzZXKAyDXYcf1oW6jKlUtU9bIepj5mc9DLPZrdK9NUzdEFQaihnyq3cgV5UUDtJQYaoF4Yeit2Vz9EvoBnCH2iCfDqedLs6Q2p7DFAujAzQSA7lyu5UFuBdPuUTQCFBBtVN9AMa2Sr9y82UzIXXQj-gXllTuKwiXL-EjMtYne-WB206Pet0H-ofwjVF1Ca2JJ_In-svylleaYoHBBEv8YlyvwPwauCPdgTfrXA2Vht0lHzyPwrkj9iiXsLuWegDzRCS9ol-L25fegq4UenTsxTotsD8LRc2MesE4KK86cOdcdb3bJVk-2BUKSTqHQ3j_5oOWeMdrKJ5XF-iTXSfa_Cxlvm0NIH5OMy7mL7FFg5pVPS_0H7E30H8J9SpQ","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/expert\/esther-brimmer#filter-tabs":true,"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/expert\/esther-brimmer?ajax_form=1":true},"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}}},"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]}],"customDimensionContentType":[{"contentType":"person"}],"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:0ebbe9211208983126604abc6f81859f6591b261cd739f4cd12df6c1496a95f9":{"view_name":"expert_content","view_display_id":"block_expert_content","view_args":"5547","view_path":"\/node\/5547","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"0ebbe9211208983126604abc6f81859f6591b261cd739f4cd12df6c1496a95f9","pager_element":0}}},"cfrNewsletter":{"recaptcha":{"siteKey":"6LdVm2YUAAAAALLTS2XVQD5O47VtNJIKQTsrqP9t"}},"ajax":{"cfr-newsletter-signup-form--global-governance-update-embedded-form--submit":{"wrapper":"global-governance-update-embedded-form","callback":[{},"ajaxSubmit"],"event":"click","prevent":"mousedown","url":"\/expert\/esther-brimmer?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Subscribe"}}},"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XIMlUC5DxSL957ExeQbfOmMl67HrazEjW48P7tVUEUM.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bkuE6ZcVhImEOv9sRH5dD7sYTUv7uZtHFHDcqEA9N08.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?srzwbk" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CbV9V9GP4z2EKAekMUWajSbaWrzv5LACNDNnfYnq5WQ.js?scope=header&delta=6&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en&render=explicit&onload=drupalRecaptchaOnload" async defer></script> </head> <body class="node-person page--type--person page--semi-immersive published"> <div class="body-clip-overflow"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-topicnavigationblock"> <header class="main-header main-header--without-msp"> <div class="main-header__container"> <div class="main-header__search"> <div class="main-header__search-container"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel"> Cancel </button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__belt"> <div class="main-header__belt-container"> <div class="main-header__branding"> <a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="main-header__corporate"> <ul class="main-header__corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener"> Newsletters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-header__controls"> <ul class="main-header__controls-list"> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid"> <rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div> <ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list"> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta"> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu"> <div class="main-header__menu-hotspot"> <div class="main-header__menu-btn"> <span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search"> <div class="main-header__search-inline"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav-container"> <ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured"> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/election2024" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Transition 2025</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/global-commons/space" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Space </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/task-force-report/securing-space " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Securing Space: A Plan for U.S. Action</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As outer space becomes more congested with debris and international tensions escalate, the threat to U.S. national security grows. The United States must act now to reassert its leadership and create pathways for management in this critical strategic domain. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Task Force Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Nina M. Armagno, Jane Harman, <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> and <a href="/bio/anya-schmemann" class="card-article__authors-link">Anya Schmemann</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 11, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/artificial-intelligence-ai" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Artificial Intelligence (AI) </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/what-could-possibly-go-right-our-ai-future-conversation-reid-hoffman " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">What Could Possibly Go Right with Our AI Future? A Conversation With Reid Hoffman</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/reid%20hoffman.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="2">Tech leader Reid Hoffman shares his insider’s perspective on an AI-powered future and its transformative potential to improve lives and create positive change.  The Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Annual Lecture on Science and Technology addresses issues at the intersection of science, technology, and foreign policy. It has been endowed in perpetuity through a gift from CFR members Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener.   </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Reid Hoffman and Deven J. Parekh</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 30, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research & Analysis </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Communities </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Events </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="main-header__nav-corporate"> <ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter"> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> Member Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="block-newsalert"> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <header class="header-expert header-expert--new "> <div class="header-expert__content-wrapper"> <div class="new-header__inner"> <div class="new-header-info"> <h2 class="new-header-expert__name"> <div>Esther Brimmer</div> </h2> <p class="new-header-expert__dek"> James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance </p> </div> <div class="button-container buttons-container--without-breakpoints button-container--color-transparent button-container--size-regular button-container--type-single "> <a class=" button-container__btn" href="#expertToutAnchor" >Subscribe</a> </div> </div> <div class="new-header__bottom"> <img src="https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg?h=72f2984d" class="new-header__profile-img" alt="Profile picture"/> <div role="region" aria-label="Featured Content" class="expert-featured expert-featured--color-type-mint"> <ul class="expert-featured__dots"> <li class="expert-featured__dot active" aria-hidden="true"></li> <li class="expert-featured__dot " aria-hidden="true"></li> <li class="expert-featured__dot " aria-hidden="true"></li> <li class="expert-featured__dot " aria-hidden="true"></li> <li class="expert-featured__dot " aria-hidden="true"></li> </ul> <div class="expert-featured__buttons"> <button class="expert-featured__left" aria-label="Previous" tabindex="0"> <svg class="icon icon-right" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="10" viewBox="0 0 20 10" fill="none"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 -6.55671e-07L6.42 1.42L3.84 3.99733L20 3.99733L20 6L11.0896 6L3.84 6L6.42 8.58L5 10L-2.18557e-07 5L5 -6.55671e-07Z" fill="#F25D27"/> </svg> </button> <button class="expert-featured__right" aria-label="Next" tabindex="0"> <svg class="icon icon-right" width="20" height="10" viewBox="0 0 20 10" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M15 10L13.58 8.58L16.16 6.00267L4.76676e-08 6.00267L7.15493e-08 4L8.91043 4L16.16 4L13.58 1.42L15 1.78873e-07L20 5L15 10Z" fill="#F25D27"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="expert-featured__card active" aria-hidden="false"> <div class="expert-featured__info"> <div class="expert-featured__description"> <p class="expert-featured__programs"><a href="/programs/international-institutions-and-global-governance-program" class="expert-featured__program-type" aria-label="International Institutions and Global Governance Program">International Institutions and Global Governance Program</a></p> <h3 class="expert-featured__program-title"><a href="/expert-brief/bidens-farewell-tense-united-nations-finding-hope" aria-label=" Finding Hope">Biden’s Farewell to a Tense United Nations: Finding Hope</a></h3> <span class="expert-featured__program-date">December 30, 2024</span> </div> </div> <a href="/expert-brief/bidens-farewell-tense-united-nations-finding-hope" class="expert-featured__img-wrapper" aria-label="Biden’s Farewell to a Tense United Nations: Finding Hope" > <img class="expert-featured__img" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/09/Biden_UNGA_HP.JPG.webp" alt="President Joe Biden stands in front of a UN podium looking down at his remarks in a binder."/> </a> <div class="expert-featured__progress-bar" role="progressbar" aria-label="Progress"> <div class="expert-featured__progress-fill" style="width: 0;"></div> </div> </div> <div class="expert-featured__card" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expert-featured__info"> <div class="expert-featured__description"> <p class="expert-featured__programs"><a href="/programs/international-institutions-and-global-governance-program" class="expert-featured__program-type" aria-label="International Institutions and Global Governance Program">International Institutions and Global Governance Program</a></p> <h3 class="expert-featured__program-title"><a href="/report/changing-geopolitics-arctic-0" aria-label="Changing Geopolitics in the Arctic">Changing Geopolitics in the Arctic</a></h3> <span class="expert-featured__program-date">July 18, 2023</span> </div> </div> <a href="/report/changing-geopolitics-arctic-0" class="expert-featured__img-wrapper" aria-label="Changing Geopolitics in the Arctic" > <img class="expert-featured__img" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/09/EDB%20Cong%20Hearing%207-18_0.png.webp" alt="Esther D. Brimmer testifying on "Changing Politics in the Arctic" at a congressional hearing held by the U.S. House Subcommittee on Transportation and Maritime Security on Strategic Competition in the Arctic on July 18, 2023."/> </a> <div class="expert-featured__progress-bar" role="progressbar" aria-label="Progress"> <div class="expert-featured__progress-fill" style="width: 0;"></div> </div> </div> <div class="expert-featured__card" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expert-featured__info"> <div class="expert-featured__description"> <p class="expert-featured__programs"><a href="/podcasts/presidents-inbox" class="expert-featured__program-type" aria-label="The President’s Inbox">The President’s Inbox</a></p> <h3 class="expert-featured__program-title"><a href="/podcasts/the-un-high-seas-treaty-with-esther-brimmer" aria-label="The U.N. High Seas Treaty, With Esther Brimmer">The U.N. High Seas Treaty, With Esther Brimmer</a></h3> <span class="expert-featured__program-date">April 5, 2023</span> </div> </div> <a href="/podcasts/the-un-high-seas-treaty-with-esther-brimmer" class="expert-featured__img-wrapper" aria-label="The U.N. High Seas Treaty, With Esther Brimmer" > <img class="expert-featured__img" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/04/GettyImages-55992270.jpeg.webp" alt="Fishing boat at sea."/> </a> <div class="expert-featured__progress-bar" role="progressbar" aria-label="Progress"> <div class="expert-featured__progress-fill" style="width: 0;"></div> </div> </div> <div class="expert-featured__card" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expert-featured__info"> <div class="expert-featured__description"> <p class="expert-featured__programs"><a href="/podcasts/why-it-matters" class="expert-featured__program-type" aria-label="Why It Matters">Why It Matters</a></p> <h3 class="expert-featured__program-title"><a href="/podcasts/whats-cracking-arctic" aria-label="What’s Cracking in the Arctic?">What’s Cracking in the Arctic?</a></h3> <span class="expert-featured__program-date">July 20, 2023</span> </div> </div> <a href="/podcasts/whats-cracking-arctic" class="expert-featured__img-wrapper" aria-label="What’s Cracking in the Arctic?" > <img class="expert-featured__img" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/03/WIM_Arctic_CMS_0.jpg.webp" alt="Red icebreaker sails through Arctic ice sheets."/> </a> <div class="expert-featured__progress-bar" role="progressbar" aria-label="Progress"> <div class="expert-featured__progress-fill" style="width: 0;"></div> </div> </div> <div class="expert-featured__card" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expert-featured__info"> <div class="expert-featured__description"> <p class="expert-featured__programs"></p> <h3 class="expert-featured__program-title"><a href="/report/arctic-imperatives" aria-label="Arctic Imperatives">Arctic Imperatives</a></h3> <span class="expert-featured__program-date">March 21, 2017</span> </div> </div> <a href="/report/arctic-imperatives" class="expert-featured__img-wrapper" aria-label="Arctic Imperatives" > <img class="expert-featured__img" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2017/05/TFRArctic_web.jpg.webp" alt="Arctic Imperatives cover"/> </a> <div class="expert-featured__progress-bar" role="progressbar" aria-label="Progress"> <div class="expert-featured__progress-fill" style="width: 0;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <ul class="expert-bio-tabs"> <li class="expert-bio-tabs__tab expert-bio-tabs__tab--about active"><button>About</button></li> <li class="expert-bio-tabs__tab expert-bio-tabs__tab--contact"><button>Contact</button></li> <li class="expert-bio-tabs__tab expert-bio-tabs__tab--areas"><button>Focus Areas</button></li> </ul> <article class="main-wrapper expert-page-article"> <aside class="contact-sidebar-expert contact-sidebar-expert--expanded expert-tab-content"> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__main-wrapper"> <div> <section class="contact-sidebar-expert__contact contact-sidebar-expert__section"> <h3 class="contact-sidebar-expert__contact-title contact-sidebar-expert__section-title"> Email </h3> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__contact-email contact-sidebar-expert__contact-field"> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__contact-email-entries"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ed888f9f848080889fad8e8b9fc3829f8a" class="contact-sidebar-expert__contact-entry"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="90f5f2e2f9fdfdf5e2d0f3f6e2beffe2f7">[email protected]</span></a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="contact-sidebar-expert__location contact-sidebar-expert__section"> <h3 class="contact-sidebar-expert__location-title contact-sidebar-expert__section-title">Location</h3> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__location-address"> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__location-entry"> Washington, DC </div> </div> </section> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__collapsable"> <section class="contact-sidebar-expert__associates contact-sidebar-expert__section"> <h3 class="contact-sidebar-expert__associates-title contact-sidebar-expert__section-title">Press Inquiries: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="cdaea2a0a0b8a3a4aeacb9a4a2a3be8daeabbfe3a2bfaa">[email protected]</a></h3> </section> <section class="contact-sidebar-expert__associates contact-sidebar-expert__section"> <h3 class="contact-sidebar-expert__associates-title contact-sidebar-expert__section-title">Research Staff</h3> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__associate"> <a class="contact-sidebar-expert__associate-link" href="/bio/julia-katsovich">Julia Katsovich</a> </div> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__associate"> <a class="contact-sidebar-expert__associate-link" href="/staff/ashley-ray">Ashley Ray</a> </div> </section> <section class="contact-sidebar-expert__associates contact-sidebar-expert__section"> </section> </div> </div> <div> <section class="contact-sidebar-expert__downloads contact-sidebar-expert__section"> <h3 class="contact-sidebar-expert__downloads-title contact-sidebar-expert__section-title">Downloads</h3> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__downloads-container"> <div class="contact-sidebar-expert__downloads-item"> <label class="contact-sidebar-expert__downloads-label"> <a href="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 19" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-download"> <title>Download</title> <g stroke="#412C26" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"> <path d="M.625 7.796v10.298h19.047V7.856M10.148.875V11.65"/> <path d="M13.516 8.283l-3.368 3.367-3.366-3.367"/> </g> </svg> </a> </label> <a href="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/image/Brimmer_10-5-15.jpg" target="_blank" class="contact-sidebar-expert__downloads-entry" rel="noopener">High-Resolution Photo</a> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> <div class="expert-bio"> <aside class="expert-bio__areas expert-tab-content"> <div class="expert-bio__areas__section"> <h6>Expertise</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/global-governance">Global Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/international-organizations">International Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/global-commons/space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/defense-and-security/security-alliances">Security Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/global-commons">Global Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions">Diplomacy and International Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/us-foreign-policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div> <div class="expert-bio__areas__section"> <h6>Programs</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/programs/international-institutions-and-global-governance-program">International Institutions and Global Governance Program</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="expert-bio__areas__section"> <h6>Current Projects</h6> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.cfr.org/project/great-power-competition-outer-space">Great Power Competition in Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cfr.org/project/great-power-competition-arctic">Great Power Competition in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cfr.org/project/council-councils-0">Council of Councils</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="expert-bio__content-wrapper expert-tab-content active"> <div class="expert-bio__main expert-bio__main--collapsed"> <h2 class="expert-bio__main-title">Expert Bio</h2> <div class="expert-bio__main-body"> <div class="body-content"><p>Esther Brimmer is the <a href="https://www.cfr.org/james-h-binger-chair-global-governance" title="James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance" target="_blank">James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance</a> at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Brimmer’s career spans government, academia, and non-governmental organization leadership. Her primary areas of interest are governance of the global commons, international organizations, and transatlantic relations. Her U.S. government service includes leading U.S. policy in international organizations as the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs from 2009 to 2013. She also served on the policy planning staff from 1999 to 2001. At CFR she is writing a book on the need for better governance mechanisms to manage expanding human activities in outer space, and she convenes the <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/" title="Council of Councils" target="_blank">Council of Councils</a>, which brings together twenty-seven international affairs research organizations from twenty-four countries for policy analysis and discussion.</p> <p>In her academic career, Brimmer was the J. B. and Maurice C. Shapiro professor at George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs. She was the first deputy director and director of research at the Center for Transatlantic Relations (CTR) at the Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies from 2001 to 2009, where she was also a member of the faculty. While at CTR, Brimmer was also a visiting professor at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium.</p> <p>Brimmer has published numerous articles and edited eight books on transatlantic relations. Her work has been translated into five languages. Her edited books include<em> Defending the Gains? Transatlantic Responses When Democracy is Under Threat</em>, <em>Changing Identities</em>,<em> Enduring Values: Is There Still a Transatlantic Community?,</em> and <em>The Strategic Implications of EU Enlargement</em> (with Stefan Fröhlich).</p> <p>Her research interests also include the governance of oceans and outer space. Brimmer is currently serving as the project director for the forthcoming report of the CFR Task Force on Space Management Policy, and previously served as project director for the 2017 CFR Task Force report, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/report/arctic-imperatives" target="_blank" title="Arctic Imperatives: Reinforcing U.S. Strategy on America’s Fourth Coast"><em>Arctic Imperatives: Reinforcing U.S. Strategy on America’s Fourth Coast</em></a>. </p> <p>From 2017 through 2022, Brimmer was executive director and CEO of NAFSA: Association of International Educators, the largest nonprofit professional association dedicated to international education with around 10,000 members in over 160 countries. Early in her career, she was a senior associate at the Carnegie commission on preventing deadly conflict, an operating program of Carnegie Corporation of New York. Brimmer has served in the private sector as a senior advisor at McLarty Associates, and earlier as an associate at McKinsey & Company.</p> <p>Brimmer received her bachelor's degree from Pomona College and masters and doctorate degrees in international relations from Oxford University.</p> </div> </div> <div class="button-container button-container--with-breakpoints button-container--color-transparent button-container--size-regular button-container--type-single btn-viewfull-toggle"> <button class="button-container__btn" href="#"> <span class="expert-bio__main-btn-expand-txt">Show Full Bio</span> <span class="expert-bio__main-btn-collapse-txt">Show Less</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="supplemental-content supplemental-content--expert-bio__affiliations"> <div class="supplemental-content__hitarea"> <h2 class="supplemental-content__title"> <span class="supplemental-content_title-text">affiliations</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="13" viewBox="0 0 22 13" fill="none" class="icon icon-up-arrow-expert"> <path d="M1 12L11 2L21 12" stroke="#F25D27" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </h2> </div> <div class="supplemental-content__container supplemental-content__body-content"> <ul> <li>Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, board member</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expert-tout newsletter-embed-content-full-width " id="expertTout"> <div class="expert-tout__anchor" id="expertToutAnchor" style="height: 1px;"></div> <div class="newsletter-tout__form" id="fd53e44f-f25a-493e-bfea-872a7d1d5b9e"> <h3 class="expert-tout__title"> <div>Global Governance Update</div> </h3> <form class="global-governance-update-embedded-form newsletter-tout__form expertToutForm" data-newsletter-id="global_governance_update_embedded_form" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="global-governance-update-embedded-form" action="/expert/esther-brimmer" method="post" id="global-governance-update-embedded-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="embedded__newsletter-email expert-tout__input-wrapper js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-subscribe" id="edit-subscribe"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-name" type="hidden" name="newsletter_name" value="global_governance_update" /> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-recaptcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--recaptcha"> <div class="captcha__element"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="43044478" /> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="Ouxv1iNIWFnTtN1kBlSBuiiuZnKpGUS7oR8sQT6gQIA" /> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="Google no captcha" /> <div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LdVm2YUAAAAALLTS2XVQD5O47VtNJIKQTsrqP9t" data-theme="light" data-type="image"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" /> </div> </div> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-id" type="hidden" name="newsletter_id" value="global_governance_update_embedded_form" /> <div class="hidden"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-url js-form-item-url"> <label for="edit-url">Url</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-url" type="text" id="edit-url" name="url" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> </div><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-email form-item-email-address js-form-item-email-address"> <label for="edit-email-address" class="js-form-required form-required">Email</label> <input class="embedded__newsletter-email-input expert-tout__email form-email required" placeholder="Email Address" data-drupal-selector="edit-email-address" type="email" id="edit-email-address" name="email_address" value="" size="60" maxlength="254" required="required" aria-required="true" /> </div> <input class="embedded__newsletter-submitbtn expert-tout__submit button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="cfr-newsletter-signup-form-global-governance-update-embedded-form-submit" type="submit" id="cfr-newsletter-signup-form--global-governance-update-embedded-form--submit" name="op" value="Subscribe" /> </div> <input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-8dn2anfkrpfzfh6-oc5se54f2hnlkf3-bjsftfe5lyw" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-8DN2aNfKRpFzFh6_Oc5sE54F2HnlKF3_BjsfTfe5lYw" /> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-global-governance-update-embedded-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="global_governance_update_embedded_form" /> </form> <span class="expert-tout__subtitle"> <div><h4>Read the latest on multilateral cooperation in the twenty-first century from the International Institutions and Global Governance program. <em>Quarterly.</em></h4> </div> </span> <div class="expert-tout__success-message"> <span><strong>Thank you for signing up.</strong> You can also sign up to receive our other newsletters:</span> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View All Newsletters</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="my-work"> <div class="accordion-filters__main-wrapper"> <div class="experts-page-filter-content-header"> <div class="clear-filters-button">Clear All</div> </div> <div class="accordion-filters"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-0ebbe9211208983126604abc6f81859f6591b261cd739f4cd12df6c1496a95f9"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-expert-content-block-expert-content" action="/expert/esther-brimmer#filter-tabs" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-expert-content-block-expert-content" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <fieldset data-drupal-selector="edit-regions" id="edit-regions--8--wrapper" class="fieldgroup form-composite js-form-item form-item js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Regions</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div id="edit-regions--8" class="form-checkboxes"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-regions-114 js-form-item-regions-114"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-regions-114" type="checkbox" id="edit-regions-114--3" name="regions[114]" value="114" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-regions-114--3" class="option">Americas</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-regions-115 js-form-item-regions-115"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-regions-115" type="checkbox" id="edit-regions-115--3" name="regions[115]" value="115" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-regions-115--3" class="option">Asia</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-regions-116 js-form-item-regions-116"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-regions-116" type="checkbox" id="edit-regions-116--3" name="regions[116]" value="116" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-regions-116--3" class="option">Europe and Eurasia</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-regions-118 js-form-item-regions-118"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-regions-118" type="checkbox" id="edit-regions-118--3" name="regions[118]" value="118" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-regions-118--3" class="option">Middle East and North Africa</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-regions-119 js-form-item-regions-119"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-regions-119" type="checkbox" id="edit-regions-119--3" name="regions[119]" value="119" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-regions-119--3" class="option">Oceania</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-regions-121 js-form-item-regions-121"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-regions-121" type="checkbox" id="edit-regions-121--3" name="regions[121]" value="121" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-regions-121--3" class="option">Sub-Saharan Africa</label> </div> </div> </div> </fieldset> <fieldset data-drupal-selector="edit-topics" id="edit-topics--8--wrapper" class="fieldgroup form-composite js-form-item form-item js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Topics</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div id="edit-topics--8" class="form-checkboxes"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-338 js-form-item-topics-338"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-338" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-338--3" name="topics[338]" value="338" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-338--3" class="option">Defense and Security</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-339 js-form-item-topics-339"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-339" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-339--3" name="topics[339]" value="339" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-339--3" class="option">Diplomacy and International Institutions</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-340 js-form-item-topics-340"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-340" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-340--3" name="topics[340]" value="340" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-340--3" class="option">Economics</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-341 js-form-item-topics-341"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-341" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-341--3" name="topics[341]" value="341" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-341--3" class="option">Energy and Environment</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-342 js-form-item-topics-342"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-342" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-342--3" name="topics[342]" value="342" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-342--3" class="option">Health</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-343 js-form-item-topics-343"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-343" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-343--3" name="topics[343]" value="343" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-343--3" class="option">Human Rights</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-344 js-form-item-topics-344"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-344" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-344--3" name="topics[344]" value="344" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-344--3" class="option">Politics and Government</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-topics-345 js-form-item-topics-345"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-topics-345" type="checkbox" id="edit-topics-345--3" name="topics[345]" value="345" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-topics-345--3" class="option">Social Issues</label> </div> </div> </div> </fieldset> <fieldset class="fieldgroup form-composite js-form-item form-item js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-type" id="edit-type--3"> <legend> <span class="fieldset-legend">Type</span> </legend> <div class="fieldset-wrapper"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-blog js-form-item-blog"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-blog" type="checkbox" id="edit-blog--3" name="blog" value="1" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-blog--3" class="option">Blog</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-event js-form-item-event"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-event" type="checkbox" id="edit-event--3" name="event" value="1" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-event--3" class="option">Events</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-news js-form-item-news"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-news" type="checkbox" id="edit-news--3" name="news" value="1" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-news--3" class="option">In the News</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-podcast js-form-item-podcast"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-podcast" type="checkbox" id="edit-podcast--3" name="podcast" value="1" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-podcast--3" class="option">Podcasts</label> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-checkbox form-item-publication js-form-item-publication"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-publication" type="checkbox" id="edit-publication--3" name="publication" value="1" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="edit-publication--3" class="option">Publications</label> </div> </div> </fieldset> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-tab" type="hidden" name="tab" value="expert-content" /> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--8"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-expert-content-8" type="submit" id="edit-submit-expert-content--8" value="Apply Filters" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"><div class="landing-cards-grid landing-cards-grid--4-columns"> <ul class="landing-cards-grid__list-container"> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/global-commons/space" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Space </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/why-space-national-security-priority " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Why Space Is a National Security Priority</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/TFR_OpEd_A.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The United States needs to restore its focus on space as a national security priority as conditions have changed and threats have multiplied. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Jane Harman, Nina M. Armagno and <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 11, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/index.php/global-commons/space" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Space </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/index.php/task-force-report/securing-space " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Securing Space: A Plan for U.S. Action</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Executive Summary It is impossible to overstate the importance of space to the United States. For Americans, modern life depends on information from the thousands of satellites orbiting the globe,…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Task Force Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Nina M. Armagno, Jane Harman, <a href="/index.php/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> and <a href="/index.php/bio/anya-schmemann" class="card-article__authors-link">Anya Schmemann</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 11, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div class="card-article__featured-expert--mobile"> <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__featured-expert-fullname clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Esther Brimmer </a> </div> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/foreign-aid" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Foreign Aid </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/trump-administration-freezes-foreign-development-assistance/7955115.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> Trump Administration Freezes Foreign Development Assistance <span class="card-article__link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> Featuring <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> </span> <span class="card-article__source"> via Voice of America</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 28, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div class="card-article__featured-expert--mobile"> <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__featured-expert-fullname clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Esther Brimmer </a> </div> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Diplomacy and International Institutions </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/state-department-urged-to-observe-spirit-of-trumps-anti-dei-order-during-black-history-month-12b36a09" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> State Department Urged to Observe 'Spirit' of Trump's Anti-DEI Order During Black History Month <span class="card-article__link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> Featuring <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> </span> <span class="card-article__source"> via The Wall Street Journal</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 27, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/united-nations" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United Nations </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/expert-brief/bidens-farewell-tense-united-nations-finding-hope " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Biden’s Farewell to a Tense United Nations: Finding Hope</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/09/Biden_UNGA_HP.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"><em>U.S. President Joe Biden used his final address to the UN General Assembly to exhort leaders to press ahead with efforts at peace and reconciliation and included a poignant appeal for democracies.</em> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Expert Brief</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> September 24, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/international-institutions-and-global-governance-program" class="card-article__series"> International Institutions and Global Governance Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div class="card-article__featured-expert--mobile"> <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__featured-expert-fullname clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Esther Brimmer </a> </div> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/global-governance" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Global Governance </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/kamala-harris-foreign-policy-record/33051089.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> What Would U.S. Foreign Policy Look Like Under a Kamala Harris Presidency? <span class="card-article__link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> Featuring <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> </span> <span class="card-article__source"> via Radio Free Europe</span> <span class="card-article__date"> July 25, 2024</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Politics and Government </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/2024-conference-diversity-international-affairs " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">2024 Conference on Diversity in International Affairs</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/05/Simmons.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The 2024 Conference on Diversity in International Affairs was a collaborative effort by the Council on Foreign Relations, the Global Access Pipeline, and the International Career Advancement Program. For information about the conference in previous years, please click here.  </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Kevin A. Ball, María G. Barsallo Lynch, Mohamad Bazzi, Wafa Ben-Hassine, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a>, Laura Delgado Lopez, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/rush-doshi" class="card-article__authors-link">Rush Doshi</a>, Miriam Elder, Andrea R. Flores, Eric Garcetti, Sherry Hakimi, Shanthi A. Kalathil, Jessica Keegan, Andrew S. Kim, Brian Mateo, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/ebenezer-obadare" class="card-article__authors-link">Ebenezer Obadare</a>, Mira D. Patel, Sabrina Roshan, Pir Z. Shah, Ruth J. Simmons, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a>, Munish Walther-Puri, Daniel E. White, Jamila White, Edith L. Bartley, Sewell Chan, Bay Fang, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/michael-froman" class="card-article__authors-link">Michael Froman</a>, Hermes Grullon, Charles A. Reynolds, Cecilia Elena Rouse, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/gabrielle-sierra" class="card-article__authors-link">Gabrielle Sierra</a> and Ezinne Uzo-Okoro</span> <span class="card-article__date"> May 8, 2024</span> <a href="/event-series/conference-diversity-international-affairs" class="card-article__series"> Conference on Diversity in International Affairs </a> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/global-governance" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Global Governance </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-governing-global-commons " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: Governing the Global Commons</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/02/CMS%202.14.24%20AW%20Image%20NASAiStock.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Esther Brimmer, James H. Binger senior fellow in global governance at CFR, leads the conversation on governing the global commons. FASKIANOS: Welcome to today’s session of the Winter/Spring 2024 C…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 14, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/international-institutions-and-global-governance-program" class="card-article__series"> International Institutions and Global Governance Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div class="card-article__featured-expert--mobile"> <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__featured-expert-fullname clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Esther Brimmer </a> </div> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Diplomacy and International Institutions </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_AifGFmfLY" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> Esther Brimmer Discusses Gaza Resolution Negotiations, Migration, and Funding for Ukraine on BBC's The Context <span class="card-article__link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> Featuring <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> </span> <span class="card-article__source"> via BBC</span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 19, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <div class="card-article__featured-expert--mobile"> <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__featured-expert-fullname clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="3"> Esther Brimmer </a> </div> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Diplomacy and International Institutions </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcjBjDjJrwY" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> Esther Brimmer Discusses U.S. Support for Ukraine and the Volcanic Eruption in Iceland on BBC's The Context <span class="card-article__link-out"> <svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" class="icon icon-link-out" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Link</title> <path d="M9.872 1.381H1.381v15.238h15.238v-8.19m-6.095-.953l6.095-6.095m-3.809 0h3.809v3.81" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> </p> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> Featuring <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> </span> <span class="card-article__source"> via BBC</span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 19, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/in-brief/biden-un-inclusive-internationalism " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Biden at the UN: Inclusive Internationalism</p> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Amid renewed calls for changes in the world order, U.S. President Joe Biden sought to stress his support for greater inclusion of developing nations in addressing economic, social, and climate concerns. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> September 19, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/international-institutions-and-global-governance-program" class="card-article__series"> International Institutions and Global Governance Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </li> <li class="landing-cards-grid__list-item"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/international-organizations" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> International Organizations </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/brics-nations-and-future-emerging-markets " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">BRICS Nations and the Future of Emerging Markets</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/09/RTSMUKBS.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Panelists discuss takeaways from the fifteenth annual summit of BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), as well as the bloc’s position as an alternative to existing international forums, the long list of new and prospective members, and what this momentum means for emerging markets.  </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/kenneth-i-juster" class="card-article__authors-link">Kenneth I. Juster</a>, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-article__authors-link">Zongyuan Zoe Liu</a> and Edward S. Knight</span> <span class="card-article__date"> September 13, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/greenberg-center-geoeconomic-studies" class="card-article__series"> Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies </a> </p> </div> </section> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="related-experts"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="related-experts__header"> <h2>More CFR Experts</h2> <div class="button-container buttons-container--without-breakpoints button-container--color-transparent button-container--size-regular button-container--type-single "> <a href="/experts" class="button-container__bt">See all Experts</a> </div> </div> <div class="related-experts__list"> <ul> <li> <div class="text"> <h4><a href="/expert/shuxian-luo">Shuxian Luo</a></h4> <span class="job-title">Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow</span> </div> <a href="/expert/shuxian-luo" class="related-experts__image"><img src=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Image%20from%20iOS%20%2812%29.jpg /></a> </li> <li> <div class="text"> <h4><a href="/expert/rush-doshi">Rush Doshi</a></h4> <span class="job-title">C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies and Director of the China Strategy Initiative</span> </div> <a href="/expert/rush-doshi" class="related-experts__image"><img src=https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg?h=c3abdece /></a> </li> <li> <div class="text"> <h4><a href="/expert/inu-manak">Inu Manak</a></h4> <span class="job-title">Fellow for Trade Policy</span> </div> <a href="/expert/inu-manak" class="related-experts__image"><img src=https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Manak%20HeadShot.jpg?h=a7bdbc7b /></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </article> <div id="block-globalexploremore"> <div class="explore-more-promotional main-wrapper "> <div class="explore-more-promotional__wrapper"> <div class="card-group card-group--related card-group--bg-color-default"> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title"> Explore More on Global Governance </h3> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/united-nations" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United Nations </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/un-general-assembly-unga-role " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">What Is the UN General Assembly?</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/07/UNGA_IB.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The General Assembly hosts a much-watched debate of world leaders annually. Its 2024 meeting is expected to emphasize climate change, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the wars in the Gaza Strip and Ukraine. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article__date"> September 19, 2024</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/united-nations" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United Nations </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/un-security-council " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The UN Security Council</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/02/SecurityCouncil_BG.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The UN Security Council is the premier global body for maintaining international peace and security, but it faces steady calls for reform to better meet twenty-first-century challenges. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article__date"> September 9, 2024</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/united-nations" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United Nations </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/role-un-secretary-general " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Role of the UN Secretary-General</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/08/UNSecGen_BG.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The United Nations’ top leadership position has broad authority to steer the organization’s agenda, but its impact has varied widely since 1946. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article__date"> August 29, 2024</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-topstories"> <div class="explore-more-promotional main-wrapper "> <div class="explore-more-promotional__wrapper"> <div class="card-group card-group--promotional card-group--bg-color-default"> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title"> <a href="/"> Top Stories on CFR </a> </h3> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/ecuador" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Ecuador </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/expert-brief/ecuadors-next-president-will-face-debt-drought-and-gangs " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Ecuador’s Next President Will Face Debt, Drought, and Gangs</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/2025-02/Ecuador_HP.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">April’s runoff election could decide whether Ecuador continues a descent into instability and violence, or charts a new course. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Expert Brief</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/will-freeman" class="card-article__authors-link">Will Freeman</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 20, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/programs/realecon" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> RealEcon </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/donald-trump-wants-reciprocity-trade-heres-closer-look " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Donald Trump Wants Reciprocity in Trade: Here’s a Closer Look</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/2025-02/ReciprocalTariffs_HP.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The president’s plan for reciprocal tariffs sounds good in theory. But there was a reason the United States abandoned the approach a century ago. The gains would be few and the costs enormous. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/edward-alden" class="card-article__authors-link">Edward Alden</a> and <a href="/expert/jennifer-hillman" class="card-article__authors-link">Jennifer Hillman</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 14, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/realecon" class="card-article__series"> RealEcon </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/india-united-states-and-future-international-trade-order " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">India, the United States and the Future of the International Trade Order</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/2025-02/ModiTrump_HP.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">India has enjoyed bipartisan support in the U.S. as a critical economic counterbalance to China, but the United States still has a tenuous grasp on its interests. In this series, three experts examine India’s position on digital trade, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and industrial policy. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/manjari-chatterjee-miller" class="card-article__authors-link">Manjari Chatterjee Miller</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 10, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article__series"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> <div class="main-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="main-footer__menu"> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/member-programs">Member Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/support-cfr">Support</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/media">For Media</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank">Newsletters</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/career-opportunities">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-footer__fineprint"> <div class="main-footer__fineprint__wrapper"> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">©2025 Council on Foreign Relations.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">All rights reserved.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="/terms-use" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Terms of Use</a>. </span> </div> <div class="main-footer__share-kit-wrapper"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--small share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CFR_org" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr/featured" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-youtube" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.051 1.999h.089c.822.003 4.987.033 6.11.335a2.01 2.01 0 0 1 1.415 1.42c.101.38.172.883.22 1.402l.01.104.022.26.008.104c.065.914.073 1.77.074 1.957v.075c-.001.194-.01 1.108-.082 2.06l-.008.105-.009.104c-.05.572-.124 1.14-.235 1.558a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415 1.42c-1.16.312-5.569.334-6.18.335h-.142c-.309 0-1.587-.006-2.927-.052l-.17-.006-.087-.004-.171-.007-.171-.007c-1.11-.049-2.167-.128-2.654-.26a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415-1.419c-.111-.417-.185-.986-.235-1.558L.09 9.82l-.008-.104A31.4 31.4 0 0 1 0 7.68v-.123c.002-.215.01-.958.064-1.778l.007-.103.003-.052.008-.104.022-.26.01-.104c.048-.519.119-1.023.22-1.402a2.007 2.007 0 0 1 1.415-1.42c.487-.13 1.544-.21 2.654-.26l.17-.007.172-.006.086-.003.171-.007A99.788 99.788 0 0 1 7.858 2h.193zM6.4 5.209v4.818l4.157-2.408L6.4 5.209z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-instagram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8 0C5.829 0 5.556.01 4.703.048 3.85.088 3.269.222 2.76.42a3.917 3.917 0 0 0-1.417.923A3.927 3.927 0 0 0 .42 2.76C.222 3.268.087 3.85.048 4.7.01 5.555 0 5.827 0 8.001c0 2.172.01 2.444.048 3.297.04.852.174 1.433.372 1.942.205.526.478.972.923 1.417.444.445.89.719 1.416.923.51.198 1.09.333 1.942.372C5.555 15.99 5.827 16 8 16s2.444-.01 3.298-.048c.851-.04 1.434-.174 1.943-.372a3.916 3.916 0 0 0 1.416-.923c.445-.445.718-.891.923-1.417.197-.509.332-1.09.372-1.942C15.99 10.445 16 10.173 16 8s-.01-2.445-.048-3.299c-.04-.851-.175-1.433-.372-1.941a3.926 3.926 0 0 0-.923-1.417A3.911 3.911 0 0 0 13.24.42c-.51-.198-1.092-.333-1.943-.372C10.443.01 10.172 0 7.998 0h.003zm-.717 1.442h.718c2.136 0 2.389.007 3.232.046.78.035 1.204.166 1.486.275.373.145.64.319.92.599.28.28.453.546.598.92.11.281.24.705.275 1.485.039.843.047 1.096.047 3.231s-.008 2.389-.047 3.232c-.035.78-.166 1.203-.275 1.485a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.599.919c-.28.28-.546.453-.92.598-.28.11-.704.24-1.485.276-.843.038-1.096.047-3.232.047s-2.39-.009-3.233-.047c-.78-.036-1.203-.166-1.485-.276a2.478 2.478 0 0 1-.92-.598 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.6-.92c-.109-.281-.24-.705-.275-1.485-.038-.843-.046-1.096-.046-3.233 0-2.136.008-2.388.046-3.231.036-.78.166-1.204.276-1.486.145-.373.319-.64.599-.92.28-.28.546-.453.92-.598.282-.11.705-.24 1.485-.276.738-.034 1.024-.044 2.515-.045v.002zm4.988 1.328a.96.96 0 1 0 0 1.92.96.96 0 0 0 0-1.92zm-4.27 1.122a4.109 4.109 0 1 0 0 8.217 4.109 4.109 0 0 0 0-8.217zm0 1.441a2.667 2.667 0 1 1 0 5.334 2.667 2.667 0 0 1 0-5.334z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script id="share-kit--template" type="text/template"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-white share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </script> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_H1PCJcEXwYTC9mHYl0UhwyTRG3CSUky8IIsAw0fb8jo.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@0.2.4/dist/web-vitals.es5.umd.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BlJ7xjc-edcuDH8YRQeq9uszQiCUvjSVaH8AIbBPZVg.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_homepage_sections/js/advanced_autocomplete.js?srzwbk" async defer></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/data-layer-helper/0.1.0/data-layer-helper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_gRRK4Rhgh3woXIQ2KUW_03fCzkIjeigZ_dvbvwnn5hk.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.11" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_-4HeKX7d9vvHinKpIF366E8zvvt44fchMYxaHDGNC7s.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNUsGu1DAM_KF28xEPIXEGzpHruG0gqaPY6b7y9bgtb9UVK8Qliscje2wPjtXrTJnclHiA1CeaALcODT8Rl6GOROmAZs5UYCIvhBp5EQdhhQUpeGjKyLkkUjq4AjHpXJv7ASsI1ljUQ4k-xaFC3boACgk2qm6mVKhegIFmWCNX6RL82tz-dEJQcX5q4w7ltxyXmCHdUKRDruRCbcXiJ0WyiVJ2Awh11Dwy_4zkj3TcB3CvQB9ohJa0C8E_1HllTuIe8RerK68Y2EQ5f4qZFrFdfReqb6A08T783_Q1BuKvCtr-p9obL0qLftsKvWIXDgiin201Mv-DYP2qHuf64wLNnt6Ryn5dSJfMMPW25Yl6uUfF-ZJBqKGfKrfSrZHu-yT23jKHluiEfFxGk6JmHKyc0knpP9D-RC81Ae2SwTT0o7mIzAkIxdrCecFKH-Hjd8Em5inR7QF4Wq5ybXOA2ovte4B6ydC72VD7IfJ17qZqRr9qS_S0s5kgmH3FBrlbTX_k3T7YbyFIUqU"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Esther Brimmer | Council on Foreign Relations