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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Latin_letter_%C3%90.svg/160px-Latin_letter_%C3%90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Latin_letter_%C3%90.svg/240px-Latin_letter_%C3%90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Latin_letter_%C3%90.svg/320px-Latin_letter_%C3%90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Eth</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg/100px-Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg/150px-Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg/200px-Latin_letter_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Thorn</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_handwriting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Icelandic_handwriting.JPG/300px-Icelandic_handwriting.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Icelandic_handwriting.JPG/450px-Icelandic_handwriting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Icelandic_handwriting.JPG/600px-Icelandic_handwriting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>A handwriting extract; the Icelandic letters ⟨ð⟩ and ⟨þ⟩ are visible.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> Icelandic orthography uses a <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a> which has 32 letters. Compared with the 26 letters of English, the Icelandic alphabet lacks C, Q, W and Z, but additionally has Ð, Þ, Æ and Ö. Six letters have forms with acute accents to produce Á, É, Í, Ó, Ú and Ý. The letters <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Eth</a> (⟨ð⟩, capital ⟨Ð⟩), transliterated as ⟨d⟩, and <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Thorn</a> (⟨þ⟩, capital ⟨Þ⟩), transliterated as ⟨th⟩, are widely used in the Icelandic language. Eth is also used in <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>, while thorn was used in many historical languages such as <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. The letters ⟨æ⟩ (capital ⟨Æ⟩) and ⟨ö⟩ (capital ⟨Ö⟩) are considered as completely separate letters in Icelandic, and are collated as such, even though they originated as a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical</a> version respectively. Icelandic words never start with ⟨ð⟩, which means its capital ⟨Ð⟩ occurs only when words are spelled in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all capitals</a>. The alphabet is as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Is-Icelandic_alphabet.oga" title="File:Is-Icelandic alphabet.oga">Icelandic alphabet</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Is-Icelandic_alphabet.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Is-Icelandic_alphabet.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Is-Icelandic_alphabet.oga/Is-Icelandic_alphabet.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIs-Icelandic_alphabet.oga&lang=is&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska ‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An Icelandic speaker reciting the alphabet in Icelandic</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" colspan="33"><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a> (also called uppercase or capital letters) </th></tr> <tr lang="is"> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Á</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Ð</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">Í</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">Ú</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9D" title="Ý">Ý</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="33" style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a> (also called lowercase or small letters) </th></tr> <tr lang="is"> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>ð</td> <td>e</td> <td>é</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>í</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>ó</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ú</td> <td>v</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>ý</td> <td>z</td> <td>þ</td> <td>æ</td> <td>ö </td></tr></tbody></table> The above table has 33 letters, including the letter Z which is obsolete but may be found in older texts, e.g. verzlun became verslun. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Names of letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Frequency<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aa</td> <td>a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[aː]</a></td> <td>10.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Áá</td> <td>á</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[auː]</a></td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bb</td> <td>bé</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[pjɛː]</a></td> <td>1.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dd</td> <td>dé</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tjɛː]</a></td> <td>1.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ðð</td> <td>eð</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛːθ]</a></td> <td>4.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ee</td> <td>e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛː]</a></td> <td>6.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Éé</td> <td>é</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jɛː]</a></td> <td>0.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ff</td> <td>eff</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛfː]</a></td> <td>3.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gg</td> <td>ge</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[cɛː]</a></td> <td>4.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hh</td> <td>há</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[hauː]</a></td> <td>1.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ii</td> <td>i</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɪː]</a></td> <td>7.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Íí</td> <td>í</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[iː]</a></td> <td>1.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jj</td> <td>joð</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jɔːθ]</a></td> <td>1.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kk</td> <td>ká</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[kʰauː]</a></td> <td>3.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ll</td> <td>ell</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛtːl̥]</a></td> <td>4.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mm</td> <td>emm</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛmː]</a></td> <td>4.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nn</td> <td>enn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛnː]</a></td> <td>7.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oo</td> <td>o</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɔː]</a></td> <td>2.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Óó</td> <td>ó</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ouː]</a></td> <td>0.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pp</td> <td>pé</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[pʰjɛː]</a></td> <td>0.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rr</td> <td>err</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛr̥ː]</a></td> <td>8.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ss</td> <td>ess</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛsː]</a></td> <td>5.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tt</td> <td>té</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tʰjɛː]</a></td> <td>4.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uu</td> <td>u</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʏː]</a></td> <td>4.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Úú</td> <td>ú</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[uː]</a></td> <td>0.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vv</td> <td>vaff</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[vafː]</a></td> <td>2.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xx</td> <td>ex</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛks]</a></td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yy</td> <td>ufsilon y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈʏfsɪlɔn ɪː]</a></td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ýý</td> <td>ufsilon ý</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈʏfsɪlɔn iː]</a></td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zz</td> <td>seta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsɛːta]</a></td> <td>~0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Þþ</td> <td>þorn</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θɔrtn̥]</a></td> <td>1.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ææ</td> <td>æ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[aiː]</a></td> <td>0.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Öö</td> <td>ö</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œː]</a></td> <td>0.78% </td></tr></tbody></table> The names of the letters are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatically</a> neuter (except the now obsolete ⟨z⟩ which is grammatically feminine). The letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨ý⟩, ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are considered <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, and the remainder are <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. ⟨c⟩ (sé, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[sjɛː]</a>), ⟨q⟩ (kú, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[kʰuː]</a>) and ⟨w⟩ (tvöfalt vaff, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtʰvœːfal̥t ˌvafː]</a>) are only used in Icelandic in words of foreign origin and some proper names that are also of foreign origin. Otherwise, ⟨c⟩, ⟨qu⟩, and ⟨w⟩ are replaced by ⟨k/s/ts⟩, ⟨hv⟩, and ⟨v⟩ respectively. (In fact, ⟨hv⟩ etymologically corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> ⟨qu⟩ and English ⟨wh⟩ in words inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>: Icelandic hvað, Latin quod, English what.) ⟨z⟩ (seta, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsɛːta]</a>) was used until 1973, when it was abolished, as it was only an etymological detail. It originally represented an <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>], which arose from the combinations ⟨t⟩+⟨s⟩, ⟨d⟩+⟨s⟩, ⟨ð⟩+⟨s⟩; however, in modern Icelandic it came to be pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[s]</a>, and since it was a letter that was not commonly used, it was decided in 1973 to replace all instances of ⟨z⟩ with ⟨s⟩.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> However, one of the most important newspapers in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Morgunblaðið">Morgunblaðið</a>, still uses it sometimes (although very rarely), a hot-dog chain, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6jarins_Beztu_Pylsur" title="Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur">Bæjarins Beztu Pylsur</a>, and a secondary school, <a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_College_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commercial College of Iceland">Verzlunarskóli Íslands</a> have it in their names. It is also found in some proper names (e.g. Zakarías, Haralz, Zoëga), and loanwords such as pizza (also written pítsa). Older people who were educated before the abolition of the ⟨z⟩ sometimes also use it. While ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨z⟩ are found on the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic keyboard">Icelandic keyboard</a>, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">exception</a> in Iceland). ⟨c⟩ is used on <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Iceland" title="Road signs in Iceland">road signs</a> (to indicate <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centre</a>) according to European regulation, and cm is used for the <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">international SI system</a> (while it may be written out as sentimetri). Many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to <a href="/wiki/Collate" class="mw-redirect" title="Collate">collate</a> (sort into the correct order), and practically that is done, i.e. computers treat the alphabet as a superset of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q, r, s, t, u, ú, v, w, x, y, ý, z, þ, æ, ö. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The modern Icelandic alphabet developed from a standard established in the 19th century (primarily by Danish linguist <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Rask" title="Rasmus Rask">Rasmus Rask</a>). It is ultimately based heavily on an orthographic standard created in the early 12th century by a document referred to as <a href="/wiki/First_Grammatical_Treatise" title="First Grammatical Treatise">The First Grammatical Treatise</a>, author unknown. The standard was intended for the common <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic language</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. It did not have much influence, however, at the time. The most defining characteristics of the alphabet were established in the old treatise: <ul><li>Use of the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (originally to signify <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>).</li> <li>Use of ⟨þ⟩, also used in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> alphabet as the letter <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a>.</li></ul> The later Rasmus Rask standard was basically a re-enactment of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> conventions, such as the exclusive use of ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩. Various old features, like ⟨ð⟩, had actually not seen much use in the later centuries, so Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th century changes are most notably the adoption of ⟨é⟩, which had previously been written as ⟨je⟩ (reflecting the modern pronunciation), and the replacement of ⟨z⟩ with ⟨s⟩ in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling-to-sound_correspondence">Spelling-to-sound correspondence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spelling-to-sound correspondence">edit</a>]</div> This section lists <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> letters and letter combinations and their phonemic representation in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thrainsson-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Einarsson_1949-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Icelandic vowels may be either long or short, but this distinction is only relevant in stressed syllables: unstressed vowels are neutral in quantitative aspect. The vowel length is determined by the consonants that follow the vowel: if there is only one consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word (i.e., CVCV or CVC# syllable structure), the vowel is long; if there are more than one (CVCCV), counting geminates and pre-aspirated stops as CC, the vowel is short. There are, however, some exceptions to this rule: <ol><li>A vowel is long when the first consonant following it is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p t k s]</a> and the second <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[v j r]</a>, e.g. esja, vepja, akrar, vökvar, tvisvar.</li> <li>A vowel is also long in monosyllabic substantives with a genitive -s whose stem ends in a single <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p t k]</a> following a vowel (e.g. ráps, skaks), except if the final <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p t k]</a> is assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[s]</a>, e.g. báts.</li> <li>The first word of a compound term preserves its long vowel if its following consonant is one of the group <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p t k s]</a>, e.g. matmál.</li> <li>The non-compound verbs vitkast and litka have long vowels.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Grapheme </th> <th colspan="4">Sound (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th>Long </th> <th>Short </th> <th>Before ⟨gi⟩ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jɪ]</a><a href="#cite_note-ipv-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>Before ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨nk⟩ </th></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[aː]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[a]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ai]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[au]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">taska <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtʰaska]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/Is-taska.oga\/Is-taska.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-taska.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Is-taska.oga/Is-taska.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-taska.oga" title="File:Is-taska.oga">ⓘ</a> "handbag" kaka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkʰaːka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Is-kaka.oga\/Is-kaka.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-kaka.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Is-kaka.oga/Is-kaka.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-kaka.oga" title="File:Is-kaka.oga">ⓘ</a> "cake" svangur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsvauŋkʏr̥]</a> "hungry" </td></tr> <tr> <th>á </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[auː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[au]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">fár <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[fauːr̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6b\/Is-f%C3%A1r.oga\/Is-f%C3%A1r.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-f\u00e1r.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Is-f%C3%A1r.oga/Is-f%C3%A1r.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-f%C3%A1r.oga" title="File:Is-fár.oga">ⓘ</a> "disaster" </td></tr> <tr> <th>au </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œyː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œy]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">þau <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θœyː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Is-%C3%9Eau.oga\/Is-%C3%9Eau.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00deau.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Is-%C3%9Eau.oga/Is-%C3%9Eau.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%9Eau.oga" title="File:Is-Þau.oga">ⓘ</a> "they" </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛː]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛ]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ei]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">skera <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈscɛːra]</a> "to cut" drekka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtrɛʰka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Is-drekka.oga\/Is-drekka.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-drekka.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Is-drekka.oga/Is-drekka.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-drekka.oga" title="File:Is-drekka.oga">ⓘ</a> "to drink" drengur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtreiŋkʏr̥]</a> "boy" </td></tr> <tr> <th>é </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jɛː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jɛ]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ég <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jɛːx]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/62\/Is-%C3%A9g.oga\/Is-%C3%A9g.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00e9g.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Is-%C3%A9g.oga/Is-%C3%A9g.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%A9g.oga" title="File:Is-ég.oga">ⓘ</a> "I" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ei, ey </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[eiː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ei]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">skeið <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[sceiːθ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/94\/Is-skei%C3%B0.oga\/Is-skei%C3%B0.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-skei\u00f0.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Is-skei%C3%B0.oga/Is-skei%C3%B0.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-skei%C3%B0.oga" title="File:Is-skeið.oga">ⓘ</a> "spoon" hey <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[heiː]</a> "hay" </td></tr> <tr> <th>i, y </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɪː]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɪ]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[i]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[sɪːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f3\/Is-sin.oga\/Is-sin.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-sin.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Is-sin.oga/Is-sin.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-sin.oga" title="File:Is-sin.oga">ⓘ</a> "sinew" syngja <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsiɲca]</a> "to sing" </td></tr> <tr> <th>í, ý </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[iː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[i]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">íslenska <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈistlɛnska]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga\/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00cdslenska.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga" title="File:Is-Íslenska.oga">ⓘ</a> "Icelandic" </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɔː]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɔ]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɔi]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ou]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">lofa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈlɔːva]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Is-lofa.oga\/Is-lofa.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-lofa.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Is-lofa.oga/Is-lofa.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-lofa.oga" title="File:Is-lofa.oga">ⓘ</a> "to promise" dolla <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtɔtla]</a> "pot" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ó </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ouː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ou]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">rós <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rouːs]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/Is-r%C3%B3s.oga\/Is-r%C3%B3s.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-r\u00f3s.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Is-r%C3%B3s.oga/Is-r%C3%B3s.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-r%C3%B3s.oga" title="File:Is-rós.oga">ⓘ</a> "rose" </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʏː]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʏ]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʏi]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[u]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">hundur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈhʏntʏr̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/Is-hundur.oga\/Is-hundur.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-hundur.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Is-hundur.oga/Is-hundur.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-hundur.oga" title="File:Is-hundur.oga">ⓘ</a> "dog" munkur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈmuŋ̊kʏr̥]</a> "monk" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ú </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[uː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[u]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">þú <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θuː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Is-%C3%9E%C3%BA.oga\/Is-%C3%9E%C3%BA.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00de\u00fa.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Is-%C3%9E%C3%BA.oga/Is-%C3%9E%C3%BA.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%9E%C3%BA.oga" title="File:Is-Þú.oga">ⓘ</a> "you" </td></tr> <tr> <th>æ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[aiː]</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ai]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">læsa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈlaiːsa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/Is-L%C3%A6sa.ogg\/Is-L%C3%A6sa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-L\u00e6sa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Is-L%C3%A6sa.ogg/Is-L%C3%A6sa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-L%C3%A6sa.ogg" title="File:Is-Læsa.ogg">ⓘ</a> "lock" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ö </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œː]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œ]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œy]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ör <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[œːr]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Is-%C3%B6r.oga\/Is-%C3%B6r.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00f6r.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Is-%C3%B6r.oga/Is-%C3%B6r.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%B6r.oga" title="File:Is-ör.oga">ⓘ</a> "scar" hnöttur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈn̥œʰtʏr̥]</a> "globe" öngull <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈœyŋkʏtl̥]</a> "hook" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phonetic realization (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a>) </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">b </th> <td>between ⟨m⟩ and ⟨d, t, s, g⟩: <dl><dd>∅</dd></dl> </td> <td>kembt <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[cʰɛm̥t]</a> "combed [past participle]" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p]</a> unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">voiceless bilabial stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>bær <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[paiːr̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a3\/Is-B%C3%A6r.ogg\/Is-B%C3%A6r.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-B\u00e6r.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Is-B%C3%A6r.ogg/Is-B%C3%A6r.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-B%C3%A6r.ogg" title="File:Is-Bær.ogg">ⓘ</a> "town" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">d </th> <td>between ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ and ⟨g, n, l, k, s⟩: <dl><dd>∅</dd></dl> </td> <td>lands <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[lans]</a> "land's [genitive]" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[t]</a> unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental stop">voiceless dental stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>dalur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtaːlʏr̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/Is-dalur.oga\/Is-dalur.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-dalur.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Is-dalur.oga/Is-dalur.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-dalur.oga" title="File:Is-dalur.oga">ⓘ</a> "valley" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">ð </th> <td>between vowels, between a vowel and a voiced consonant, word finally: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ð̠]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>eða <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈɛːða]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/Is-e%C3%B0a.oga\/Is-e%C3%B0a.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-e\u00f0a.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Is-e%C3%B0a.oga/Is-e%C3%B0a.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-e%C3%B0a.oga" title="File:Is-eða.oga">ⓘ</a> "or" bað <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[paːð]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/Is-ba%C3%B0.ogg\/Is-ba%C3%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-ba\u00f0.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Is-ba%C3%B0.ogg/Is-ba%C3%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-ba%C3%B0.ogg" title="File:Is-bað.ogg">ⓘ</a> "bath" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless consonant</a> and before a pause: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θ̠]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>maðkur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈmaθkʏr̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/Is-ma%C3%B0kur.oga\/Is-ma%C3%B0kur.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-ma\u00f0kur.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Is-ma%C3%B0kur.oga/Is-ma%C3%B0kur.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-ma%C3%B0kur.oga" title="File:Is-maðkur.oga">ⓘ</a> "worm" </td></tr> <tr> <td>between ⟨r⟩ and ⟨n⟩, and between ⟨g⟩ and ⟨s⟩: <dl><dd>∅</dd></dl> </td> <td>harðna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈhartna]</a> "to harden" bragðs <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[praxs]</a> "trick's [genitive], flavour's [genitive]" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">f </th> <td>word initially or before a voiceless consonant, and when doubled: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[f]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>fundur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈfʏntʏr̥]</a> "meeting" haft <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[haft]</a> "had [past participle]" </td></tr> <tr> <td>between vowels, between a vowel and a voiced consonant, or word finally: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[v]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>lofa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈlɔːva]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Is-lofa.oga\/Is-lofa.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-lofa.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Is-lofa.oga/Is-lofa.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-lofa.oga" title="File:Is-lofa.oga">ⓘ</a> "to promise" horfa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈhɔrva]</a> "look" </td></tr> <tr> <td>between ⟨ó⟩ and a vowel: <dl><dd>∅</dd></dl> </td> <td>prófa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpʰr̥ou.a]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Is-pr%C3%B3fa.ogg\/Is-pr%C3%B3fa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-pr\u00f3fa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Is-pr%C3%B3fa.ogg/Is-pr%C3%B3fa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-pr%C3%B3fa.ogg" title="File:Is-prófa.ogg">ⓘ</a> "test" gulrófa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkʏlˌrou.a]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Is-gulr%C3%B3fa.ogg\/Is-gulr%C3%B3fa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-gulr\u00f3fa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Is-gulr%C3%B3fa.ogg/Is-gulr%C3%B3fa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-gulr%C3%B3fa.ogg" title="File:Is-gulrófa.ogg">ⓘ</a> "rutabaga" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>Keflavík <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈcʰɛplaˌviːk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/30\/Is-keflav%C3%ADk.ogg\/Is-keflav%C3%ADk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-keflav\u00edk.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Is-keflav%C3%ADk.ogg/Is-keflav%C3%ADk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-keflav%C3%ADk.ogg" title="File:Is-keflavík.ogg">ⓘ</a> "<a href="/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk" title="Keflavík">Keflavík</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <th>fnd </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[mt]</a> </td> <td>hefnd <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[hɛmt]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/Is-hefnd.ogg\/Is-hefnd.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-hefnd.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Is-hefnd.ogg/Is-hefnd.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-hefnd.ogg" title="File:Is-hefnd.ogg">ⓘ</a> "revenge" </td></tr> <tr> <th>fnt </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[m̥t]</a> (voiceless) </td> <td>nefnt <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[nɛm̥t]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ab\/Is-nefnt.oga\/Is-nefnt.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-nefnt.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Is-nefnt.oga/Is-nefnt.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-nefnt.oga" title="File:Is-nefnt.oga">ⓘ</a> "named" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">g </th> <td>word initially, before a consonant or ⟨a⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ú⟩ or ⟨ö⟩; between a vowel and ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩; or after a consonant: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[k]</a> unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop">voiceless velar stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>glápa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈklauːpa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/Is-gl%C3%A1pa.oga\/Is-gl%C3%A1pa.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-gl\u00e1pa.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Is-gl%C3%A1pa.oga/Is-gl%C3%A1pa.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-gl%C3%A1pa.oga" title="File:Is-glápa.oga">ⓘ</a> "to stare" logn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[lɔkn̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/Is-logn.ogg\/Is-logn.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-logn.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Is-logn.ogg/Is-logn.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-logn.ogg" title="File:Is-logn.ogg">ⓘ</a> "windstill" borg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[pɔrk]</a> "city" </td></tr> <tr> <td>word initially, before ⟨e⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨ý⟩, ⟨æ⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨ey⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[c]</a> unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal stop">voiceless palatal stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>geta <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈcɛːta]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/Is-geta.oga\/Is-geta.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-geta.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Is-geta.oga/Is-geta.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-geta.oga" title="File:Is-geta.oga">ⓘ</a> "to be able" </td></tr> <tr> <td>between a vowel and ⟨a, u, ð, r⟩; or word finally after a vowel: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɣ]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>fluga <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈflʏːɣa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/Is-fluga.oga\/Is-fluga.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-fluga.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Is-fluga.oga/Is-fluga.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-fluga.oga" title="File:Is-fluga.oga">ⓘ</a> "fly" lag <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[laːɣ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/Is-lag.oga\/Is-lag.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-lag.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Is-lag.oga/Is-lag.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-lag.oga" title="File:Is-lag.oga">ⓘ</a> "layer" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨t⟩ or ⟨s⟩ or before a pause: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[x]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>dragt <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[traxt]</a> "suit" </td></tr> <tr> <td>between a vowel and ⟨j⟩ or ⟨i⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[j]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>segja <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsɛjːa]</a> "to say" </td></tr> <tr> <td>between ⟨á, ó, ú⟩, and ⟨a, o, u⟩: <dl><dd>∅</dd></dl> </td> <td>fljúga <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈfljuː.a]</a> "to fly" </td></tr> <tr> <th>gj </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[c]</a> unaspirated voiceless palatal stop </td> <td>gjalda <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈcalta]</a> "to pay" </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[h]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> </td> <td>hár <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[hauːr̥]</a> "hair" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hj </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ç]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">voiceless palatal fricative</a> </td> <td>hjá <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[çauː]</a> "next to" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hl </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[l̥]</a> voiceless <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">alveolar lateral approximant</a> </td> <td>hlýr <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[l̥iːr̥]</a> "warm" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hn </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[n̥]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">voiceless alveolar nasal</a> </td> <td>hné <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[n̥jɛː]</a> "knee" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hr </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[r̥]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">voiceless alveolar trill</a> </td> <td>hratt <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[r̥aʰt]</a> "fast" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hv </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[kʰv]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[xv]</a> among some older speakers in southern Iceland) </td> <td>hvað <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[kʰvaːθ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/Is-hva%C3%B0.oga\/Is-hva%C3%B0.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-hva\u00f0.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Is-hva%C3%B0.oga/Is-hva%C3%B0.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-hva%C3%B0.oga" title="File:Is-hvað.oga">ⓘ</a> "what" </td></tr> <tr> <th>j </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[j]</a> </td> <td>já <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[jauː]</a> "yes" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">k </th> <td>word initially, before a consonant or ⟨a⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ú⟩ or ⟨ö⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[kʰ]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>kaka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkʰaːka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Is-kaka.oga\/Is-kaka.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-kaka.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Is-kaka.oga/Is-kaka.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-kaka.oga" title="File:Is-kaka.oga">ⓘ</a> "cake" </td></tr> <tr> <td>word initially, before ⟨e⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨ý⟩, ⟨æ⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨ey⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[cʰ]</a> aspirated voiceless palatal stop</dd></dl> </td> <td>keyra <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈcʰeiːra]</a> "to drive" </td></tr> <tr> <td>other contexts, before ⟨a⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨ú⟩ or ⟨ö⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[k]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>skarfur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈskarvʏr̥]</a> "cormorant" haka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈhaːka]</a> "chin" </td></tr> <tr> <td>other contexts, before ⟨e⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨ý⟩, ⟨æ⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨ey⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[c]</a> unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal stop">voiceless palatal stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>skip <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈscɪːp]</a> "boat" hroki <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈr̥ɔːcɪ]</a> "arrogance" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨l, m, n⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰk]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>miklir <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[mɪʰklɪr̥]</a> "great (pl.)" vakna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[vaʰkna]</a> "wake up" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨t⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[x]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>október <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈɔxtouːpɛr̥]</a> "October" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">kj </th> <td>word initially: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[cʰ]</a> aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal stop">voiceless palatal stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>kjöt <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[cʰœːt]</a> "meat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>other contexts: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[c]</a> unaspirated voiceless palatal stop</dd></dl> </td> <td>þykja <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈθɪːca]</a> "to regard" </td></tr> <tr> <th>kk </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰk]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰc]</a> </td> <td>þakka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈθaʰka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/Is-%C3%BEakka.ogg\/Is-%C3%BEakka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00feakka.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Is-%C3%BEakka.ogg/Is-%C3%BEakka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%BEakka.ogg" title="File:Is-þakka.ogg">ⓘ</a> "to thank" ekki <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈɛʰcɪ]</a> "not" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">l </th> <td>word finally, or next to a voiceless consonant: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[l̥]</a> voiceless <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">alveolar lateral approximant</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>sól <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[souːl̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/Is-s%C3%B3l.oga\/Is-s%C3%B3l.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-s\u00f3l.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Is-s%C3%B3l.oga/Is-s%C3%B3l.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-s%C3%B3l.oga" title="File:Is-sól.oga">ⓘ</a> "sun" stúlka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈstul̥ka]</a> "girl" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[l]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>lás <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[lauːs]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/20\/Is-L%C3%A1s.ogg\/Is-L%C3%A1s.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-L\u00e1s.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Is-L%C3%A1s.ogg/Is-L%C3%A1s.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-L%C3%A1s.ogg" title="File:Is-Lás.ogg">ⓘ</a> "lock" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ll </th> <td>in loan words and pet names: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[lː]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>bolla <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpɔlːa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ad\/Is-bolla.oga\/Is-bolla.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-bolla.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Is-bolla.oga/Is-bolla.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-bolla.oga" title="File:Is-bolla.oga">ⓘ</a> "bun, bread roll" mylla <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈmɪlːa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/Is-mylla.oga\/Is-mylla.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-mylla.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Is-mylla.oga/Is-mylla.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-mylla.oga" title="File:Is-mylla.oga">ⓘ</a> "mill" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tl]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>bolli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpɔtlɪ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-39" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/Is-bolli.oga\/Is-bolli.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-bolli.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Is-bolli.oga/Is-bolli.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-bolli.oga" title="File:Is-bolli.oga">ⓘ</a> "cup" milli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈmɪtlɪ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-40" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f2\/Is-milli.oga\/Is-milli.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-milli.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Is-milli.oga/Is-milli.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-milli.oga" title="File:Is-milli.oga">ⓘ</a> "between" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">m </th> <td>after and before voiceless consonants: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[m̥]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>lampi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈlam̥pɪ]</a> "lamp" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[m]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>mamma <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈmamːa]</a> "mum" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">n </th> <td>after and before voiceless consonants: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[n̥]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>planta <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpʰlan̥ta]</a> "plant" hnífur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈn̥iːvʏr]</a> "knife" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[n]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>nafn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[napn̥]</a> "name" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ng </th> <td>before ⟨d, l, s⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ŋ]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>kringla <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkʰriŋla]</a> "disc" gangs <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkauŋs]</a> "movement's [genitive]" </td></tr> <tr> <td>in most cases: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ŋk]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɲc]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>vængur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈvaiŋkʏr̥]</a> "wing" engi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈeiɲcɪ]</a> "meadow" </td></tr> <tr> <th>nk </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ŋ̊k]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɲ̊c]</a> </td> <td>hönk <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈhœyŋ̊k]</a> "coil, loop" banki <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpauɲ̊cɪ]</a> "bank" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">nn </th> <td>after accented vowels or diphthongs: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tn̥]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>steinn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[steitn̥]</a> "rock" fínn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[fitn̥]</a> "fine" </td></tr> <tr> <td>elsewhere: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[nː]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>finna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈfɪnːa]</a> "to find" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">p </th> <td>word initially: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[pʰ]</a> aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">voiceless bilabial stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>par <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[pʰaːr̥]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-41" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Is-par.oga\/Is-par.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-par.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Is-par.oga/Is-par.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-par.oga" title="File:Is-par.oga">ⓘ</a> "pair" </td></tr> <tr> <td>other contexts: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[p]</a> unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop</dd></dl> </td> <td>spara <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈspaːra]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-42" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/38\/Is-spara.oga\/Is-spara.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-spara.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Is-spara.oga/Is-spara.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-spara.oga" title="File:Is-spara.oga">ⓘ</a> "to save" kápa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkʰauːpa]</a> "coat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨s, k, t⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">voiceless labiodental fricative</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>September <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsɛftɛmpɛr̥]</a> "September" skips <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[scɪfs]</a> "ship's [genitive]" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨l, m, n⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰp]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>epli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ɛʰplɪ]</a> "apple(s)" vopn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[vɔʰpn̥]</a> "weapon(s)" </td></tr> <tr> <th>pp </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰp]</a> </td> <td>stoppa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈstɔʰpa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-43" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5a\/Is-stoppa.ogg\/Is-stoppa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-stoppa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Is-stoppa.ogg/Is-stoppa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-stoppa.ogg" title="File:Is-stoppa.ogg">ⓘ</a> "to stop" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">r </th> <td>word initially and between vowels: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[r]</a> (voiced alveolar trill or tap)</dd></dl> </td> <td>rigna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈrɪkna]</a> "to rain" læra <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈlaiːra]</a> "to learn" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before and after voiceless consonants and before a pause: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[r̥]</a> (voiceless <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">tap</a>)</dd></dl> </td> <td>svartur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsvar̥tʏr̥]</a> "black" </td></tr> <tr> <th>rl </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tl̥]</a>, occasionally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rtl̥]</a><a href="#cite_note-rl-8">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>karlmaður <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈkʰatl̥ˌmaːðʏr̥]</a> "man" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">rn </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tn̥]</a>, occasionally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rtn̥]</a><a href="#cite_note-rl-8">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>þorn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θɔtn̥]</a> "the name of the letter Þ" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨d⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rn]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>vernd <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[vɛrnt]</a> "protection" </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[s]</a> </td> <td>sósa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsouːsa]</a> "sauce" </td></tr> <tr> <th>sl </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[stl̥]</a> </td> <td>rusl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rʏstl̥]</a> "garbage" </td></tr> <tr> <th>sn </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[stn̥]</a> </td> <td>býsna <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpistn̥a]</a> "extremes" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">t </th> <td>word initially: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tʰ]</a> aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental stop">voiceless dental stop</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>taka <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtʰaːka]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-44" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/Is-taka.oga\/Is-taka.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-taka.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Is-taka.oga/Is-taka.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-taka.oga" title="File:Is-taka.oga">ⓘ</a> "take" </td></tr> <tr> <td>before ⟨l, m, n⟩: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰt]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td>Atli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[aʰtlɪ]</a> "Attila" rytmi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rɪʰtmɪ]</a> "rhythm" vatn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[vaʰtn̥]</a> "water" </td></tr> <tr> <td>elsewhere: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[t]</a> unaspirated voiceless dental stop</dd></dl> </td> <td>stela <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈstɛːla]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-45" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/Is-stela.oga\/Is-stela.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-stela.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Is-stela.oga/Is-stela.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-stela.oga" title="File:Is-stela.oga">ⓘ</a> "to steal" skutur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈskʏːtʏr̥]</a> "stern" </td></tr> <tr> <th>tt </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ʰt]</a> </td> <td>detta <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈtɛʰta]</a> "to fall" </td></tr> <tr> <th>v </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[v]</a> </td> <td>vera <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈvɛːra]</a> "to be" </td></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ks]</a> </td> <td>lax <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[laks]</a> "salmon" </td></tr> <tr> <th>z </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[s]</a> </td> <td>beztur <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈpɛstʏr̥]</a> "the best" (former orthography) Zakarías <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈsaːkʰariːas]</a> "Zachary" </td></tr> <tr> <th>þ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θ̠]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a> </td> <td>þú <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θuː]</a> "you" Aþena <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈaːθɛna]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-46" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/Is-a%C3%BEena.ogg\/Is-a%C3%BEena.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-a\u00feena.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Is-a%C3%BEena.ogg/Is-a%C3%BEena.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-a%C3%BEena.ogg" title="File:Is-aþena.ogg">ⓘ</a> "Athens" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_pages">Code pages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Code pages">edit</a>]</div> The alphabet is included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Historically, <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-1">ISO 8859-1</a> was the most used code page, followed by <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a>, which extends the Icelandic alphabet with e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">euro sign</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-15" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-15">ISO 8859-15</a> also extends the alphabet, but with the euro in a different place.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Encyclopedia_A%E2%80%93%C3%96" title="Icelandic Encyclopedia A–Ö">Icelandic Encyclopedia A–Ö</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rl-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rl_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rl_8-1">b</a> The pronunciation change rl→<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tl̥]</a> and rn→<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[tn̥]</a> occurred in the 14th century, pronouncing them as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rtl̥]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[rtn̥]</a> is a more recent development that may have been influenced by the orthography.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531023228/http://practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/letter-frequencies-various-languages/icelandic-letter-frequencies/">"Icelandic Letter Frequencies"</a>. Practical cryptography. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/letter-frequencies-various-languages/icelandic-letter-frequencies/">the original</a> on 2023-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Letter+Frequencies&rft.pub=Practical+cryptography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpracticalcryptography.com%2Fcryptanalysis%2Fletter-frequencies-various-languages%2Ficelandic-letter-frequencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvaran2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kvaran, Guðrún (2000-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=192">"Hvers vegna var bókstafurinn z svona mikið notaður á Íslandi en því svo hætt?"</a> [Why was the letter z used so much in Iceland but then stopped?]. Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2023-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hvers+vegna+var+b%C3%B3kstafurinn+z+svona+miki%C3%B0+nota%C3%B0ur+%C3%A1+%C3%8Dslandi+en+%C3%BEv%C3%AD+svo+h%C3%A6tt%3F&rft.date=2000-03-07&rft.aulast=Kvaran&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRögnvaldsson" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423013159/https://notendur.hi.is/~eirikur/av/stafsetn.htm">"Stafsetning og greinarmerkjasetning"</a> [Spelling and punctuation] (in Icelandic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notendur.hi.is/~eirikur/av/stafsetn.htm">the original</a> on 2021-04-23. <q>2. og 3. grein fjalla um bókstafinn z, brottnám hans úr íslensku, og ýmsar afleiðingar þess. z var numin brott úr íslensku ritmáli með auglýsingu menntamálaráðuneytisins í september 1973 (ekki 1974, eins og oft er haldið fram).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stafsetning+og+greinarmerkjasetning&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6gnvaldsson&rft.aufirst=Eir%C3%ADkur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotendur.hi.is%2F~eirikur%2Fav%2Fstafsetn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thrainsson-4"><a href="#cite_ref-thrainsson_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÞráinsson2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Þráinsson, Höskuldur (2002) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rp0hYcAjlIoC&pg=PA142">"Icelandic"</a>. In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The Germanic Languages. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. pp. 142–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05768-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05768-X"><bdi>0-415-05768-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Icelandic&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Descriptions&rft.pages=142-152&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-05768-X&rft.aulast=%C3%9Er%C3%A1insson&rft.aufirst=H%C3%B6skuldur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drp0hYcAjlIoC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einarsson_1949-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Einarsson_1949_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinarsson2001" class="citation book cs1">Einarsson, Stefán (2001) [1949]. Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 1–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801863578" title="Special:BookSources/9780801863578"><bdi>9780801863578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icelandic%3A+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+Glossary&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780801863578&rft.aulast=Einarsson&rft.aufirst=Stef%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipv-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ipv_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRögnvaldsson2020" class="citation web cs1">Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122609/https://notendur.hi.is/eirikur/ipv.pdf">"A Short Overview of the Icelandic Sound System Pronunciation Variants and Phonetic Transcription: IPA Version"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notendur.hi.is/eirikur/ipv.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2022-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Overview+of+the+Icelandic+Sound+System+Pronunciation+Variants+and+Phonetic+Transcription%3A+IPA+Version&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6gnvaldsson&rft.aufirst=Eir%C3%ADkur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotendur.hi.is%2Feirikur%2Fipv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓskarsson2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Óskarsson, Vesturliði (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302040825/http://ait.arnastofnun.is/grein.php?id=703">"Íslensk málsaga"</a> [Icelandic language history]. Málsgreinar (in Icelandic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ait.arnastofnun.is/grein.php?id=703">the original</a> on 2023-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A1lsgreinar&rft.atitle=%C3%8Dslensk+m%C3%A1lsaga&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=%C3%93skarsson&rft.aufirst=Vesturli%C3%B0i&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fait.arnastofnun.is%2Fgrein.php%3Fid%3D703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_orthography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824015726/https://notendur.hi.is/eirikur/ptg_ice.pdf">"Phonetic Transcription Guideline: Icelandic"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hi.is/~eirikur/ptg_ice.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2022-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Transcription+Guideline%3A+Icelandic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.is%2F~eirikur%2Fptg_ice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+orthography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Icelandic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%81M_66,_75v,_death_of_Baldr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg/100px-S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg/150px-S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg/200px-S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1187" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Patronymic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_names_in_Iceland" title="Street names in Iceland">Street names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_exonyms" title="Icelandic exonyms">List of exonyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" title="History of Icelandic">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">Skaldic poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and purism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_Magn%C3%BAsson_Institute_for_Icelandic_Studies" title="Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies">Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language_Day" title="Icelandic Language Day">Icelandic Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Language_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic Language Council (page does not exist)">Icelandic Language Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Language_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic Language Fund (page does not exist)">Icelandic Language Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language_Institute" title="Icelandic Language Institute">Icelandic Language Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Naming_Committee" title="Icelandic Naming Committee">Icelandic Naming Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Icelandic" title="Linguistic purism in Icelandic">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_writers" title="List of Icelandic writers">List of Icelandic writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_orthographies" title="Template talk:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li>Orthographies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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