CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c516f5b9086593',cH: 'C9E0sVxCNG.eCw6TMmu01h8ZHc65cUM5X0cVdnC8RAQ-1741298046-1.2.1.1-GOy3aiTEeReE.eIdxyQFafvHdVTHek2JLbtxKDMQxnzrrLibEuWiN9FCR54gRCqm',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/103593\/numerical-multi-scale-modeling-of-rubber-friction-on-rough-pavements-using-finite-element-method?__cf_chl_tk=.4VZb61hs5ez1rcBetbbQvuO8ivQ_m2nvVYzD1gb_wY-1741298046-1.0.1.1-iSi66t3gijgnHm0ptbPI52qPyXDxtDQIY4jdQIzl.Ok",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741298046',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/103593\/numerical-multi-scale-modeling-of-rubber-friction-on-rough-pavements-using-finite-element-method?__cf_chl_f_tk=.4VZb61hs5ez1rcBetbbQvuO8ivQ_m2nvVYzD1gb_wY-1741298046-1.0.1.1-iSi66t3gijgnHm0ptbPI52qPyXDxtDQIY4jdQIzl.Ok",md: "8IJt_YCKcZuuQShO2sf7qR5awFd5QjiE3PQQHxp7Ujs-1741298046-1.2.1.1-Mnv_bPNPtS6eeTcJQO_W8lsw0ZQCImx.H.ybuZ7sGgkARMxI1KiEuUP4gQ7pmj0Wb48SWJX0Hnpel9oWunatClQ_9Ay0gDef.bP..dxuPkwL5gti2MeRjBucqPJNAJjYeidm_R..1UK7GI62QpzZSvocd7HhFDp65hUR52ZsWJ46SHh8jy_ZwqoJs3CzEipwxmnLFfMNJrQQgMrVifRdDCOKHQ_sWI0F9.xE5SUaLDILdj2Jr1zseyKd42UJeFeX9UtZ10K4qTBqIAoJTAzWWZUhdsNc1Cb0HlmWID0upgL5BpWjkuF_rCYHWOkZ50HSjM308.TRJIYeupdgI6ZR.9HfqtIMxH_q0UbQiUp5ODRnNIbpYbAKNKST0M1LoAOgwTv.A0EF3ARkwY5PQm.oV8U7yzHwv2_T8OIrBvYjc6tbbKGP7B.5WCsoSv2WKhP_f5ZaDqx0byzEn5YO9dgtMVsBp1ER2QhEmwv56MziMWrpq3Pk20QQD5y6qBe0CJlB5AvxZneqvJthDMbno1mCXqGyFXSivNBJSHVaM7tGg1QAwjLbzKfh65GCOKiDWsedOkfCGv2iR4Rvbtd4wF0R6lh36ndb.AmhyhNFvCCjcIh72E_wfr7WLAH7n5wt7goWktCZ_VpS_nhhALqzegV_X3g8sBXZB3thZJYf_xpB6D5exmzbEe4xkf6KWe96MsNaUGOT7skBgwYQiAU0XoZrzAPPhaY93gIQ6JlEgvQd.g72zqDXgHc.D9wZ.3u5fZDsbnDRroQ9CYhRDDWbJVehZmGBiusF0aTPRm.N2yIOryRGRaAuyTEwXy8e.Px6pJezdTYHRGk09iEr8Ug4GbJuIH7qWeclbD6XT2h2m72yFz9FG0G0gCX0UuGdPWA0zsY4IW3yAEWwr3l9FE9nRMU6kWBYkzKgOW3OzzZ7rupMQaPRnFQrO3bUozk0bGCeUI4GGPHWi5HJNNSu8lRUd02LUyT9l6IBD25RckbO5aQrQ.ynt6w.UNXeN6.6ZqTvnSD2LLBCHZhsYzVZyQwIH1zc_WaJJKpSKkNyR1XaItng1SoCBIXRX2JcmMiKbXw.al27.P8gfLb9nTFxVREDkiOxmyOsQI2X5ww4BnQNFWvRoYhHfPg5ZGTjiz5Oo6uk1k9fhfw1Zk8s4sk_MSMEeLX0H3dLXbn2TEOgEUcZjALgBCja2bmW3N14zKkd83nX13N9w5ii.O1K2vMiewIBDZmTWiwwuKcCa652NtzWejL2BfbK4zvGQMduMx2kgO1xablAs1CUDtLrY6cXnZ5zVKkHPezwlJISVHJv8IZPq0_1uSFBN7T7VI_T7q7UBerq2cAHfTOmtlgGL_si2pgEOHbRGVIUo_NXE3GhOcBotPhpYH3R1HxIM9Qtbpdps9icnh8BS0PnT7cCcHWzsC2risMlVA8O8jHrUQUiIF4Eqoq0UQEaAfoOF5kOYzSoOkceZdR2C7vqp9dnR6hSGYh71rD_5QcuI4K7qUVCYxvUwe_qxwc",mdrd: "s_sAZTBY_dwAntoTMr_qPU9gCNqVkEjf9ScTlFwE5f4-1741298046-1.2.1.1-EDu5unVqsalGdrFuG8dZn_fEoSty6GwTGdmNHGQ61FxLRLiP0Aa9Tap4ejVFg4jVAc5n325Q_T4ctJRHGNKYMFR0Bx507fpxqjuw_N9Epi66LoK5fS7mIcipaQbF970kYdMQ5mYf7nN_pBacd2axeC54MFg3.yZB9RYN5Uq6KE_6HjkPmrkWv91znSlO9ydItLylogmwne5ByF2YTXAbc_Ujldxxt74KnIiJYGJPFspf1Nm08AUF6FliophAxSRDFEATkqJBoZyI2GjcSWeO.sMuexsIhYoC0ryTTieza1Q1L6xT9aFmF4sLwJacVN4POHYJ_LUzbvQ2SJw0RL_WrTNtKpAGxQJm6YSsdA39DmtJywYhTNC2vA3bMe_Vnfle5CtQbB_nfjbqwecPPB2R4001geCG4V03RClgzGmd.zBEVPzO1rKXdttdc1wF1FgVkQ1G7bxia.oxEvCB.OLGLJtMFm8UT6jgWPwFYVPNyGaAatyF4k3uBeLIRLnH52vlhI1FLg5GMrdthW3OxAJtt9iX8o_vgYnjQeEpNGFwtInywWsX0ZCqzOqmlFKE4dIQiWU5shQm_rmuTqooeZiLdPBUjyXRg0zftfj3hFcpbdGtWKsfWndDlAdAZ_NoHKtkR3_6FcH_P7HLXkIFIqOcAXl2SbNkG.jqR.W7IvBgsk039KJDa77ziiuA72CXB1M1haqHyxT3bAhLcXnzOFaLlt7N_c_h.Up72uBf6ZkPM0Mhfb1EaLQ98Zmtf.0ptY0C1MY_5Ny5t9gSiCKgbeQuVrUIbiIwOvqGDJApo.QxB._eg2j7YA5en0yikPWBZdmDHEb5EJtVtxo0FCEg5Wm4QYaFo0950w5mQYRMYw5DbsZuTyc4utdfVBhBlF85kGbp4h6Hxqdybe9hThMcUOE3Ka.b.jD5coAZ8CJFRH3t85H003CZAdRDmEKmN0IGhNmqfYl5NGR5sqsrdcalw6DDdFS33kFKGofpZLXxEsFmesUuZDFRwIxa7wf9YDvyqhDu8zFXXr20WFMgqRmouliN2.ubquEVwDCaG_MZk1dR5y0yBoly9SW66a3Degaj7xRvnlVQSuhKePP6sz2hvS7VVP1Rh7OLqkEfD2ldSNx1zWPRiHxN_9YH02Q4ugLxX1XA7nDBZzhZuyas02Eh7gUjhgsJctUjZv0pnL9O1IcCqjcBIE9mQx9ecdO0JgzRW.A8A64HP1px8x_aVmzglrKHPPsrEpbR8LDKkCgtMK1GqUYdXFMfumI1z54bYDxhY.QknOWos5LmScH9l2MPUqNwI5qOVeVz2osnATQpjJ2bMLoMaEs.0DAAB1eU0Rr5AwE.EBy9Wddy5b9xuaMZsVXYKHnjOZRrxq8yuh1aszMWmk.utcmX.NWMP3T0HBMzipWR8X20.772RPgrN.Gr9.ZB2GWxfXaVJjiDfWFMPYcm2v6w1JtFxYJN.aX4yJqfm.KeDbc0GNmKr_x2A388nK7su0IQFGtSiIUnV.M8r.KllCj7kA_DiZvSjppzAVZYXsMSisIwElHbJlA_a.O9DE_VGhe0k1uQMQ7YxgHXKuUxUVNwU9aSZjLFSaboof8Ak4y63Xtvy6kPoKAwj58Df8enQWiLrQm64r2ozakrDDPHEK3_t7EShUxcplShxDue9mIjkp_yqxs2nX2CVlh2nmKbGNofCsg0iuoHxRFcy7iLZwB352vKdPOJbfGeh3wyNgrgweeBd8P9YQRW4I8qv7B2g.GAMEyIsgBDnqSQ5MwWcByHyuYZyvkSTYmOYgthC27gOVAkKMRNppQfMF7PxGox4RE0m.IPPZKvkxS1tnJDjaZqd8ceDMDCwqSM4shw.OTrcuUpQQc.sD4cmgidRVh54Ifm2iN3RMCXWtCL9ANsMSsjqwY.U5uaq3aGBOnSU6Oq0xIQxLcJXEZZIsTj.oL3rliZc8fP722ndmLcF2Ybm146rGVe.11LN7.0Ukn3TnLxG2BV5o4slw.i1iae8I7n0g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c516f5b9086593';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/103593\/numerical-multi-scale-modeling-of-rubber-friction-on-rough-pavements-using-finite-element-method?__cf_chl_rt_tk=.4VZb61hs5ez1rcBetbbQvuO8ivQ_m2nvVYzD1gb_wY-1741298046-1.0.1.1-iSi66t3gijgnHm0ptbPI52qPyXDxtDQIY4jdQIzl.Ok" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>