CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cat anatomy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"87d3eee2-0e01-40e7-a58b-793f9c782224","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cat_anatomy","wgTitle":"Cat anatomy","wgCurRevisionId":1257009765,"wgRevisionId":1257009765,"wgArticleId":1519473,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2018","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2018","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Articles needing additional references from August 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from March 2020","All articles that may contain original research", "Articles that may contain original research from August 2010","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from August 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Felinology","Felidae anatomy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cat_anatomy","wgRelevantArticleId":1519473,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q468791","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1637"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg/800px-Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1091"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg/640px-Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="873"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cat anatomy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_anatomy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_anatomy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cat_anatomy rootpage-Cat_anatomy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cat+anatomy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cat+anatomy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cat+anatomy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cat+anatomy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mouth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mouth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mouth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permanent_dentition_teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_dentition_teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Permanent dentition teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_dentition_teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deciduous_dentition_teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deciduous_dentition_teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Deciduous dentition teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deciduous_dentition_teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tongue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tongue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Claws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_and_heart_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_and_heart_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Temperature and heart rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_and_heart_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Skin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scruff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scruff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Scruff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scruff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primordial_pouches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primordial_pouches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Primordial pouches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primordial_pouches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Skeleton</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skeleton-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Skeleton subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Skull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Spine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Muscles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Muscles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_abdominal_oblique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_abdominal_oblique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Internal abdominal oblique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_abdominal_oblique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transversus_abdominis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transversus_abdominis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Transversus abdominis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transversus_abdominis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectus_abdominis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectus_abdominis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Rectus abdominis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectus_abdominis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deltoid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deltoid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Deltoid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deltoid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acromiodeltoid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acromiodeltoid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span>Acromiodeltoid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acromiodeltoid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinodeltoid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinodeltoid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.2</span> <span>Spinodeltoid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinodeltoid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masseter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masseter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Masseter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masseter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Temporalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.3</span> <span>Ocular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integumental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integumental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Integumental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integumental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neck_and_back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck_and_back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Neck and back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck_and_back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhomboideus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhomboideus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.1</span> <span>Rhomboideus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhomboideus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhomboideus_capitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhomboideus_capitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.2</span> <span>Rhomboideus capitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhomboideus_capitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splenius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splenius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.3</span> <span>Splenius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splenius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serratus_ventralis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serratus_ventralis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.4</span> <span>Serratus ventralis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serratus_ventralis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serratus_Dorsalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serratus_Dorsalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.5</span> <span>Serratus Dorsalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serratus_Dorsalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercostals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercostals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.6</span> <span>Intercostals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercostals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caudofemoralis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caudofemoralis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7.7</span> <span>Caudofemoralis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caudofemoralis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pectoral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pectoral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Pectoral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pectoral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pectoantebrachialis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pectoantebrachialis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8.1</span> <span>Pectoantebrachialis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pectoantebrachialis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pectoralis_major" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pectoralis_major"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8.2</span> <span>Pectoralis major</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pectoralis_major-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pectoralis_minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pectoralis_minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8.3</span> <span>Pectoralis minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pectoralis_minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiphihumeralis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiphihumeralis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8.4</span> <span>Xiphihumeralis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiphihumeralis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trapezius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trapezius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Trapezius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trapezius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clavotrapezius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clavotrapezius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9.1</span> <span>Clavotrapezius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clavotrapezius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acromiotrapezius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acromiotrapezius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9.2</span> <span>Acromiotrapezius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acromiotrapezius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinotrapezius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinotrapezius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9.3</span> <span>Spinotrapezius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinotrapezius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genitourinary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitourinary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Genitourinary system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genitourinary_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genitourinary system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genitourinary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_genitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Female genitalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_genitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_genitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Male genitalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_genitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Heat tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Temperature regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Water conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ability_to_swim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ability_to_swim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Ability to swim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ability_to_swim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_stressors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_stressors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Urban stressors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_stressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5.1</span> <span>Noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5.2</span> <span>Diet adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutering_and_cortisol_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutering_and_cortisol_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5.3</span> <span>Neutering and cortisol levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutering_and_cortisol_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat anatomy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomija_ma%C4%8Daka" title="Anatomija mačaka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anatomija mačaka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomia_dels_gats" title="Anatomia dels gats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anatomia dels gats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomie_ko%C4%8Dky_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD" title="Anatomie kočky domácí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anatomie kočky domácí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomie_du_chat" title="Anatomie du chat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anatomie du chat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%91%EC%9D%B4_%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99" title="고양이 해부학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고양이 해부학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomi_kucing" title="Anatomi kucing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anatomi kucing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_macska_anat%C3%B3mi%C3%A1ja" title="A macska anatómiája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A macska anatómiája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3mia_ma%C4%8Dky" title="Anatómia mačky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anatómia mačky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedi_anatomisi" title="Kedi anatomisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kedi anatomisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468791#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cat_anatomy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cat_anatomy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cat_anatomy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&oldid=1257009765" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cat_anatomy&id=1257009765&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCat_anatomy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCat_anatomy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cat_anatomy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cat_anatomy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468791" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anatomy of domesticated felines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cat_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Cat anatomy">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cat_anatomy" title="Talk:Cat anatomy">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cat_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Cat anatomy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cat+anatomy%22">"Cat anatomy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cat+anatomy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cat+anatomy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cat+anatomy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cat+anatomy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cat+anatomy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg/200px-Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg/300px-Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg/400px-Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a domestic cat</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cat anatomy</b> comprises the anatomical studies of the visible parts of the body of a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cat">domestic cat</a>, which are similar to those of other members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mouth">Mouth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_tongue_macro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cat_tongue_macro.jpg/220px-Cat_tongue_macro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cat_tongue_macro.jpg/330px-Cat_tongue_macro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cat_tongue_macro.jpg/440px-Cat_tongue_macro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Sharp spines or papillae found in a cat's tongue. 5 types of papillae can be found in the dorsal aspect of the tongue: filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and conical.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_dentition_teeth">Permanent dentition teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Permanent dentition teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats are carnivores that have highly specialized teeth. There are four types of permanent dentition teeth that structure the mouth: twelve <i><a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a>, ten <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premolar and first molar are located on each side of the mouth that together are called the carnassial pair. The <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> pair specialize in cutting food and are parallel to the jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incisors located in the front section of the lower and upper mouth are small, narrow, and have a single root. They are used for grasping and biting food.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deciduous_dentition_teeth">Deciduous dentition teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deciduous dentition teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cat also has a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_dentition" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous dentition">deciduous dentition</a> prior to the formation of the permanent one. This dentition emerges seven days after birth and it is composed of 26 teeth with slight differences. The mouth will have smaller incisors, slender and strongly curved upper canines, vertical lower canines, and even smaller upper and lower molars.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the upper and lower molars are smaller than the ones that arise during permanent dentition, the similarities are striking.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongue">Tongue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tongue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cat's tongue is covered in a <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> and the dorsal aspect has 5 types of sharp spines, or <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papillae" title="Lingual papillae"><i>papillae</i></a>. The 5 papillae are filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and conical.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cat's sense of smell and taste work closely together, having a vomeronasal organ that allows them to use their tongue as scent tasters,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its longitudinal, transverse, and vertical intrinsic muscles aid in movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ears">Ears</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cat ears" redirects here. For the plant species, see <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_ear" title="Cat's ear">Cat's ear</a>. For kemonomimi, a feature of moe anthropomorphism, see <a href="/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism#Animals" title="Moe anthropomorphism">moe anthropomorphism § Animals</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat%27searraoukie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cat%27searraoukie.jpg/200px-Cat%27searraoukie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cat%27searraoukie.jpg/300px-Cat%27searraoukie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cat%27searraoukie.jpg/400px-Cat%27searraoukie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A cat's ear, which has special fur for sensing and protection</figcaption></figure> <p>Like dogs, cats have sensitive ears that can move independently of each other. Because of this mobility, a cat can move its body in one direction and point its ears in another direction. The rostral, caudal, dorsal, and ventral auricular muscle groups of each ear comprise fifteen muscles that are responsible for this ability.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cats have straight, triangular ears that point upward. Unlike with dogs, flap-eared breeds are extremely rare (<i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fold" title="Scottish Fold">Scottish Folds</a></i> have one such exceptional <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>). When angry or frightened, a cat will lay back its ears to accompany the growling or hissing sounds it makes. Cats also turn their ears back when they are playing or to listen to a sound coming from behind them. The fold of skin forming a pouch on the lower posterior part of the ear, known as <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_pocket" title="Henry's pocket">Henry's pocket</a>, is usually prominent in a cat's ear.<sup id="cite_ref-consultations_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consultations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its function is unknown, though it may assist in filtering sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nose">Nose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg/170px-Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg/255px-Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg/340px-Detalhe_nariz_Osk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A cat's nose is highly adapted</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats are highly territorial, and secretion of odors plays a major role in cat communication. The nose helps cats to identify territories, other cats and mates, to locate food, and has various other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-About.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cat's sense of smell is believed to be about fourteen times more sensitive than that of humans. The <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinarium</a> (the leathery part of the nose we see) is quite tough, to allow it to absorb rather rough treatment sometimes. The color varies according to the <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> (genetic makeup) of the cat. A cat's skin has the same color as the fur, but the color of the nose leather is probably dictated by a dedicated gene. Cats with white fur have skin susceptible to damage by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, which may cause cancer. Extra care is required when outside in the hot sun.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legs">Legs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cat's skeletal leg anatomy in a digitigrade stance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg/220px-Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="514" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg/330px-Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg/440px-Hind_Limb_Anatomy_and_Bone_Structure_of_the_Felidae_Family.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>A cat's skeletal leg anatomy in its digitigrade stance</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats are <a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">digitigrades</a>, which means that they walk on their toes, just like dogs. The advantage of this is that cats (and other digitigrades) are more agile than other animals. Most animals have <a href="/wiki/Ground_reaction_force" title="Ground reaction force">ground reaction forces</a> (GRFs) at around two to three times their body weight per limb. But digitigrades have a higher GRF than other animals due to the increased weight on a smaller surface area, which would be about six times their body weight per limb.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toe tufts are commonly found on cats with medium to long coats. Clumps of fur that stick out at least 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) beyond the paw pad can be considered tufts. In addition to soft paw pads, toe tufts help a cat to silently stalk its prey by muffling excess noise. However, outdoor cats tend to lose their toe tufts due to excessive abrasion on the rougher outdoor surfaces. This is in distinct contrast to indoor cats, who spend most of their time walking on carpet or smooth floors. </p><p>Cats are also able to walk very precisely. Adult cats walk with a "four-beat <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a>", meaning that each foot does not step on the same spot as any other. Whether they walk fast or slowly, a cat's walk is considered symmetric because the right limbs imitate the position of the left limbs as they walk. This type of <a href="/wiki/Locomotion_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotion in animals">locomotion</a> provides a sense of touch on all four paws that is necessary for precise coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cat's <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> are held by muscles rather than by <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, like humans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contributes to the cat's elasticity and ability to elongate and contract their back by curving it upwards or oscillating it along their <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral lines">vertebral line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_trotting,_changing_to_a_gallop.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cat_trotting%2C_changing_to_a_gallop.gif/371px-Cat_trotting%2C_changing_to_a_gallop.gif" decoding="async" width="371" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cat_trotting%2C_changing_to_a_gallop.gif/557px-Cat_trotting%2C_changing_to_a_gallop.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cat_trotting%2C_changing_to_a_gallop.gif/742px-Cat_trotting%2C_changing_to_a_gallop.gif 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>General locomotor patterns of a cat by Eadweard Muybridge, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats are also able to jump from greater heights without serious injury, due to the efficient performance of their limbs and ability to control impact forces. In this case, hindlimbs are able to absorb more shock and energy in comparison to the forelimbs, when jumping from surface to surface, as well as steer the cat for <a href="/wiki/Weight-bearing" title="Weight-bearing">weight-bearing</a> and breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claws">Claws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Claws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cat claw" redirects here. For the superhero, see <a href="/wiki/Cat_Claw" title="Cat Claw">Cat Claw</a>. For the plant species, see <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_claw" title="Cat's claw">Cat's claw</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_claw_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cat_claw_closeup.jpg/220px-Cat_claw_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cat_claw_closeup.jpg/330px-Cat_claw_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cat_claw_closeup.jpg/440px-Cat_claw_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A cat's claw</figcaption></figure> <p>Like nearly all members of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a>, cats have protractable claws. In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, "<a href="/wiki/Kneading_(cats)" title="Kneading (cats)">kneading</a>", or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, skin, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws can become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which can cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself. </p><p>Most cats have a total of 18 digits and claws: 5 on each forefoot (the 1st digit being the <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaw</a>), and 4 on each hind foot. The dewclaw is located high on the foreleg, is not in contact with the ground and is non-weight bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cats can have more than 18 digits, due to a common <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> called <a href="/wiki/Polydactyl_cat" title="Polydactyl cat">polydactyly</a> or polydactylism,<sup id="cite_ref-Danforth1947_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danforth1947-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can result in five to seven toes per paw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperature_and_heart_rate">Temperature and heart rate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Temperature and heart rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two cats curled up together" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg/220px-2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg/330px-2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg/440px-2_russian_street_cats-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Two cats sharing body heat</figcaption></figure> <p>The normal <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a> of a cat is between 38.3 and 39.0 °C (100.9 and 102.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cat is considered <i><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">febrile</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermic</a>) if it has a temperature of 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) or greater, or <i><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermic</a></i> if less than 37.5 °C (99.5 °F). For comparison, humans have an average body temperature of about 37.0 °C (98.6 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate usually is between 150 and 180 bpm, more than twice that of a human, which averages 70 bpm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been monitored in the wild that cats are often running at higher daily temperatures in order to properly operate and when night falls we see a larger decrease in their body temperature when compared to other cats that might inhabit indoors. The reading on a group of stray cats that was observed in Australia showed a more robust circadian rhythm than a regular house cat.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skin">Skin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats possess rather loose skin, which allows them to turn and confront a predator or another cat in a fight, even when it has a grip on them. This is also an advantage for <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary</a> purposes, as it simplifies injections.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the lives of cats with chronic kidney disease can sometimes be extended for years by the regular injection of large volumes of fluid subcutaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scruff">Scruff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scruff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The particularly loose skin at the back of the neck is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">scruff</a></i>, and is the area by which a mother cat grips her kittens to carry them. As a result, cats tend to become quiet and passive when gripped there. This behavior also extends into adulthood, when a male will grab the female by the scruff to immobilize her while he mounts, and to prevent her from running away as the mating process takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This technique can be useful when attempting to treat or move an uncooperative cat; however, since an adult cat is heavier than a kitten, a pet cat should never be carried by the scruff, but should instead have its weight supported at the rump and hind legs, and at the chest and front paws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2010)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg/220px-A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg/330px-A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg/440px-A_pronounced_primordial_pouch_in_a_male_tabby_mix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>A pronounced primordial pouch in a male tabby mix</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primordial_pouches">Primordial pouches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Primordial pouches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primordial pouch, sometimes referred to as "spay sway" by owners who notice it once the cat has been spayed or neutered, is hereditary in some cats. It is located on a cat's belly. Its appearance is similar to a loose flap of skin that might occur if the cat had been overweight and had then lost weight. It provides a little extra protection against kicks, which are common during cat fights as a cat will try to rake with its rear claws. In wild cats, the ancestors of domesticated felines, this pouch appears to be present to provide extra room in case the animal has the opportunity to eat a large meal and the stomach needs to expand. This stomach pouch also allows the cat to bend and expand, allowing for faster running and higher jumping.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skeleton">Skeleton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg/300px-Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg/450px-Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg/600px-Skeleton_diagram_of_a_cat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the skeleton of a cat<br /> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Cervical or neck bones (7 in number).</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d45500; color:black;"> </span> Dorsal or thoracic bones (13 in number, each bearing a rib).</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Lumbar bones (7 in number).</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Sacral bones (3 in number).</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> Caudal or tail bones (19 to 21 in number).</li></ol></div> <div><ol><li>Cranium, or skull.</li><li>Mandible, or lower jaw.</li><li>Scapula, or shoulder-blade.</li><li>Sternum, or breast-bone.</li><li>Humerus.</li><li>Radius.</li><li>Phalanges of the toes.</li><li>Metacarpal bones.</li><li>Carpal or wrist-bones.</li><li>Ulna.</li><li>Ribs.</li><li>Patella, or knee-cap.</li><li>Tibia.</li><li>Metatarsal bones.</li><li>Tarsal bones.</li><li>Fibula.</li><li>Femur, or thigh-bone.</li><li>Pelvis, or hip-bone.</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cat_skeleton.jpg/220px-Cat_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cat_skeleton.jpg/330px-Cat_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cat_skeleton.jpg/440px-Cat_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Cat skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats have seven <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> like almost all <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, thirteen <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> (humans have twelve), seven <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar vertebrae</a> (humans have five), three <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacral vertebrae</a> (humans have five because of their bipedal posture), and, except for <a href="/wiki/Manx_(cat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx (cat)">Manx cats</a> and other shorter tailed cats, twenty-two or twenty-three <a href="/wiki/Caudal_vertebrae" title="Caudal vertebrae">caudal vertebrae</a> (humans have three to five, fused into an internal <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a>). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans. The caudal vertebrae form the <i>tail</i>, used by the cat as a counterbalance to the body during quick movements. Between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings. </p><p>Unlike human arms, a cat's <a href="/wiki/Forelimbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Forelimbs">forelimbs</a> are attached to the shoulders by free-floating <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> bones, which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_2002_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis_2002-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Case_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth, adapted to their preferred prey of small rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spine">Spine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cat's spine can rotate more than the spines of most other animals, and their vertebrae have a special, flexible, elastic cushioning on the disks, which gives it even more flexibility. A flexible spine also contributes to the speed and grace of cats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muscles">Muscles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Labelled diagram of the muscular system of a cat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg/300px-Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg/450px-Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg/600px-Superficial_muscles_of_a_cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the muscular system of a cat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_abdominal_oblique">Internal abdominal oblique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Internal abdominal oblique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This muscle's origin is the lumbodorsal fascia and ribs. Its <a href="/wiki/Insertion_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insertion (anatomy)">insertion</a> is at the pubis and <a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(abdomen)" title="Linea alba (abdomen)">linea alba</a> (via aponeurosis), and its action is the compression of abdominal contents. It also laterally flexes and rotates the vertebral column. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transversus_abdominis">Transversus abdominis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transversus abdominis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This muscle is the innermost abdominal muscle. Its origin is the second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia and the pelvic girdle and its insertion is the linea alba. Its action is the compression of the abdomen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rectus_abdominis">Rectus abdominis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rectus abdominis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This muscle is under the extensive aponeurosis situated on the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> surface of the cat. Its fibers are extremely longitudinal, on each side of the linea alba. It is also traversed by the inscriptiones tendinae, or what others called <i><a href="/wiki/Myosepta" class="mw-redirect" title="Myosepta">myosepta</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deltoid">Deltoid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deltoid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>deltoid muscles</b> lie just lateral to the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscles">trapezius muscles</a>, originating from several fibers spanning the clavicle and scapula, converging to insert at the humerus. Anatomically, there are only two deltoids in the cat, the <i>acromiodeltoid</i> and the <i>spinodeltoid</i>. However, to conform to human anatomy standards, the clavobrachialis is now also considered a deltoid and is commonly referred to as the <i>clavodeltoid</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acromiodeltoid">Acromiodeltoid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Acromiodeltoid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acromiodeltoid is the shortest of the deltoid muscles. It lies lateral to (to the side of) the clavodeltoid, and in a more husky cat it can only be seen by lifting or reflecting the clavodeltoid. It originates at the acromion process and inserts at the deltoid ridge. When contracted, it raises and rotates the humerus outward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spinodeltoid">Spinodeltoid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spinodeltoid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A stout and short muscle lying posterior to the acromiodeltoid. It lies along the lower border of the scapula, and it passes through the upper forelimb, across the upper end of muscles of the upper forelimb. It originates at the spine of the scapula and inserts at the deltoid ridge. Its action is to raise and rotate the humerus outward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masseter">Masseter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Masseter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Masseter</b> is a great, powerful, and very thick muscle covered by a tough, shining <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a> lying <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">ventral</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">zygomatic arch</a>, which is its origin. It inserts into the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">posterior</a> half of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">lateral</a> surface of the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>. Its action is the elevation of the mandible (closing of the jaw). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temporalis">Temporalis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Temporalis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>temporalis</b> is a great mass of mandibular muscle, and is also covered by a tough and shiny fascia. It lies <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> to the zygomatic arch and fills the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fossa" title="Temporal fossa">temporal fossa</a> of the skull. It arises from the side of the skull and inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible. It too, elevates the jaw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocular">Ocular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ocular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats have three eyelids. The cat's third eyelid is known as the nictitating membrane. It is located in the inner corner of the eye, which is also covered by conjunctiva. In healthy cats, the conjunctiva of the eyelids is not readily visible and has a pale, pink color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integumental">Integumental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Integumental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two main <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integumental</a> muscles of a cat are the <i><a href="/wiki/Platysma" class="mw-redirect" title="Platysma">platysma</a></i> and the <i>cutaneous maximus</i>. The <i>cutaneous maximus</i> covers the dorsal region of the cat and allows it to shake its skin. The <i>platysma</i> covers the neck and allows the cat to stretch the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck_and_back">Neck and back</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Neck and back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhomboideus">Rhomboideus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rhomboideus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rhomboideus is a thick, large muscle below the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscles">trapezius muscles</a>. It extends from the vertebral border of the scapula to the mid-dorsal line. Its origin is from the neural spines of the first four thoracic vertebrae, and its insertion is at the vertebral border of the scapula. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhomboideus_capitis">Rhomboideus capitis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rhomboideus capitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rhomboideus capitis is the most cranial of the deeper muscles. It is underneath the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscles">clavotrapezius</a>. Its origin is the superior nuchal line, and its insertion is at the scapula. Action draws scapula cranially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Splenius">Splenius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Splenius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Splenius is the most superficial of all the deep muscles. It is a thin, broad sheet of muscle underneath the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscles">clavotrapezius</a> and deflecting it. It is crossed also by the rhomboideus capitis. Its origin is the mid-dorsal line of the neck and fascia. The insertion is the superior nuchal line and atlas. It raises or turns the head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serratus_ventralis">Serratus ventralis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Serratus ventralis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The serratus ventralis is exposed by cutting the wing-like <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">latissimus dorsi</a>. The said muscle is covered entirely by <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>. The origin is from the first nine or ten ribs and from part of the cervical vertebrae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serratus_Dorsalis">Serratus Dorsalis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Serratus Dorsalis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The serratus dorsalis is medial to both the scapula and the serratus ventralis. Its origin is via aponeurosis following the length of the mid-dorsal line, and its insertion is the dorsal portion of the last ribs. Its action is to depress and retracts the ribs during breathing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercostals">Intercostals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Intercostals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intercostals are a set of muscles sandwiched among the ribs. They interconnect ribs, and are therefore the primary respiratory skeletal muscles. They are divided into the <i>external</i> and the <i>internal subscapularis</i>. The origin and insertion are in the ribs. The intercostals pull the ribs backwards or forwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caudofemoralis">Caudofemoralis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Caudofemoralis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caudofemoralis" title="Caudofemoralis">caudofemoralis</a> is a muscle found in the pelvic limb.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caudofemoralis acts to flex the tail laterally to its respective side when the pelvic limb is bearing weight. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending the hip joint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pectoral">Pectoral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Pectoral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pectoantebrachialis">Pectoantebrachialis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pectoantebrachialis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pectoantebrachialis muscle is just one-half-inch wide and is the most superficial in the pectoral muscles. Its origin is the <a href="/wiki/Manubrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Manubrium">manubrium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, and its insertion is in a flat <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a> of the proximal end of the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest. There is no human equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pectoralis_major">Pectoralis major</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pectoralis major"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pectoralis major, also called <i>pectoralis superficialis</i>, is a broad triangular portion of the pectoralis muscle which is immediately below the pectoantebrachialis. It is smaller than the pectoralis minor muscle. Its origin is the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> and median ventral raphe, and its insertion is at the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pectoralis_minor">Pectoralis minor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pectoralis minor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pectoralis minor muscle is larger than the pectoralis major. However, most of its anterior border is covered by the pectoralis major. Its origins are ribs three–five, and its insertion is the coracoid process of the scapula. Its actions are the tipping of the scapula and the elevation of ribs three–five. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xiphihumeralis">Xiphihumeralis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Xiphihumeralis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most posterior, flat, thin, and long strip of pectoral muscle is the xiphihumeralis. It is a band of parallel fibers that is found in felines but not in humans. Its origin is the xiphoid process of the sternum. The insertion is the humerus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trapezius">Trapezius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Trapezius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the cat there are three thin flat muscles that cover the back, and to a lesser extent, the neck. They pull the scapula toward the mid-dorsal line, anteriorly, and posteriorly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clavotrapezius">Clavotrapezius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Clavotrapezius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most anterior of the trapezius muscles, it is also the largest. Its fibers run obliquely to the ventral surface. Its origin is the superior nuchal line and median dorsal line and its insertion is the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>. Its action is to draw the clavicle dorsally and towards the head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acromiotrapezius">Acromiotrapezius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Acromiotrapezius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acromiotrapezius is the middle trapezius muscle. It covers the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the scapula. Its origin is the neural spines of the cervical vertebrae and its insertion is in the metacromion process and fascia of the clavotrapezius. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal, and hold the two scapula together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spinotrapezius">Spinotrapezius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Spinotrapezius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spinotrapezius, also called <i>thoracic trapezius</i>, is the most posterior of the three. It is triangular shaped. Posterior to the acromiotrapezius and overlaps latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is the neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae and its insertion is the scapular fascia. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_(1910)_(20763929112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_%281910%29_%2820763929112%29.jpg/220px-Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_%281910%29_%2820763929112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_%281910%29_%2820763929112%29.jpg/330px-Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_%281910%29_%2820763929112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_%281910%29_%2820763929112%29.jpg/440px-Mammalian_anatomy_-_with_special_reference_to_the_cat_%281910%29_%2820763929112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the digestive system of a cat</figcaption></figure> <p>The digestion system of cats begins with their sharp teeth and abrasive tongue papillae, which help them tear meat, which is most, if not all, of their diet. Cats naturally do not have a diet high in carbohydrates, and therefore, their saliva does not contain the enzyme amylase.<sup id="cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathealth.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food moves from the mouth through the esophagus and into the stomach. The gastrointestinal tract of domestic cats contains a small cecum and unsacculated colon.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cecum while similar to dogs, does not have a coiled cecum. </p><p>The stomach of the cat can be divided into distinct regions of motor activity. The proximal end of the stomach relaxes when food is digested.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While food is being digested this portion of the stomach either has rapid stationary contractions or a sustained tonic contraction of muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different actions result in either the food being moved around or the food moving towards the distal portion of the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distal portion of the stomach undergoes rhythmic cycles of partial depolarization.<sup id="cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathealth.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This depolarization sensitizes muscle cells so they are more likely to contract. The stomach is not only a muscular structure, it also serves a chemical function by releasing <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and other digestive enzymes to break down food. </p><p>Food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid in digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and travel to the rest of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pancreas does not produce starch processing enzymes because cats do not eat a diet high in carbohydrates.<sup id="cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathealth.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the cat digests low amounts of glucose, the pancreas uses amino acids to trigger insulin release instead. </p><p>Food then moves on to the jejunum. This is the most nutrient absorptive section of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system from the small intestine. From the jejunum, whatever food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum which connects to the large intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the large intestine is the cecum and the second portion is the colon. The large intestine reabsorbs water and forms fecal matter. </p><p>There are some things that cats are not able to digest. For example, cats clean themselves by licking their fur with their tongue, which causes them to swallow a lot of fur. This causes a build-up of fur in a cat's stomach and creates a mass of fur. This is often thrown up and is better known as a <a href="/wiki/Hairball" title="Hairball">hairball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short length of the digestive tract of the cat causes cats' digestive system to weigh less than other species of animals, which allows cats to be active predators.<sup id="cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathealth.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While cats are well adapted to be predators they have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of amino acids meaning amino acids are constantly being destroyed and not absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathealth.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, cats require a higher protein proportion in their diet than many other species. Cats are not adapted to synthesize niacin from tryptophan and, because they are carnivores, cannot convert carotene to vitamin A, so eating plants while not harmful does not provide them nutrients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genitourinary_system">Genitourinary system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Genitourinary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cat#Reproduction" title="Cat">Cat § Reproduction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_genitalia">Female genitalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Female genitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the female cat, the genitalia includes the uterus, the vagina, the genital passages and teats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cat_anatomy#Dubious" title="Talk:Cat anatomy">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> of the cat is involved in mating and provides a channel for newborns during <i>parturition</i>, or birth. The vagina is long and wide.<sup id="cite_ref-aniwa_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aniwa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genital passages are the <a href="/wiki/Oviducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviducts">oviducts</a> of the cat. They are short, narrow, and not very sinuous.<sup id="cite_ref-aniwa_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aniwa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_genitalia">Male genitalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Male genitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Penis#Felidae" title="Penis">Penis § Felidae</a></div> <p>In the male cat, the genitalia includes two testicles and the penis, which is covered with small spines.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchattenConstantinescu2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchattenConstantinescu2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_cat_(1991)_(17571535364).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female genitourinary system"><img alt="Female genitourinary system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571535364%29.jpg/54px-Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571535364%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571535364%29.jpg/82px-Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571535364%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571535364%29.jpg/109px-Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571535364%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="2214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female <a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary system</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_cat_(1991)_(17571533394).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male genitourinary system"><img alt="Male genitourinary system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571533394%29.jpg/79px-Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571533394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571533394%29.jpg/118px-Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571533394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571533394%29.jpg/158px-Anatomy_of_the_cat_%281991%29_%2817571533394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male genitourinary system</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_cat;_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals,_especially_mammals_(1881)_(20398612760).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male genitourinary system"><img alt="Male genitourinary system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_cat%3B_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals%2C_especially_mammals_%281881%29_%2820398612760%29.jpg/33px-The_cat%3B_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals%2C_especially_mammals_%281881%29_%2820398612760%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_cat%3B_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals%2C_especially_mammals_%281881%29_%2820398612760%29.jpg/49px-The_cat%3B_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals%2C_especially_mammals_%281881%29_%2820398612760%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_cat%3B_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals%2C_especially_mammals_%281881%29_%2820398612760%29.jpg/66px-The_cat%3B_an_introduction_to_the_study_of_backboned_animals%2C_especially_mammals_%281881%29_%2820398612760%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male genitourinary system</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penis-cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penile spines"><img alt="Penile spines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Penis-cat.jpg/150px-Penis-cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Penis-cat.jpg/225px-Penis-cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Penis-cat.jpg/300px-Penis-cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penile_spines" title="Penile spines">Penile spines</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:left; margin:10px"> <caption>Normal physiological values<sup id="cite_ref-Kahn_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahn-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 330">: 330 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">Body temperature</a> </td> <td>38.6 °C (101.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a> </td> <td>120–140 beats per minute </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathing_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing rate">Breathing rate</a> </td> <td>16–40 breaths per minute </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_nose,_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cold_nose%2C_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg/220px-Cold_nose%2C_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cold_nose%2C_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg/330px-Cold_nose%2C_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cold_nose%2C_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg/440px-Cold_nose%2C_warm_touch_-_Thermography_of_Cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Thermograph of various body parts of a cat</figcaption></figure> <p>Cats are familiar and easily kept animals, and their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles those of other carnivorous mammals, but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats' descent from desert-dwelling species.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_tolerance">Heat tolerance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Heat tolerance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about 38 °C (100 °F), but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around 52 °C (126 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-Case_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> and can tolerate temperatures of up to 56 °C (133 °F) if they have access to water.<sup id="cite_ref-SDCN_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDCN-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_regulation">Temperature regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Temperature regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouths. Cats have minimal ability to sweat, with glands located primarily in their paw pads,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gular_fluttering" class="mw-redirect" title="Gular fluttering">pant for heat relief</a> only at very high temperatures<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (but may also pant when stressed). A cat's body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats' general lack of <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a> and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night.<sup id="cite_ref-CAN_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAN-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_conservation">Water conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Water conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water.<sup id="cite_ref-Prentiss_1959_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prentiss_1959-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can tolerate high levels of salt only in combination with freshwater to prevent dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-MerckVM_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerckVM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mature adult cats become dehydrated when they don't consume 60ml/kg a day, which could lead to health issues involving the bladder and kidneys. Feral cats get most of their water from consuming prey which contain high amounts of water, so they don't actually have to rely on drinking from a water source themselves. The same method is applied to domestic cats, with hydration coming from canned wet foods.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ability_to_swim">Ability to swim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Ability to swim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While domestic cats are able to swim, they are generally reluctant to enter water as it quickly leads to exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_stressors">Urban stressors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Urban stressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noise">Noise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Noise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats living in human settlements are prone to environmental factors that increase cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone that impacts physiological aspects of the cats, for example loud sounds and tight spaces, subjection to other animals, unfamiliar people and places. Loud noises such as cars and alarms seem to have the largest impact on rising cortisol levels. High stress response in the body raises blood pressure and causes health issues in cats, such as cardiovascular functioning. A combination of this cardiovascular decline with other factors like obesity from inactive lifestyle and increased heat from urban heat affect can be dangerous for cats, shortening lifespan and quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet_adaptation">Diet adaptation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Diet adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cats are innately carnivores and have a genetic tendency to hunt. They carry this trait with them despite environment. Feral cats are domestic but are born and live without much human contact, unlike a pet. Feral cats are closer to pre-industrial cats' lifestyle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Feral cats live off of a natural diet of prey, such as rodents and birds, rather than store-bought foods. This affect is shown in fatty-acid content within the body, with street cats having significantly lower amounts consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-eap_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eap-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, a post-industrial common occurrence, is predicted to cause tumors in tissues and blood clots in urban cats, but contents found in studies are conclusively insignificant, given cats' size affecting microplastic particle size consumption and relatively low consumption in general in comparison to humans, which bears little to no effect on cats, including no accumulation over time.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study<sup id="cite_ref-Plantinga_S35–S48_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantinga_S35–S48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that feral cats get most of their daily energy from protein (52%) and fat (46%), with only a tiny bit from non-fiber carbohydrates (2%). A recent study<sup id="cite_ref-Plantinga_S35–S48_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantinga_S35–S48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on what domestic cats choose to eat showed that they like about 52% of their energy from protein, 36% from fat, and 12% from carbs. These results are roughly similar to those for feral cats, suggesting that both domestic and feral prefer a diet close to that of their wild ancestors, though feral cats rely on prey available in their environments and not just processed food. The types of food animals eat play a big role in keeping their stomach's <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbial population</a> balanced. Studies<sup id="cite_ref-Plantinga_S35–S48_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantinga_S35–S48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have found that having a consistent and varied diet helps with this. When animals eat whole prey, like small animals with bones complete, they are able to extract nutrients from all of the body parts, such as cartilage and collagen. These things can boost gut health, help certain good bacteria grow, and support the immune system. This is different from eating foods mainly made from plants and cooked at high temperatures, which might not have the same benefits; this could be observed in the aforementioned difference in nutrient make up between stray/feral cats and domesticated cats.<sup id="cite_ref-eap_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eap-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neutering_and_cortisol_levels">Neutering and cortisol levels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Neutering and cortisol levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Free-roaming cats that are neutered have lower cortisol levels and less aggressive behavior than cats that are unneutered. There seems to be a relationship between stress and aggression with neutering status, possible evolutionary instinctual drive.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/28px-Cat03.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/42px-Cat03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/56px-Cat03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cats" title="Portal:Cats">Cats portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses" title="Cat senses">Cat senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_bobtail" title="Natural bobtail">Natural bobtail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReighardJennings1901" class="citation book cs1">Reighard, Jacob; Jennings, H. S. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114571"><i>Anatomy of the cat</i></a>. New York: H. Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.54000">10.5962/bhl.title.54000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+cat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.54000&rft.aulast=Reighard&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Jennings%2C+H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F114571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrsiniHennet1992" class="citation journal cs1">Orsini, Paul; Hennet, Philippe (November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0195-5616%2892%2950126-7">"Anatomy of the Mouth and Teeth of the Cat"</a>. <i>Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice</i>. <b>22</b> (6): 1265–1277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0195-5616%2892%2950126-7">10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50126-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-5616">0195-5616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1455572">1455572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Clinics+of+North+America%3A+Small+Animal+Practice&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+Mouth+and+Teeth+of+the+Cat&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1265-1277&rft.date=1992-11&rft.issn=0195-5616&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1455572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0195-5616%2892%2950126-7&rft.aulast=Orsini&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hennet%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0195-5616%252892%252950126-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Sarah (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3DNDwAAQBAJ&q=cat+mouth&pg=PA59"><i>The Cat</i></a>. Ivy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78240-857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78240-857-4"><bdi>978-1-78240-857-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cat&rft.pub=Ivy+Press&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1-78240-857-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3DNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcat%2Bmouth%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonHamilton2017" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Lola C.; Hamilton, William P. (12 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137865"><i>Atlas of Feline Anatomy</i></a>. Teton NewMedia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781315137865">10.1201/9781315137865</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-13786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-13786-5"><bdi>978-1-315-13786-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Feline+Anatomy&rft.pub=Teton+NewMedia&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9781315137865&rft.isbn=978-1-315-13786-5&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Lola+C.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+William+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1201%2F9781315137865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consultations-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-consultations_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugust2009" class="citation book cs1">August, John (2009). <i>Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 6</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consultations+in+Feline+Internal+Medicine%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=August&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About.com_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyufy_F." class="citation web cs1">Syufy F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206020645/http://cats.about.com/cs/felineanatomy/a/catsnose_scent.htm">"The Nose Knows Cats' Amazing Sense of Scent"</a>. <i>About.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cats.about.com/cs/felineanatomy/a/catsnose_scent.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=The+Nose+Knows+Cats%27+Amazing+Sense+of+Scent&rft.au=Syufy+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcats.about.com%2Fcs%2Ffelineanatomy%2Fa%2Fcatsnose_scent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org/2008/07/cat-anatomy.html">"Cat Anatomy"</a>. <i>cat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org</i>. 9 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org&rft.atitle=Cat+Anatomy&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org%2F2008%2F07%2Fcat-anatomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiaoFuQianRen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Miao, Huaibin; Fu, Jun; Qian, Zhihui; Ren, Luquan; Ren, Lei (23 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769641">"How does the canine paw pad attenuate ground impacts? A multi-layer cushion system"</a>. <i>Biology Open</i>. <b>6</b> (12): 1889–1896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fbio.024828">10.1242/bio.024828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-6390">2046-6390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769641">5769641</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29170241">29170241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Open&rft.atitle=How+does+the+canine+paw+pad+attenuate+ground+impacts%3F+A+multi-layer+cushion+system&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1889-1896&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5769641%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2046-6390&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29170241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fbio.024828&rft.aulast=Miao&rft.aufirst=Huaibin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Jun&rft.au=Qian%2C+Zhihui&rft.au=Ren%2C+Luquan&rft.au=Ren%2C+Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5769641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearceyZehr2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pearcey, Gregory E. P.; Zehr, E. Paul (7 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysiol.00008.2019">"We Are Upright-Walking Cats: Human Limbs as Sensory Antennae During Locomotion"</a>. <i>Physiology</i>. <b>34</b> (5): 354–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysiol.00008.2019">10.1152/physiol.00008.2019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-9213">1548-9213</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31389772">31389772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology&rft.atitle=We+Are+Upright-Walking+Cats%3A+Human+Limbs+as+Sensory+Antennae+During+Locomotion&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=354-364&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.issn=1548-9213&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31389772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fphysiol.00008.2019&rft.aulast=Pearcey&rft.aufirst=Gregory+E.+P.&rft.au=Zehr%2C+E.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1152%252Fphysiol.00008.2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoPickarGeIanuzzi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cao, Dong-Yuan; Pickar, Joel G.; Ge, Weiginq; Ianuzzi, Allyson; Khalsa, Partap S. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695637">"Position sensitivity of feline paraspinal muscle spindles to vertebral movement in the lumbar spine"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 1722–1729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.90976.2008">10.1152/jn.90976.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3077">0022-3077</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695637">2695637</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19164108">19164108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurophysiology&rft.atitle=Position+sensitivity+of+feline+paraspinal+muscle+spindles+to+vertebral+movement+in+the+lumbar+spine&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1722-1729&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2695637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-3077&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19164108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjn.90976.2008&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Dong-Yuan&rft.au=Pickar%2C+Joel+G.&rft.au=Ge%2C+Weiginq&rft.au=Ianuzzi%2C+Allyson&rft.au=Khalsa%2C+Partap+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2695637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/cat/additional-info">"Cat"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fcat%2Fadditional-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuPeiPeiWu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Xueqing; Pei, Baoqing; Pei, Yuyang; Wu, Nan; Zhou, Kaiyuan; Hao, Yan; Wang, Wei (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721424">"Contributions of Limb Joints to Energy Absorption during Landing in Cats"</a>. <i>Applied Bionics and Biomechanics</i>. <b>2019</b>: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2019%2F3815612">10.1155/2019/3815612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721424">6721424</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31531125">31531125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202101213">202101213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Bionics+and+Biomechanics&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+Limb+Joints+to+Energy+Absorption+during+Landing+in+Cats&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6721424%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202101213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31531125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2019%2F3815612&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Xueqing&rft.au=Pei%2C+Baoqing&rft.au=Pei%2C+Yuyang&rft.au=Wu%2C+Nan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kaiyuan&rft.au=Hao%2C+Yan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6721424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbeeMaasDoornenbalHazewinkel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Corbee, R.J.; Maas, H.; Doornenbal, A.; Hazewinkel, H.A.W. (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090023314002810">"Forelimb and hindlimb ground reaction forces of walking cats: Assessment and comparison with walking dogs"</a>. <i>The Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>202</b> (1): 116–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2014.07.001">10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-0233">1090-0233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25155217">25155217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Forelimb+and+hindlimb+ground+reaction+forces+of+walking+cats%3A+Assessment+and+comparison+with+walking+dogs&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-127&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.issn=1090-0233&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25155217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2014.07.001&rft.aulast=Corbee&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=Maas%2C+H.&rft.au=Doornenbal%2C+A.&rft.au=Hazewinkel%2C+H.A.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS1090023314002810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmes1900" class="citation journal cs1">Armes, Annetta F. (22 December 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYAAJ">"Outline of Cat Lessons"</a>. <i>The School Journal</i>. <b>LXI</b>: 659<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+School+Journal&rft.atitle=Outline+of+Cat+Lessons&rft.volume=LXI&rft.pages=659&rft.date=1900-12-22&rft.aulast=Armes&rft.aufirst=Annetta+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_gBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018190951/http://www.cat-talk-101.com/cat-claws.html">"Cats Claws further reading"</a>. <i>Cat Talk 101.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cat-talk-101.com/cat-claws.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cat+Talk+101.com&rft.atitle=Cats+Claws+further+reading&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cat-talk-101.com%2Fcat-claws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danforth1947-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danforth1947_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanforth1947" class="citation journal cs1">Danforth, C. H. (1947). "Heredity of Polydactyly in the Cat". <i>Journal of Heredity</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 107–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jhered.a105701">10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20242531">20242531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Heredity+of+Polydactyly+in+the+Cat&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=107-112&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jhered.a105701&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20242531&rft.aulast=Danforth&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313085435/http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/nv.html">"Normal Values For Dog and Cat Temperature, Blood Tests, Urine and other information in ThePetCenter.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/nv.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normal+Values+For+Dog+and+Cat+Temperature%2C+Blood+Tests%2C+Urine+and+other+information+in+ThePetCenter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepetcenter.com%2Fexa%2Fnv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublishing" class="citation web cs1">Publishing, Harvard Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/normal_body_temperature">"Normal Body Temperature : Rethinking the normal human body temperature – Harvard Health"</a>. <i>harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Normal+Body+Temperature+%3A+Rethinking+the+normal+human+body+temperature+%E2%80%93+Harvard+Health&rft.aulast=Publishing&rft.aufirst=Harvard+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.harvard.edu%2Fpress_releases%2Fnormal_body_temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413173009/http://highlanderpetcenter.com/content/view/24/2">Cat Health And Cat Metabolism Information For The Best Cat Care</a>. Highlander Pet Center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmerAlgarNeckSchleucher2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hilmer, Stefanie; Algar, Dave; Neck, David; Schleucher, Elke (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456510000392">"Remote sensing of physiological data: Impact of long term captivity on body temperature variation of the feral cat (Felis catus) in Australia, recorded via Thermochron iButtons"</a>. <i>Journal of Thermal Biology</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 205–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JTBio..35..205H">2010JTBio..35..205H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtherbio.2010.05.002">10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4565">0306-4565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thermal+Biology&rft.atitle=Remote+sensing+of+physiological+data%3A+Impact+of+long+term+captivity+on+body+temperature+variation+of+the+feral+cat+%28Felis+catus%29+in+Australia%2C+recorded+via+Thermochron+iButtons&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=205-210&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.issn=0306-4565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtherbio.2010.05.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JTBio..35..205H&rft.aulast=Hilmer&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft.au=Algar%2C+Dave&rft.au=Neck%2C+David&rft.au=Schleucher%2C+Elke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0306456510000392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?aid=87">"Vaccinate Your Cat at Home"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaccinate+Your+Cat+at+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drsfostersmith.com%2Fpic%2Farticle.cfm%3Faid%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pictures of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pets.webmd.com/cats/ss/slideshow-skin-problems-in-cats">Skin Problems</a> in Cats</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikihow.com/Give-Subcutaneous-Fluids-to-a-Cat">"How to Give Subcutaneous Fluids to a Cat"</a>. <i>wikihow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikihow.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Give+Subcutaneous+Fluids+to+a+Cat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikihow.com%2FGive-Subcutaneous-Fluids-to-a-Cat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pets.ca/articles/article_scruffing.htm">"Scruffing your dog or cat"</a>. <i>pets.c</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pets.c&rft.atitle=Scruffing+your+dog+or+cat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pets.ca%2Farticles%2Farticle_scruffing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pets.thenest.com/primordial-pouch-cats-11178.html">"What Is the Primordial Pouch in Cats?"</a>. <i>Thenest.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thenest.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Primordial+Pouch+in+Cats%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpets.thenest.com%2Fprimordial-pouch-cats-11178.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillis_2002-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_2002_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2002" class="citation web cs1">Gillis, Rick, ed. (22 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206105542/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm">"Cat Skeleton"</a>. <i>Zoolab: A Website for Animal Biology</i>. La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoolab%3A+A+Website+for+Animal+Biology&rft.atitle=Cat+Skeleton&rft.date=2002-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioweb.uwlax.edu%2Fzoolab%2FTable_of_Contents%2FLab-9b%2FCat_Skeleton_1%2Fcat_skeleton_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Case_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2003" class="citation book cs1">Case, Linda P. (2003). <i>The Cat: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health</i>. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-0331-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8138-0331-4"><bdi>0-8138-0331-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cat%3A+Its+Behavior%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Health&rft.place=Ames%2C+IA&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8138-0331-4&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Linda+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1992-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1992_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithTchernov1992" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Patricia; Tchernov, Eitan (1992). <i>Structure, Function and Evolution of teeth</i>. Freund Publishing House Ltd. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-222-270-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-222-270-4"><bdi>965-222-270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure%2C+Function+and+Evolution+of+teeth&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Freund+Publishing+House+Ltd.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=965-222-270-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Tchernov%2C+Eitan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenzweig, L. J. (1990). <i>Anatomy of the Cat: Text and Dissection Guide</i>. Wm. C. Brown Publishers Dubuque, IA. p. 110, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0697055795" title="Special:BookSources/0697055795">0697055795</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathealth.com-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathealth.com_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLC" class="citation web cs1">LLC, Aquanta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cathealth.com/digestive-system/cat-digestive-system">"Introduction to the Digestive System of Cats"</a>. <i>www.cathealth.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cathealth.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Digestive+System+of+Cats&rft.aulast=LLC&rft.aufirst=Aquanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathealth.com%2Fdigestive-system%2Fcat-digestive-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensHume2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, C. Edward; Hume, Ian D. (25 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZuAsci2apAC&q=cat+&pg=PR15"><i>Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521617147" title="Special:BookSources/9780521617147"><bdi>9780521617147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Physiology+of+the+Vertebrate+Digestive+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-11-25&rft.isbn=9780521617147&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rft.au=Hume%2C+Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZuAsci2apAC%26q%3Dcat%2B%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cat-health-detective.com/cat-digestive-system.html">"Cat Digestive System is integral to the absorption of nutrients"</a>. <i>cat-health-detective.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cat-health-detective.com&rft.atitle=Cat+Digestive+System+is+integral+to+the+absorption+of+nutrients&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cat-health-detective.com%2Fcat-digestive-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerBurtka" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Hilary; Burtka, Allison Torres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/pets/cats/what-to-do-about-hairballs-in-cats">"What to Do About Hairballs in Cats"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=What+to+Do+About+Hairballs+in+Cats&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Burtka%2C+Allison+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fpets%2Fcats%2Fwhat-to-do-about-hairballs-in-cats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aniwa-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aniwa_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aniwa_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122935/http://www.aniwa.com/en/general/Grand_Public/document/100358/28398/index.htm">The cat's genital system and reproduction</a>. aniwa.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronsonCooper1967" class="citation journal cs1">Aronson, Lester R.; Cooper, Madeline L. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturecontrenature.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PenileSpines.pdf">"Penile spines of the domestic cat: Their endocrine-behavior relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Anatomical Record</i>. <b>157</b> (1): 71–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.1091570111">10.1002/ar.1091570111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6030760">6030760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13070242">13070242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=Penile+spines+of+the+domestic+cat%3A+Their+endocrine-behavior+relations&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-78&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13070242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6030760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.1091570111&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Lester+R.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Madeline+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturecontrenature.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FPenileSpines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchattenConstantinescu2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchattenConstantinescu2008_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide_SchattenGheorghe_M._Constantinescu2008" class="citation book cs1">Heide Schatten; Gheorghe M. Constantinescu (21 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNdSk7gPf4C"><i>Comparative Reproductive Biology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39025-2"><bdi>978-0-470-39025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Reproductive+Biology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft.isbn=978-0-470-39025-2&rft.au=Heide+Schatten&rft.au=Gheorghe+M.+Constantinescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iNdSk7gPf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahn-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kahn_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnLine2007" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Cynthia M.; Line, Scott (2007). Hollander, Joseph Lee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthritishandboo00holl"><i>The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet Health</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-99-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-99-5"><bdi>978-0-911910-99-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merck%2FMerial+Manual+for+Pet+Health&rft.pub=Merck+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-911910-99-5&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+M.&rft.au=Line%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthritishandboo00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldRogersMorris1984" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, M. L.; Rogers, Q. R.; Morris, J. G. (1984). "Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore". <i>Annual Review of Nutrition</i>. <b>4</b>: 521–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.nu.04.070184.002513">10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6380542">6380542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Nutrition+of+the+domestic+cat%2C+a+mammalian+carnivore&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=521-562&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.nu.04.070184.002513&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6380542&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Q.+R.&rft.au=Morris%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDCN-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDCN_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_National_Research_Council_Subcommittee_on_Dog_and_Cat_Nutrition2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">US National Research Council Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition</a> (2006). <i>Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats</i>. Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08628-8"><bdi>978-0-309-08628-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrient+Requirements+of+Dogs+and+Cats&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08628-8&rft.au=US+National+Research+Council+Subcommittee+on+Dog+and+Cat+Nutrition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathealth.com/how-and-why/how-do-cats-sweat">"How do cats sweat?"</a>. <i>CatHealth.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303174345/http://www.cathealth.com/how-and-why/how-do-cats-sweat">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatHealth.com&rft.atitle=How+do+cats+sweat%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathealth.com%2Fhow-and-why%2Fhow-do-cats-sweat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsMorganHunterHolmes1970" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, T.; Morgan, M. L.; Hunter, W. S.; Holmes, K. R. (1970). "Temperature Regulation of the Unanesthetized Cat During Mild Cold and Severe Heat Stress". <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 852–858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.1970.29.6.852">10.1152/jappl.1970.29.6.852</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5485356">5485356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Temperature+Regulation+of+the+Unanesthetized+Cat+During+Mild+Cold+and+Severe+Heat+Stress&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=852-858&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1970.29.6.852&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5485356&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Holmes%2C+K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAN-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAN_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_National_Research_Council_Committee_on_Animal_Nutrition1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">US National Research Council Committee on Animal Nutrition</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=910#toc"><i>Nutrient Requirements of Cats</i></a> (2nd ed.). Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F910">10.17226/910</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-03682-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-03682-5"><bdi>978-0-309-03682-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815050853/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=910#toc">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nutrient+Requirements+of+Cats&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F910&rft.isbn=978-0-309-03682-5&rft.au=US+National+Research+Council+Committee+on+Animal+Nutrition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Frecord_id%3D910%23toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prentiss_1959-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prentiss_1959_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentiss1959" class="citation journal cs1">Prentiss, Phoebe G. (1959). "Hydropenia in Cat and Dog: Ability of the Cat to Meet its Water Requirements Solely from a Diet of Fish or Meat". <i>American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>196</b> (3): 625–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1959.196.3.625">10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.3.625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13627237">13627237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Hydropenia+in+Cat+and+Dog%3A+Ability+of+the+Cat+to+Meet+its+Water+Requirements+Solely+from+a+Diet+of+Fish+or+Meat&rft.volume=196&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=625-632&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajplegacy.1959.196.3.625&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13627237&rft.aulast=Prentiss&rft.aufirst=Phoebe+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MerckVM-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MerckVM_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merck Veterinary Manual</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatliağizAkyazi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tatliağiz, Zeynep; Akyazi, İbrahim (30 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/http-www-jivs-net/issue/77102/1278513">"Investigation of the effect of water temperature on water consumption of cats"</a>. <i>Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 50–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30704%2Fhttp-www-jivs-net.1278513">10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1278513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2602-3490">2602-3490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Istanbul+Veterinary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+the+effect+of+water+temperature+on+water+consumption+of+cats&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-54&rft.date=2023-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30704%2Fhttp-www-jivs-net.1278513&rft.issn=2602-3490&rft.aulast=Tatlia%C4%9Fiz&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rft.au=Akyazi%2C+%C4%B0brahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fhttp-www-jivs-net%2Fissue%2F77102%2F1278513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser2012-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser2012_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2012" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Andrew F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLD4uy-6QV0C&pg=PA107"><i>Feline Behaviour and Welfare</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International">Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-121-8"><bdi>978-1-78064-121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feline+Behaviour+and+Welfare&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Centre+for+Agriculture+and+Bioscience+International&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-121-8&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLD4uy-6QV0C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha_SilvaFontes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cunha Silva, Carina; Fontes, Marco Antônio Peliky (1 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938419302057">"Cardiovascular reactivity to emotional stress: The hidden challenge for pets in the urbanized environment"</a>. <i>Physiology & Behavior</i>. <b>207</b>: 151–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2019.05.014">10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.05.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9384">0031-9384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31100295">31100295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153301091">153301091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Cardiovascular+reactivity+to+emotional+stress%3A+The+hidden+challenge+for+pets+in+the+urbanized+environment&rft.volume=207&rft.pages=151-158&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.issn=0031-9384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153301091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31100295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2019.05.014&rft.aulast=Cunha+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carina&rft.au=Fontes%2C+Marco+Ant%C3%B4nio+Peliky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0031938419302057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eap-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eap_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eap_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantingaBoschHendriks2011" class="citation journal cs1">Plantinga, Esther A.; Bosch, Guido; Hendriks, Wouter H. (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007114511002285">"Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats"</a>. <i>British Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>106</b> (S1): S35–S48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007114511002285">10.1017/S0007114511002285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2662">1475-2662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005434">22005434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+the+dietary+nutrient+profile+of+free-roaming+feral+cats%3A+possible+implications+for+nutrition+of+domestic+cats&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S35-S48&rft.date=2011-10&rft.issn=1475-2662&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22005434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007114511002285&rft.aulast=Plantinga&rft.aufirst=Esther+A.&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Guido&rft.au=Hendriks%2C+Wouter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0007114511002285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrataSilvada_CostaDias-Pereira2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prata, Joana C.; Silva, Ana L. Patrício; da Costa, João P.; Dias-Pereira, Patrícia; Carvalho, Alexandre; Fernandes, António José Silva; da Costa, Florinda Mendes; Duarte, Armando C.; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9367336">"Microplastics in Internal Tissues of Companion Animals from Urban Environments"</a>. <i>Animals</i>. <b>12</b> (15): 1979. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani12151979">10.3390/ani12151979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-2615">2076-2615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9367336">9367336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35953968">35953968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=Microplastics+in+Internal+Tissues+of+Companion+Animals+from+Urban+Environments&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1979&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9367336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-2615&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35953968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fani12151979&rft.aulast=Prata&rft.aufirst=Joana+C.&rft.au=Silva%2C+Ana+L.+Patr%C3%ADcio&rft.au=da+Costa%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+P.&rft.au=Dias-Pereira%2C+Patr%C3%ADcia&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9+Silva&rft.au=da+Costa%2C+Florinda+Mendes&rft.au=Duarte%2C+Armando+C.&rft.au=Rocha-Santos%2C+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9367336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plantinga_S35–S48-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plantinga_S35–S48_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plantinga_S35–S48_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plantinga_S35–S48_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantingaBoschHendriks2011" class="citation journal cs1">Plantinga, Esther A.; Bosch, Guido; Hendriks, Wouter H. (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007114511002285">"Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats"</a>. <i>British Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>106</b> (S1): S35–S48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007114511002285">10.1017/S0007114511002285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2662">1475-2662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005434">22005434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+the+dietary+nutrient+profile+of+free-roaming+feral+cats%3A+possible+implications+for+nutrition+of+domestic+cats&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S35-S48&rft.date=2011-10&rft.issn=1475-2662&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22005434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007114511002285&rft.aulast=Plantinga&rft.aufirst=Esther+A.&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Guido&rft.au=Hendriks%2C+Wouter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0007114511002285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinklerTerkel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Finkler, H.; Terkel, J. (3 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938409003746">"Cortisol levels and aggression in neutered and intact free-roaming female cats living in urban social groups"</a>. <i>Physiology & Behavior</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 343–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2009.11.014">10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9384">0031-9384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19954748">19954748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13112838">13112838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Cortisol+levels+and+aggression+in+neutered+and+intact+free-roaming+female+cats+living+in+urban+social+groups&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=343-347&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.issn=0031-9384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13112838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19954748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2009.11.014&rft.aulast=Finkler&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Terkel%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0031938409003746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACat+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cat_anatomy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cat anatomy">Cat anatomy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catintroductiont00miva">The cat; an introduction to the study of backboned animals, especially mammals (1881)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laboratoryguidef00gorhrich">A laboratory guide for the dissection of the cat: An introduction to the study of anatomy (1895)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcatrje00reig">Anatomy of the cat (1902)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_and_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatomy" title="Template:Anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomy" title="Template talk:Anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_and_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">Gross anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial anatomy">Superficial anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_morphometry" title="Brain morphometry">brain morphometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li>Microscopic anatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anatomy" title="Molecular anatomy">molecular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphometrics" title="Morphometrics">Morphometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElephantSkelLyd2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Endoskeleton of an elephant"><img alt="Endoskeleton of an elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/140px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/210px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/280px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacteria and fungi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure" title="Bacterial cell structure">Bacterial cell structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies" title="Bacterial cellular morphologies">cellular morphologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_morphological_plasticity" title="Bacterial morphological plasticity">morphological plasticity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_morphology" title="Colonial morphology">Colonial morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_morphology" title="Lichen morphology">Lichen morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protist_structures" title="Template:Protist structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">fruit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant habit">Plant habit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">Plant life-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproductive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">Soil morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapod_anatomy" title="Decapod anatomy">Decapod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera" title="Morphology of Diptera">Diptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_morphology_of_Odonata" title="External morphology of Odonata">Odonata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">Arthropod cuticle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal anatomy">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Human anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_anatomy" title="Neanderthal anatomy">Neanderthal anatomy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cat anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Dog anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Horse anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant#Anatomy_and_morphology" title="Elephant">Elephant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe#Appearance_and_anatomy" title="Giraffe">Giraffe anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate anatomy">Other vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibian anatomy">Amphibian anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Fish anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_anatomy" title="Shark anatomy">Shark anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Anatomical terms of location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">Glossary of dinosaur anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Glossary of plant morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">leaf morphology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">Anatomical variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">Anatomical plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">Body plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_classification" title="Form classification">Form classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracility" title="Gracility">Gracility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertwig_rule" title="Hertwig rule">Hertwig rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">History of anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy_in_the_19th_century" title="History of anatomy in the 19th century">19th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">Physiognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">Standard anatomical position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_anatomy" title="Transcendental anatomy">Transcendental anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomy" title="Category:Anatomy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles" title="Index of anatomy articles">Index of anatomy articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestic_cats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_cat" title="Template:Domestic cat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_cat" title="Template talk:Domestic cat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_cat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic cat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestic_cats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Felinology" title="Felinology">Felinology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_genetics" title="Cat genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_cat" title="Dwarf cat">Dwarf cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitten" title="Kitten">Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">Odd-eyed cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squitten" title="Squitten">Squitten</a></li> <li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cat_coat_genetics" title="Cat coat genetics">Coat genetics</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicolor_cat" title="Bicolor cat">Bicolor cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_cat" title="Calico cat">Calico cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby_cat" title="Tabby cat">Tabby cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_cat" title="Tortoiseshell cat">Tortoiseshell cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_health" title="Cat health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_cats" title="Aging in cats">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychectomy" title="Onychectomy">Declawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_health_diets_for_cats" title="Dental health diets for cats">dental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_cat_diet" title="Senior cat diet">senior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_vaccination" title="Feline vaccination">Vaccination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_behavior" title="Cat behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Cat–dog relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_communication" title="Cat communication">Catfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catnip" title="Catnip">Catnip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">valerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_communication" title="Cat communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meow" title="Meow">Meow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purr" title="Purr">Purr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneading_(cats)" title="Kneading (cats)">Kneading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_intelligence" title="Cat intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_play_and_toys" title="Cat play and toys">Play and toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_righting_reflex" title="Cat righting reflex">Righting reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses" title="Cat senses">Senses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_interaction_with_cats" title="Human interaction with cats">Human–cat<br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailurophobia" title="Ailurophobia">Ailurophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_caf%C3%A9" title="Cat café">Cat cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_killers" title="Category:Cat killers">Cat killers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_massage" title="Cat massage">Cat massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_show" title="Cat show">Cat show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Cats in ancient Egypt">Cats in ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_felines" title="List of fictional felines">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_and_the_Internet" title="Cats and the Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog-like_cat" title="Dog-like cat">Dog-like cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">Feral cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_cats" title="Islam and cats">Cats and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cat_Day" title="National Cat Day">National Cat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_cat" title="Working cat">Working cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_cat" title="Bodega cat">Bodega cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_cat" title="Farm cat">Farm cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_cat" title="Library cat">Library cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_cat" title="Ship's cat">Ship's cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_zoonosis" title="Feline zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cat_registry" title="Cat registry">Registries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Cat_Fanciers_Association" title="American Cat Fanciers Association">American Cat Fanciers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associazione_Nazionale_Felina_Italiana" title="Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana">Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cat_Association" title="Canadian Cat Association">Canadian Cat Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Aficionado_Association" title="Cat Aficionado Association">Cat Aficionado Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Fanciers%27_Association" title="Cat Fanciers' Association">Cat Fanciers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_F%C3%A9line" title="Fédération Internationale Féline">Fédération Internationale Féline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governing_Council_of_the_Cat_Fancy" title="Governing Council of the Cat Fancy">Governing Council of the Cat Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Cat_Fancy" title="New Zealand Cat Fancy">New Zealand Cat Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_Cat_Council" title="Southern Africa Cat Council">Southern Africa Cat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Cat_Association" title="The International Cat Association">The International Cat Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cat_Congress" title="World Cat Congress">World Cat Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cat_Federation" title="World Cat Federation">World Cat Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breeds<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">full list</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_cat_breeds" title="List of experimental cat breeds">experimental</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fully<br />domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_cat" title="Abyssinian cat">Abyssinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Curl" title="American Curl">American Curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shorthair" title="American Shorthair">American Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cat" title="Balinese cat">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Shorthair" title="Brazilian Shorthair">Brazilian Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Shorthair" title="British Shorthair">British Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birman" title="Birman">Birman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_cat" title="Bombay cat">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cat" title="Burmese cat">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmilla" title="Burmilla">Burmilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Spangled" title="California Spangled">California Spangled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartreux" title="Chartreux">Chartreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Li" title="Dragon Li">Chinese Li Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpoint_Shorthair" title="Colorpoint Shorthair">Colorpoint Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rex" title="Cornish Rex">Cornish Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymric_cat" title="Cymric cat">Cymric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Rex" title="Devon Rex">Devon Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donskoy_cat" title="Donskoy cat">Donskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Mau" title="Egyptian Mau">Egyptian Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Shorthair" title="European Shorthair">European Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_Shorthair" title="Exotic Shorthair">Exotic Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldex_cat" title="Foldex cat">Foldex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Rex" title="German Rex">German Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_cat" title="Himalayan cat">Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bobtail" title="Japanese Bobtail">Japanese Bobtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cat" title="Javanese cat">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_Manee" title="Khao Manee">Khao Manee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korat" title="Korat">Korat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurilian_Bobtail" title="Kurilian Bobtail">Kurilian Bobtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykoi" title="Lykoi">Lykoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Coon" title="Maine Coon">Maine Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_cat" title="Manx cat">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchkin_cat" title="Munchkin cat">Munchkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_Masquerade" title="Neva Masquerade">Neva Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Forest_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Forest cat">Norwegian Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocicat" title="Ocicat">Ocicat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_Azules" title="Ojos Azules">Ojos Azules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Shorthair" title="Oriental Shorthair">Oriental Shorthair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_cat" title="Persian cat">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterbald" title="Peterbald">Peterbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie-bob" title="Pixie-bob">Pixie-bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragdoll" title="Ragdoll">Ragdoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_cat" title="Ragamuffin cat">Ragamuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Blue" title="Russian Blue">Russian Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fold" title="Scottish Fold">Scottish Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Rex" title="Selkirk Rex">Selkirk Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_cat" title="Siamese cat">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_cat" title="Siberian cat">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapura_cat" title="Singapura cat">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_cat" title="Snowshoe cat">Snowshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cat" title="Somali cat">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphynx_cat" title="Sphynx cat">Sphynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cat" title="Thai cat">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian" title="Traditional Persian">Traditional Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkinese_cat" title="Tonkinese cat">Tonkinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyger" title="Toyger">Toyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Van" title="Turkish Van">Turkish Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausie" title="Chausie">Chausie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_cat" title="Highlander cat">Highlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_cat" title="Savannah cat">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti_cat" title="Serengeti cat">Serengeti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landraces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_cat" title="Aegean cat">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_cat" title="Cyprus cat">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellas_cat" title="Kellas cat">Kellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoke" title="Sokoke">Sokoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feline_diseases" title="List of feline diseases">Diseases and<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feline_acne" title="Feline acne">Acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_asthma" title="Feline asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_calicivirus" title="Feline calicivirus">Calicivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_sensorineural_deafness_in_cats" title="Congenital sensorineural deafness in cats">Congenital sensorineural deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_corneal_sequestrum" title="Feline corneal sequestrum">Feline corneal sequestrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_flea" title="Cat flea">Flea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Heartworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_hepatic_lipidosis" title="Feline hepatic lipidosis">Hepatic lipidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy#Related_disorders" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Immunodeficiency virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_infectious_peritonitis" title="Feline infectious peritonitis">Infectious peritonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virus" title="Feline leukemia virus">Leukemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_lower_urinary_tract_disease" title="Feline lower urinary tract disease">Lower urinary tract disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_protoparvovirus_1" title="Carnivore protoparvovirus 1">Panleukopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyl_cat" title="Polydactyl cat">Polydactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_in_animals" title="Rabies in animals">Rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritrichomonas_foetus" title="Tritrichomonas foetus">Tritrichomonas foetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati">Roundworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_skin_disorders" title="Cat skin disorders">Skin disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Tick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feline_viral_rhinotracheitis" title="Feline viral rhinotracheitis">Viral rhinotracheitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_by_country" title="Category:Cats by country">Cats by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_Australia" title="Cats in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_Canada" title="Category:Cats in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_Japan" title="Category:Cats in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_New_Zealand" title="Cats in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cats_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cats in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_the_United_States" title="Cats in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_cats" title="List of individual cats">List of individual cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_cats" title="List of longest-living cats">List of longest-living cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_folklore" title="Category:Cat folklore">Cats in folklore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cats" title="Category:Cats">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&oldid=1257009765">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&oldid=1257009765</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Felinology" title="Category:Felinology">Felinology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Felidae_anatomy" title="Category:Felidae anatomy">Felidae anatomy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_November_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2018">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2018">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2022">Articles needing additional references from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_August_2010" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2010">Articles that may contain original research from August 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from August 2024">Articles with disputed statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 18:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat_anatomy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2kd4h","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.944","walltime":"1.202","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5709,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":189591,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11154,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":214322,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1020.894 1 -total"," 36.00% 367.485 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.21% 134.906 12 Template:Cite_book"," 11.35% 115.843 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.78% 99.882 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.25% 94.450 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 8.97% 91.616 1 Template:Anatomy"," 7.97% 81.346 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.00% 61.292 2 Template:Ambox"," 5.15% 52.611 15 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.555","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11161364,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-mhfwj","timestamp":"20241122140936","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cat anatomy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cat_anatomy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q468791","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q468791","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-18T03:06:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T18:42:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/be\/Felis_silvestris_restoration_%26_skeleton.jpg","headline":"Anatomy of domesticated felines"}</script> </body> </html>