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href="#Opposition_to_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Opposition to Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_Nobel_prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_Nobel_prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hidden Nobel prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_Nobel_prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Max von Laue</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ماكس فون لاوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكس فون لاوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_fon_Laue" title="Maks fon Laue – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maks fon Laue" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ماکس فون لائو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکس فون لائو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="মাক্স ফন লাউয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাক্স ফন লাউয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D" title="Макс фон Лаўэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макс фон Лаўэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Макс фон Лауе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макс фон Лауе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BE_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5" title="Μαξ φον Λάουε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαξ φον Λάουε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ماکس فون لائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکس فون لائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%97%90" title="막스 폰 라우에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막스 폰 라우에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5" title="Մաքս Լաուե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքս Լաուե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="माक्स वान लो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माक्स वान लो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="מקס פון לאואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקס פון לאואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಫಾನ್ ಲವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಫಾನ್ ಲವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94" title="მაქს ფონ ლაუე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქს ფონ ლაუე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Макс фон Лауэ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макс фон Лауэ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_von_Laue" title="Maximus von Laue – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maximus von Laue" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makss_fon_Laue" title="Makss fon Laue – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makss fon Laue" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Макс фон Лауе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Макс фон Лауе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B" title="മാക്സ് വോൺ ലോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാക്സ് വോൺ ലോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%85" title="माक्स फोन लाउअ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माक्स फोन लाउअ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94" title="მაქს ფონ ლაუე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაქს ფონ ლაუე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="ماكس فون لاوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكس فون لاوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ماکس فون لائو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماکس فون لائو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%8F" title="म्याक्स भन लाउए – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्याक्स भन लाउए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A8" title="マックス・フォン・ラウエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マックス・フォン・ラウエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="میکس فان لائو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکس فان لائو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лауэ, Макс фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лауэ, Макс фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="माक्स भोन् लु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माक्स भोन् लु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A4%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="ماکس ڤۆن لاوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماکس ڤۆن لاوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Макс фон Лауе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Макс фон Лауе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B" title="மேக்ஸ் வோன் உலோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேக்ஸ் வோன் உலோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Макс фон Лаве – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Макс фон Лаве" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD" title="มัคส์ ฟ็อน เลาเออ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัคส์ ฟ็อน เลาเออ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Макс фон Лауе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макс фон Лауе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88" title="میکس وون لیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکس وون لیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Max von Laue" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue – Waray" lang="war" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Max von Laue</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502,_Max_von_Laue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502%2C_Max_von_Laue.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502%2C_Max_von_Laue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502%2C_Max_von_Laue.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502%2C_Max_von_Laue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502%2C_Max_von_Laue.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U0205-502%2C_Max_von_Laue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="676" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Laue in 1929</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Max Theodor Felix Laue</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-10-09</span>)</span>9 October 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz-Pfaffendorf" class="extiw" title="de:Koblenz-Pfaffendorf">Pfaffendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 April 1960<span style="display:none">(1960-04-24)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Straßburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laue_equations" title="Laue equations">Laue equations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Von_Laue" title="Theodore H. Von Laue">Theodore</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1914)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>University of Munich (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Zürich">University of Zürich</a> (1912–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">University of Frankfurt</a> (1914–1919)</li> <li>University of Berlin (1919–1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Abraham" title="Max Abraham">Max Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Voigt" title="Woldemar Voigt">Woldemar Voigt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Beck" title="Friedrich Beck">Friedrich Beck</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Gert Molière">Gert Molière</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Max Theodor Felix von Laue</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmaks<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlaʊə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/De-Max_von_Laue.ogg\/De-Max_von_Laue.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Max von Laue.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/De-Max_von_Laue.ogg/De-Max_von_Laue.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Max_von_Laue.ogg" title="File:De-Max von Laue.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1914 for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> by crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>, Laue had a number of administrative positions which advanced and guided <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">German scientific research and development</a> during four decades. A strong objector to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, he was instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laue was born in Pfaffendorf, now part of <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, Germany, to Julius Laue and Minna Zerrenner. In 1898, after passing his <i><a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strassburg</a>, he began his compulsory year of military service, after which in 1899 he started to study mathematics, physics, and chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strassburg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Strassburg">University of Strassburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> (LMU). At Göttingen, he was greatly influenced by the physicists <a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Voigt" title="Woldemar Voigt">Woldemar Voigt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Abraham" title="Max Abraham">Max Abraham</a> and the mathematician <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>. After only one semester at Munich, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Berlin</a> in 1902. There, he studied under <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, who gave birth to the quantum theory revolution on 14 December 1900, when he delivered his famous paper before the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Berlin, Laue attended lectures by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lummer" title="Otto Lummer">Otto Lummer</a> on <a href="/wiki/Heat_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat radiation">heat radiation</a> and interference spectroscopy, the influence of which can be seen in Laue's dissertation on interference phenomena in plane-parallel plates, for which he received his doctorate in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Laue spent 1903 to 1905 at Göttingen. Laue completed his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1906 under <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> at LMU.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american_philosophical_society-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was a <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i> in Berlin and an assistant to Planck. He also met <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> for the first time; their friendship contributed to the acceptance and development of Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>. Laue continued as assistant to Planck until 1909. In Berlin, he worked on the application of entropy to radiation fields and on the thermodynamic significance of the coherence of light waves.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1909 to 1912, Laue was a <i>Privatdozent</i> at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, under <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>, at LMU. During the 1911 Christmas recess and in January 1912, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Peter_Ewald" title="Paul Peter Ewald">Paul Peter Ewald</a> was finishing the writing of his doctoral thesis under Sommerfeld. It was on a walk through the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in January, that Ewald told Laue about his thesis topic. The wavelengths of concern to Ewald were in the visible region of the spectrum and hence much larger than the spacing between the resonators in Ewald's crystal model. Laue seemed distracted and wanted to know what would be the effect if much smaller wavelengths were considered. In June, Sommerfeld reported to the Physikalische Gesellschaft of Göttingen on the successful diffraction of X-rays by Laue, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Knipping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Knipping (page does not exist)">Paul Knipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Friedrich" title="Walter Friedrich">Walter Friedrich</a> at LMU, for which Laue would be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, in 1914. While at Munich, he wrote the first volume of his book on relativity during the period 1910 to 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ewald_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewald-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jungnickel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jungnickel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg/220px-Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg/330px-Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg/440px-Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen_Tafel_II_Fig._5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>One of the zincblende X-ray interference patterns published in Laue's 1912 paper<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1912, Laue was called to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> as an extraordinarius professor of physics. Upon his father's elevation to the ranks of hereditary nobility in 1913, he became 'Max <i><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a></i> Laue'.<sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new professor extraordinarius chair of theoretical physics had been created in 1914 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. He was offered the position but turned it down, and it was offered to <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>. But Born was in the army until WW I ended, and before he had occupied the chair, Laue changed his mind and accepted the position. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg/220px-Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg/330px-Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg/440px-Max_von_Laue_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>Max von Laue c. 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1914 to 1919, Laue was at the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe_University_of_Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main">University of Frankfurt</a> as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics. He was engaged in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> development, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>, for use in military <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> communications from 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american_philosophical_society-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was called to the University of Berlin as ordinarius professor of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, a position he held from 1919 until 1943, when he was declared emeritus, with his consent and one year before the mandatory retirement age. At the university in 1919, other notables were <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>. Laue, as one of the organizers of the weekly Berlin Physics Colloquium, typically sat in the front row with Nernst and Einstein, who would come over from the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics">Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Berlin-Dahlem</a>, where he was the director. Among Laue's notable students at the university were <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a>, Max Kohler, and Erna Weber. He published the second volume of his book on relativity in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american_philosophical_society-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lanouette_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanouette-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt</a> (PTR), Laue met <a href="/wiki/Walther_Meissner" title="Walther Meissner">Walther Meissner</a> who was working there on <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>. Meissner had discovered that a weak magnetic field decays rapidly to zero in the interior of a superconductor, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a>. Laue showed, in 1932, that the threshold of the applied magnetic field which destroys superconductivity varies with the shape of the body. He published a total of 12 papers and a book on superconductivity. One of the papers was co-authored with brothers <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinz_London" title="Heinz London">Heinz London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-development_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meissner published a biography on Laue in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Meissner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meissner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute">Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften</a> (Today: Max-Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften) was founded in 1911. Its purpose was to promote the sciences by founding and maintaining research institutes. One such institute was the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics">Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik</a> (KWIP) founded in Berlin-Dahlem in 1914, with Einstein as director. Laue was a trustee of the institute from 1917, and in 1922 he was appointed deputy director, whereupon he took over the administrative duties from Einstein. Einstein was traveling abroad when <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became Chancellor in January 1933, and Einstein did not return to Germany. Laue then became acting director of the KWIP, a position he held until 1946 or 1948, except for the period 1935 to 1939, when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> was director. In 1943, to avoid casualties to the personnel, the KWIP moved to <a href="/wiki/Hechingen" title="Hechingen">Hechingen</a>. It was at Hechingen that Laue wrote his book on the history of physics <i>Geschichte der Physik</i>, which was eventually translated into seven other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Nazism">Opposition to Nazism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition to Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laue opposed <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in general and <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Deutsche Physik</a></i> in particular – the former persecuted the Jews, in general, and the latter, among other things, put down Einstein's theory of relativity as <i>Jewish physics</i>, which Laue saw as ridiculous: "science has no race or religion". Laue and his close friend <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> secretly helped scientific colleagues persecuted by Nazi policies to emigrate from Germany. Laue also openly opposed Nazi antisemitism. An address on 18 September 1933 at the opening of the physics convention in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, opposition to Johannes Stark, an obituary note on <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> in 1934, and attendance at a commemoration for Haber are examples which clearly illustrate Laue's courageous, open opposition: </p> <ul><li>Laue, as chairman of the <i>Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft</i>, gave the opening address at the 1933 physics convention. In it, he compared the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Galileo">persecution of Galileo</a> and the oppression of his scientific views on the solar theory of <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> to the then conflict and persecution over the theory of relativity by the proponents of Deutsche Physik, against the work of Einstein, labeled "Jewish physics."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a>, who had received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1919, wished to become the <i>Führer</i> of German physics and was a proponent of <i>Deutsche Physik</i>. Against the unanimous advice of those consulted, Stark was appointed President of the PTR in May 1933. However, Laue successfully blocked Stark's regular membership in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>Haber received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1918. In spite of this and his many other contributions to Germany, he was forced to emigrate from Germany as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>, which removed Jews from their jobs. Laue's obituary note<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> praising Haber and comparing his forced emigration to the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> from Athens was a direct affront to National Socialism.</li> <li>In connection with Haber, Max Planck, Otto Hahn and Laue organized a commemoration event held in Berlin-Dahlem on 29 January 1935, the first anniversary of Haber's death – attendance at the event by professors in the civil service had been expressly forbidden by the government. While many scientific and technical personnel were represented at the memorial by their wives, Laue and Wolfgang Heubner were the only two professors to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was yet another blatant demonstration of Laue's opposition to National Socialism. The date of the first anniversary of Haber's death was also one day before the second anniversary of National Socialism seizing power in Germany, thus further increasing the affront given by holding the event.</li></ul> <p>The speech and the obituary note earned Laue government reprimands. Furthermore, in response to Laue blocking Stark's regular membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Stark, in December 1933, had Laue sacked from his position as advisor to the PTR, which Laue had held since 1925. Chapters 4 and 5 of Mark Walker’s <i>Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the Atomic Bomb</i>, present a more detailed account of the struggle by Laue and Planck against the Nazi takeover of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-development_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heilbron_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbron-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beyerchen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyerchen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a commonly reported anecdote Laue is supposed to have carried parcels in his hands when exiting his house, so to avoid having to give the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi Salute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidden_Nobel_prize">Hidden Nobel prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hidden Nobel prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invaded Denmark</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Hungarian chemist <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> gold medals of Laue and <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> to prevent the Nazis from discovering them. At the time, it was illegal to take gold out of the country, and if it had been discovered that Laue had done so he could have faced prosecution in Germany. Hevesy placed the resulting solution on a shelf in his laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Niels Bohr Institute</a>. After the war, he returned to find the solution undisturbed and precipitated the gold out of the acid. The Nobel Society then re-cast the Nobel Prize gold medals, using the original gold.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 April 1945, French troops entered Hechingen, followed the next day by a contingent of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Alsos">Operation Alsos</a> – an operation to investigate the German nuclear energy effort, seize equipment, and prevent German scientists from being captured by the Soviets. The scientific advisor to the Operation was the Dutch-American physicist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a>, who, adorned with a steel helmet, appeared at Laue's home. Laue was taken into custody and taken to Huntingdon, England, and interned at <a href="/wiki/Farm_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm Hall">Farm Hall</a> with other scientists thought to be involved in nuclear research and development.<sup id="cite_ref-development_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While incarcerated, Laue was a reminder to the other detainees that one could survive the Nazi reign without having "compromised"; this alienated him from others being detained.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his incarceration, Laue wrote a paper on the absorption of X-rays under interference conditions, which it was later published in <i>Acta Crystallographica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-development_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October 1945, Laue, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, were taken to meet with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, and other members of the Society. There, Laue was invited to attend the 9 November 1945 Royal Society meeting in memory of the German physicist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, who discovered <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>; permission was, however, not forthcoming from the military authorities detaining von Laue.<sup id="cite_ref-development_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laue was returned to Germany early in 1946. He went back to being acting director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, which had been moved to Göttingen, West Germany. It was also in 1946 that the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft was renamed the Max-Planck Gesellschaft, and, likewise, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik became the Max-Planck Institut für Physik. Laue also became an adjunct professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>. In addition to his administrative and teaching responsibilities, Laue wrote his book on superconductivity, <i>Theorie der Supraleitung</i>, and revised his books on electron diffraction, <i>Materiewellen und ihre Interferenzen</i>, and the first volume of his two-volume book on relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-development_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1946, Laue went back to England, only four months after having been interned there, to attend an international conference on crystallography. This was a distinct honor, as he was the only German invited to attend. He was extended many courtesies by the British officer who escorted him there and back, and a well-known English crystallographer as his host; Laue was even allowed to wander around London on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-development_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, there was much to be done in re-establishing and organizing German scientific endeavors. Laue participated in some key roles. In 1946, he initiated the founding of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft in only the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="British Occupation Zone">British Occupation Zone</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> would not initially allow organizations across occupation zone boundaries. During the war, the PTR had been dispersed; von Laue, from 1946 to 1948, worked on its re-unification across three zones and its location at new facilities in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>. Additionally, it took on a new name as the <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</a>, but administration was not taken over by Germany until after the formation of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> on 23 May 1949. In 1948, the President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a> asked Laue to report on the status of physics in Germany; his report was published in 1949 in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, Laue participated in the creation of the Verband Deutscher Physikalischer Gesellschaften, formerly affiliated under the Nordwestdeutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-development_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1951, Laue became director of the Max-Planck Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, a position he held until 1959. In 1953, at the request of Laue, the Institute was renamed the Fritz Haber Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Max-Planck Gesellschaft.<sup id="cite_ref-development_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Max_von_Laue_at_Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_2017_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Max von Laue's grave in Göttingen</figcaption></figure> <p>It was in 1913 that Laue's father, Julius Laue, a civil servant in the military administration, was raised into the ranks of hereditary nobility. Thus Max Laue became Max von Laue.<sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laue married Magdalene Degen, while he was a Privatdozent at LMU. They had two children.<sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their son, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Von_Laue" title="Theodore H. Von Laue">Theodor Hermann von Laue</a> (1916–2000), went to the United States in 1937, and received his B.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University. After his service in the U.S. Army, Theodor taught modern history as a professor at various U.S. universities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Laue's chief recreational activities were mountaineering, motoring in his automobile, motor-biking, sailing, and skiing. While not a mountain climber, he did enjoy hiking on the Alpine glaciers with his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 April 1960, while he was driving to his laboratory in West Berlin, Laue's car was struck by a motorcyclist, who had received his license only two days earlier. The motorcyclist was killed and Laue's car was overturned. He died from his injuries sixteen days later on 24 April.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laue had asked that his epitaph should read that he had died trusting firmly in <a href="/wiki/God%27s_mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="God's mercy">God's mercy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in Göttingen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1919: Corresponding member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1921: Regular member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From 1921: Chairman of the physics commission of the <a href="/wiki/Notgemeinschaft_der_Deutschen_Wissenschaft" title="Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft">Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft</a> (Renamed in 1937: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Förderun der Forschung. No longer active by 1945.)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From 1922: Member of the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Institute_Potsdam#Foundation_of_the_Astrophysical_Observatory_Potsdam_.28AOP.29" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Institute Potsdam">Potsdam Astrophysics Observatory</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1925 – 1933: Advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt</a> (Today: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt).<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laue had been sacked in 1933 from his advisory position by Johannes Stark, Nobel Prize recipient and President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, in retribution for Laue's open opposition to the Nazis by blocking Stark's regular membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences.</li> <li>1931 – 1933: : Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Memberships in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> Society, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a> (1960),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EDP_Sciences" title="EDP Sciences">Société Française de Physique</a>, the Société Française de Mineralogie et Crystallographie,<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Corresponding Member of the Academies of Sciences of Göttingen, Munich, Turin, Stockholm, Rome (Papal), Madrid, the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a> of Rome, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Max-Planck_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Max-Planck Medal">Max-Planck Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft</a></li> <li>1952: Knight of the Order <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Grand Cross with Star for Federal Services</a></li> <li>1957: Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> of France<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Brandenburg_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Helmholtz Medal of the East-Berlin Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-deutsches_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Landenburg Medal</li> <li>Bimala–Churn–Law Gold Medal of the Indian Association at Calcutta</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxlj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maxlj.jpg/200px-Maxlj.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maxlj.jpg/300px-Maxlj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maxlj.jpg/400px-Maxlj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><i>Deutsche Post (der DDR) Briefmarke</i> (postage stamp), 1979</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laue,_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip,_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Laue%2C_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip%2C_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg/220px-Laue%2C_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip%2C_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Laue%2C_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip%2C_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg/330px-Laue%2C_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip%2C_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Laue%2C_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip%2C_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg/440px-Laue%2C_Max_Theodor_Felix_von_%E2%80%93_Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip%2C_1913_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6467296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption><i>Relativitätsprinzip</i>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Band 1: Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie</i> (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1911, and 1919)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Erster Band. Das Relativitätsprinzip der Lorentz-transformation. Vierte vermehrte Auflage.</i> (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1921)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Zweiter Band : Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Und Einsteins Lehre Von Der Schwerkraft </i> (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1921 and 1923)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Korpuskular- und Wellentheorie</i> (Leipzig, 1933)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Interferenzen von Röntgen- und Elektronenstrahlen. Fünf Vorträge.</i> (Springer, 1935)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Eine Ausgestaltung der Londonschen Theorie der Supraleitung</i> (Barth, 1942)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Materiewellen und ihre Interferenzen</i> (Akadem. Verl.-Ges. Becker & Erler, 1944) (Geest und Portig, 1948)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Theorie der Supraleitung</i> (Springer, 1947 and 1949) <ul><li>Max von Laue, translated by Lothar Meyer and William Band <i>Theory of Superconductivity</i> (N.Y., 1952)</li></ul></li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Geschichte der Physik</i> (Univ.-Verl., 1946 and 1947), (Athenäum-Verl., 1950) and (Ullstein Taschenbücher-Verl., 1959, 1966 and 1982) [This book was translated into seven other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] <ul><li>Max von Laue, translated by Ralph E. Oesper <i>History of Physics</i> (Academic Press, 1950)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Histoire De La Physique</i> (Lamarre, 1953)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Geschiedenis der natuurkunde</i> ('s Gravenhage, Stols, 1950 and 1954)</li></ul></li> <li>Max Planck and Max von Laue <i>Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie</i> (Barth, 1948)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen</i> (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1948)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie</i> (Vieweg, 1953)</li> <li>Max Planck and Max von Laue <i>Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik</i> de Gruyter (Gebundene, 1954)</li> <li>Walter Friedrich, Paul Knipping, and Max von Laue <i>Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen</i> (J. A. Barth, 1955)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 1. Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie</i> (Vieweg, 1955)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie</i> (Vieweg, 1956)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Max von Laue</i></li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Röntgenwellenfelder in Kristallen</i> (Akademie-Verl., 1959)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Von Laue-Festschrift. 1</i> (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1959)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Von Laue-Festschrift. 2</i> (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1960)</li> <li>Max von Laue and Ernst Heinz Wagner <i>Röntgenstrahl-Interferenzen</i> (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1960)</li> <li>Max von Laue and Friedrich Beck <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 1. Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie</i> (Vieweg, 1961 and 1965)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 1</i> (Vieweg, 1961)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 2</i> (Vieweg, 1961)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 3</i> (Vieweg, 1961)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Aufsätze und Vorträge</i> (Vieweg, 1961 and 1962)</li> <li>Max von Laue and Friedrich Beck <i>Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie</i> (Vieweg, 1965)</li> <li>Max von Laue <i>Die Relativitätstheorie II. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie</i> (Vieweg Friedr. und Sohn Ver, 1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_publications">Other publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichKnippingvon_Laue1912" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich W, Knipping P, von Laue M (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_Röntgenstrahlen.pdf">"Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München</i> [<i>Interference phenomena in X-rays</i>]. <b>1912</b>: 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Mathematisch-Physikalischen+Classe+der+K%C3%B6niglich-Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+zu+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.atitle=Interferenz-Erscheinungen+bei+R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen&rft.volume=1912&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Knipping%2C+P&rft.au=von+Laue%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AInterferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaue1913" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, Max von (1913). "Kritische Bemerkungen zu den Deutungen der Photogramme von Friedrich und Knipping". <i><a href="/wiki/Physikalische_Zeitschrift" title="Physikalische Zeitschrift">Physikalische Zeitschrift</a></i>. <b>14</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">421–</span>423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physikalische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Kritische+Bemerkungen+zu+den+Deutungen+der+Photogramme+von+Friedrich+und+Knipping&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=Max+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span> Received 1 April 1913, published in issue No. 10 of 15 May 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaue1913" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, Max von (1913). "Zur Optik der Raumgitter". <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>14</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">1040–</span>1041.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physikalische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Zur+Optik+der+Raumgitter&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1040-%3C%2Fspan%3E1041&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=Max+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span> Received 1 October 1913, published in issue No. 21 of 1 November 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaue1913" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, Max von (1913). "Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen". <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>14</b> (22/23): <span class="nowrap">1075–</span>1079.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physikalische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlinterferenzen&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=22%2F23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1075-%3C%2Fspan%3E1079&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=Max+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span> Presented on 24 September 1913 at the 85th Naturforscherversammlung, Vienna, published in issue No. 22/23 of 15 November 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaue1913" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, Max von (1913). "Zur Optik der Raumgitter". <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>14</b> (25): <span class="nowrap">1286–</span>1287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physikalische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Zur+Optik+der+Raumgitter&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1286-%3C%2Fspan%3E1287&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=Max+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span> Received 21 November 1913, published in issue No. 25 of 15 December 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaueFritz_LondonHeinz_London1935" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, Max von; <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinz_London" title="Heinz London">Heinz London</a> (1935). "Zur Theorie der Supraleitung". <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>. <b>96</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935ZPhy...96..359L">1935ZPhy...96..359L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01343868">10.1007/BF01343868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122522994">122522994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Zur+Theorie+der+Supraleitung&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122522994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01343868&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935ZPhy...96..359L&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=Max+von&rft.au=Fritz+London&rft.au=Heinz+London&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">History of special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laue_equations" title="Laue equations">Laue equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagnac_effect" title="Sagnac effect">Sagnac effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouton%E2%80%93Noble_experiment" title="Trouton–Noble experiment">Trouton–Noble experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_synchronisation" title="Einstein synchronisation">Einstein synchronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue–Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laue_(crater)" title="Laue (crater)">Laue (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10762_von_Laue" class="mw-redirect" title="10762 von Laue">10762 von Laue</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1914/laue/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1914%2Flaue%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoddart-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoddart_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart2022" class="citation journal cs1">Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/structural-biology-how-proteins-got-their-closeup">"Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up"</a>. <i>Knowable Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-022822-1">10.1146/knowable-022822-1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine&rft.atitle=Structural+biology%3A+How+proteins+got+their+close-up&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fknowable-022822-1&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowablemagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fliving-world%2F2022%2Fstructural-biology-how-proteins-got-their-closeup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waerden, B. L. van der (ed.) (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SourcesOfQuantumMechanics"><i>Sources of Quantum Mechanics</i></a>. Dover. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-45892-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-45892-X">0-486-45892-X</a>. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanck,_Max1900" class="citation journal cs1">Planck, Max (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807054128/http://www.christoph.mettenheim.de/planck-energieverteilung.pdf">"Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">237–</span>245. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christoph.mettenheim.de/planck-energieverteilung.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+der+Deutschen+Physikalischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Zur+Theorie+des+Gesetzes+der+Energieverteilung+im+Normalspektrum&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Planck%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christoph.mettenheim.de%2Fplanck-energieverteilung.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in Hans Kango, editor, and translated by D. ter Haar and Stephen G. Bush <i>Planck's Original Papers in Quantum Physics: German and English Edition</i> (Taylor and Francis, 1972) p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=44139">Max von Laue</a> – Mathematics Genealogy Project. Max von Laue, Ph.D., Universität Berlin, 1903, Dissertation title: <i>Über die Interferenzerscheinungen an planparallelen Platten</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habilitation title: "Über die Entropie von interferierenden Strahlenbündeln"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Walker">Walker</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-american_philosophical_society-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/">Max von Laue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205234854/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/">Archived</a> 5 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – American Philosophical Society Author Catalog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel_bio-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_bio_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html">Max von Laue</a> – Nobel Prize Biography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hentschel_F_Laue-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F, see entry for Max von Laue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deutsches-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deutsches_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LaueMax/">Max von Laue Biography</a> – Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewald-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewald_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peter_Ewald" title="Paul Peter Ewald">Ewald, P. P.</a> (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/publ/50YearsOfXrayDiffraction/"><i>50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323071738/http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/publ/50YearsOfXrayDiffraction/">Archived</a> 23 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Reprinted in pdf format for the IUCr XVIII Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">International Union of Crystallography</a>). Ch. 4, pp. 37–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jungnickel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jungnickel_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungnickelMcCormmach1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christa_Jungnickel" title="Christa Jungnickel">Jungnickel, Christa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_McCormmach" title="Russell McCormmach">McCormmach, Russell</a> (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Mastery_of_Nature:_Theoretical_Physics_from_Ohm_to_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein">Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein</a>, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-41585-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-41585-6"><bdi>0-226-41585-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Mastery+of+Nature%3A+Theoretical+Physics+from+Ohm+to+Einstein%2C+Volume+2%3A+The+Now+Mighty+Theoretical+Physics%2C+1870+to+1925&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-226-41585-6&rft.aulast=Jungnickel&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft.au=McCormmach%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichKnippingvon_Laue1912" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich W, Knipping P, von Laue M (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_Röntgenstrahlen.pdf">"Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München</i> [<i>Interference phenomena in X-rays</i>]. <b>1912</b>: 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Mathematisch-Physikalischen+Classe+der+K%C3%B6niglich-Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+zu+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.atitle=Interferenz-Erscheinungen+bei+R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen&rft.volume=1912&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Knipping%2C+P&rft.au=von+Laue%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AInterferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=44139">Max von Laue</a> – Mathematics Genealogy Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanouette-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lanouette_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanouetteSilard1992" class="citation book cs1">Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusinshadowsa00lano/page/56"><i>Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leó Szilárd the Man Behind the Bomb</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Scribners" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribners">Scribners</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusinshadowsa00lano/page/56">56–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19011-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-19011-7"><bdi>0-684-19011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genius+in+the+Shadows%3A+A+Biography+of+Le%C3%B3+Szil%C3%A1rd+the+Man+Behind+the+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Scribners&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-684-19011-7&rft.aulast=Lanouette&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Silard%2C+Bela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeniusinshadowsa00lano%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-development-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Laue" class="citation web cs1">von Laue, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucr.org/publ/50yearsofxraydiffraction/full-text/von-laue">"My Development as a Physicist; AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY"</a>. <i>International Union of CRYSTALLOGRAPHY</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Union+of+CRYSTALLOGRAPHY&rft.atitle=My+Development+as+a+Physicist%3B+AN+AUTOBIOGRAPHY&rft.aulast=von+Laue&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucr.org%2Fpubl%2F50yearsofxraydiffraction%2Ffull-text%2Fvon-laue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf24.html">Max von Laue Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621082948/http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf24.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – University of Frankfurt on Main</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.duke.edu/people/FritzLondon/publications.ptml">Fritz London Publications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612174703/http://www.phy.duke.edu/people/FritzLondon/publications.ptml">Archived</a> 12 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meissner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meissner_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeissner1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Mei%C3%9Fner" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther Meißner">Meissner, Walter</a> (1960). <i>Max von Laue als Wissenschaftler und Mensch</i>. Verl. d. Bayer. Akademie d. Wissenschaften.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+von+Laue+als+Wissenschaftler+und+Mensch&rft.pub=Verl.+d.+Bayer.+Akademie+d.+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Meissner&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span> and C. H. Beck Verlag (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1966, Appendix F, see entries for von Laue and Debye.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1966, Appendix A, see entries for KWG and KWIP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaue1934" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, M. (1934). "Fritz Haber". <i>Die Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>22</b> (7): 97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934NW.....22...97V">1934NW.....22...97V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01495380">10.1007/BF01495380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39353745">39353745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39353745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01495380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934NW.....22...97V&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Document #29, pp. 76–78: See Footnote #3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Document #120, pp. 400–402: A letter from <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Walker">Walker</a>, pp. 65–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1966, Appendix F, see entries for Max von Laue, Johannes Stark, and Fritz Haber.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1966, Appendix A, see entry for the DFG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilbron-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heilbron_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilbron2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Heilbron" title="John L. Heilbron">Heilbron, J. L.</a> (2000). <i>The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>162, <span class="nowrap">167–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00439-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00439-6"><bdi>0-674-00439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dilemmas+of+an+upright+man%3A+Max+Planck+and+the+Fortunes+of+German+Science&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E162%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00439-6&rft.aulast=Heilbron&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyerchen-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beyerchen_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyerchen1977" class="citation book cs1">Beyerchen, Alan D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientistsunderh00alan/page/64"><i>Scientists under Hitler: politics and the physics community in the Third Reich</i></a>. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientistsunderh00alan/page/64">64–69, 208–209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4"><bdi>0-300-01830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+under+Hitler%3A+politics+and+the+physics+community+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pages=64-69%2C+208-209&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-300-01830-4&rft.aulast=Beyerchen&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientistsunderh00alan%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2008" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, Patrick (29 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQt6glJEiGsC&q=max+von+laue+hitler+salute&pg=PA165"><i>Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971746-0"><bdi>978-0-19-971746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals+of+Science%3A+The+Personalities+and+Rivalries+That+Made+Modern+Chemistry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971746-0&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQt6glJEiGsC%26q%3Dmax%2Bvon%2Blaue%2Bhitler%2Bsalute%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedawarPyke2012" class="citation book cs1">Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (12 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jv4mAgAAQBAJ&q=max+von+laue+nazi+salute&pg=PT199"><i>Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime</i></a>. Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-964-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-964-7"><bdi>978-1-61145-964-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Gift%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Scientists+Expelled+by+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-61145-964-7&rft.aulast=Medawar&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Pyke%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djv4mAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmax%2Bvon%2Blaue%2Bnazi%2Bsalute%26pg%3DPT199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm2020" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99DADwAAQBAJ"><i>The Age Of Extremes: 1914-1991</i></a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14439-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14439-9"><bdi>978-0-349-14439-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+Of+Extremes%3A+1914-1991&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.isbn=978-0-349-14439-9&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99DADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/adventuresinradi01heve#page/27/mode/1up/search/medals">Adventures in radioisotope research – the collected papers of George Hevesy</a>, 1962, Pergamon Press, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bernstein" title="Jeremy Bernstein">Bernstein, Jeremy</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern/page/333"><i>Hitler's uranium club: the secret recordings at Farm Hall</i></a>. New York: Copernicus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern/page/333">333–334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95089-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95089-3"><bdi>0-387-95089-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+uranium+club%3A+the+secret+recordings+at+Farm+Hall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=333-334&rft.pub=Copernicus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-387-95089-3&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersuraniumcl00bern%2Fpage%2F333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hentschel_1996-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A, see entries on KWG and KWIP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaue1949" class="citation journal cs1">Laue, Max von (1949). "A Report on the State of Physics in Germany". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949AmJPh..17..137V">1949AmJPh..17..137V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1989526">10.1119/1.1989526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Report+on+the+State+of+Physics+in+Germany&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1989526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949AmJPh..17..137V&rft.aulast=Laue&rft.aufirst=Max+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A, see entry on KWIPC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Lehmann" title="Hartmut Lehmann">Hartmut Lehmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James J. Sheehan</a> (eds.), <i>The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide</i>. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-985-9">978-1-78238-985-9</a> 12, 22, 24, 29, 34, 36, 403‒4 (including a short biography and bibliography of his works).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html">Max von Laue: Biographical</a> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914. Nobel Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwald1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peter_Ewald" title="Paul Peter Ewald">Ewald, P. P.</a> (1960). "Max von Laue 1879-1960". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">134–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0028">10.1098/rsbm.1960.0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71307727">71307727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Max+von+Laue+1879-1960&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71307727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ewald&rft.aufirst=P.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magill, Frank Northen (1989) <i>The Nobel Prize Winners</i>, Salem Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-559-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-559-8">0-89356-559-8</a>. p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1966, Appendix A, see entry for NG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeaw.ac.at/biblio/Archiv/pdf/MITGLIEDER.pdf">"Membership list"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Austrian Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+list&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeaw.ac.at%2Fbiblio%2FArchiv%2Fpdf%2FMITGLIEDER.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/max-theodor-felix-von-laue">"Max Theodor Felix von Laue"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Max+Theodor+Felix+von+Laue&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fmax-theodor-felix-von-laue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Max+von+Laue&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMax%2Bvon%2BLaue%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001332.html">"Max von Laue"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Max+von+Laue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001332.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/528/000099231/">"Max von Laue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">Notable Names Database</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+von+Laue&rft.pub=Notable+Names+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F528%2F000099231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentschel1996" class="citation book cs1">Hentschel, Klaus, ed. (1996). <i>Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources</i>. Ann M. Hentschel (translator). Basel: <a href="/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkhäuser Verlag">Birkhäuser Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0"><bdi>0-8176-5312-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+National+Socialism%3A+An+Anthology+of+Primary+Sources&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8176-5312-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1995" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Mark H. (1995). <i>Nazi science: myth, truth, and the German atomic bomb</i>. New York: Plenum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-44941-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-44941-2"><bdi>0-306-44941-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+science%3A+myth%2C+truth%2C+and+the+German+atomic+bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-306-44941-2&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Greenspan" title="Stanley Greenspan">Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Certain_World" title="The End of the Certain World">The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7382-0693-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7382-0693-8"><bdi>0-7382-0693-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Certain+World%3A+The+Life+and+Science+of+Max+Born&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7382-0693-8&rft.aulast=Greenspan&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Thorndike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerneck1979" class="citation book cs1">Herneck, Friedrich (1979). <i>Max von Laue</i>. Leipzig: Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+von+Laue&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Herneck&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJammer1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jammer" title="Max Jammer">Jammer, Max</a> (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptualdevelo0000jamm"><i>The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw%E2%80%93Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw–Hill">McGraw–Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conceptual+Development+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw%E2%80%93Hill&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Jammer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptualdevelo0000jamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmerich2020" class="citation book cs1">Lemmerich, Jost (2020). <i>Max von Laue – Furchtlos und treu. Eine Biographie des Nobelpreisträgers für Physik</i> (hardback). Rangsdorf: Basilisken-Presse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941365-56-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-941365-56-8"><bdi>978-3-941365-56-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+von+Laue+%E2%80%93+Furchtlos+und+treu.+Eine+Biographie+des+Nobelpreistr%C3%A4gers+f%C3%BCr+Physik.&rft.place=Rangsdorf&rft.pub=Basilisken-Presse&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-941365-56-8&rft.aulast=Lemmerich&rft.aufirst=Jost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedawarPyke2012" class="citation book cs1">Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2012). <i>Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime</i> (Paperback). New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-709-4"><bdi>978-1-61145-709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Gift%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Scientists+Expelled+by+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61145-709-4&rft.aulast=Medawar&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Pyke%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraRechenberg2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Mehra" title="Jagdish Mehra">Mehra, Jagdish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rechenberg" title="Helmut Rechenberg">Rechenberg, Helmut</a> (2001). <i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95174-1"><bdi>0-387-95174-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Quantum+Theory.+Volume+1+Part+1+The+Quantum+Theory+of+Planck%2C+Einstein%2C+Bohr+and+Sommerfeld+1900%E2%80%931925%3A+Its+Foundation+and+the+Rise+of+Its+Difficulties&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-387-95174-1&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rft.au=Rechenberg%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraRechenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). <i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95175-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95175-X"><bdi>0-387-95175-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Quantum+Theory.+Volume+1+Part+2+The+Quantum+Theory+of+Planck%2C+Einstein%2C+Bohr+and+Sommerfeld+1900%E2%80%931925%3A+Its+Foundation+and+the+Rise+of+Its+Difficulties&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-387-95175-X&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rft.au=Rechenberg%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraRechenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). <i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 1 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95179-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95179-2"><bdi>0-387-95179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Quantum+Theory.+Volume+5+Erwin+Schr%C3%B6dinger+and+the+Rise+of+Wave+Mechanics.+Part+1+Schr%C3%B6dinger+in+Vienna+and+Zurich+1887%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-387-95179-2&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rft.au=Rechenberg%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraRechenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). <i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95180-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95180-6"><bdi>0-387-95180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Quantum+Theory.+Volume+5+Erwin+Schr%C3%B6dinger+and+the+Rise+of+Wave+Mechanics.+Part+2+Schr%C3%B6dinger+in+Vienna+and+Zurich+1887%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-387-95180-6&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rft.au=Rechenberg%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal-Schneider1988" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse (1988). <i>Begegnungen mit Einstein, von Laue und Planck. Realität und wissenschaftliche Wahrheit</i>. Braunschweig: Vieweg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-528-08970-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-528-08970-9"><bdi>3-528-08970-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Begegnungen+mit+Einstein%2C+von+Laue+und+Planck.+Realit%C3%A4t+und+wissenschaftliche+Wahrheit&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.pub=Vieweg&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-528-08970-9&rft.aulast=Rosenthal-Schneider&rft.aufirst=Ilse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal-Schneider1980" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse (1980). <i>Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck</i>. Wayne State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1650-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1650-6"><bdi>0-8143-1650-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+and+Scientific+Truth%3A+Discussions+with+Einstein%2C+von+Laue%2C+and+Planck&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8143-1650-6&rft.aulast=Rosenthal-Schneider&rft.aufirst=Ilse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1993" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Mark H. (1993). <i>German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43804-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43804-7"><bdi>0-521-43804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+National+Socialism+and+the+Quest+for+Nuclear+Power%2C+1939%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-43804-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Zeitz, Katharina (2006). <i>Max von Laue (1879–1960) Seine Bedeutung für den Wiederaufbau der deutschen Wissenschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg</i>. Steiner Franz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08814-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-08814-8"><bdi>3-515-08814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+von+Laue+%281879%E2%80%931960%29+Seine+Bedeutung+f%C3%BCr+den+Wiederaufbau+der+deutschen+Wissenschaft+nach+dem+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.pub=Steiner+Franz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-515-08814-8&rft.aulast=Zeitz&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+von+Laue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Max_von_Laue" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Max_von_Laue" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Max_von_Laue" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LaueMax/">Max von Laue Biography</a> – Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990203170938/http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf24.html">Max von Laue Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 3 February 1999) – University of Frankfurt on Main <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/19">Max von Laue</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57067#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 3 June 1920 <i>Concerning the Detection of X-ray Interferences</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/present.html">Nobel Presentation Address</a> – An account of Laue's work is by Professor G. Granqvist, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1914_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1914_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1914 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1914_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1914 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1914_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1914 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1914_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1914 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max von Laue</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a> (Hungary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1912 Nobel Prize winners">1912</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1913_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1913 Nobel Prize winners">1913</a></dd> <dd><b>1914 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1915_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1915 Nobel Prize winners">1915</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1916_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1916 Nobel Prize winners">1916</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1917 Nobel Prize winners">1917</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1918 Nobel Prize winners">1918</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1919_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1919 Nobel Prize winners">1919</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crystallography577" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crystallography" title="Template:Crystallography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crystallography" title="Template talk:Crystallography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crystallography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crystallography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crystallography577" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_crystallography" title="Timeline of crystallography">Timeline of crystallography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallographers" title="Category:Crystallographers">Crystallographers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocrystallography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biocrystallography (page does not exist)">Biocrystallography</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">Unit cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravais_lattice" title="Bravais lattice">Bravais lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">Miller index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_point_group" title="Crystallographic point group">Point group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_lattice" title="Reciprocal lattice">Reciprocal lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_restriction_theorem" title="Crystallographic restriction theorem">Restriction theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure_prediction" title="Crystal structure prediction">Structure prediction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Systems26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Hexagonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclinic_crystal_system" title="Triclinic crystal system">Triclinic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">Growth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">Crystallite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equiaxed_crystal" title="Equiaxed crystal">Equiaxed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiveling" title="Fiveling">Fiveling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperiodic_crystal" title="Aperiodic crystal">Aperiodic crystal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">Quasicrystal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase<br />transition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_polymorphism" title="Crystal polymorphism">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transformation_crystallography" title="Phase transformation crystallography">Phase transformation crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_(materials_science)" title="Segregation (materials science)">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinodal_decomposition" title="Spinodal decomposition">Spinodal decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinier%E2%80%93Preston_zone" title="Guinier–Preston zone">GP-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defect" title="Crystallographic defect">Defects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_boundary" title="Grain boundary">Grain boundary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disclination" title="Disclination">Disclination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coincidence_site_lattice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coincidence site lattice (page does not exist)">CSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_growth" title="Grain growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_grain_growth" title="Abnormal grain growth">Abnormal growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_crystal" title="Perfect crystal">Perfect crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacking_fault" title="Stacking fault">Stacking fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">Dislocation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_dislocation" title="Partial dislocation">Partial dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(materials_science)" title="Kink (materials science)">Kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_slip" title="Cross slip">Cross slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Read_source" title="Frank–Read source">Frank–Read source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottrell_atmosphere" title="Cottrell atmosphere">Cottrell atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peierls_stress" title="Peierls stress">Peierls stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrically_necessary_dislocations" title="Geometrically necessary dislocations">GND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer%E2%80%93Cottrell_junction" title="Lomer–Cottrell junction">Lomer–Cottrell junction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(materials_science)" title="Slip (materials science)">Slip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_bands_in_metals" title="Slip bands in metals">Slip bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_defect" title="Interstitial defect">Interstitials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_defect" title="Bjerrum defect">Bjerrum defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenkel_defect" title="Frenkel defect">Frenkel defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigner_effect" title="Wigner effect">Wigner effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">Vacancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_defect" title="Schottky defect">Schottky defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-center" title="F-center">F-center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Wales_defect" title="Stone–Wales defect">Stone–Wales defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond" title="Crystallographic defects in diamond">Defects in diamond</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragg%27s_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedel%27s_law" title="Friedel's law">Friedel's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_constancy_of_interfacial_angles" title="Law of constancy of interfacial angles">Steno's law (constancy of interfacial angles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rational_indices" title="Law of rational indices">Law of rational indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_symmetry_(crystallography)" title="Law of symmetry (crystallography)">Law of symmetry</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bragg_plane" title="Bragg plane">Bragg plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald%27s_sphere" title="Ewald's sphere">Ewald's sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann%E2%80%93Mauguin_notation" title="Hermann–Mauguin notation">Hermann–Mauguin notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_factor" title="Structure factor">Structure factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_ellipsoid" title="Thermal ellipsoid">Thermal ellipsoid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/50px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/75px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg/100px-Sites_interstitiels_cubique_a_faces_centrees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystallographic_characterization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystallographic characterization (page does not exist)">Characterisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_crystallography" title="Electron crystallography">Electron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron crystallography">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_crystallography" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography">Nuclear magnetic resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">Diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray scattering">Scattering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(crystallography)" title="Direct methods (crystallography)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">Isomorphous replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_replacement" title="Molecular replacement">Molecular replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterson_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Patterson map">Patterson map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_retrieval" title="Phase retrieval">Phase retrieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerchberg%E2%80%93Saxton_algorithm" title="Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm">Gerchberg–Saxton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_particle_analysis" title="Single particle analysis">Single particle analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_software" title="Category:Crystallography software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Computational_Project_Number_4" title="Collaborative Computational Project Number 4">CCP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coot_(software)" title="Coot (software)">Coot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrystalExplorer" title="CrystalExplorer">CrystalExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disordered_Structure_Refinement" title="Disordered Structure Refinement">DSR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jana.fzu.cz/">JANA2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OctaDist" title="OctaDist">OctaDist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olex2" title="Olex2">Olex2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShelXle" title="ShelXle">SHELX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_database" title="Crystallographic database">Databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao_Crystallographic_Server" title="Bilbao Crystallographic Server">Bilbao Crystallographic Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Structural_Database" title="Cambridge Structural Database">CCDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Information_File" title="Crystallographic Information File">CIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography_Open_Database" title="Crystallography Open Database">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Crystal_Structure_Database" title="Inorganic Crystal Structure Database">ICSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data" title="International Centre for Diffraction Data">ICDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_journals" title="Category:Crystallography journals">Journals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Growth_%26_Design" title="Crystal Growth & Design">Crystal Growth & Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography_Reviews" title="Crystallography Reviews">Crystallography Reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Crystallography" title="Journal of Chemical Crystallography">Journal of Chemical Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Crystal_Growth" title="Journal of Crystal Growth">Journal of Crystal Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallografija" title="Kristallografija">Kristallografija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_Crystalline_Materials" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Kristallographie_%E2%80%93_New_Crystal_Structures" title="Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures">Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_awards" title="Category:Crystallography awards">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hermann_Medal" title="Carl Hermann Medal">Carl Hermann Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Prize" title="Ewald Prize">Ewald Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_Prize" title="Gregori Aminoff Prize">Gregori Aminoff Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography_organizations" title="Category:Crystallography organizations">Organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Crystallography" title="International Union of Crystallography">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Biological_Crystallization" title="International Organization for Biological Crystallization">IOBCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubnikov_Institute_of_Crystallography_RAS" title="Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography RAS">RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mineralogical_Society" title="German Mineralogical Society">DMG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Associations12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Crystallographic_Association" title="European Crystallographic Association">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Crystallographic_Association" title="French Crystallographic Association">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Crystallographic_Society" title="German Crystallographic Society">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Crystallographic_Association" title="British Crystallographic Association">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crystallographic_Association" title="American Crystallographic Association">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_Society_of_Japan" title="Crystallographic Society of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystallography" title="Category:Crystallography">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystallography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crystallography">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3472" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57067#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3472" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57067#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44382532">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52000/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbjYv3JfCPX9kdhQKTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118570129">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80034088">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12395735m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12395735m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523624">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35787447">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004891&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41972">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071548440">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90101164">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000177174&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=253598">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtpjxz07rqmcb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590387305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264341305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509175306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td 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