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Simpanse - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_secara_evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_secara_evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah secara evolusi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah_secara_evolusi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah secara evolusi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_secara_evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hubungan_secara_evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_secara_evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hubungan secara evolusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_secara_evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fosil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fosil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fosil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fosil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomi_dan_fisiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomi_dan_fisiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomi dan fisiologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomi_dan_fisiologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Anatomi dan fisiologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomi_dan_fisiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neoteny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoteny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neoteny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoteny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arga_Ema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arga_Ema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arga Ema</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arga_Ema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Arga Ema</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arga_Ema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktur_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Struktur sosial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inteligensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inteligensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inteligensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inteligensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_alat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_alat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Penggunaan alat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_alat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembuatan-sarang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembuatan-sarang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Pembuatan-sarang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembuatan-sarang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Empati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komunikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komunikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Komunikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komunikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian_pada_bahasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian_pada_bahasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Penelitian pada bahasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penelitian_pada_bahasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daya_ingat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daya_ingat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Daya ingat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daya_ingat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertawa_pada_kera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertawa_pada_kera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Tertawa pada kera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertawa_pada_kera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Tidur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agresi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agresi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Agresi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agresi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaksi_dengan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaksi_dengan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interaksi dengan manusia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaksi_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Interaksi dengan manusia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaksi_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Penelitian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penelitian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_kultur_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_kultur_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dalam kultur pop</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dalam_kultur_pop-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Dalam kultur pop</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dalam_kultur_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potret_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potret_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Potret dalam fiksi ilmiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potret_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Simpanse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 99 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pan (genus)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimpansen" title="Schimpansen – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schimpansen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(chenero)" title="Pan (chenero) – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pan (chenero)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="चिंपैंजी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चिंपैंजी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="شمبانزي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمبانزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%89" title="شمبانزى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمبانزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(animal)" title="Pan (animal) – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pan (animal)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegol_(Pan)" title="Zegol (Pan) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zegol (Pan)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimpanze" title="Şimpanze – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimpanze" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87" title="شامپانزه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شامپانزه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Шымпанзэ – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шымпанзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Шымпанзэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шымпанзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шимпанзета – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шимпанзета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="শিম্পাঞ্জি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিম্পাঞ্জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanze" title="Chimpanze – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chimpanze" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cimpanze" title="Čimpanze – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čimpanze" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximpanz%C3%A9" title="Ximpanzé – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ximpanzé" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(murag-unggoy)" title="Pan (murag-unggoy) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pan (murag-unggoy)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanz" title="Šimpanz – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šimpanz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szimpans" title="Szimpans – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szimpans" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsimpans%C3%AE" title="Tsimpansî – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsimpansî" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanser" title="Chimpanser – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chimpanser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimpansen" title="Schimpansen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schimpansen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Χιμπαντζής – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιμπαντζής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus) – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pan (genus)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88impanza_genro" title="Ĉimpanza genro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉimpanza genro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(animal)" title="Pan (animal) – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pan (animal)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impans_(perekond)" title="Šimpans (perekond) – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šimpans (perekond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(generoa)" title="Pan (generoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pan (generoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87" title="شامپانزه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شامپانزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpanssit" title="Simpanssit – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Simpanssit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanz%C3%A9" title="Chimpanzé – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimpanzé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpansen" title="Sjimpansen – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjimpansen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpeansa%C3%AD" title="Simpeansaí – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Simpeansaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siompansaidhe" title="Siompansaidhe – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siompansaidhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanc%C3%A9" title="Chimpancé – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chimpancé" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_genus" title="Pan genus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pan genus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94" title="שימפנזה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימפנזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cimpanze" title="Čimpanze – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čimpanze" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csimp%C3%A1nz" title="Csimpánz – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csimpánz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanze" title="Chimpanze – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimpanze" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeo" title="Chimpanzeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chimpanzeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpansi" title="Simpansi – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Simpansi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(zoologia)" title="Pan (zoologia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pan (zoologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E5%B1%9E" title="チンパンジー属 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チンパンジー属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcimpazi" title="tcimpazi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcimpazi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpans%C3%A9" title="Simpansé – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Simpansé" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="შიმპანზე – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შიმპანზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimpenzi" title="Kimpenzi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kimpenzi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81)" title="Пан (тұқымдас) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пан (тұқымдас)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%BC" title="ಚಿಂಪಾಂಜಿ಼ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿಂಪಾಂಜಿ಼" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%A8%ED%8C%AC%EC%A7%80%EC%86%8D" title="침팬지속 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="침팬지속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chympansi" title="Chympansi – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chympansi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pan (genus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximpanze" title="Ximpanze – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ximpanze" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpansees" title="Chimpansees – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chimpansees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanz%C4%97s" title="Šimpanzės – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šimpanzės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanzes" title="Šimpanzes – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šimpanzes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpansy" title="Simpansy – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Simpansy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpanse" title="Simpanse – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Simpanse" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Шимпанзо – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шимпанзо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpansees" title="Chimpansees – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chimpansees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpansar" title="Sjimpansar – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjimpansar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjimpanser" title="Sjimpanser – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjimpanser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%ADshzhiin" title="Magíshzhiin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Magíshzhiin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanz%C3%A9" title="Chimpanzé – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chimpanzé" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਚਿੰਪੈਂਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੰਪੈਂਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szympans" title="Szympans – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szympans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="چمپینزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چمپینزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="چمپانزي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چمپانزي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanz%C3%A9" title="Chimpanzé – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chimpanzé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpansi" title="Chimpansi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chimpansi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimpanzeu" title="Cimpanzeu – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cimpanzeu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chimpanzee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cimpanze" title="Čimpanze – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čimpanze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pan (genus)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanz" title="Šimpanz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šimpanz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0impanzi" title="Šimpanzi – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šimpanzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpanseu" title="Simpanseu – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Simpanseu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimpanser" title="Schimpanser – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schimpanser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokwe_Mtu" title="Sokwe Mtu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sokwe Mtu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="చింపాంజీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చింపాంజీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="สกุลชิมแปนซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สกุลชิมแปนซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(hayop)" title="Pan (hayop) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pan (hayop)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(cins)" title="Pan (cins) – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pan (cins)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шимпанзе – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шимпанзе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Tinh_tinh" title="Chi Tinh tinh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Tinh tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus) – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pan (genus)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9%E5%B1%9E" title="黑猩猩属 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑猩猩属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9%E5%B1%AC" title="黑猩猩屬 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑猩猩屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-seng-seng" title="O͘-seng-seng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-seng-seng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9%E5%B1%AC" title="黑猩猩屬 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑猩猩屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80174#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Simpanse" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Simpanse" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Simpanse"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Simpanse"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Simpanse" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Simpanse" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;oldid=26375092" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Simpanse&amp;id=26375092&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSimpanse"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSimpanse"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Simpanse"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Simpanse&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan_(genus)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispesies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80174" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Simpanse </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg/220px-Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg/330px-Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg/440px-Schimpanse_Zoo_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Simpanse (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Status_konservasi" title="Status konservasi">Status konservasi</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/langid-220px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/langid-330px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/langid-440px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Spesies_terancam" title="Spesies terancam">Terancam</a> <small>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Pan_(genus)" title="Sunting klasifikasi ini"><img alt="Sunting klasifikasi ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerajaan: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kelas: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">Primata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simiiformes" title="Simiiformes">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Famili: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamili: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribus: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Panina (halaman belum tersedia)">Panina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Pan</i></a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Oken&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Oken (halaman belum tersedia)">Oken</a>, 1816</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Spesies_tipe" title="Spesies tipe">Spesies tipe</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simia_troglodytes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simia troglodytes (halaman belum tersedia)">Simia troglodytes</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a>, 1775</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">Spesies</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Pan troglodytes</i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Pan paniscus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pan_(genus)_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pan_%28genus%29_distribution_map.png/220px-Pan_%28genus%29_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pan_%28genus%29_distribution_map.png/330px-Pan_%28genus%29_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pan_%28genus%29_distribution_map.png/440px-Pan_%28genus%29_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">distribusi penyebaran spesies <i>Pan spp.</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Simpanse</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tata_nama_biologi" title="Tata nama biologi">nama ilmiah</a>: <i>Pan troglodytes</i>), adalah spesies <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">kera besar</a> yang berasal dari hutan dan <a href="/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana">sabana</a> di Afrika tropis.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terdapat empat subspesies dari simpanse yang telah dikonfirmasi, dan ada subspesies kelima yang diusulkan. Sementara kerabat dekat simpanse, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a>, dikenal juga sebagai simpanse kecil, simpanse sendiri dikenal juga sebagai simpanse biasa atau simpanse besar. Simpanse dan bonobo ada dua anggota spesies dari genus <i>Pan</i>. Bukti dari fosil dan pengurutan DNA menunjukkan bahwa genus <i>Pan</i> adalah <a href="/wiki/Takson_saudara" title="Takson saudara">takson saudara</a> dari garis keturunan manusia dan merupakan kerabat terdekat <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>. Rambut hitam kasar menutupi hampir seluruh tubuh simpanse kecuali bagian wajah, jari tangan, jari kaki, telapak tangan, dan telapak kaki mereka. Simpanse memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dan lebih kuat dari bonobo, dengan berat 40–70&#160;kg (88-154 pon) untuk jantan dan 27–50&#160;kg (60-110 pon) untuk betina, serta tinggi 120 hingga 150&#160;cm (3 kaki 11 inci hingga 4 kaki 11 inci). </p><p>Simpanse adalah anggota dari keluarga <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>, bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">gorila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>. Simpanse terpisah dengan manusia dalam ranting keluarga sekitar 4 - 6 juta tahun lalu. Dua spesies simpanse di atas adalah kerabat terdekat manusia, semuanya anggota dari suku Hominini (berikut dengan spesies yang punah dari sub-suku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hominina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hominina (halaman belum tersedia)">Hominina</a>). Simpanse satu-satunya anggota yang diketahui dari sub-suku <b>Panina</b>. Kedua spesies <i>Pan</i> tersebut terpisah sekitar 1 juta tahun lalu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_secara_evolusi">Sejarah secara evolusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah secara evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah secara evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_secara_evolusi">Hubungan secara evolusi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Hubungan secara evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hubungan secara evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_taksonomi_Hominoidea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah taksonomi Hominoidea (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah taksonomi Hominoidea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg/220px-Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg/330px-Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg/440px-Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption>Hubungan taksonomi dari Hominoidea</figcaption></figure> <p>Genus <i>Pan</i> dianggap merupakan bagian dari sub-keluarga <a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> di mana <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> juga salah satu bagiannya. Kedua spesies ini adalah kerabat terdekat manusia secara evolusi yang masih hidup, memiliki kesamaan nenek moyang dengan manusia enam juta tahun lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penelitian oleh <a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a> tahun 1973 menemukan 99% kesamaan DNA antara manusia dan simpanse,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> walaupun penelitian lain telah meralat hasilnya menjadi 94% <sup id="cite_ref-ns_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kesamaan, dengan beberapa perbedaan terdapat dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noncoding_DNA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Noncoding DNA (halaman belum tersedia)">non-coding DNA</a>. Telah diusulkan bahwa <i>troglodytes</i> dan <i>paniscus</i> bersama dengan <i>sapiens</i> berada dalam genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus)">Homo</a></i>, daripada dalam <i>Pan</i>. Salah satu alasan mengenai hal ini adalah spesies lain telah diklasifikasi ulang menjadi genus yang sama berdasarkan persamaan genetis seperti yang terdapat pada manusia dan simpanse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fosil">Fosil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Fosil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fosil"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebanyakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_Manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi Manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">fosil manusia</a> telah ditemukan, tetapi fosil simpanse tidak dijelaskan sampai pada tahun 2005. Populasi simpanse yang ada sekarang di Afrika Barat dan Tengah tidak berbenturan dengan situs besar fosil manusia di Afrika Timur. Namun, fosil simpanse sekarang telah dilaporkan berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa manusia dan anggota dari <a href="/wiki/Clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Clade">clade</a> <i>Pan</i> berada di <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_Rift&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="East African Rift (halaman belum tersedia)">Rift Valley</a> Afrika Timur selama Pertengahan <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-firstfossil_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstfossil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomi_dan_fisiologi">Anatomi dan fisiologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Anatomi dan fisiologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anatomi dan fisiologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Man%26chimpbrains.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Man%26chimpbrains.png/220px-Man%26chimpbrains.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Man%26chimpbrains.png/330px-Man%26chimpbrains.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Man%26chimpbrains.png/440px-Man%26chimpbrains.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak dan otak manusia dan simpanse, diilustrasikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gervais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Gervais (halaman belum tersedia)">Gervais</a>' dalam <i>Histoire naturelle des mammifères</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Kebanyakan simpanse jantan memiliki tinggi 1.7 m saat berdiri, dan memiliki berat 70&#160;kg; yang betina lebih kecil. Panjang tangan simpanse umumnya, bila dilebarkan, memiliki rentang satu setengah kali tinggi badan dan tangan simpanse lebih panjang dari kakinya.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bonobo sedikit pendek dan kurus daripada kebanyakan simapanse tetapi memiliki tungkai yang lebih panjang. Kedua spesies menggunakan tangannya yang panjang dan kuat untuk memanjat pohon. Di tanah, simpanse biasanya berjalan menggunakan keempatnya dengan bantuan baku tangan dan kepalan tangan, sebuah bentuk tenaga penggerak yang disebut dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knuckle-walking&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Knuckle-walking (halaman belum tersedia)">knuckle-walking</a>. Kaki simpanse lebih cocok untuk berjalan dibandingkan orangutan karena telapak kaki simpanse lebih luas dan jempol yang pendek. Simpanse biasa dan bonobo dapat berjalan tegak dengan dua kaki saat membawa barang dengan kedua tangannya. Bonobo secara proporsional memiliki tungkai lebih panjang dan cenderung sering berjalan tegak dibandingkan Simpanse Biasa. Kulitnya lebih gelap; wajah, tangan, telapak tangan dan kaki tidak berbulu; dan simpanse tidak memiliki ekor. Kedua spesies memiliki warna pada kulit luar wajah, tangan dan kaki yang beragam dari merah jambu sampai berwarna gelap, tetapi memiliki warna lebih terang pada saat muda, menjadi lebih gelap saat menua. Penelitian Universitas Chicago Medical Center menemukan perbedaan genetis yang signifikan antara populasi simpanse.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tonjolan bertulang diatas mata memberikan tampilan mundur pada dahi, dan hidungnya datar. Walaupun dengan mulut menonjol, bibirnya hanya mendorong kedepan saat simpanse mencibir. Otak simpanse setengah dari ukuran otak manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testikel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Testikel (halaman belum tersedia)">Testikel</a> simpanse lebih besar untuk ukuran badannya, dengan kombinasi berat sekitar 110 gram dibandingkan dengan gorilla 28 gram atau manusia 43 g. Hal ini secara umum diatribusikan pada <a href="/wiki/Kompetisi_sperma" title="Kompetisi sperma">kompetisi sperma</a> karena sifat <a href="/wiki/Poliandri" title="Poliandri">poliandri</a> alamiah pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perilaku_seksual_binatang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perilaku seksual binatang (halaman belum tersedia)">perilaku perkawinan</a> simpanse.<sup id="cite_ref-rat_behavior_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rat_behavior-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Simpanse mencapai masa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puberti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Puberti (halaman belum tersedia)">puberti</a> pada umur antara 8 dan 10 tahun, dan jarang hidup melebihi umur 40 di alam liar, tetapi diketahui hidup sampai 60 tahun selama penangkaran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoteny">Neoteny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Neoteny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Neoteny"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoteny&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoteny (halaman belum tersedia)">Neoteny</a></div> <p>Nancy Lynn Barrickman dari Departemen Evolutionary Psycholoy di Universitas Duke mengklaim penemuan Brian T.Shea dengan analisis multivariat bahwa <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo</a> lebih <i>neotenized</i> dibandingkan <a href="/wiki/Simpanse_biasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpanse biasa">simpanse biasa</a>, dengan melihat fitur seperti panjang batang tubuh yang lebih proporsional pada Bonobo.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arga_Ema">Arga Ema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Arga Ema" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arga Ema"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bonobo_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bonobo_009.jpg/220px-Bonobo_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bonobo_009.jpg/330px-Bonobo_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bonobo_009.jpg/440px-Bonobo_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Bonobo</figcaption></figure> <p>Perbedaan anatomi antara Simpanse biasa dan Bonobo hanya sedikit, tetapi dalam seksual dan perilaku sosial mereka memiliki perbedaan yang menyolok. Simpanse biasa <a href="/wiki/Omnivora" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivora">mengkonsumsi segala macam makanan</a>, memiliki kultur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Predation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Predation (halaman belum tersedia)">berburu</a> secara berkelompok sesama pejantan muda yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jantan_alfa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jantan alfa (halaman belum tersedia)">jantan alfa</a>, dan hubungan sosial yang sangat kompleks. Bonobo, disisi lain, umumnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frugivorous&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frugivorous (halaman belum tersedia)">pemakan buah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Egaliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Egaliter">egaliter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonviolent&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonviolent (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak melakukan kekerasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matriarki" title="Matriarki">matriarki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perilaku_seksual_binatang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perilaku seksual binatang (halaman belum tersedia)">sifat mengerti secara seksual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bonobo diketahui sering melakukan seks, dengan norma biseksualitas untuk jantan dan betina, dan juga menggunakan seks untuk membantu mencegah dan menyelesaikan konflik. Grup simpanse yang berbeda juga memiliki kultur yang berbeda dalam pemilihan tipe alat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Simpanse condong memperlihatkan tingkat agresi yang lebih tinggi daripada Bonobo. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur_sosial">Struktur sosial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur sosial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur sosial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simpanse hidup dalam grup sosial multi-jantan dan multi-betina yang besar yang disebut dengan komunitas. Dalam sebuah komunitas terdapat hierarki sosial yang jelas yang didiktekan oleh posisi dari satu individu dan pengaruh dari individu tersebut bagi yang lain. Simpanse hidup dalam sebuah hierarki yang lebih ramping di mana lebih dari satu individu bisa mendominasi anggota lain dari tingkat lebih rendah. Biasanya ada jantan yang lebih dominan yang dijuluki dengan jantan Alfa. Jantan Alfa adalah jantan dengan tingkat tertinggi yang mengkontrol grup dan memberikan perintah selama terjadi perselisihan. Dalam masyarakat simpanse 'jantan dominan' tidak harus yang jantan terbesar atau terkuat tetapi jantan yang lebih manipulatif dan politis yang dapat memberi pengaruh terhadap kejadian dalam suatu grup. Simpanse jantan biasanya mendapatkan dominasi lewat pengaruh sekutu yang akan menyediakan dukungan bagi individu tersebut seandainya nanti terdapat perselisihan kekuatan. Jantan alfa biasanya memperlihatkan sifat sombong untuk meningkatkan kuasa supaya terlihat menggertak dan kuat sedapat mungkin. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengintimidasi anggota lain yang berusaha mengambil alih kuasa dan menjaga autoritas, dan sangat penting bagi jantan alfa bertahan pada status yang dimilikinya. Simpanse peringkat-rendah akan memperlihatkan rasa hormat dengan gestur patuh dalam bahasa tubuh atau menjulurkan tangannya sambil mengeluarkan bunyi dengkur. Simpanse betina memperlihatkan rasa hormat pada jantan alfa dengan memperlihatkan seperempat bagian belakangnya. </p><p>Simpanse betina juga memiliki hierarki yang dipengaruhi oleh posisi si betina dalam suatu grup. Dalam beberapa komunitas simpanse, betina muda bisa mewarisi status tinggi dari ibu yang berperingkat-tinggi. Betina-betina juga akan membentuk sekutu untuk mendominasi betina tingkat-rendah. Berbeda dengan jantan yang tujuan utama dari status dominasinya yaitu untuk mendapatkan hak akses perkawinan dan terkadang dominasi kekerasan terhadap bawahan, yang betina memperoleh status dominasi untuk mendapatkan sumber seperti makanan. Betina tingkat-tinggi biasanya akan mendapat akses pertama terhapap sumber. Secara umum, kedua kelamin menginginkan status dominan untuk meningkatkan kedudukan sosial dalam suatu grup. </p><p>Terkadang betinalah yang memilih jantan alfa. Bagi simpanse jantan supaya dapat status alfa, dia harus memperoleh penerimaan dari betina-betina dalam suatu komunitas. Betina-betina harus meyakinkan bahwa grupnya harus memperoleh pasokan makanan yang cukup. Dalam beberapa kasus, kelompok betina dominan akan mengusir jantan alfa yang tidak sesuai dengan pilihan mereka dan akan membantu jantan lain yang mereka lihat berpotensi memimpin grup sebagai jantan alfa yang sukses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inteligensi">Inteligensi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Inteligensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Inteligensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengetahuan_Primata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengetahuan Primata (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengetahuan Primata</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png/250px-1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png/375px-1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png/500px-1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Diagram dari otak. Pemetaan grup utama dari foci dalam ruang motor pada Simpanse</figcaption></figure> <p>Simpanse membuat alat dan menggunakannya untuk mendapatkan makan dan dipertontonkan; mereka memiliki strategi berburu yang canggih yang membutuhkan kerjasama, influensi dan tingkatan; mereka memiliki status, manipulatif dan mampu menipu; mereka mampu belajar menggunakan simbol dan memahami aspek dari bahasa manusia termasuk beberapa sintaks relasi, konsep dari angka dan urutan numerik;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan mereka mampu membuat perencaan spontan untuk keadaan atau kejadian pada masa depan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penggunaan_alat">Penggunaan alat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan alat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan alat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salah satu penemuan terpenting adalah pada Oktober 1960 saat <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> mengobservasi penggunaan alat di antara simpanse. Penelitian terbaru mengindikasikan bahwa penggunaan alat batu pada simpanse terjadi sekitar 4.300 tahun lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penggunaan alat pada simpanse termasuk menggali sarang rayap menggunakan alat sebuah tongkat kayu besar, dan menggunakan tongkat kayu kecil untuk memancing rayap keluar.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penelitian terbaru mengungkap penggunaan alat lebih canggih seperti galah, di mana Simpanse di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegall (halaman belum tersedia)">Senegall</a> mengasah galah dengan giginya dan digunakan untuk menusuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal_Bushbaby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegal Bushbaby (halaman belum tersedia)">Senegal Bushbaby</a> lewat lubang kecil di pohon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebelum penemuan penggunaan alat pada simpanse, ia dipercaya bahwa manusia satu-satunya spesies yang membuat dan menggunakan alat, tetapi beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Tool-using_species&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Tool-using species (halaman belum tersedia)">spesies pengguna-alat</a> lainnya sekarang telah diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pembuatan-sarang">Pembuatan-sarang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Pembuatan-sarang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembuatan-sarang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pembuatan-sarang, terkadang dianggap sebagai penggunaan alat, terlihat pada simpanse yang membangun sarang di pohon dengan menyatukan dahan dari satu atau lebih pohon. Hal ini membentuk bagian terpenting dalam perilaku, terutama dalam kasus saat ibu yang mengajarkan perlilaku ini kepada anaknya. Sarang terdiri dari matras, didukung oleh fondasi yang kuat, dan dilapisi dengan daun-daun yang lembut dan ranting. Sarang dibuat dalam pohon dengan diameter minimal 5 m dan terletak pada ketinggian 3 – 5 m. Siang dan malam sarang dibuat. Sarang bisa terdapat dalam grup.<sup id="cite_ref-WranghamSciences1996_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WranghamSciences1996-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empati">Empati</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Empati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Empati"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg/170px-Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg/255px-Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg/340px-Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Ibu simpanse dan bayi</figcaption></figure> <p>Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa simpanse rupanya terlibat dalam perilaku <a href="/wiki/Altruisme" title="Altruisme">altruistik</a> dalam suatu grup,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tapi tidak peduli dengan keselamatan anggota dari grup lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Chimpanzees_are_indifferent_to_the_welfare_of_unrelated_group_members_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chimpanzees_are_indifferent_to_the_welfare_of_unrelated_group_members-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun di lingkungan liar simpanse juga mengadopsi simpanse yatim piatu, terkadang dari grup yang tidak bertalian. Dan pada kasus tertentu bahkan simpanse jantan menjaga anak simpanse di luar grup yang telantar, namun dalam kebanyakan kasus mereka biasanya membunuh bayi tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukti untuk "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiritualitas_Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiritualitas Simpanse (halaman belum tersedia)">Spiritualitas Simpanse</a>" termasuk memperlihatkan <a href="/wiki/Berkabung" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkabung">berkabung</a>, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinta_romantis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinta romantis (halaman belum tersedia)">cinta romantis</a> pertama", "<a href="/wiki/Tari_hujan" title="Tari hujan">tari hujan</a>", apresiasi terhadap keindahan alam seperti pemandangan matahari terbenam di pinggiran danau, keingintahuan dan rasa hormat terhadap mahluk liar (seperti <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythonidae">python</a>, yang bukan berupa ancaman maupun sumber makanan bagi simpanse), empati terhadap spesies lain (seperti memberi makan kura-kura) dan bahkan "<a href="/wiki/Animisme" title="Animisme">animisme</a>" atau "berpura-pura bermain" di mana simpanse menggendong dan mendadani batu atau tongkat kayu.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Komunikasi">Komunikasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Komunikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komunikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simpanse berkomunikasi hampir sama dengan manusia berkomunikasi secara non-verbal, menggunakan vokalisasi, gestur tangan, dan ekspresi wajah. Penelitian pada otak simpanse mengungkapkan bahwa komunikasi pada simpanse mengaktifkan sebuah area pada otak simpanse yang berada pada posisi yang sama pada <a href="/wiki/Area_Broca" title="Area Broca">area Broca</a>, pusat bahasa pada otak manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penelitian_pada_bahasa">Penelitian pada bahasa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Penelitian pada bahasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penelitian pada bahasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_kera_besar" title="Bahasa kera besar">Bahasa kera besar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg/220px-ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg/330px-ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg/440px-ChimpanzeeProfile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Profil samping dari seekor simpanse.</figcaption></figure> <p>llmuwan telah lama tertarik dengan penelitian pada bahasa, mempercayai bahwa ia kemampuan kognitif yang unik pada manusia. Untuk menguji hipotesis ini, ilmuwan telah mencoba mengajarkan bahasa manusia pada beberapa spesies <a href="/wiki/Kera_besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kera besar">kera besar</a>. Percobaan pertama dilakukan oleh Allen dan Beatrix Gardner pada tahun 1960-an dengan menghabisan 51 bulan mengajarkan <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) kepada simpanse bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Washoe_(simpanse)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Washoe (simpanse) (halaman belum tersedia)">Washoe</a>. Gardners melaporkan bahwa Washoe mempelajari 151 isyarat, dan secara spontan juga mengajarkan pada simpanse lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam waktu yang lebih lama, Washoe telah mempelajari lebih dari 800 isyarat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debat masih berlangsung antara para ilmuwan, yang terkenal yaitu antara <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Premack&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="David Premack (halaman belum tersedia)">David Premack</a>, tentang kemampuan kera besar dalam mempelajari bahasa. Sejak laporan pertama tentang Washoe, sejumlah penelitian lain telah dilakukan dengan tingkat kesuksesan yang beragam,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> termasuk satu ekor simpanse yang bernama, secara parodi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nim_Chimpsky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nim Chimpsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Nim Chimpsky</a>, dilatih oleh Herbert Terrace di <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Walaupun laporan awalnya sedikit positif, pada bulan November 1979, Terrace dan teamnya mengevaluasi ulang kaset video dari Nim dengan pelatihnya, menganalisis mereka frame demi frame untuk setiap isyarat dan konteks (keadaan yang terjadi sebelum dan sesudah isyarat Nim). Dalam analisis ulang, Terrace menyimpulkan bahwa penyebutan oleh Nim dapat dijelaskan hanya sebagai dorongan dari yang melakukan eksperimen, dan juga kesalahan pada data laporan. "Kebanyakan perilaku kera adalah latihan murni," kata dia. "Bahasa masih berdiri sebagai definisi penting pada spesies manusia." Dalam kekalahan ini, Terrace sekarang beralasan bahwa penggunaan ASL pada Nim tidak seperti pendekatan bahasa manusia. Nim tidak pernah memulai percakapan, jarang memperkenalkan kata-kata baru, dan secara sederhana hanya meniru apa yang manusia lakukan. Kalimat yang dikeluarkan Nim juga tidak berkembang, tidak seperti anak manusia yang perbendaharaan katanya dan panjang kalimatnya memperlihatkan korelasi positif yang kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daya_ingat">Daya ingat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Daya ingat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daya ingat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penelitian selama 30 tahun di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primate_Research_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Primate Research Institute (halaman belum tersedia)">Primate Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Kyoto" title="Universitas Kyoto">Universitas Kyoto</a>, memperlihatkan bahwa simpanse mampu mengenali angka 1-9 dan nilainya. Simpanse lebih lanjut memperlihatkan kemampuan dalam daya ingat fotograpik, diperlihatkan dalam percobaan di mana campuran angka 1-9 diperlihatkan di layar komputer selama seperempat detik, di mana setelahnya simpanse, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayumu_(simpanse)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayumu (simpanse) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ayumu</a>, mampu secara benar dan cepat menunjukkan posisi di mana angka tersebut secara berurutan. Percobaan yang sama terkadang gagal bila dilakukan pada juara mengingat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Pridmore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Pridmore (halaman belum tersedia)">Ben Pridmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertawa_pada_kera">Tertawa pada kera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Tertawa pada kera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tertawa pada kera"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laughter_in_animals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laughter in animals (halaman belum tersedia)">Laughter in animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Young chimpanzees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG/220px-2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG/330px-2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG/440px-2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Simpanse muda sedang bermain</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertawa">Tertawa</a> mungkin tidak terbatas atau unik hanya pada manusia. Perbedaan tertawa antara simpanse dan manusia mungkin hasil dari adaptasi yang telah berevolusi menyebabkan manusia dapat berbicara. Kesadaran terhadap diri sendiri seperti pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengujian_kaca&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengujian kaca (halaman belum tersedia)">pengujian kaca</a>, atau kemampuan untuk mengenali keadaan berbahaya pada mahluk lain (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_neurons&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirror neurons (halaman belum tersedia)">mirror neurons</a>), adalah prasyarat dari tertawa, sehingga binatang dapat tertawa dengan cara yang sama pada manusia. </p><p>Simpanse, <a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">gorila</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> memperlihatkan vokalisasi seperti tertawa saat merespon pada kontak fisik, seperti bergelut, bermain kejar-kejaran, atau <a href="/wiki/Gelitik" title="Gelitik">gelitik</a>. Hal ini didokumentasikan pada simpanse liar dan peliharaan. Tertawa pada Simpanse Biasa tidak mudah dikenali oleh manusia, karena ia dihasilkan dengan tarikan dan keluaran napas yang berbunyi hampir seperti bernapas dan terengah-engah. Ada keadaan di mana primata selain manusia dilaporkan mengekspresikan kegembiraan. Salah satu penelitian menganalisis dan merekam pola suara yang dihasilan oleh bayi manusia dan Bonobo saat digelitik. Ditemukan bahwa walaupun tawa Bonobo menggunakan frekuensi tinggi, tawa diikuti oleh pola yang sama pada bayi manusia dan memiliki ekspresi wajah yang sama. Manusia dan simpanse memiliki area gelitik yang sama pada badan, seperti ketiak dan pusar. Kegembiraan terhadap gelitikan pada simpanse tidak hilang dengan usia.<sup id="cite_ref-Discover2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discover2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tidur">Tidur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Tidur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tidur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidur_(non-manusia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidur (non-manusia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tidur (non-manusia)</a></div> <p>Waktu tidur rata-rata dalam periode 24-jam pada simpanse peliharaan dikatakan selama 9.7 jam.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agresi">Agresi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Agresi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agresi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg/220px-Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg/330px-Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg/440px-Adult_male_chimps_in_mahale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption>Simpanse jantan di Mahale National Park, Tanzania</figcaption></figure> <p>Simpanse dewasa, terutama jantan, dapat sangat agresif. Mereka sangat teritorial dan dikenal membunuh simpanse lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Simpanse juga terlibat dalam berburu primata tingkat bawah seperti colobus merah.<sup id="cite_ref-chimpanzee_predation_on_the_red_colobus_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chimpanzee_predation_on_the_red_colobus-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal_bushbaby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegal bushbaby (halaman belum tersedia)">Senegal bushbaby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Spear-Wielding_Chimps_Seen_Hunting_Bush_Babies_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spear-Wielding_Chimps_Seen_Hunting_Bush_Babies-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Pan_troglodytes_verus,_Hunt_with_Tools_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan_troglodytes_verus,_Hunt_with_Tools-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan menggunakan daging dari hasil buruan sebagai "alat sosial" dalam komunitasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-meat_is_frequently_used_as_a_social_tool_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meat_is_frequently_used_as_a_social_tool-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada Februari 2009, setelah kecelakaan di mana seekor simpanse peliharaan bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Travis_(simpanse)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Travis (simpanse) (halaman belum tersedia)">Travis</a> menyerang dan memutilasi seorang wanita di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamford,_Connecticut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stamford, Connecticut (halaman belum tersedia)">Stamford, Connecticut</a>, U.S. House of Representatives menyetujui melarang memelihara priamata di Amerika Serikat.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaksi_dengan_manusia">Interaksi dengan manusia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Interaksi dengan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Interaksi dengan manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="62-year-old chimpanzee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG/220px-2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG/330px-2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG/440px-2006-12-09_Chimpanzee_Gregoire_D_Bruyere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregoire_(simpanse)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregoire (simpanse) (halaman belum tersedia)">Gregoire</a>: simpanse berumur 62 tahun</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Afrika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Afrika (halaman belum tersedia)">Orang Afrika</a> telah melakukan kontak dengan simpanse selama milenia. Simpanse diambil sebagai hewan peliharaan berabad-abad di beberapa desa Afrika, terutama di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokrasi_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokrasi Kongo">Republik Demokrasi Kongo</a>. Di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virunga_National_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virunga National Park (halaman belum tersedia)">Virunga National Park</a> sebelah timur dari negara tersebut, pihak berwenang taman secara berkala menangkap simpanse dari masyarakat yang memeliharanya sebagai hewan peliharaan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Catatan pertama kontak antara Eropa dengan simpanse terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> pada abad 17. Diari <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a> (1506) seorang penjelajah dari <a href="/wiki/Portugis" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis">Portugis</a>, yang disimpan di Portuguese National Archive (Torre do Tombo), adalah bisa jadi dokumen Eropa pertama yang mengetahui bahwa simpanse membuat alatnya sendiri yang belum sempurna. </p><p>Penggunaan nama "simpanse" belum terjadi sampai tahun 1738. Nama itu diturunkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tshiluba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tshiluba (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Tshiluba</a> dari makna "simpanse-kivili", yang merupakan nama lokal untuk binatang dan diterjemahkan secara langsung menjadi "mockman" (Inggris) atau bisa saja hanya "kera". Penyebutan sehari-hari untuk "chimp" (Inggris) terjadi sekitar tahun 1870-an.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ahli Biologi menggunakan <i>Pan</i> sebagai nama genus dari binatang tersebut. Simpanse sebagaimana halnya dengan kera lainnya diakui telah diketahui oleh para penulis Barat di waktu dahulu, tetapi umumnya sebagai mitos dan legenda bagi masyarakat pinggiran Eropa dan Arab, biasanya lewat fragmentasi dan coretan para penjelajah Eropa. Kera disebutkan secara beragam oleh <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, dan juga dalam Kitab Injil Inggris, di mana mereka dijelaskan dikoleksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=1_Kings&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1 Kings (halaman belum tersedia)">1 Kings</a> 10:22. Kata Hebrew, <i>qőf</i>, bisa berarti monyet.) Kera juga disebutkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur&#39;an">Qur'an</a> (7:166), di mana Tuhan mengatakan pada masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> yang melanggar <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i> "Be ye apes". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg/170px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg/255px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg/340px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rheinhold&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Rheinhold (halaman belum tersedia)">Hugo Rheinhold</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affe_mit_Sch%C3%A4del&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Affe mit Schädel (halaman belum tersedia)">Affe mit Schädel</a> ("Kera dengan tengkorak") adalah sebuah contoh bagaimana simpanse dilihat pada akhir abad 19-an.</figcaption></figure> <p>Simpanse pertama yang melintasi benua datang dari Angola dan diberikan sebagi hadiah kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (halaman belum tersedia)">Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange</a> pada tahun 1640, dan diikuti oleh beberapa saudara-saudaranya pada tahun-tahun selanjutnya. Ilmuwan menyebut simpanse pertama ini sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pygmies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pygmies (halaman belum tersedia)">pygmies</a>", dan mencatat persamaan binatang tersebut dengan manusia. Dua dasawarsa selanjutnya banyak hewan yang diimpor ke Eropa, umumnya diambil oleh kebun binatang sebagai hiburan bagi pengunjung. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_seleksi_alam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori seleksi alam (halaman belum tersedia)">Teori seleksi alam</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> (diterbitkan tahun 1859) menumbuhkan ketertarikan sains pada simpanse, kebanyakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, memacu sejumlah penelitian terhadap binatang dalam alam liar dan dalam kurungan. Peneliti simpanse pada waktu itu hanya tertarik pada <a href="/wiki/Perilaku" title="Perilaku">perilaku</a> yang berhubungan dengan manusia. Ini mungkin kajian ilmiah yang kurang ketat dan tidak begitu menarik kedengarannya, di mana perhatian lebih fokus pada apakah binatang memiliki sifat yang disebut 'baik'; inteligensi dari simpanse terkadang sering terlalu dibesar-besarkan, yang diabadikan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affemit_Schadel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Affemit Schadel (halaman belum tersedia)">Affemit Schadel</a>-nya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rheinhold&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Rheinhold (halaman belum tersedia)">Hugo Rheinhold</a> (lihat gambar sebelah kiri). Pada akhir abad 19 simpanse masih tetap menjadi misteri bagi manusia, dengan sedikit informasi ilmiah yang didapatkan. </p><p>Abad 20 memperlihatkan zaman baru bagi penelitian ilmiah dalam perilaku simpanse. Sebelum 1960, hampir tidak ada ynag diketahui mengenai perilaku simpanse dalam habitat naturalnya. Pada bulan Juli pada tahun yang sama, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> pergi ke hutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gombe_Stream_National_Park&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gombe Stream National Park (halaman belum tersedia)">Gombe</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> untuk hidup bersama dengan simpanse, di mana dia secara khusus meneliti anggota dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunitas_simpanse_Kasakela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunitas simpanse Kasakela (halaman belum tersedia)">komunitas simpanse Kasakela</a>. Penemuannya tentang simpanse membuat dan menggunakan alat merupakan sebuah terobosan, di mana manusia sebelumnya dikenal sebagai satu-satunya spesies yang dipercaya yang melakukan hal tersebut. Penelitian paling progresif pada simpanse dipelopori oleh Wolfgang Köhler dan Robert Yerkes, keduanya merupakan ahli psikologi terkenal. Kedua orang tersebut dan rekan-rekan kerjanya membuat sebuah labor penelitian simpanse yang berfokus secara spesifik dalam mempelajari tentang kemampuan intelektual dari simpanse, terutama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemecahan-masalah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemecahan-masalah (halaman belum tersedia)">pemecahan-masalah</a>. Hal ini biasanya melibatkan pengujian dasar, praktikal yang membutuhkan kapasitas intelektual yang tinggi (seperti bagaimana memecahkan masalah tentang <a href="/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang">pisang</a> yang di luar jangkauan). Lebih lanjut lagi, Yerkes juga membuat observasi yang luas tentang simpanse di alam liar sehingga menambahkan pemahaman ilmiah yang luar biasa terhadap simpanse dan perilakunya. Yerkes meneliti simpanse sampai <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, sementara Kohler merangkup lima tahun penelitiannya dan menerbitkan <i>Mentality of Apes</i>-nya yang terkenal pada tahun 1925 (yang secara kebetulan bersamaan dengan mulainya analisis oleh Yerkes), yang akhirnya menyimpulkan bahwa "simpanse menunjukkan perilaku inteligen seperti jenis umum yang tampak pada manusia ... sebuah tipe perilaku yang ada secara spesifik hanya pada manusia" (1925).<sup id="cite_ref-goodall_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodall-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lightmatter_chimp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lightmatter_chimp.jpg/220px-Lightmatter_chimp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lightmatter_chimp.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_chimp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lightmatter_chimp.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_chimp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Simpanse di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Zoo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Zoo (halaman belum tersedia)">Los Angeles Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Terbitan bulan Agustus 2008 dari <i>American Journal of Primatology</i> melaporkan hasil penelitan bertahun-tahun terhadap simpanse di Taman Nasional Mahale Mountain, Tanzania, yang memberikan bukti bahwa simpanse menjadi sakit karena infeksi virus yang terjangkit pada manusia. Investigasi molekular, mikroskopik dan epidemiological menunjukkan bahwa simapanse yang hidup di Taman Nasional Mahale Mountain menderita penyakit pernapasan yang disebabkan oleh varian dari paramyxovirus pada manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penelitian">Penelitian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Penelitian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penelitian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak November 2007, ada sebanyak 1300 simpanse dipelihara di laboratorium U.S (lebih dari 3000 kera hidup dalam penangkaran disana), baik ditangkap liar, atau didapat lewat sirkus, pelatih binatang, atau kebun binatang.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan lab melakukan dan membuat simpanse untuk penelitian yang invansif,<sup id="cite_ref-HSUSmap_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSUSmap-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> disebut-sebut sebagai "disuntik dengan agen yang terinfeksi, pembedahan atau biopsy yang dilakukan demi penelitian dan bukan demi simpanse, dan/atau percobaan obat".<sup id="cite_ref-HSUSresearch_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSUSresearch-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dua laboratorium yang didanai pemerintah menggunakan simpanse: Yerkes National Primate Research Laboratory di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Emory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Emory (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Emory</a> di Atlanta, Geogia, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_National_Primate_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest National Primate Center (halaman belum tersedia)">Southwest National Primate Center</a> di San Antonio, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovgren_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lima ratus simpanse telah pensiun dari laboratorium dan hidup di dalam suaka di A.S atau Kanada.<sup id="cite_ref-HSUSmap_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSUSmap-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg/220px-Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg/330px-Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg/440px-Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="3466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enos_(simpanse)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enos (simpanse) (halaman belum tersedia)">Enos si simpanse angkasa</a> sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam kapsul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Atlas_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury-Atlas 5 (halaman belum tersedia)">Mercury-Atlas 5</a> pada tahun 1961.</figcaption></figure> <p>Simpanse yang digunakan pada penelitian biomedikal condong digunakan lagi selama dasawarsa, daripada digunakan kemudian dibunuh sebagaimana halnya binatang di laboratorium. Beberapa simpanse yang ada di laboratorium A.S telah digunakan dalam eksperimen selama lebih dari 40 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-HSUSbetter_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSUSbetter-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_R%26R&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Project R&amp;R (halaman belum tersedia)">Project R&amp;R</a>, sebuah kampanye untuk membebaskan simpanse yang ditahan di lab A.S -- dijalankan oleh New England Anti-Vivisection Society berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> dan peneliti primata lainnya—simpanse tertua yang diketahui berada di lab A.S adalah Wenka, yang lahir di laboratorium di Florida pada Mei 21, 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dia diambil dari ibunya pada saat lahir untuk digunakan sebagai eksperimen penglihatan yang berlangsung selama 17 bulan, dan dijual sebagai hewan peliharaan kepada sebuah keluarga in North Carolina. Dia dikembalikan ke Yerkse National Primate Research Center tahun 1957 saat ia terlalu besar untuk ditangani. Sejak itu, ia telah enam kali melahirkan, dan telah digunakan dalam penelitian penggunaan alkohol, kontraseptif mulut, dan kajian kognitif.<sup id="cite_ref-R&amp;RWenka_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&amp;RWenka-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dengan terbitnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genome_simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genome simpanse (halaman belum tersedia)">genome simpanse</a>, dilaporkan adanya peningkatan penggunanan simpanse di lab, beberapa ilmuwan berdebat mengenai penundaan pembiakan simpanse untuk penelitan seharusnya dinaikkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovgren_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Langley15_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langley15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penundaan 5 tahun dikenakan oleh U.S National Institutes of Health (NIH) tahun 1996, karena terlalu banyak simpanse dibiakkan untuk penelitian HIV, and ia telah diperpanjang per tahun sejak 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovgren_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peneliti lain beralasan bahwa simpanse adalah binatang yang unik dan seharusnya tidak digunakan dalam penelitian, atau diperlakukan secara berbeda. Pascal Gagneux, ahli biologi evolusioner dan primata di <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_San_Diego&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, San Diego (halaman belum tersedia)">University of California, San Diego</a>, beralasan bahwa, adanya memiliki rasa terhadap diri sendiri pada simpanse, penggunaan alat, dan kesamaan genetik dengan manusia, penelitian pada simpanse haruslah mengikuti aturan etikal yang juga digunakan pada manusia yang tidak mampu memberikan persetujuan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovgren_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Juga, penelitian terbaru menyatakan bahwa simpanse yang pensiun dari lab menunjukkan suatu bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posttraumatic_stress_disorder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder (halaman belum tersedia)">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stuart Zola, direktur dari Yerkse National Primate Research Laboratories, tidak setuju. Dia berkata pada <i>National Geographic</i>: "Saya pikir kita tidak harus membuat perbedaan antara kewajiban kita untuk memperlakukan semua spesies secara manusiawi, apakah itu tikus atau monyet atau simpanse. Seberapa banyakpun kita berharap untuk itu, simpanse bukanlah manusia." <sup id="cite_ref-Lovgren_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovgren-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meningkatnya jumlah pemerintah yang melakukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelarangan_penelitian_pada_Kera_Besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelarangan penelitian pada Kera Besar (halaman belum tersedia)">pelarangan penelitian pada Kera Besar</a> melarang penggunaan simpanse dan kera besar lainnya dalam penelitian atau percobaan toksikologi.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejak tahun 2006, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> telah memperkenalkan pelarangan ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Langley12_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langley12-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalam_kultur_pop">Dalam kultur pop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Dalam kultur pop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dalam kultur pop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_simpanse_fiksi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar simpanse fiksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar simpanse fiksi</a></div> <p>Simpanse telah dijadikan stereotip dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_pop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultur pop (halaman belum tersedia)">kultur pop</a>, di mana mereka biasanya berperan sebagai pemain standar <sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sebagai teman anak-anak, kaki tangan atau <a href="/wiki/Badut" title="Badut">badut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_18_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_18-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka biasanya cocok untuk peran terakhir di mana fitur wajah yang menonjol, tungkai yang panjang dan pergerakan yang cepat, yang mana manusia sering melihatnya lucu.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_18_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_18-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, hiburan yang menampilkan simpanse berpakaian manusia secara tradisional telah lekat pada <a href="/wiki/Sirkus" title="Sirkus">sirkus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panggung_pertunjukan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Panggung pertunjukan (halaman belum tersedia)">panggung pertunjukan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_18_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_18-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam era televisi, genre baru dari lakon simpanse muncul di U.S: sebuah serial di mana seluruh pemerannya adalah simpanse berpakaian sebagai manusia dan pada saat "berbicara" disuarakan oleh aktor manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pertunjukan tersebut, contohnya termasuk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancelot_Link,_Secret_Chimp&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp (halaman belum tersedia)">Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp</a></i> pada tahun 1970-an atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chimp_Channel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Chimp Channel (halaman belum tersedia)">The Chimp Channel</a></i> pada tahun 1990-an, bergantung kepada pemeran keranya untuk membuat sesuatu yang baru, komedi lelucuan tingkat rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Aktor" simapanse tidak ada bedanya dengan lakon dalam sebuah sirkus, lucu karena sebagai simpanse dan bukan sebagai individu.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelompok hak asasi binatang, <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a>, telah mendesak pengiklan menolak penggunaan simpanse di televisi dan iklan komersial, menganggapnya sebagai menyiksa binatang.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sukses terbaru mereka yaitu berhasil meyakinkan <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler Corporation</a> untuk mengubah iklan di mana seekor simpanse menekan tuas untuk meledakkan sesuatu sehingga memperlihatkan "monyet gaib" (ironinya iklan tersebut adalah sebuah parodi dari penjual mobil yang memiliki seekor kera yang menghancurkan sesuatu untuk memulai sebuah promosi penjualan). </p><p>Saat simpanse muncul di acara TV, mereka biasanya bertindak sebagai kaki tangan dari manusia. Dalam perannya, misalnya, <a href="/wiki/J._Fred_Muggs" title="J. Fred Muggs">J. Fred Muggs</a> muncul dengan pembawa acara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Today_(NBC_program)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Today (NBC program) (halaman belum tersedia)">Today show</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dave_Garroway&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dave Garroway (halaman belum tersedia)">Dave Garroway</a> pada tahun 1950-an, sebagai Judy dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daktari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daktari (halaman belum tersedia)">Daktari</a></i> pada tahun 1960-an atau sebagai Darwin dalam <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Thornberrys" title="The Wild Thornberrys">The Wild Thornberrys</a></i> pada tahun 1990-an.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berbeda dengan penggambaran fiksi dari hewan lainnya, seperti anjing (dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lassie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lassie (halaman belum tersedia)">Lassie</a></i>), lumba (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flipper_(1964_TV_series)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Flipper (1964 TV series) (halaman belum tersedia)">Flipper</a></i>), kuda (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Stallion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Black Stallion (halaman belum tersedia)">The Black Stallion</a></i>) atau bahkan kera (<i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong" title="King Kong">King Kong</a></i>), karakter dan aksi dari simpanse jarang yang relevan dengan alurnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potret_dalam_fiksi_ilmiah">Potret dalam fiksi ilmiah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Potret dalam fiksi ilmiah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Potret dalam fiksi ilmiah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penggambaran simpanse dalam sebuah cerita sebagai sebuah individu dibandingkan sebagai karakter pembantu, dan juga sebagai sentral karakter daripada kebetulan berada dalam sebuah cerita <sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sangat jarang, umumnya ditemukan dalam karya <a href="/wiki/Fiksi_ilmiah" title="Fiksi ilmiah">fiksi ilmiah</a>. Cerita singkat <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Was_a_Man&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Was a Man (halaman belum tersedia)">Jerry Was a Man</a>" (1947) berpusat pada simpanse yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peningkatan_biologis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peningkatan biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">ditingkatkan secara genetis</a> yang menggugat untuk diperlakukan lebih baik. Film tahun 1972 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (halaman belum tersedia)">Conquest of the Planet of the Apes</a></i>, memportret sebuah revolusi masa depan dari kera-kera yang diperbudak yang dipimpin oleh satu-satunya simpanse yang berbicara, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesar_(Plant_of_the_Apes)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesar (Plant of the Apes) (halaman belum tersedia)">Caesar</a>, melawan tuannya manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cerita singkat lainnya "The Pope of the Chimps" oleh <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a>, diset pada masa sekarang, memperlihatkan tanda pertama perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a> pada sebuah kelompok simpanse, yang mengejutkan manusia yang menelitinya. <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uplift_universe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uplift universe (halaman belum tersedia)">Uplift</a> memperlihatkan masa depan di mana manusia memiliki simpanse yang telah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peningkatan_biologis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peningkatan biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">"ditingkatkan"</a> (dan beberapa spesies lainnya) dengan <a href="/wiki/Kebijaksanaan" title="Kebijaksanaan">kebijaksanaan</a> setingkat manusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> 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references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Parker, SYbil, P (1984). <i>McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology</i>. McGraw-Hill Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Dictionary+of+Biology&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Company&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.aulast=Parker&amp;rft.aufirst=SYbil%2C+P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0831a-nih.html">"Chimps and Humans Very Similar at the DNA Level"</a>. News.mongabay.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chimps+and+Humans+Very+Similar+at+the+DNA+Level&amp;rft.pub=News.mongabay.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2005%2F0831a-nih.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mary-Claire King , <i>Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution</i> , Doctoral dissertation , University of California, Berkeley (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ns-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ns_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104012/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&amp;articleID=9D0DAC2B-E7F2-99DF-3AA795436FEF8039">"Humans and Chimps: Close But Not That Close"</a>. Scientific American. 2006-12-19. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&amp;articleID=9D0DAC2B-E7F2-99DF-3AA795436FEF8039">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Humans+and+Chimps%3A+Close+But+Not+That+Close&amp;rft.date=2006-12-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FchanID%3Dsa003%26articleID%3D9D0DAC2B-E7F2-99DF-3AA795436FEF8039&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstfossil-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstfossil_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">McBrearty, S. (2005-09-01). "First fossil chimpanzee". <i>Nature</i>. <b>437</b> (7055): 105–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04008">10.1038/nature04008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16136135">16136135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=First+fossil+chimpanzee&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.issue=7055&amp;rft.pages=105-8&amp;rft.date=2005-09-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16136135&amp;rft.aulast=McBrearty&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/chimpanzee.pdf">[1]</a>" , Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-04/uocm-gss042007.php">"Gene study shows three distinct groups of chimpanzees"</a>. <i>EurekAlert</i>. 2007-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved Jun 1, 2011, from dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/.../D_Barrickman_Nancy_a_200812.pdf?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Courtney Laird. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2004/laird/Social%20Organization.htm">"Bonobo social spacing"</a>. <i>Davidson College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Davidson+College&amp;rft.atitle=Bonobo+social+spacing&amp;rft.au=Courtney+Laird&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.davidson.edu%2Fpeople%2Fvecase%2FBehavior%2FSpring2004%2Flaird%2FSocial%2520Organization.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045315/http://www.janegoodall.com/chimp_central/chimpanzees/behavior/default.asp">"Chimp Behavior"</a>. Jane Goodall Institute. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janegoodall.com/chimp_central/chimpanzees/behavior/default.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1594481962" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1594481962">1594481962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Apes+in+the+family&amp;rft.btitle=Our+Inner+Ape&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=1594481962&amp;rft.aulast=de+Waal&amp;rft.aufirst=F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDP4TPccgC8C%26pg%3DPA30%26dq%3Dchimpanzee%2Bbonobo%2Baggresion%26ei%3DaJbQSJbULIH-sQPwlOHbAw%26sig%3DACfU3U0LoKGF-b2Q8gMffVix_d1xsHxFDA%23PPA31%2CM1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917161331/http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/A105/lectures/A105L12.html">"Chimpanzee intelligence"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiana University (halaman belum tersedia)">Indiana University</a>. 2000-02-23. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/A105/lectures/A105L12.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+intelligence&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University&amp;rft.date=2000-02-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~origins%2Fteach%2FA105%2Flectures%2FA105L12.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Osvath, Mathias (2009-03-10). "Spontaneous planning for future stone throwing by a male chimpanzee". <i>Curr. Biol</i>. <b>19</b> (5): R190–1. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.01.010">10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19278627">19278627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=Spontaneous+planning+for+future+stone+throwing+by+a+male+chimpanzee&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=R190-1&amp;rft.date=2009-03-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.01.010&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19278627&amp;rft.aulast=Osvath&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathias&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Mercader J, Barton H, Gillespie J; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17360606">"4,300-year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>104</b> (9): 3043–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0607909104">10.1073/pnas.0607909104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805589">1805589</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360606">17360606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.atitle=4%2C300-year-old+chimpanzee+sites+and+the+origins+of+percussive+stone+technology&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3043-8&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1805589&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17360606&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0607909104&amp;rft.au=Mercader+J%2C+Barton+H%2C+Gillespie+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17360606&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Bijal T. (2004-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1006_041006_chimps.html">"Chimps Shown Using Not Just a Tool but a "Tool Kit<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chimps+Shown+Using+Not+Just+a+Tool+but+a+%22Tool+Kit%22&amp;rft.date=2004-09-06&amp;rft.au=Bijal+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F10%2F1006_041006_chimps.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fox, M. (2007-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc">"Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224115149/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hunting+chimps+may+change+view+of+human+evolution&amp;rft.date=2007-02-22&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fnm%2F20070222%2Fsc_nm%2Fchimps_hunting_dc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816143403/http://www.iastate.edu/%7Enscentral/news/2007/feb/chimpstools.shtml">"ISU anthropologist's study is first to report chimps hunting with tools"</a>. Iowa State University News Service. 2007-02-22. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iastate.edu/~nscentral/news/2007/feb/chimpstools.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=ISU+anthropologist%27s+study+is+first+to+report+chimps+hunting+with+tools&amp;rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+News+Service&amp;rft.date=2007-02-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iastate.edu%2F~nscentral%2Fnews%2F2007%2Ffeb%2Fchimpstools.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Whipps, Heather (2007-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/animals/070212_chimp_tools.html">"Chimps Learned Tool Use Long Ago Without Human Help"</a>. LiveScience<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chimps+Learned+Tool+Use+Long+Ago+Without+Human+Help&amp;rft.pub=LiveScience&amp;rft.date=2007-02-12&amp;rft.aulast=Whipps&amp;rft.aufirst=Heather&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fanimals%2F070212_chimp_tools.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520045747/http://www.janegoodall.net/chimp_central/chimpanzees/gombe/tool.asp">"Tool Use"</a>. Jane Goodall Institute. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janegoodall.net/chimp_central/chimpanzees/gombe/tool.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tool+Use&amp;rft.pub=Jane+Goodall+Institute&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanegoodall.net%2Fchimp_central%2Fchimpanzees%2Fgombe%2Ftool.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WranghamSciences1996-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WranghamSciences1996_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Wrangham, Richard W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IzBIHPeE45IC&amp;pg=PA115"><i>Chimpanzee cultures</i></a>. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Harvard University Press. hlm.&#160;115–125. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780674116634" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780674116634">9780674116634</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+cultures&amp;rft.pages=115-125&amp;rft.pub=Chicago+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9780674116634&amp;rft.aulast=Wrangham&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzBIHPeE45IC%26pg%3DPA115&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070625085134.htm">"Human-like Altruism Shown In Chimpanzees"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. 2007-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Human-like+Altruism+Shown+In+Chimpanzees&amp;rft.date=2007-06-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F06%2F070625085134.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Bradley, Brenda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1999-06_74_2/page/171">"Levels of Selection, Altruism, and Primate Behavior"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>74</b> (2): 171–194. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F393070">10.1086/393070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412224">10412224</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Levels+of+Selection%2C+Altruism%2C+and+Primate+Behavior&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=171-194&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F393070&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10412224&amp;rft.aulast=Bradley&amp;rft.aufirst=Brenda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1999-06_74_2%2Fpage%2F171&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chimpanzees_are_indifferent_to_the_welfare_of_unrelated_group_members-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chimpanzees_are_indifferent_to_the_welfare_of_unrelated_group_members_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Silk JB, Brosnan SF, Vonk J; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7063/full/nature04243.html">"Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>437</b> (7063): 1357–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04243">10.1038/nature04243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251965">16251965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Chimpanzees+are+indifferent+to+the+welfare+of+unrelated+group+members&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.issue=7063&amp;rft.pages=1357-9&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04243&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16251965&amp;rft.au=Silk+JB%2C+Brosnan+SF%2C+Vonk+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv437%2Fn7063%2Ffull%2Fnature04243.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Feltman, Rachel (2021-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2014/08/05/how-orphaned-chimps-get-adopted/">"How orphaned chimps get adopted"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=How+orphaned+chimps+get+adopted&amp;rft.date=2021-10-27&amp;rft.issn=0190-8286&amp;rft.aulast=Feltman&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F05%2Fhow-orphaned-chimps-get-adopted%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527230019/http://www.originsnet.org/chimpspiritdatabase.pdf">"Appendices for chimpanzee spirituality by James Harrod"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originsnet.org/chimpspiritdatabase.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2008-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Appendices+for+chimpanzee+spirituality+by+James+Harrod&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.originsnet.org%2Fchimpspiritdatabase.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation episode">"Communication". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolve_(TV_series)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolve (TV series) (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolve</a></i>. Musim ke-1. Episode ke-7. 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Evolve&amp;rft.series=Musim+ke-1.+Episode+ke-7&amp;rft.date=2008-09-14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. (1969). "Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee". <i>Science</i>. <b>165</b> (3894): 664–672. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.165.3894.664">10.1126/science.165.3894.664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5793972">5793972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Teaching+Sign+Language+to+a+Chimpanzee&amp;rft.volume=165&amp;rft.issue=3894&amp;rft.pages=664-672&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.165.3894.664&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5793972&amp;rft.au=Gardner%2C+R.+A.%2C+Gardner%2C+B.+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Allen, G. R., Gardner, B. T. (1980). "Comparative psychology and language acquisition". Dalam Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok (eds.). <i>Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-Way Communication with Man</i>. New York: Plenum Press. hlm.&#160;287–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+psychology+and+language+acquisition&amp;rft.btitle=Speaking+of+Apes%3A+A+Critical+Anthology+of+Two-Way+Communication+with+Man&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=287-329&amp;rft.pub=Plenum+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+G.+R.%2C+Gardner%2C+B.+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_editors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040815161414/http://www.greatapetrust.org/bonobo/language/">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatapetrust.org/bonobo/language/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2004-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatapetrust.org%2Fbonobo%2Flanguage%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Wynne, Clive (October 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/07-10-31">"eSkeptic"</a>. Skeptic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=eSkeptic&amp;rft.pub=Skeptic&amp;rft.date=2007-10-31&amp;rft.aulast=Wynne&amp;rft.aufirst=Clive&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Feskeptic%2F07-10-31&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The study was presented in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_5_(UK)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Channel 5 (UK) (halaman belum tersedia)">five</a> documentary called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demand.five.tv/Episode.aspx?episodeBaseName=C5133620006">"The Memory Chimp"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak June 2011">pranala nonaktif</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup>, part of the channel's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraordinary_Animals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Extraordinary Animals (halaman belum tersedia)">Extraordinary Animals</a></i> series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discover2003-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Discover2003_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Steven Johnson (2003-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2003/apr/featlaugh">"Emotions and the Brain"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Emotions+and+the+Brain&amp;rft.date=2003-04-01&amp;rft.au=Steven+Johnson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2003%2Fapr%2Ffeatlaugh&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "40 Winks?" Jennifer S. Holland , <i>National Geographic</i> Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Walsh, Bryan (2009-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826165155/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1880229,00.html">"Why the Stamford Chimp Attacked"</a>. TIME. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1880229,00.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Why+the+Stamford+Chimp+Attacked&amp;rft.date=2009-02-18&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Bryan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1880229%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chimpanzee_predation_on_the_red_colobus-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chimpanzee_predation_on_the_red_colobus_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Teelen S (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/f78767667u462588/">"Influence of chimpanzee predation on the red colobus population at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda"</a>. <i>Primates</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 41–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10329-007-0062-1">10.1007/s10329-007-0062-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906844">17906844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Primates&amp;rft.atitle=Influence+of+chimpanzee+predation+on+the+red+colobus+population+at+Ngogo%2C+Kibale+National+Park%2C+Uganda&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41-9&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10329-007-0062-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17906844&amp;rft.au=Teelen+S&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff78767667u462588%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spear-Wielding_Chimps_Seen_Hunting_Bush_Babies-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spear-Wielding_Chimps_Seen_Hunting_Bush_Babies_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Gibbons A (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5815/1063">"Primate behavior. Spear-wielding chimps seen hunting bush babies"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>315</b> (5815): 1063. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.315.5815.1063">10.1126/science.315.5815.1063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322034">17322034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Primate+behavior.+Spear-wielding+chimps+seen+hunting+bush+babies&amp;rft.volume=315&amp;rft.issue=5815&amp;rft.pages=1063&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.315.5815.1063&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17322034&amp;rft.au=Gibbons+A&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F315%2F5815%2F1063&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan_troglodytes_verus,_Hunt_with_Tools-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pan_troglodytes_verus,_Hunt_with_Tools_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Pruetz JD, Bertolani P (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960-9822(07)00801-9">"Savanna chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, hunt with tools"</a>. <i>Curr. Biol</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 412–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.12.042">10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320393">17320393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=Savanna+chimpanzees%2C+Pan+troglodytes+verus%2C+hunt+with+tools&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=412-7&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.12.042&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17320393&amp;rft.au=Pruetz+JD%2C+Bertolani+P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960-9822%2807%2900801-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meat_is_frequently_used_as_a_social_tool-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meat_is_frequently_used_as_a_social_tool_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Hockings KJ, Humle T, Anderson JR; et al. (2007). Brosnan, Sarah, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000886">"Chimpanzees share forbidden fruit"</a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i>. <b>2</b> (9): e886. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000886">10.1371/journal.pone.0000886</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964537">1964537</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17849015">17849015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Chimpanzees+share+forbidden+fruit&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=e886&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964537&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17849015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000886&amp;rft.au=Hockings+KJ%2C+Humle+T%2C+Anderson+JR&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.plos.org%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000886&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urban, Peter, STAFF WRITER, <i>The Advocate</i>. 2009. <i>House approves primate pet ban</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/ci_11778339">http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/ci_11778339</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220060553/http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/ci_11778339">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-12-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7839819.stm">"Gorilla diary: August - December 2008"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2009-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Gorilla+diary%3A+August+-+December+2008&amp;rft.date=2009-01-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7839819.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chimp">"chimp definition &#124; Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=chimp+definition+%26%23124%3B+Dictionary.com&amp;rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fchimp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goodall_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Goodall, Jane</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chimpanzeesofgom0000good"><i>The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-674-11649-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-674-11649-6">0-674-11649-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chimpanzees+of+Gombe%3A+Patterns+of+Behavior&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-11649-6&amp;rft.aulast=Goodall&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchimpanzeesofgom0000good&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswise.com/articles/view/541407/">Newswise: Researchers Find Human Virus in Chimpanzees</a> Retrieved on June 5, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417043712/http://www.releasechimps.org/mission/end-chimpanzee-research/">"End chimpanzee research: overview"</a>. Project R&amp;R, New England Anti-Vivisection Society. 2005-12-11. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.releasechimps.org/mission/end-chimpanzee-research">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=End+chimpanzee+research%3A+overview&amp;rft.pub=Project+R%26R%2C+New+England+Anti-Vivisection+Society&amp;rft.date=2005-12-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.releasechimps.org%2Fmission%2Fend-chimpanzee-research&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSUSmap-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HSUSmap_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSUSmap_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055400/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html">"Chimpanzee lab and sanctuary map"</a>. The Humane Society of the United States. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+lab+and+sanctuary+map&amp;rft.pub=The+Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsus.org%2Fanimals_in_research%2Fchimps_deserve_better%2Fresearch%2Fchimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSUSresearch-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSUSresearch_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055406/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html">"Chimpanzee Research: Overview of Research Uses and Costs"</a>. Humane Society of the United States. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chimpanzee+Research%3A+Overview+of+Research+Uses+and+Costs&amp;rft.pub=Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsus.org%2Fanimals_in_research%2Fchimps_deserve_better%2Fresearch%2Foverview_of_research_uses_and.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovgren-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovgren_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovgren_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovgren_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovgren_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovgren_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lovgren, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0906_050906_chimplabs.html">Should Labs Treat Chimps More Like Humans?</a> , <i>National Geographic News</i> , September 6, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSUSbetter-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HSUSbetter_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/">Chimps Deserve Better</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215112131/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-02-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. , Humane Society of the United States.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">A former Yerkes lab worker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.releasechimps.org/chimpanzees/their-stories/wenka/">"Release &amp; Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories " Wenka"</a>. Releasechimps.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Release+%26+Restitution+for+Chimpanzees+in+U.S.+Laboratories+%22+Wenka&amp;rft.pub=Releasechimps.org&amp;rft.au=A+former+Yerkes+lab+worker&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.releasechimps.org%2Fchimpanzees%2Ftheir-stories%2Fwenka%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R&amp;RWenka-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R&amp;RWenka_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.releasechimps.org/chimpanzees/their-stories/wenka/">Wenka</a> , Project R&amp;R , New England Anti-Vivisection Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langley15-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langley15_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill_Langley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gill Langley (halaman belum tersedia)">Langley, Gill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf">Next of Kin: A Report on the Use of Primates in Experiments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121456/http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-11-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, p. 15, citing <cite class="citation journal">VandeBerg JL, Zola SM (2005). "A unique biomedical resource at risk". <i>Nature</i>. <b>437</b> (7055): 30–2. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F437030a">10.1038/437030a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16136112">16136112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=A+unique+biomedical+resource+at+risk&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.issue=7055&amp;rft.pages=30-2&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F437030a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16136112&amp;rft.au=VandeBerg+JL%2C+Zola+SM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Bradshaw GA, Capaldo T, Lindner L, Grow G (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.releasechimps.org/pdfs/ExecSumTraumaFINAL.pdf">"Building an inner sanctuary: complex PTSD in chimpanzees"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J Trauma Dissociation</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 9–34. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15299730802073619">10.1080/15299730802073619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19042307">19042307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Trauma+Dissociation&amp;rft.atitle=Building+an+inner+sanctuary%3A+complex+PTSD+in+chimpanzees&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=9-34&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15299730802073619&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19042307&amp;rft.au=Bradshaw+GA%2C+Capaldo+T%2C+Lindner+L%2C+Grow+G&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.releasechimps.org%2Fpdfs%2FExecSumTraumaFINAL.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guldberg, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/000000005549.htm">The great ape debate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521070438/http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/000000005549.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-05-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. , <i>Spiked online</i> , March 29, 2001. Retrieved August 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langley12-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langley12_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gill_Langley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gill Langley (halaman belum tersedia)">Langley, Gill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf">Next of Kin: A Report on the Use of Primates in Experiments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121456/http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-11-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. , British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Riper_19-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_19_57-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceinpopular0000vanr"><i>Science in popular culture: a reference guide</i></a>. Westport: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenwood_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenwood Press (halaman belum tersedia)">Greenwood Press</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceinpopular0000vanr/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-313-31822-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-313-31822-0">0-313-31822-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Science+in+popular+culture%3A+a+reference+guide&amp;rft.place=Westport&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-31822-0&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Riper&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+Bowdoin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceinpopular0000vanr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Riper_18-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_18_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_18_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Riper_18_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Van Riper, op.cit., p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303121336/http://www.nomoremonkeybusiness.com/">"Animal Actors &#124; PETA.org"</a>. Nomoremonkeybusiness.com. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomoremonkeybusiness.com/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Animal+Actors+%26%23124%3B+PETA.org&amp;rft.pub=Nomoremonkeybusiness.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomoremonkeybusiness.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASimpanse" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Pickrell, John. (September 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/09/0924_020924_dnachimp.html">"Humans, Chimps Not as Closely Related as Thought?"</a>. <i>National Geographic.</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_D._Hawks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John D. Hawks (halaman belum tersedia)">Hawks, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2212232/">"How Strong Is a Chimpanzee?"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(majalah)" title="Slate (majalah)">Slate</a></i>, February 25, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> mempunyai informasi mengenai <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pan">Chimpanzee</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Media tentang <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan" class="extiw" title="commons:Pan">Pan</a> di Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awf.org/wildlives/6">Chimpanzee: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation</a></li> <li>Stanford, Craig B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~stanford/chimphunt.html">The Predatory Behavior and Ecology of Wild Chimpanzees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629151044/http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~stanford/chimphunt.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-06-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. university of Southern California. 2002(?)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chimp.st-and.ac.uk/cultures/intro.htm">Chimpanzee Cultures Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925061724/http://chimp.st-and.ac.uk/cultures/intro.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-09-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~primates">Kanyawara Chimpanzee Blog from Uganda (Harvard Biological Anthropology research) </a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savethechimps.org/chimps_pets.asp">Chimps as Pets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228204742/http://www.savethechimps.org/chimps_pets.asp">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-02-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (SaveTheChimps.org)</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maniacworld.com/chimp-vs-pacman.htm">Using Pac-Man to test cognitive reasoning in chimps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418060720/http://www.maniacworld.com/chimp-vs-pacman.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-04-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/default.asp">Jane Goodall's Chimpanzee Central</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ffffff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pongo(Orangutan)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7.5em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">(Orangutan)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan_kalimantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan kalimantan">Orangutan Kalimantan (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan_sumatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan sumatera">Orangutan Sumatera (<i>P. abelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangutan_tapanuli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangutan tapanuli (halaman belum tersedia)">Orangutan Tapanuli (<i>P. tapanuliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ffffff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7.5em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">Gorila</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">(Gorila)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto; background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorila_barat" title="Gorila barat">Gorila barat (<i>G. gorilla</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorila_timur" title="Gorila timur">Gorila timur (<i>G. beringei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7.5em;"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">(Simpanse)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto; background:#f7f7f7;;background:#ffffff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simpanse_biasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpanse biasa">Simpanse biasa (<i>P. troglodytes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo (<i>P. paniscus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7.5em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus)">Homo</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">(Manusia)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;width:auto; background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">Manusia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manusia_anatomi_modern&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manusia anatomi modern (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kera" title="Kategori:Kera">Kategori</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artikel_berkaitan_dengan_Kera" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kera" title="Templat:Kera"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kera (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kera&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artikel_berkaitan_dengan_Kera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artikel berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">Kera</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">Spesies kera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">Manusia</a> (<i>Homo sapiens</i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simpanse</a> (<i>Pan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo</a> (<i>Pan paniscus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpanse_biasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpanse biasa">Simpanse biasa</a> (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorila" title="Gorila">Gorila</a> (<i>Gorilla</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorila_bagian_barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorila bagian barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Gorila bagian barat</a> (<i>Gorilla gorilla</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorila_bagian_timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorila bagian timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Gorila bagian timur</a> (<i>Gorilla beringei</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan">Orangutan</a> (<i>Pongo</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan Borneo">Orangutan Borneo</a> (<i>Pongo abelii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan_Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutan Sumatra">Orangutan Sumatra</a> (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibon (halaman belum tersedia)">Gibon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Famili_(biologi)" title="Famili (biologi)">famili</a>: <i>Hylobatidae</i>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human and gorilla skeleton"><img alt="Human and gorilla skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg/100px-Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg/150px-Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg/200px-Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penelitian kera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_kera_besar" title="Bahasa kera besar">Bahasa kera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ape_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Ape Trust (halaman belum tersedia)">Great Ape Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birut%C4%97_Galdikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Birutė Galdikas">Birutė Galdikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Genom_Simpanse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Genom Simpanse (halaman belum tersedia)">Proyek Genom Simpanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proyek_Genom_Manusia" title="Proyek Genom Manusia">Proyek Genom Manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Genom_Neanderthal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Genom Neanderthal (halaman belum tersedia)">Proyek Genom Neanderthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Smits" title="Willie Smits">Willie Smits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Dr%C3%B8scher_Nielsen" title="Lone Drøscher Nielsen">Lone Drøscher Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Redmond&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Redmond (halaman belum tersedia)">Ian Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iowa_Primate_Learning_Sanctuary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary (halaman belum tersedia)">Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primata#Status_sosial_dan_legal" title="Primata">Status sosial dan legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepribadian_kera_besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepribadian kera besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepribadian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelarangan_penelitian_kera_besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelarangan penelitian kera besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelarangan penelitian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deklarasi_Kinshasa_terhadap_Kera_Besar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deklarasi Kinshasa terhadap Kera Besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Deklarasi Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Ape_Project&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Ape Project (halaman belum tersedia)">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apes_Survival_Project&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Apes Survival Project (halaman belum tersedia)">Survival Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat juga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kera (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar kera</a> (selain manusia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushmeat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmeat (halaman belum tersedia)">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_primata_fiksi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar primata fiksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar primata fiksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_manusia" title="Evolusi manusia">Evolusi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitos_menyerupai_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitos menyerupai manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Mitos menyerupai manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeren (halaman belum tersedia)">Yeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeti" title="Yeti">Yeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Kera besar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Phylo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Phylo (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Phylo</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topik_dasar_tentang_biologi_evolusioner" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Evolusi" title="Templat:Evolusi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Evolusi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Evolusi"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Evolusi&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topik_dasar_tentang_biologi_evolusioner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topik dasar tentang <a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">biologi evolusioner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Bukti_nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Bukti nenek moyang bersama">Bukti nenek moyang bersama</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proses-proses dari <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">Adaptasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makroevolusi" title="Makroevolusi">Makroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikroevolusi" title="Mikroevolusi">Mikroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi">Spesiasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mekanisme <a href="/wiki/Genetika_populasi" title="Genetika populasi">genetika populasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">Aliran gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyutan_genetik" title="Hanyutan genetik">Hanyutan genetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">Mutasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">Seleksi alam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan_evolusioner" title="Biologi perkembangan evolusioner">biologi perkembangan evolusioner</a> (Evo-devo)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanalisasi_(genetik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanalisasi (genetik) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanalisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inversi_(biologi_evolusioner)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Inversi (biologi evolusioner) (halaman belum tersedia)">Inversi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modularitas_(biologi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modularitas (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Modularitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastisitas_fenotip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastisitas fenotip (halaman belum tersedia)">Plastisitas fenotip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolusi <a href="/wiki/Struktur_sosial" title="Struktur sosial">struktur sosial</a><br />dan proses psikologis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sosial_budaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sosial budaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_emosi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi emosi (halaman belum tersedia)">Emosi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_eusosialitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi eusosialitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Eusosialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_inteligensi_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi inteligensi manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Inteligensi manusia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_skizofrenia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi skizofrenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Skizofrenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asal_mula_bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Asal mula bahasa">Bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_moralitas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi moralitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Moralitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_asal_mula_agama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi asal mula agama (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolusi <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a><br />dan proses biologis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_penuaan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi penuaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penuaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal_mula_terbangnya_burung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal mula terbangnya burung (halaman belum tersedia)">Burung terbang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_kompleksitas_biologis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi kompleksitas biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompleksitas biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sel (halaman belum tersedia)">Selular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_melihat_warna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi melihat warna (halaman belum tersedia)">Melihat warna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_melihat_warna_pada_primata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi melihat warna pada primata (halaman belum tersedia)">Penglihatan warna pada primata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_dari_evolusi_DNA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Model dari evolusi DNA (halaman belum tersedia)">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukariota#Asal_mula_eukariota" title="Eukariota">Sel eukariota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kromosom#Evolusi_kromosom_eukariota" title="Kromosom">Kromatin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_endomembran#Evolusi" title="Sistem endomembran">Sistem endomembran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_mata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi mata (halaman belum tersedia)">Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_flagela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi flagela (halaman belum tersedia)">Flagela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_rambut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi rambut (halaman belum tersedia)">Rambut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitokondria#Asal_mula" title="Mitokondria">Mitokondria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_multiselular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi multiselular (halaman belum tersedia)">Multiselular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_tulang_lunak_auditori_mamalia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi tulang lunak auditori mamalia (halaman belum tersedia)">Tulang lunak pendengaran mamalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_mosaik" title="Evolusi mosaik">Evolusi mosaik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sistem_saraf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sistem saraf (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem saraf</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_otak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi otak (halaman belum tersedia)">Otak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel_nukleus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sel nukleus (halaman belum tersedia)">Nukleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Asal_mula_plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_reproduksi_seksual" title="Evolusi reproduksi seksual">Seks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolusi <a href="/wiki/Takson" class="mw-redirect" title="Takson">Taksa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_burung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi burung (halaman belum tersedia)">Burung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_brakiopoda" title="Evolusi brakiopoda">Brakiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gap_kucing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gap kucing (halaman belum tersedia)">Kucing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_evolusioner_cephalopoda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah evolusioner cephalopoda (halaman belum tersedia)">Cephalopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_dinosaurus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi dinosaurus (halaman belum tersedia)">Dinosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal_mula_domestikasi_anjing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal mula domestikasi anjing (halaman belum tersedia)">Anjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_cetacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolusi cetacea">Lumba-lumba dan paus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_ikan" title="Evolusi ikan">Ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_jamur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi jamur (halaman belum tersedia)">Jamur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_kuda" title="Evolusi kuda">Kuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_manusia" title="Evolusi manusia">Manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_influensa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi influensa (halaman belum tersedia)">Influensa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_serangga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi serangga (halaman belum tersedia)">Serangga</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_kupu-kupu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi kupu-kupu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kupu-kupu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_evolusioner_lemur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah evolusioner lemur (halaman belum tersedia)">Lemur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_evolusioner_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah evolusioner kehidupan">Kehidupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_mamalia" title="Evolusi mamalia">Mamalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_moluska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi moluska (halaman belum tersedia)">Moluska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_tanaman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi tanaman (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanaman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_reptil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi reptil (halaman belum tersedia)">Reptil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sirenia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sirenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sapi laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_laba-laba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi laba-laba (halaman belum tersedia)">Laba-laba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda#Evolusi" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_virus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi virus (halaman belum tersedia)">Virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_virus_Hepatitis_C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi virus Hepatitis C (halaman belum tersedia)">Hepatitis C</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mode-mode spesiasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biologi)" title="Catagenesis (biologi)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladogenesis" title="Kladogenesis">Kladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological (halaman belum tersedia)">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibrida" class="mw-disambig" title="Hibrida">Hibrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapatri">Parapatri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatri (halaman belum tersedia)">Peripatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpatri" title="Simpatri">Simpatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_evolusi" title="Sejarah pemikiran evolusi">Sejarah pemikiran evolusioner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_gen_egois" title="Teori gen egois">Teori gen egois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">Kehidupan</a> (Pohon klasifikasi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintesis_evolusioner_modern" title="Sintesis evolusioner modern">Sintesis evolusioner modern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subbidang lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika_ekologis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetika ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Genetika ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi_molekuler" title="Evolusi molekuler">Evolusi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetik">Filogenetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_topik_biologi_evolusioner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar topik biologi evolusioner (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar topik biologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rentang_waktu_evolusi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rentang waktu evolusi (halaman belum tersedia)">Rentang waktu evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_evolusioner_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah evolusioner kehidupan">Sejarah evolusioner kehidupan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80174" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q80174">Q80174</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pan" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pan">Pan</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pan/">Pan</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=4520">4520</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42004">42004</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PANZG">1PANZG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=97177">97177</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2436437">2436437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43576">43576</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=572838">572838</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&amp;id=12100796">12100796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=9596">9596</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5757366">5757366</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐7f597874bd‐v2qtq Cached time: 20241202172241 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU 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