CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Photography in Canada - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d988e0d6-8683-447c-8fee-4aa4e2b05655","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Photography_in_Canada","wgTitle":"Photography in Canada","wgCurRevisionId":1257087689,"wgRevisionId":1257087689,"wgArticleId":69106126,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Use Canadian English from October 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Photography in Canada","History of art in Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Photography_in_Canada", "wgRelevantArticleId":69106126,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q109301994","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg/800px-Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg/640px-Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Photography in Canada - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Canada"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Canada"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Photography_in_Canada rootpage-Photography_in_Canada skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Photography+in+Canada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Photography+in+Canada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Photography+in+Canada" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Photography+in+Canada" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Photography in Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie_v_Kanad%C4%9B" title="Fotografie v Kanadě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotografie v Kanadě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q109301994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Photography_in_Canada" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Photography_in_Canada" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Photography_in_Canada" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&oldid=1257087689" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Photography_in_Canada&id=1257087689&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhotography_in_Canada"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhotography_in_Canada"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Photography_in_Canada&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photography_in_Canada" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q109301994" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg/300px-Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg/450px-Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg/600px-Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Possibly the first daguerreotype produced in Canada, Niagara Falls by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lee_Pattinson" title="Hugh Lee Pattinson">Hugh Lee Pattinson</a>, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p> <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photographs</a> have been taken in the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> since 1839, by both amateurs and professionals. In the 19th century, commercial photography focussed on <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">portraiture</a>. But professional photographers were also involved in political and anthropological projects: they were brought along on expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and were engaged to document <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> by government agencies. </p><p>Canadian photography became more institutionalized in the 20th century. Railways including the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> heavily used photographs in their advertising campaigns. The Still Photography Division, a department of the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>, produced images for national and international distribution. Initially focussed on promoting a positive vision of the nation, by the 1960s the division transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary photography</a> attuned to individual photographers' artistic inclinations. </p><p>According to critic <a href="/wiki/Penny_Cousineau-Levine" title="Penny Cousineau-Levine">Penny Cousineau-Levine</a>, contemporary photography in Canada de-emphasizes documenting reality; rather, it treats photographs as an invitation to consider the otherworldly. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talbot_Fotogramm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A so called "Photogenic Drawing", a preliminary stage of early photographs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Talbot_Fotogramm.jpg/220px-Talbot_Fotogramm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Talbot_Fotogramm.jpg/330px-Talbot_Fotogramm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Talbot_Fotogramm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A photogenic drawing by William Henry Talbot, the first type of photograph produced in Canada, June 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1839, the <i>Colonial Pearl,</i> a weekly newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, reported that one of its readers had created a "photogenic drawing," probably of samples of flora such as ferns or flowers, created without a camera by placing objects on "salted" or sensitized paper.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar Ralph Greenhill, this was the first such photograph produced in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196518_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196518-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841 Tabot would call this the <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> process. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_daguerreotypes_-_Halsey_and_Sadd_-_9_October_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Advertisement by Halsey & Sadd for daguerreotype services, Quebec City, 9 October 1840" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Advertisement_for_daguerreotypes_-_Halsey_and_Sadd_-_9_October_1840.jpg/220px-Advertisement_for_daguerreotypes_-_Halsey_and_Sadd_-_9_October_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Advertisement_for_daguerreotypes_-_Halsey_and_Sadd_-_9_October_1840.jpg/330px-Advertisement_for_daguerreotypes_-_Halsey_and_Sadd_-_9_October_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Advertisement_for_daguerreotypes_-_Halsey_and_Sadd_-_9_October_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement by Halsey & Sadd for <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> services, Quebec City, 9 October 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada was among the first countries to pioneer photography after the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> was released by its inventor, the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a>, in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1840, photographic "rooms" were being employed in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, notably by two American itinerants, Halsey and Sadd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmquistKailbourn2005298_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmquistKailbourn2005298-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halsey and Sadd sold their prints for $5, including "a fine Morocco case".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196522_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196522-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving examples of their work have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Mrs John Fletcher, from Newburyport, was probably the first woman photographer in Canada when she and her husband (who was, in addition to his photographic pursuits, a <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenologist</a>), established themselves briefly in Montreal in 1841; her advertisements stated that she could "execute Daguerreotype Miniatures in a style unsurpassed by an American or European artist".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196523–24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196523–24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January, 1842 <a href="/wiki/William_Valentine_(painter)" title="William Valentine (painter)">William Valentine</a> opened a studio in his home on Marchington's Lane in Halifax, establishing the first permanent studio in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Valentine and his partner, Nova Scotia-born <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coffin_Doane" title="Thomas Coffin Doane">Thomas Coffin Doane</a> briefly took rooms at the Golden Lion Inn in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canency_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doane would later become well known for his work in his adopted city of Montreal. The earliest daguerrotypist with close associations to Quebec was the Swiss-born <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">Pierre-Gustave Joly</a>. In 1839, he traveled to Greece and Egypt where he took some of the world's earliest daguerreotypes. The originals were lost but the copies published as <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eli_J._Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eli J. Palmer (page does not exist)">Eli J. Palmer</a> (working in Toronto) was another early "daguerrian artist" operating in this early period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196524–25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196524–25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first photography-related patent in Canada went to L. A. Lemire in 1854 for a <a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">buffing</a> process for daguerreotype plates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bounce,_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Bounce%2C_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg/220px-The_Bounce%2C_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Bounce%2C_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg/330px-The_Bounce%2C_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Bounce%2C_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg/440px-The_Bounce%2C_Montreal_Snowshoe_Club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>"The Bounce, Montreal Snowshoe Club" in-studio by Notman, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Canadian <a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photographs</a> are rare—except of <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, which attracted photographers from the daguerreotype era onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portraits</a> provided the economic basis for 19th-century commercial photography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201125_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201125-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1850s, Canadian photographers had largely abandoned the daguerreotype in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">ambrotype</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196530_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196530-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an application of the <a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">collodion process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canency_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish-born <a href="/wiki/William_Notman" title="William Notman">William Notman</a> was Canada's best known portrait photographer in the second half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200330_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing in Montreal in the late 1850's, he was honoured as photographer to the Queen for his work during the <a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">1860 visit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward</a>, then Prince of Wales, to Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196539_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196539-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Confederation he established additional studios in Ottawa and Toronto (1868), <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> (1869) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a> (1872) before also venturing into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s he was producing some 14,000 negatives a year. The Notman studios are remembered for their elaborate <a href="/wiki/Photomontages" class="mw-redirect" title="Photomontages">photomontages</a>, such as his coloured composite of the 1869 Skating Carnaval consisting of some 300 individual views, and for the indigenous scenes the studio created in its Montreal studio.<sup id="cite_ref-canency_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian photographers such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dally" title="Frederick Dally">Frederick Dally</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Dosseter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Dosseter (page does not exist)">Edward Dosseter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Maynard_(photographer)" title="Richard Maynard (photographer)">Richard Maynard</a> were commissioned by government agencies including the department of Indian affairs to conduct ethnographic portraiture of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a>. These images were sold and disseminated globally. Photographers of settlers, including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Maynard" title="Hannah Maynard">Hannah Maynard</a>'s series <i>Gems of British Columbia</i>, advertised the colonial frontier to prospective white newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201127–29_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201127–29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letitia,_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Letitia, a Plains Cree Half-Breed (1858), by Humphrey Lloyd Hime" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Letitia%2C_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg/220px-Letitia%2C_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Letitia%2C_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg/330px-Letitia%2C_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Letitia%2C_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg/440px-Letitia%2C_a_Plains_Cree_Half-Breed_-_Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime_-_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption><i>Letitia, a Plains Cree Half-Breed</i> (1858), by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime" title="Humphrey Lloyd Hime">Humphrey Lloyd Hime</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Photographic Portfolio: A Monthly Review of Canadian Scenes and Scenery</i> was the first photography journal in Canada. It was published in Quebec City for two years, from 1858 to 1860, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_McLaughlin_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel McLaughlin (photographer) (page does not exist)">Samuel McLaughlin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_McLaughlin_(photographe)" class="extiw" title="fr:Samuel McLaughlin (photographe)">fr</a>]</span> (1824–1914).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196537_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assiniboine_and_Saskatchewan_Exploring_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition (page does not exist)">Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition</a> of 1857–1858, overseen by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Youle_Hind" title="Henry Youle Hind">Henry Youle Hind</a>, hired <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Lloyd_Hime" title="Humphrey Lloyd Hime">Humphrey Lloyd Hime</a> as the first official photographer of a colonial expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196550_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196550-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hime was a commercial photographer with the Toronto firm Armstrong, Beere & Hime; he left photography for a career in finance around 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196536_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196536-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Other colonial and anthropological expeditions in the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesup_North_Pacific_Expedition" title="Jesup North Pacific Expedition">Jesup North Pacific Expedition</a>, also produced a large volume of photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201173_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201173-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the first photos of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a> were taken on surveying trips and other officially sponsored explorations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199214_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199214-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> documented life at <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a> in photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg/220px-Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg/330px-Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg/440px-Canadian_Illustrated_News_Volume_1_Number_1_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>First issue of <i>Canadian Illustrated News</i>, October 30, 1869, employing a halftone process invented by <a href="/wiki/William_Leggo" title="William Leggo">William Leggo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dry_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry plate">dry plate</a> technique, which was easier than wet plate photography, became available in the 1880s. Professional photographers initially spurned the innovation, while amateurs quickly adopted it. Dry plate photography was used during the <a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> (1875–1876).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196558–59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196558–59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1800s, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> printing, photography became more common in <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and other media. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Illustrated_News" title="Canadian Illustrated News">Canadian Illustrated News</a></i>, first published on 30 October 1869, made pioneering use of halftone photographic prints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196565_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196565-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technological development coincided with a movement to develop the Prairies into "the granary of the British Empire"; images promoting settlement in Western Canada proliferated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199215–16_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199215–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (CPR) avidly used photographs in its offices abroad to promote <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigration to Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199216_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199216-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPR and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>, which also maintained a photography collection, provided pictures free of charge to writers on Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199217_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199217-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photographers and studios including William Notman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Henderson_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Henderson (photographer) (page does not exist)">Alexander Henderson</a>, and O. B. Buell were all engaged as part of campaigns by the federal government, CPR, and others to encourage settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199218_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199218-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local professional and amateur photographers in the Canadian West also documented the region during this period, often focussing on farm equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199225–26_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199225–26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888 the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Camera_Club" title="Toronto Camera Club">Toronto Camera Club</a> was founded (as the Toronto Amateur Photographic Association).<sup id="cite_ref-National_Post_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Post-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien,_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olympian Zeus Temple and Acropolis, Athens, 1839, engraving of Pierre-Gustave Joly's daguerreotype"><img alt="Olympian Zeus Temple and Acropolis, Athens, 1839, engraving of Pierre-Gustave Joly's daguerreotype" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien%2C_1839.jpg/371px-Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien%2C_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien%2C_1839.jpg/557px-Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien%2C_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien%2C_1839.jpg/742px-Colonnes_du_temple_de_Zeus_olympien%2C_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olympian Zeus Temple and Acropolis, Athens, 1839, engraving of Pierre-Gustave Joly's daguerreotype </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:McDermotsStoreNearUpperFortGarry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lloyd Hime's photograph of McDermot's store, Fort Garry, Manitoba, 1858"><img alt="Lloyd Hime's photograph of McDermot's store, Fort Garry, Manitoba, 1858" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/McDermotsStoreNearUpperFortGarry.jpg/332px-McDermotsStoreNearUpperFortGarry.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/McDermotsStoreNearUpperFortGarry.jpg/498px-McDermotsStoreNearUpperFortGarry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/McDermotsStoreNearUpperFortGarry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lloyd Hime's photograph of McDermot's store, Fort Garry, Manitoba, 1858</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skating_carnival_Montreal_by_Notman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notman's Montreal Skating Carnaval, colored composite 1870"><img alt="Notman's Montreal Skating Carnaval, colored composite 1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Skating_carnival_Montreal_by_Notman.jpg/373px-Skating_carnival_Montreal_by_Notman.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Skating_carnival_Montreal_by_Notman.jpg/560px-Skating_carnival_Montreal_by_Notman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Skating_carnival_Montreal_by_Notman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notman's Montreal Skating Carnaval, colored composite 1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, 1885"><img alt="Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg/369px-LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg/554px-LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg/739px-LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Last Spike at Craigellachie</i>, British Columbia, 1885 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_the_Ward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of children in the Ward by William James (1908)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Children_in_the_Ward.jpg/220px-Children_in_the_Ward.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Children_in_the_Ward.jpg/330px-Children_in_the_Ward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Children_in_the_Ward.jpg/440px-Children_in_the_Ward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Picture of children in <a href="/wiki/The_Ward,_Toronto" title="The Ward, Toronto">the Ward</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_James_(photographer)" title="William James (photographer)">William James</a> (1908)</figcaption></figure> <p>Concerns about the absence of a specific Canadian mode of photography were aired in the early 20th century, both by Canadians including <a href="/wiki/Harold_Mortimer-Lamb" title="Harold Mortimer-Lamb">Harold Mortimer-Lamb</a>, who lamented that the Canadian natural world was not sufficiently represented, and at least one British critic who remarked that there was no evidence of a "Canadian spirit" in then-contemporary photographic output.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201159_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201159-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the turn of the 20th century, developments in <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> technology made it possible for Canadian amateurs and professionals to produce their own photographic <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield20184–5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield20184–5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>million postcards were sent in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield201810_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield201810-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> around the turn of the 20th century, newspapers and other periodicals documented <a href="/wiki/The_Ward,_Toronto" title="The Ward, Toronto">the Ward</a>, a poor and largely immigrant neighbourhood, in photographs. Copious <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> prints in papers including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Toronto_World" title="The Toronto World">The Toronto World</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_(Toronto_newspaper)" title="The Globe (Toronto newspaper)"><i>The Globe</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011115–116_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011115–116-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many by <a href="/wiki/William_James_(photographer)" title="William James (photographer)">William James</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011114_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011114-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrated articles designed to shock, entertain, and attract readers with the lives of Ward residents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011111–112_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011111–112-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPR, as part of an advertising campaign in the 1920s and 1930s, commissioned photographers including <a href="/wiki/John_Vanderpant" title="John Vanderpant">John Vanderpant</a>, whom scholar Jill Delaney described as the "leading <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">pictorialist</a> photographer in Canada",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201157_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201157-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to document <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Rockies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201160–62_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201160–62-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign aimed to associate Canada as a nation with its natural environment—and both with the CPR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPR had used photography to memorialize and promote its operations at least since 1885, when the <a href="/wiki/Last_spike_(Canadian_Pacific_Railway)" title="Last spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)">last spike</a> was driven in;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander Ross of Calgary took the iconic photograph, which was widely distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1940s, the Canadian federal government had a photography department. On 8 August 1941, the Still Photography Division, sometimes simply called Photo Services, was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> pursuant to an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">order in council</a>. The division employed photographers, photo editors, and others to create photographs in service of "national unity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201320–21_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201320–21-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second World War, the division focussed on documenting the <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">home front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201323_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201323-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staff also produced photographs for other federal agencies and provided content for publications not affiliated with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201325–26_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201325–26-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Carol Payne argues that a major role of the division during the war was to produce <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201326_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201326-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, the Still Photography Division's budget was cut substantially, even as the National Film Board tried to maintain its status as the federal government's only official photography agency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201331_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201331-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued to promote a vision of Canadian nationhood in peacetime through the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201332_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201332-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One distinctive channel for the division's efforts was the <a href="/wiki/Photo-essay" title="Photo-essay">photo story</a>, often distributed as a newspaper supplement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201337–38_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201337–38-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photo stories were uncritically positive; Payne calls them "<a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoistic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201343_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201343-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Monk" title="Lorraine Monk">Lorraine Monk</a> took over as head of the Still Photography Division in 1960, she turned the division away from the photo story model in favour of <a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary photography</a> more attuned to the sensibilities of individual photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201345_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201345-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of a broader turn towards <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in Canadian thinking about photography: it was viewed as an art form, not solely as a means of reporting on reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201346_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201346-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division's final photo story was published in April 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201351_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201351-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, the division ceased to be the federal government's sole photography agency when, as part of a broader redistribution of responsibilities and personnel, some of the division's photographers were sent to Information Canada (another federal department).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201352_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201352-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the early 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh" title="Yousuf Karsh">Yousuf Karsh</a> was "one of Canada's pre-eminent portrait photographers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011121_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011121-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commercial and Press Photographers Association of Canada, which changed its name to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Photographers_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Photographers of Canada (page does not exist)">Professional Photographers of Canada</a> (PPC) in 1962, was founded in 1946. A <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association</a> for <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalists</a>, PPC aimed to create "a strong national identity for all those involved in the photographic industry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011154_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011154-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critic Serge Jongué argues that photography in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> had shifted from a documentary focus during the 1970s to an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Experimentalism" title="Experimentalism">experimentalism</a> as of the early 1990s. He links this development to rapid cultural changes in the province during the latter half of the 20th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199238–39_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199238–39-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies <a href="/wiki/Gabor_Szilasi" title="Gabor Szilasi">Gabor Szilasi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Gaudard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Gaudard (page does not exist)">Pierre Gaudard</a> as two key figures in Quebec photography of the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199239–40_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199239–40-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cousineau-Levine" title="Penny Cousineau-Levine">Penny Cousineau-Levine</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> is a predominant theme in contemporary Canadian photography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200318_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200318-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues, against theories of photography defended by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Camera_Lucida_(book)" title="Camera Lucida (book)">Camera Lucida</a></i>, that Canadian photographers use a medium uniquely capable of <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> so as to distance themselves from the real: "[t]he <i>sine qua non</i> of photography, its unique capacity for verisimilitude, is the very trait that many Canadian photographers seem distinctly ill at ease with."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cousineau-Levine, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">street photography</a> is more often about otherworldly matters than a comment on the worldly events it nominally depicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She identifies a set of portraits taken by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Smiley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Smiley (page does not exist)">Karen Smiley</a> in 1976, and the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne-Marie_Zeppetelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne-Marie Zeppetelli (page does not exist)">Anne-Marie Zeppetelli</a>, as exemplars of Canadian photographers' use of this realist medium to explore themes beyond the everyday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200326–27_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200326–27-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparing Canadian portraits of working people by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cal_Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cal Bailey (page does not exist)">Cal Bailey</a> with their American counterparts by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Penn" title="Irving Penn">Irving Penn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Avedon" title="Richard Avedon">Richard Avedon</a>, Cousineau-Levine suggests that the Canadian portraits show their subjects as "uprooted" from their surroundings—by contrast with the American portraits, which, according to Cousineau-Levine, do not depict people ill at ease in the frame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200335–36_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200335–36-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tendency to dislocate the photographic subject from its background persists, says Cousineau-Levine, in Canadian architecture photography by artists including <a href="/wiki/Orest_Semchishen" title="Orest Semchishen">Orest Semchishen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200337_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200337-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_women_photographers" title="List of Canadian women photographers">List of Canadian women photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_photojournalists" title="List of Canadian photojournalists">List of Canadian photojournalists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/saltprintsatharvard/photogenic-drawing">"Photogenic Drawings"</a>. <i>Salt Prints at Harvard</i>. Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salt+Prints+at+Harvard&rft.atitle=Photogenic+Drawings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.iq.harvard.edu%2Fsaltprintsatharvard%2Fphotogenic-drawing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196518-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196518_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStauble2015" class="citation web cs1">Stauble, Katherine (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/exhibitions/early-canadian-daguerreotypes-brilliant-jewels">"Early Canadian Daguerreotypes: Brilliant Jewels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028132648/https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/exhibitions/early-canadian-daguerreotypes-brilliant-jewels">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Canadian+Daguerreotypes%3A+Brilliant+Jewels&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Canada&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Stauble&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallery.ca%2Fmagazine%2Fexhibitions%2Fearly-canadian-daguerreotypes-brilliant-jewels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmquistKailbourn2005298-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmquistKailbourn2005298_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmquistKailbourn2005">Palmquist & Kailbourn 2005</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196522-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196522_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Garrett, Graham (May–June 1996). "Photography in Canada 1839-1841 (Part Two)". <i>Photographic Canadiana</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photographic+Canadiana&rft.atitle=Photography+in+Canada+1839-1841+%28Part+Two%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1996-05%2F1996-06&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5633">"Fletcher, Mrs. John"</a>. Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. 15 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013180300/https://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5633">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fletcher%2C+Mrs.+John&rft.pub=Canadian+Women+Artists+History+Initiative&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcwahi.concordia.ca%2Fsources%2Fartists%2FdisplayArtist.php%3FID_artist%3D5633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196523–24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196523–24_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurant1977" class="citation journal cs1">Burant, Jim (Spring 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42615299">"Pre-Confederation Photography in Halifax, Nova Scotia"</a>. <i>The Journal of Canadian Art History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 27. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42615299">42615299</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Canadian+Art+History&rft.atitle=Pre-Confederation+Photography+in+Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42615299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burant&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42615299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canency-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canency_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canency_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canency_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweedieCousineau2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tweedie, Katherine; <a href="/wiki/Penny_Cousineau-Levine" title="Penny Cousineau-Levine">Cousineau, Penny</a> (20 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/photography">"Photography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024161607/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/photography">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photography&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft.aulast=Tweedie&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Cousineau%2C+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fphotography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadeau, Jean-François (30 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/393916/les-origines-de-la-photographie-au-quebec">"Les origines de la photographie au Québec"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025205631/https://www.ledevoir.com/lire/393916/les-origines-de-la-photographie-au-quebec">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Les+origines+de+la+photographie+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Flire%2F393916%2Fles-origines-de-la-photographie-au-quebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196524–25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196524–25_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196525_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201125-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201125_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196530-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196530_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200330-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200330_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003">Cousineau-Levine 2003</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196539-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196539_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1883" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Roger, Gordon Dodds, Stanley Triggs (1883). <i>The World of William Notman</i> (1 ed.). Boston: David R. Godine. pp. 22–35, 38–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771037732" title="Special:BookSources/0771037732"><bdi>0771037732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+William+Notman&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=22-35%2C+38-60&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=David+R.+Godine&rft.date=1883&rft.isbn=0771037732&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Roger%2C+Gordon+Dodds%2C+Stanley+Triggs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201127–29-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201127–29_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196537-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196537_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201172_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196550-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196550_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196536-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196536_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201173-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201173_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199214-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199214_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196558–59-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196558–59_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196565-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhill196565_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhill1965">Greenhill 1965</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199215–16-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199215–16_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199216-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199216_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199217-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199217_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199218-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199218_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199225–26-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199225–26_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Post-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Post_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitenbrouwer2015" class="citation web cs1">Kuitenbrouwer, Peter (25 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/toronto/the-toronto-camera-club-founded-the-same-year-as-the-first-roll-of-film-was-introduced-celebrates-125-years">"The Toronto Camera Club, founded the same year as the first roll of film was introduced, celebrates 125 years"</a>. <i>National Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=The+Toronto+Camera+Club%2C+founded+the+same+year+as+the+first+roll+of+film+was+introduced%2C+celebrates+125+years&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft.aulast=Kuitenbrouwer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Ftoronto%2Fthe-toronto-camera-club-founded-the-same-year-as-the-first-roll-of-film-was-introduced-celebrates-125-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201159-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201159_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield20184–5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield20184–5_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2018">Hatfield 2018</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatfield201810-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatfield201810_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2018">Hatfield 2018</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011115–116-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011115–116_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011114-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011114_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011111–112-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011111–112_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201157-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201157_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201160–62-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201160–62_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne201161_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2019" class="citation web cs1">Francis, Daniel (5 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-last-spike">"The Last Spike"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161657/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-last-spike">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Last+Spike&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-last-spike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201320–21-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201320–21_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201323-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201323_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201325–26-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201325–26_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201326-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201326_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201331-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201331_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201332-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201332_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201337–38-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201337–38_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201343-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201343_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201345-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201345_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201346-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201346_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201351-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201351_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201352-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201352_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2013">Payne 2013</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011121-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011121_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011154-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunardPayne2011154_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunardPayne2011">Kunard & Payne 2011</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199238–39-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199238–39_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199239–40-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography199239–40_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 1992</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200318-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200318_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003">Cousineau-Levine 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200324_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003">Cousineau-Levine 2003</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200326–27-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200326–27_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003">Cousineau-Levine 2003</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200335–36-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200335–36_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003">Cousineau-Levine 2003</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200337-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousineau-Levine200337_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003">Cousineau-Levine 2003</a>, pp. 37.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992" class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/13essaysonphotog0000unse"><i>13 Essays on Photography</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography" title="Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography">Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888845573" title="Special:BookSources/9780888845573"><bdi>9780888845573</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145816193">1145816193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=13+Essays+on+Photography&rft.pub=Canadian+Museum+of+Contemporary+Photography&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145816193&rft.isbn=9780888845573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F13essaysonphotog0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cousineau-Levine" title="Penny Cousineau-Levine">Cousineau-Levine, Penny</a> (2003). <i>Faking Death: Canadian Art Photography and the Canadian Imagination</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7095-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-7095-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180704373">180704373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faking+Death%3A+Canadian+Art+Photography+and+the+Canadian+Imagination&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180704373&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7095-5&rft.aulast=Cousineau-Levine&rft.aufirst=Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill1965" class="citation book cs1">Greenhill, Ralph (1965). <i>Early Photography in Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299937776">299937776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Photography+in+Canada&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299937776&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield2018" class="citation book cs1">Hatfield, Philip J. (18 June 2018). <i>Canada in the Frame: Copyright, Collections and the Image of Canada, 1895–1924</i>. UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3hvc7m">10.2307/j.ctv3hvc7m</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-299-5"><bdi>978-1-78735-299-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3hvc7m">j.ctv3hvc7m</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045427072">1045427072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+in+the+Frame%3A+Copyright%2C+Collections+and+the+Image+of+Canada%2C+1895%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045427072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3hvc7m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3hvc7m&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-299-5&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunardPayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Kunard, Andrea; Payne, Carol, eds. (2011). <i>The Cultural Work of Photography in Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8572-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-8572-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806255104">806255104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Work+of+Photography+in+Canada&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806255104&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-8572-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmquistKailbourn2005" class="citation book cs1">Palmquist, Peter E.; Kailbourn, Thomas R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNipzykMBEIC"><i>Pioneer Photographers from the Mississippi to the Continental Divide: A Biographical Dictionary, 1839–1865</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4057-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-4057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Photographers+from+the+Mississippi+to+the+Continental+Divide%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary%2C+1839%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4057-9&rft.aulast=Palmquist&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft.au=Kailbourn%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNipzykMBEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2013" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Carol (2013). <i>The Official Picture: The National Film Board of Canada's Still Photography Division and the Image of Canada, 1941–1971</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8894-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8894-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-8894-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1037916154">1037916154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Picture%3A+The+National+Film+Board+of+Canada%27s+Still+Photography+Division+and+the+Image+of+Canada%2C+1941%E2%80%931971&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1037916154&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-8894-3&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/banffpurchaseexh0000banf"><i>The Banff Purchase: An Exhibition of Photography in Canada</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Banff_Centre_for_Arts_and_Creativity" title="Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity">Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-99829-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-99829-X"><bdi>0-471-99829-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6981452">6981452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banff+Purchase%3A+An+Exhibition+of+Photography+in+Canada&rft.pub=Banff+Centre+for+Arts+and+Creativity%3B+Wiley&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6981452&rft.isbn=0-471-99829-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbanffpurchaseexh0000banf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClose2007" class="citation book cs1">Close, Susan (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/framingidentitys0000clos"><i>Framing Identity: Social Practices of Photography in Canada, 1880–1920</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Arbeiter_Ring_Publishing" title="Arbeiter Ring Publishing">Arbeiter Ring Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894037-29-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894037-29-7"><bdi>978-1-894037-29-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/137329800">137329800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Identity%3A+Social+Practices+of+Photography+in+Canada%2C+1880%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Arbeiter+Ring+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F137329800&rft.isbn=978-1-894037-29-7&rft.aulast=Close&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fframingidentitys0000clos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporarycana0000unse_r6q4"><i>Contemporary Canadian Photography: From the Collection of the National Film Board</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Hurtig Publishers</a>. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88830-264-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88830-264-9"><bdi>0-88830-264-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12134746">12134746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Canadian+Photography%3A+From+the+Collection+of+the+National+Film+Board&rft.pub=National+Film+Board+of+Canada%3B+Hurtig+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12134746&rft.isbn=0-88830-264-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporarycana0000unse_r6q4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunard2017" class="citation book cs1">Kunard, Andrea (2017). <i>Photography in Canada 1960–2000</i>. Canadian Photography Institute, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88884-948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88884-948-9"><bdi>978-0-88884-948-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973151202">973151202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography+in+Canada+1960%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Canadian+Photography+Institute%2C+National+Gallery+of+Canada&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973151202&rft.isbn=978-0-88884-948-9&rft.aulast=Kunard&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenPhemister1985" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Diana; Phemister, Martha (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F800204ar">"Women and Photography in Ontario, 1839–1929: A Case Study of the Interaction of Gender and Technology"</a>. <i>Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 27–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F800204ar">10.7202/800204ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0829-2507">0829-2507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Canadensis%3A+Canadian+Journal+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Women+and+Photography+in+Ontario%2C+1839%E2%80%931929%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Interaction+of+Gender+and+Technology&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-52&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F800204ar&rft.issn=0829-2507&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Phemister%2C+Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F800204ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilversides1999" class="citation book cs1">Silversides, Brock V. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingwestphoto0000silv"><i>Looking West: Photographing the Canadian Prairies, 1858–1957</i></a></span>. Fifth House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894004-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-894004-09-4"><bdi>1-894004-09-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45087565">45087565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+West%3A+Photographing+the+Canadian+Prairies%2C+1858%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=Fifth+House+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45087565&rft.isbn=1-894004-09-4&rft.aulast=Silversides&rft.aufirst=Brock+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookingwestphoto0000silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotography+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&oldid=1257087689">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&oldid=1257087689</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photography_in_Canada" title="Category:Photography in Canada">Photography in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_art_in_Canada" title="Category:History of art in Canada">History of art in Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use Canadian English from October 2021">Use Canadian English from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 04:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Canada&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6qhks","wgBackendResponseTime":123,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.604","walltime":"0.981","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5188,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":62257,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5633,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":97930,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 630.762 1 -total"," 30.34% 191.404 58 Template:Sfn"," 29.93% 188.785 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.58% 110.876 5 Template:Cite_web"," 14.50% 91.470 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.21% 70.734 13 Template:Cite_book"," 7.29% 46.014 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.92% 37.313 63 Template:Main_other"," 3.72% 23.469 1 Template:SDcat"," 3.27% 20.623 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.345","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7042100,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBurant1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Museum_of_Contemporary_Photography1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClose2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousineau-Levine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhill1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuitenbrouwer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunardPayne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadeau2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmquistKailbourn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersenPhemister1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilversides1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStauble2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTweedieCousineau2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 58,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-ljbq5","timestamp":"20241122153913","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Photography in Canada","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photography_in_Canada","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q109301994","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q109301994","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2021-10-24T16:11:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T04:32:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Daguerrotype_of_Niagara_Falls_by_Hugh_Lee_Pattinson_1840.jpg","headline":"practice of photography in Canada"}</script> </body> </html>