CINXE.COM
2014 - IOP Publishing
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://ioppublishing.org/xmlrpc.php" /> <style> .is-loading main { opacity: 0; transform: translate3d(0, 10vh, 0); transition: opacity 800ms, transform 600ms; } .is-loading .g-menu__main { opacity: 0; font-size: 0.9rem; transition: opacity 150ms; } .fonts-loaded, .is-loading .fonts-loaded { opacity: 1; font-size: 1.25rem; } </style> <noscript> <style> .is-loading main, .is-loading .no-js main, .is-loading .g-menu__main, .is-loading .no-js .g-menu__main { opacity: 1; transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); } </style> </noscript> <script data-cfasync="false" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1" data-no-optimize="1">var ewww_webp_supported=!1;function check_webp_feature(A,e){var w;e=void 0!==e?e:function(){},ewww_webp_supported?e(ewww_webp_supported):((w=new Image).onload=function(){ewww_webp_supported=0<w.width&&0<w.height,e&&e(ewww_webp_supported)},w.onerror=function(){e&&e(!1)},w.src="data:image/webp;base64,"+{alpha:"UklGRkoAAABXRUJQVlA4WAoAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAQUxQSAwAAAARBxAR/Q9ERP8DAABWUDggGAAAABQBAJ0BKgEAAQAAAP4AAA3AAP7mtQAAAA=="}[A])}check_webp_feature("alpha");</script><script data-cfasync="false" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1" data-no-optimize="1">var Arrive=function(c,w){"use strict";if(c.MutationObserver&&"undefined"!=typeof HTMLElement){var r,a=0,u=(r=HTMLElement.prototype.matches||HTMLElement.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector||HTMLElement.prototype.mozMatchesSelector||HTMLElement.prototype.msMatchesSelector,{matchesSelector:function(e,t){return e instanceof HTMLElement&&r.call(e,t)},addMethod:function(e,t,r){var a=e[t];e[t]=function(){return r.length==arguments.length?r.apply(this,arguments):"function"==typeof a?a.apply(this,arguments):void 0}},callCallbacks:function(e,t){t&&t.options.onceOnly&&1==t.firedElems.length&&(e=[e[0]]);for(var r,a=0;r=e[a];a++)r&&r.callback&&r.callback.call(r.elem,r.elem);t&&t.options.onceOnly&&1==t.firedElems.length&&t.me.unbindEventWithSelectorAndCallback.call(t.target,t.selector,t.callback)},checkChildNodesRecursively:function(e,t,r,a){for(var i,n=0;i=e[n];n++)r(i,t,a)&&a.push({callback:t.callback,elem:i}),0<i.childNodes.length&&u.checkChildNodesRecursively(i.childNodes,t,r,a)},mergeArrays:function(e,t){var r,a={};for(r in e)e.hasOwnProperty(r)&&(a[r]=e[r]);for(r in t)t.hasOwnProperty(r)&&(a[r]=t[r]);return a},toElementsArray:function(e){return e=void 0!==e&&("number"!=typeof e.length||e===c)?[e]:e}}),e=(l.prototype.addEvent=function(e,t,r,a){a={target:e,selector:t,options:r,callback:a,firedElems:[]};return this._beforeAdding&&this._beforeAdding(a),this._eventsBucket.push(a),a},l.prototype.removeEvent=function(e){for(var t,r=this._eventsBucket.length-1;t=this._eventsBucket[r];r--)e(t)&&(this._beforeRemoving&&this._beforeRemoving(t),(t=this._eventsBucket.splice(r,1))&&t.length&&(t[0].callback=null))},l.prototype.beforeAdding=function(e){this._beforeAdding=e},l.prototype.beforeRemoving=function(e){this._beforeRemoving=e},l),t=function(i,n){var o=new e,l=this,s={fireOnAttributesModification:!1};return o.beforeAdding(function(t){var e=t.target;e!==c.document&&e!==c||(e=document.getElementsByTagName("html")[0]);var r=new MutationObserver(function(e){n.call(this,e,t)}),a=i(t.options);r.observe(e,a),t.observer=r,t.me=l}),o.beforeRemoving(function(e){e.observer.disconnect()}),this.bindEvent=function(e,t,r){t=u.mergeArrays(s,t);for(var a=u.toElementsArray(this),i=0;i<a.length;i++)o.addEvent(a[i],e,t,r)},this.unbindEvent=function(){var r=u.toElementsArray(this);o.removeEvent(function(e){for(var t=0;t<r.length;t++)if(this===w||e.target===r[t])return!0;return!1})},this.unbindEventWithSelectorOrCallback=function(r){var a=u.toElementsArray(this),i=r,e="function"==typeof r?function(e){for(var t=0;t<a.length;t++)if((this===w||e.target===a[t])&&e.callback===i)return!0;return!1}:function(e){for(var t=0;t<a.length;t++)if((this===w||e.target===a[t])&&e.selector===r)return!0;return!1};o.removeEvent(e)},this.unbindEventWithSelectorAndCallback=function(r,a){var i=u.toElementsArray(this);o.removeEvent(function(e){for(var t=0;t<i.length;t++)if((this===w||e.target===i[t])&&e.selector===r&&e.callback===a)return!0;return!1})},this},i=new function(){var s={fireOnAttributesModification:!1,onceOnly:!1,existing:!1};function n(e,t,r){return!(!u.matchesSelector(e,t.selector)||(e._id===w&&(e._id=a++),-1!=t.firedElems.indexOf(e._id)))&&(t.firedElems.push(e._id),!0)}var c=(i=new t(function(e){var t={attributes:!1,childList:!0,subtree:!0};return e.fireOnAttributesModification&&(t.attributes=!0),t},function(e,i){e.forEach(function(e){var t=e.addedNodes,r=e.target,a=[];null!==t&&0<t.length?u.checkChildNodesRecursively(t,i,n,a):"attributes"===e.type&&n(r,i)&&a.push({callback:i.callback,elem:r}),u.callCallbacks(a,i)})})).bindEvent;return i.bindEvent=function(e,t,r){t=void 0===r?(r=t,s):u.mergeArrays(s,t);var a=u.toElementsArray(this);if(t.existing){for(var i=[],n=0;n<a.length;n++)for(var o=a[n].querySelectorAll(e),l=0;l<o.length;l++)i.push({callback:r,elem:o[l]});if(t.onceOnly&&i.length)return r.call(i[0].elem,i[0].elem);setTimeout(u.callCallbacks,1,i)}c.call(this,e,t,r)},i},o=new function(){var a={};function i(e,t){return u.matchesSelector(e,t.selector)}var n=(o=new t(function(){return{childList:!0,subtree:!0}},function(e,r){e.forEach(function(e){var t=e.removedNodes,e=[];null!==t&&0<t.length&&u.checkChildNodesRecursively(t,r,i,e),u.callCallbacks(e,r)})})).bindEvent;return o.bindEvent=function(e,t,r){t=void 0===r?(r=t,a):u.mergeArrays(a,t),n.call(this,e,t,r)},o};d(HTMLElement.prototype),d(NodeList.prototype),d(HTMLCollection.prototype),d(HTMLDocument.prototype),d(Window.prototype);var n={};return s(i,n,"unbindAllArrive"),s(o,n,"unbindAllLeave"),n}function l(){this._eventsBucket=[],this._beforeAdding=null,this._beforeRemoving=null}function s(e,t,r){u.addMethod(t,r,e.unbindEvent),u.addMethod(t,r,e.unbindEventWithSelectorOrCallback),u.addMethod(t,r,e.unbindEventWithSelectorAndCallback)}function d(e){e.arrive=i.bindEvent,s(i,e,"unbindArrive"),e.leave=o.bindEvent,s(o,e,"unbindLeave")}}(window,void 0),ewww_webp_supported=!1;function check_webp_feature(e,t){var r;ewww_webp_supported?t(ewww_webp_supported):((r=new Image).onload=function(){ewww_webp_supported=0<r.width&&0<r.height,t(ewww_webp_supported)},r.onerror=function(){t(!1)},r.src="data:image/webp;base64,"+{alpha:"UklGRkoAAABXRUJQVlA4WAoAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAQUxQSAwAAAARBxAR/Q9ERP8DAABWUDggGAAAABQBAJ0BKgEAAQAAAP4AAA3AAP7mtQAAAA==",animation:"UklGRlIAAABXRUJQVlA4WAoAAAASAAAAAAAAAAAAQU5JTQYAAAD/////AABBTk1GJgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGQAAABWUDhMDQAAAC8AAAAQBxAREYiI/gcA"}[e])}function ewwwLoadImages(e){if(e){for(var t=document.querySelectorAll(".batch-image img, .image-wrapper a, .ngg-pro-masonry-item a, .ngg-galleria-offscreen-seo-wrapper a"),r=0,a=t.length;r<a;r++)ewwwAttr(t[r],"data-src",t[r].getAttribute("data-webp")),ewwwAttr(t[r],"data-thumbnail",t[r].getAttribute("data-webp-thumbnail"));for(var i=document.querySelectorAll(".rev_slider ul li"),r=0,a=i.length;r<a;r++){ewwwAttr(i[r],"data-thumb",i[r].getAttribute("data-webp-thumb"));for(var n=1;n<11;)ewwwAttr(i[r],"data-param"+n,i[r].getAttribute("data-webp-param"+n)),n++}for(r=0,a=(i=document.querySelectorAll(".rev_slider img")).length;r<a;r++)ewwwAttr(i[r],"data-lazyload",i[r].getAttribute("data-webp-lazyload"));for(var o=document.querySelectorAll("div.woocommerce-product-gallery__image"),r=0,a=o.length;r<a;r++)ewwwAttr(o[r],"data-thumb",o[r].getAttribute("data-webp-thumb"))}for(var l=document.querySelectorAll("video"),r=0,a=l.length;r<a;r++)ewwwAttr(l[r],"poster",e?l[r].getAttribute("data-poster-webp"):l[r].getAttribute("data-poster-image"));for(var s,c=document.querySelectorAll("img.ewww_webp_lazy_load"),r=0,a=c.length;r<a;r++)e&&(ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-lazy-srcset",c[r].getAttribute("data-lazy-srcset-webp")),ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-srcset",c[r].getAttribute("data-srcset-webp")),ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-lazy-src",c[r].getAttribute("data-lazy-src-webp")),ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-src",c[r].getAttribute("data-src-webp")),ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-orig-file",c[r].getAttribute("data-webp-orig-file")),ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-medium-file",c[r].getAttribute("data-webp-medium-file")),ewwwAttr(c[r],"data-large-file",c[r].getAttribute("data-webp-large-file")),null!=(s=c[r].getAttribute("srcset"))&&!1!==s&&s.includes("R0lGOD")&&ewwwAttr(c[r],"src",c[r].getAttribute("data-lazy-src-webp"))),c[r].className=c[r].className.replace(/\bewww_webp_lazy_load\b/,"");for(var w=document.querySelectorAll(".ewww_webp"),r=0,a=w.length;r<a;r++)e?(ewwwAttr(w[r],"srcset",w[r].getAttribute("data-srcset-webp")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"src",w[r].getAttribute("data-src-webp")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"data-orig-file",w[r].getAttribute("data-webp-orig-file")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"data-medium-file",w[r].getAttribute("data-webp-medium-file")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"data-large-file",w[r].getAttribute("data-webp-large-file")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"data-large_image",w[r].getAttribute("data-webp-large_image")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"data-src",w[r].getAttribute("data-webp-src"))):(ewwwAttr(w[r],"srcset",w[r].getAttribute("data-srcset-img")),ewwwAttr(w[r],"src",w[r].getAttribute("data-src-img"))),w[r].className=w[r].className.replace(/\bewww_webp\b/,"ewww_webp_loaded");window.jQuery&&jQuery.fn.isotope&&jQuery.fn.imagesLoaded&&(jQuery(".fusion-posts-container-infinite").imagesLoaded(function(){jQuery(".fusion-posts-container-infinite").hasClass("isotope")&&jQuery(".fusion-posts-container-infinite").isotope()}),jQuery(".fusion-portfolio:not(.fusion-recent-works) .fusion-portfolio-wrapper").imagesLoaded(function(){jQuery(".fusion-portfolio:not(.fusion-recent-works) .fusion-portfolio-wrapper").isotope()}))}function ewwwWebPInit(e){ewwwLoadImages(e),ewwwNggLoadGalleries(e),document.arrive(".ewww_webp",function(){ewwwLoadImages(e)}),document.arrive(".ewww_webp_lazy_load",function(){ewwwLoadImages(e)}),document.arrive("videos",function(){ewwwLoadImages(e)}),"loading"==document.readyState?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",ewwwJSONParserInit):("undefined"!=typeof galleries&&ewwwNggParseGalleries(e),ewwwWooParseVariations(e))}function ewwwAttr(e,t,r){null!=r&&!1!==r&&e.setAttribute(t,r)}function ewwwJSONParserInit(){"undefined"!=typeof galleries&&check_webp_feature("alpha",ewwwNggParseGalleries),check_webp_feature("alpha",ewwwWooParseVariations)}function ewwwWooParseVariations(e){if(e)for(var t=document.querySelectorAll("form.variations_form"),r=0,a=t.length;r<a;r++){var i=t[r].getAttribute("data-product_variations"),n=!1;try{for(var o in i=JSON.parse(i))void 0!==i[o]&&void 0!==i[o].image&&(void 0!==i[o].image.src_webp&&(i[o].image.src=i[o].image.src_webp,n=!0),void 0!==i[o].image.srcset_webp&&(i[o].image.srcset=i[o].image.srcset_webp,n=!0),void 0!==i[o].image.full_src_webp&&(i[o].image.full_src=i[o].image.full_src_webp,n=!0),void 0!==i[o].image.gallery_thumbnail_src_webp&&(i[o].image.gallery_thumbnail_src=i[o].image.gallery_thumbnail_src_webp,n=!0),void 0!==i[o].image.thumb_src_webp&&(i[o].image.thumb_src=i[o].image.thumb_src_webp,n=!0));n&&ewwwAttr(t[r],"data-product_variations",JSON.stringify(i))}catch(e){}}}function ewwwNggParseGalleries(e){if(e)for(var t in galleries){var r=galleries[t];galleries[t].images_list=ewwwNggParseImageList(r.images_list)}}function ewwwNggLoadGalleries(e){e&&document.addEventListener("ngg.galleria.themeadded",function(e,t){window.ngg_galleria._create_backup=window.ngg_galleria.create,window.ngg_galleria.create=function(e,t){var r=$(e).data("id");return galleries["gallery_"+r].images_list=ewwwNggParseImageList(galleries["gallery_"+r].images_list),window.ngg_galleria._create_backup(e,t)}})}function ewwwNggParseImageList(e){for(var t in e){var r=e[t];if(void 0!==r["image-webp"]&&(e[t].image=r["image-webp"],delete e[t]["image-webp"]),void 0!==r["thumb-webp"]&&(e[t].thumb=r["thumb-webp"],delete e[t]["thumb-webp"]),void 0!==r.full_image_webp&&(e[t].full_image=r.full_image_webp,delete e[t].full_image_webp),void 0!==r.srcsets)for(var a in r.srcsets)nggSrcset=r.srcsets[a],void 0!==r.srcsets[a+"-webp"]&&(e[t].srcsets[a]=r.srcsets[a+"-webp"],delete e[t].srcsets[a+"-webp"]);if(void 0!==r.full_srcsets)for(var i in r.full_srcsets)nggFSrcset=r.full_srcsets[i],void 0!==r.full_srcsets[i+"-webp"]&&(e[t].full_srcsets[i]=r.full_srcsets[i+"-webp"],delete e[t].full_srcsets[i+"-webp"])}return e}check_webp_feature("alpha",ewwwWebPInit);</script><meta name='robots' content='noindex, follow' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>2014 - IOP Publishing</title> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="2014 - IOP Publishing" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IOP Publishing" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/","url":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/","name":"2014 - IOP Publishing","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/#primaryimage","url":"https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png","contentUrl":"https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png","width":285,"height":250},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://ioppublishing.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Archives for 2014"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://ioppublishing.org/#website","url":"https://ioppublishing.org/","name":"IOP Publishing","description":"IOP Publishing","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://ioppublishing.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IOP Publishing » Feed" href="https://ioppublishing.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IOP Publishing » Comments Feed" href="https://ioppublishing.org/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/ioppublishing.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=8d8f9726ce393f55a738c207665cfd28"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://ioppublishing.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=8d8f9726ce393f55a738c207665cfd28' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-plain{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #050505;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--red: #EB0000;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.556), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(22.041px, 1.378rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.293), 36px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.573), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--subheading: 30px;--wp--preset--font-size--level-2: 2.0rem;--wp--preset--font-size--page-title: 2.4rem;--wp--preset--font-size--heading: 4.375rem;--wp--preset--font-family--franklin-gothic-urw: "franklin-gothic-urw", sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 2rem);--wp--preset--spacing--40: clamp(1.8rem, 1.8rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 2.885), 3rem);--wp--preset--spacing--50: clamp(2.5rem, 8vw, 6.5rem);--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1113px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1400px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) > .alignfull { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white);color: var(--wp--preset--color--black);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--system-font);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);line-height: 1.6;--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-right: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover){text-decoration: none;}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):active){color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary);text-decoration: none;}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6{font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.4;}h1{font-size: clamp(2.032rem, 2.032rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 2.36), 3.625rem);line-height: 1.2;}h2{font-size: clamp(2.625rem, calc(2.625rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 8.4135)), 3.25rem);line-height: 1.2;}h3{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large);}h4{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large);}h5{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);font-weight: 700;text-transform: uppercase;}h6{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);text-transform: uppercase;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary);border-radius: 0;border-width: 0;color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}:root :where(.wp-element-button:visited, .wp-block-button__link:visited){color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);}:root :where(.wp-element-button:hover, .wp-block-button__link:hover){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);}:root :where(.wp-element-button:focus, .wp-block-button__link:focus){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast);color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);}:root :where(.wp-element-button:active, .wp-block-button__link:active){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary);color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-subheading-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--subheading) !important;}.has-level-2-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--level-2) !important;}.has-page-title-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--page-title) !important;}.has-heading-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading) !important;}.has-franklin-gothic-urw-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--franklin-gothic-urw) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: clamp(0.984em, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.764), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='chart-builder-css' href='https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/css/chart-builder-public.css?ver=20.0.8.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lazyload-video-css-css' href='https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/css/lazyload-shared.css?ver=2.18.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='lazyload-video-css-inline-css' type='text/css'> .entry-content a.lazy-load-youtube, a.lazy-load-youtube, .lazy-load-vimeo{ background-size: cover; }.titletext.youtube { display: none; }.lazy-load-div:before { content: "\25B6"; text-shadow: 0px 0px 60px rgba(0,0,0,0.8); } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='styles-css' href='https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/styles.ba40bd61464877a74909ec2b82283ade.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="chart-builder-plugin-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var chart_builder_public_ajax = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/ioppublishing.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/chart-builder-public-plugin.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-plugin-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="chart-builder-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var aysChartBuilderPublicChartSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"https:\/\/ioppublishing.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonces":{"get_chart_source_data":"97baea1e4a"},"actions":{"get_chart_source_data":"ays_chart_get_chart_source_data"}}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/chart-builder-public.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://ioppublishing.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.0.2 --> <noscript><style>.lazyload[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.lazyload{background-image:none !important;}.lazyload:before{background-image:none !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-iopp-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-iopp-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-iopp-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-iopp-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> html {scroll-padding: 80px;} </style> <!-- Polyfills --> <script> (function () { var newBrowser = ('fetch' in window && 'Promise' in window && 'assign' in Object && 'keys' in Object); if (! newBrowser) { var scriptEl = document.createElement('script'); console.log('You need some polyfills, loading them now...'); scriptEl.src = 'https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js'; scriptEl.async = false; document.head.appendChild(scriptEl); } })(); window.MSInputMethodContext && document.documentMode && document.write('<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/nuxodin/ie11CustomProperties@4.1.0/ie11CustomProperties.min.js"><\/script>'); </script> <!-- Google Analytics (controlled by Didomi consent script) --> <script type="didomi/javascript" data-vendor="didomi:google"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-2254461-26', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WFDKJD'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Didomi consent script --> <!-- End Didomi consent script --> </head> <body class="archive date flex flex-col min-h-screen bg-white no-js font-body text-black"> <script data-cfasync="false" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1" data-no-optimize="1">if(typeof ewww_webp_supported==="undefined"){var ewww_webp_supported=!1}if(ewww_webp_supported){document.body.classList.add("webp-support")}</script> <script> document.body.classList.add('is-loading'); </script> <a class="sr-only focus:not-sr-only bg-white z-30 max-w-full focus:w-48 focus:fixed" href="#main"> <span class="block p-2">Skip to main content</span> </a> <div class="c-browser-alert-banner fixed left-0 top-0 w-full h-full pointer-events-none z-30"> <div class="c-browser-alert-banner__text h-24 shadow-lg flex"> <div class="c-browser-alert-banner__container"> <p class="my-0 mb-4 lg:mb-0 lg:mr-4 font-normal max-w-none"> Your web browser is out of date. Please update it for greater security, speed and the best experience on this site. </p> <a class="c-btn c-btn--secondary" href="https://bestvpn.org/outdatedbrowser/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Choose a different browser <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="ml-2 w-4 h-4"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#arrow-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Header --> <section class="g-header w-full z-20 bg-white drop-shadow-md"> <header id="header-sticky" class="w-full" data-behaviour="menu" data-header> <nav class="g-header__nav flex justify-between items-center px-8" data-nav aria-label="Main"> <a class="g-header__home-link order-last my-0 lg:order-first" href="/" aria-label="IOP Publishing Home" data-home-link> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="132" height="21" class="w-32 h-auto"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#logo-iopp"></use> </svg> </a> <div class="flex justify-end lg:mt-0 lg:block h-18"> <button class="g-header__expand-button font-bold relative z-1 items-center" data-menu-button="data-menu-button" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="pointer-events-none font-heading leading-normal" data-text></span> <span class="g-header__menu-icon pointer-events-none ml-3"> <span></span> </span> </button> <div class="g-menu__content text-left h-full overflow-hidden md:overflow-auto bg-black px-8 lg:px-0 lg:bg-white lg:overflow-hidden py-4 text-14 pb-16 lg:py-0" data-menu-content="data-menu-content"> <ul class="lg:flex lg:space-x-4 h-full max-w-full" role="menu"> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/researchers/" data-index="1">Researchers</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/librarians/" data-index="2">Librarians</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/partners/" data-index="3">Partners</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/publications/" data-index="4">Publications</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/" data-index="5">News</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/about-us/" data-index="6">About Us</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="g-menu__item block lg:inline-flex lg:space-x-2 items-center "> <a class="items-center block text-18 my-0 pb-5 lg:pb-0 lg:px-2 no-underline text-red lg:hover:text-black whitespace-nowrap" href="https://ioppublishing.org/work-for-us/" data-index="7">Work with Us</a> </li> </ul> <button class="g-header__search-button hidden relative z-1 items-center px-2 py-1 md:py-2.5 border-red rounded-4 border-1 md:text-16 md:leading-16 lg:mr-0 hover:underline focus:underline" data-search-button type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="pointer-events-none" data-text>Search</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-4 h-4 ml-2"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="g-menu__search bg-red text-white py-8 px-2 left-0" data-search-content> <div class="absolute w-full top-4"> <div class="container"> <button class="py-2 ml-auto flex items-center font-bold relative z-1 hover:underline focus:underline" data-close> Close <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="g-menu__close-icon w-6 h-6 ml-2"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-plus-close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <form action="https://ioppublishing.org" method="get" role="search" class="container-sm"> <div class="space-y-4 sm:flex sm:space-x-4 sm:space-y-0"> <div class="flex-1"> <label for="menu_search" class="block mb-2 font-bold text-20">Search</label> <input type="text" name="s" id="menu_search" class="c-header-search__input bg-transparent appearance-none block w-full" /> </div> <button aria-label="submit" class="c-btn c-btn--secondary self-end inline-flex items-center justify-center sm:w-auto md:py-3.5 md:border-2 md:border-red lg:py-3"> <span class="mr-2">Search</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-4 h-4"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> </section> <main class="flex-grow flex-shrink-0 page pt-8 lg:pt-28" id="main"> <div class="container-wide"> <div class="w-full md:grid grid-cols-12 pt-6 lg:pt-24"> <div class="col-span-8"> <h1 class="md:text-50 md:leading-60 mb-9"> 2014 </h1> <ul class="archive-grid"> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="285" height="250" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAR0AAAD6AQAAAAC0J65YAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAfSURBVGje7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDwcUAAAAAAAAAADwayQiAAEuzK1DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize-150x132.png 150w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png.webp 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize-150x132.png.webp 150w" /><noscript><img width="285" height="250" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize.png 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-astronomy-fullsize-150x132.png 150w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-01-07 12:00:00">7 Jan 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/astronomy-image-explorer-launched/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">Astronomy Image Explorer launched</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> IOP Publishing (IOP) and the American Astronomical Society (AAS) are pleased to announce the launch of the Astronomy Image Explorer (AIE). The AIE provides researchers with quick and easy access to hundreds of thousands of images, illustrations, graphs, charts, and videos that have been published in peer-reviewed journals. The AIE has tools designed to aid […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="285" height="250" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAR0AAAD6AQAAAAC0J65YAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAfSURBVGje7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDwcUAAAAAAAAAADwayQiAAEuzK1DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize.jpg" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize.jpg 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize-150x132.jpg 150w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize.jpg.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize.jpg.webp 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize-150x132.jpg.webp 150w" /><noscript><img width="285" height="250" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize.jpg" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize.jpg 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-heartattack-fullsize-150x132.jpg 150w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-01-10 12:00:00">10 Jan 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/researchers-develop-test-to-detect-early-onset-of-heart-attacks/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">Researchers develop test to detect early onset of heart attacks</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> A new “fluid biopsy” technique that could identify patients at very high risk of a heart attack by identifying specific cells as markers in the bloodstream has been developed by a group of researchers in the US. The technique, which has been described today, 10 January, in IOP Publishing’s journal Physical Biology, works by identifying […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="285" height="250" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAR0AAAD6AQAAAAC0J65YAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAfSURBVGje7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDwcUAAAAAAAAAADwayQiAAEuzK1DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize.jpg" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize.jpg 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize-150x132.jpg 150w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize.jpg.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize.jpg.webp 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize-150x132.jpg.webp 150w" /><noscript><img width="285" height="250" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize.jpg" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize.jpg 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-cyclone-fullsize-150x132.jpg 150w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-01-16 12:00:00">16 Jan 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/study-highlights-growing-threat-of-intense-tropical-cyclones-hitting-east-asia/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">Study highlights threat of intense tropical cyclones hitting East Asia</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> The intensity of tropical cyclones hitting East Asia has significantly increased over the past 30 years, according to a new study published today. The coastlines of China, Korea and Japan in particular have experienced increasingly stronger cyclones, which the researchers have attributed to increasing sea surface temperatures and a change in atmospheric circulation patterns over […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="285" height="250" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAR0AAAD6AQAAAAC0J65YAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAfSURBVGje7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDwcUAAAAAAAAAADwayQiAAEuzK1DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize.png" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize.png 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize-150x132.png 150w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize.png.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize.png.webp 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize-150x132.png.webp 150w" /><noscript><img width="285" height="250" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize.png" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize.png 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-oilspill-fullsize-150x132.png 150w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-01-17 12:00:00">17 Jan 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/carbon-nanotube-sponge-shows-improved-water-clean-up/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">Carbon nanotube sponge shows improved water clean-up</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> A carbon nanotube sponge capable of soaking up water contaminants, such as fertilisers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals, more than three times more efficiently than previous efforts has been presented in a new study published today. The carbon nanotube (CNT) sponges, uniquely doped with sulphur, also demonstrated a high capacity to absorb oil, potentially opening up the […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="900" height="535" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4QAAAIXAQAAAADssK3PAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAABSSURBVHja7cExAQAAAMKg9U9tCy+gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAeBu4+AAHqIsCXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png.webp 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" /><noscript><img width="900" height="535" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-01-31 12:00:00">31 Jan 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/global-partnership-signed-to-expand-opportunities-for-open-access-publishing-in-materials-science/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">Global partnership signed to expand opportunities for open access publishing in materials science</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> The National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS, Japan) are delighted to announce a new collaboration with the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa, Switzerland) to expand the open access journal Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (STAM). NIMS and Empa have signed a new 5-year collaborative agreement for the editorial management of […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="285" height="250" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAR0AAAD6AQAAAAC0J65YAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAfSURBVGje7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDwcUAAAAAAAAAADwayQiAAEuzK1DAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize.png" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize.png 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize-150x132.png 150w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize.png.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize.png.webp 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize-150x132.png.webp 150w" /><noscript><img width="285" height="250" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize.png" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize.png 285w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wpid-a2r-fullsize-150x132.png 150w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-02-03 12:00:00">3 Feb 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/walk-in-access-to-high-quality-academic-research-available-in-uk-public-libraries/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">Walk-in access to high quality academic research available in UK public libraries</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> Students, independent researchers and small businesses can now access many of the world’s best academic papers across science, technology, medicine and other disciplines through their local libraries. This is the result of a unique collaboration between librarians and publishers, who have made their journal content available for free to UK libraries under a new initiative, […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="900" height="535" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4QAAAIXAQAAAADssK3PAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAABSSURBVHja7cExAQAAAMKg9U9tCy+gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAeBu4+AAHqIsCXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png.webp 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" /><noscript><img width="900" height="535" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-02-05 12:00:00">5 Feb 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/austria-open-access/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">New open access funding pilot for Austria</em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> The Austrian Science Fund (FWF), the Austrian Academic Consortium (Kooperation E-Medien Österreich), the Austrian Central Library for Physics at the University of Vienna and IOP Publishing (IOP) have today announced a new pilot project that will provide advance funding for Austrian researchers to publish on a hybrid open access basis in IOP’s subscription journals and […] </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mb-6 lg:mb-14"> <div class="archive-card flex flex-wrap md:flex-nowrap"> <div class="c-card__img-wrapper rounded-4 overflow-hidden relative"> <div class="c-ar-image c-ar-image--16-9"> <div class="c-ar-image__inner"> <img width="900" height="535" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA4QAAAIXAQAAAADssK3PAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAABSSURBVHja7cExAQAAAMKg9U9tCy+gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAeBu4+AAHqIsCXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200 lazyload ewww_webp_lazy_load" alt="" decoding="async" data-src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png" data-srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" data-sizes="auto" data-src-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png.webp" data-srcset-webp="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png.webp 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" /><noscript><img width="900" height="535" src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png" class="attachment-size_1200 size-size_1200" alt="" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 90vw, (max-width: 1024px) 45vw, 350px" decoding="async" srcset="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo.png 900w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-150x89.png 150w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-350x208.png 350w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-600x357.png 600w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-300x178.png 300w, https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/iop_logo-768x457.png 768w" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__content"> <div> <span class="c-card__meta-text uppercase font-bold md:text-14 md:leading-17 text-black"> <time datetime="2014-02-12 12:00:00">12 Feb 2014</time> </span> </div> <h3 class="font-smooth text-20 leading-26 md:text-18 md:leading-22 md:my-4"> <a class="c-card__main-link space-y-1 no-underline hover:text-black focus:text-black" href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/absw-iop-student-science-publication-award-launched/" data-link> <span class="block"><span class="truncate-2">ABSW IOP Student Science Publication Award launched </em></span></span> </a> </h3> <p class="truncate-3 md:text-16 md:leading-18"> The IOP Student Science Publication Award, one of the ABSW Science Writers’ Awards, is now open for entry. Launched in 2014, the award, supported by IOP Publishing and the Institute of Physics, recognises the contribution that student publishers make to science communication. The award is open to student journalists who produce a regular science publication […] </p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="archive-sidebar col-start-10 col-span-3"> <div class="sticky md:top-40"> <h3> View by year </h3> <ul> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2024/'>2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2023/'>2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2022/'>2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2021/'>2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2020/'>2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2019/'>2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2018/'>2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2017/'>2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2016/'>2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2015/'>2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/' aria-current="page">2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2013/'>2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2012/'>2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2011/'>2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://ioppublishing.org/news/2010/'>2010</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mt-8 lg:mt-16"> <div class="flex justify-center lg:justify-start"> <div class="c-pagination flex "> <div> <span class="c-pagination__btn c-pagination__btn--prev is-inactive"> <span>Previous</span> </span> </div> <ul class="flex"> <li class="c-pagination__item"> <span class="c-pagination__btn c-pagination__btn--number is-current page-number page-numbers current"> <span>1</span> </span> </li> <li class="c-pagination__item"> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/page/2/" class="c-pagination__btn c-pagination__btn--number page-number page-numbers"> <span>2</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-pagination__item"> <span class="c-pagination__btn c-pagination__btn--number is-inactive dots"> <span>…</span> </span> </li> <li class="c-pagination__item"> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/page/12/" class="c-pagination__btn c-pagination__btn--number page-number page-numbers"> <span>12</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/news/2014/page/2/" class="c-pagination__btn c-pagination__btn--next"> <span>Next</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="g-footer border-t-2 border-black"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-footer__main py-11 md:py-[100px] text-18 leading-22"> <div class="w-full"> <div class="space-y-0 md:gap-24 md:flex"> <div> <p class="mb-6 font-bold"> Legal </p> <ul class="g-footer__menu lg:-mt-1" role="menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/advertising-policy/"> Advertising policy </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/copyright/"> Copyright notice </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/textanddataminingpolicy/"> Text and Data Mining (T&DM) Policy </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/disclaimer-terms/"> Disclaimer terms </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/federated-access-privacy-statement/"> Federated access privacy statement </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/privacy-cookies-policy/"> Privacy and cookies </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-primary hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-primary-dark focus:text-primary-dark" href="https://ioppublishing.org/terms-conditions/"> Terms and conditions </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <p class="mb-6 font-bold"> Social, environmental and compliance </p> <ul class="g-footer__menu md:pr-4 lg:-mt-1" role="menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/environmental-policy/"> Environmental policy </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/D-COR-BK-0524-Gender-Pay-Gap-2023-4-1.pdf"> Gender Pay Gap Report </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://www.iop.org/anti-slavery-and-human-trafficking-statement-financial-year-ending-31-december-2022#gref"> Modern Slavery policy </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://ioppublishing.org/sustainable-development-goals/"> Sustainable Development Goals </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/supplier-sustainability-code-of-conduct/"> Supplier Sustainability Code of Conduct </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <p class="mb-6 font-bold"> Our Company </p> <ul class="g-footer__menu md:pr-4 lg:-mt-1" role="menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://ioppublishing.org/about-us/contact-us/"> Contact us </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://www.ioppublishingcareers.org/current-vacancies.html"> Current vacancies </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a class="block pb-3 text-red hover:underline focus:underline hover:text-red focus:text-red" href="https://ioppublishing.org/work-for-us/"> Work with us </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mt-6 md:mt-10 lg:col-start-1 lg:col-span-12"> <div class="block"> <div class="flex justify-center md:justify-start"> <div class="c-social-list "> <ul class="flex flex-wrap items-center share-btn space-x-6 list-none lg:space-x-4"> <li> <a class="c-social-list__link flex-shrink-0 block p-2 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 lg:w-8 lg:h-8 lg:p-1.5" href="https://x.com/ioppublishing?lang=en" aria-label="x" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-full h-full"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a class="c-social-list__link flex-shrink-0 block p-2 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 lg:w-8 lg:h-8 lg:p-1.5" href="https://www.facebook.com/ioppublishing/" aria-label="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-full h-full"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a class="c-social-list__link flex-shrink-0 block p-2 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 lg:w-8 lg:h-8 lg:p-1.5" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/iop-publishing" aria-label="linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-full h-full"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a class="c-social-list__link flex-shrink-0 block p-2 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 lg:w-8 lg:h-8 lg:p-1.5" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6sGrQTcmY8NpmfGEfRqRrg" aria-label="youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-full h-full"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#youtube"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a class="c-social-list__link flex-shrink-0 block p-2 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 lg:w-8 lg:h-8 lg:p-1.5" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WeChat-QR-Code.png" aria-label="wechat" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-full h-full"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#wechat"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li> <a class="c-social-list__link flex-shrink-0 block p-2 text-white rounded-full w-10 h-10 lg:w-8 lg:h-8 lg:p-1.5" href="https://www.weibo.com/u/2931886367" aria-label="weibo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-full h-full"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#weibo"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mt-12 md:flex md:justify-between md:items-end"> <div class="g-footer__logo mx-auto md:mx-0"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="132" height="21" class="w-32 h-auto fill-black"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#logo-iopp-black"></use> </svg> </div> <div class="md:pr-8"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="c-cookie-banner fixed pointer-events-none h-screen w-full flex flex-col top-0 z-30"> <div id="cookies-eu-banner" style="display: none;" class="c-cookie-banner__main bg-red pointer-events-auto mt-auto py-3 sm:py-4" data-behaviour="cookie-banner" data-ga-id="" data-gtm-id=""> <div class="container"> <div class="lg:flex lg:items-center"> <div class="c-cookie-banner__text font-normal text-16 leading-22 text-center mb-4 px-2 lg:pl-0 lg:mb-0 lg:pr-8 lg:text-left"> <p> We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Continued use of our website confirms acceptance of our necessary cookies. </p> </div> <div class="c-cookie-banner__buttons mx-auto space-y-3 sm:space-y-0 sm:flex sm:justify-center sm:-mx-4 lg:ml-auto lg:mr-0 lg:items-start lg:justify-end sm:space-x-4"> <button class="c-cookie-banner__button c-btn c-btn--on-dark" id="cookies-eu-accept">Accept</button> <button class="c-cookie-banner__button c-btn c-btn--on-dark c-btn--secondary" id="cookies-eu-reject"> Reject </button> <a class="c-cookie-banner__button c-btn c-btn--on-dark c-btn--secondary" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/privacy-cookies-policy/" id="cookies-eu-more"> Read more </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Root element of PhotoSwipe. Must have class pswp. --> <div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <!-- Background of PhotoSwipe. It's a separate element as animating opacity is faster than rgba(). --> <div class="pswp__bg bg-black"></div> <!-- Slides wrapper with overflow:hidden. --> <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap"> <!-- Container that holds slides. PhotoSwipe keeps only 3 of them in the DOM to save memory. Don't modify these 3 pswp__item elements, data is added later on. --> <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div> <!-- Default (PhotoSwipeUI_Default) interface on top of sliding area. Can be changed. --> <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar"> <!-- Controls are self-explanatory. Order can be changed. --> <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <!-- Preloader demo https://codepen.io/dimsemenov/pen/yyBWoR --> <!-- element will get class pswp__preloader active when preloader is running --> <div class="pswp__preloader ml-auto"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="flex ml-auto"> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="c-gallery__icon c-gallery__icon--in w-6 h-6 text-white pointer-events-none"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-gallery-zoom-in"></use> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="c-gallery__icon c-gallery__icon--out w-6 h-6 text-white pointer-events-none"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-gallery-zoom-out"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close p-2 flex justify-end items-center text-white font-bold" title="Close (Esc)"> Close <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="c-gallery__icon c-gallery__icon--close w-6 h-6 pointer-events-none origin center ml-2"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-plus-close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)" type="button"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-6 h-6 pointer-events-none text-white"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-chevron-left"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)" type="button"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50" height="50" class="w-6 h-6 pointer-events-none text-white"> <use xlink:href="/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/sprite3c04215a374871e6.svg#icon-chevron-left"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="pswp__caption" data-caption> <div class="pswp__caption__center text-16 leading-22 text-white"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- JS --> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="eio-lazy-load-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var eio_lazy_vars = {"exactdn_domain":"","skip_autoscale":0,"threshold":0}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/ewww-image-optimizer/includes/lazysizes.min.js?ver=702" id="eio-lazy-load-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/google-chart.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-charts-google-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/export/CSVExport.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-CSVExport.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/export/xlsx.core.min.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-xlsx.core.min.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/export/FileSaver.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-fileSaver.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/chart-builder/public/js/export/jhxlsx.js?ver=20.0.8.1" id="chart-builder-jhxlsx.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-shared.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-video-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.youtube={"colour":"red","buttonstyle":"default","controls":true,"loadpolicy":true,"thumbnailquality":"sddefault","preroll":"","postroll":"","overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"cookies":false,"callback":"<!--YOUTUBE_CALLBACK-->"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-youtube.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.vimeo={"buttonstyle":"default","playercolour":"#00adef","preroll":"","postroll":"","show_title":false,"overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"thumbnailquality":"medium","cookies":false,"callback":"<!--VIMEO_CALLBACK-->"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-vimeo.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/themes/snap/dist/index.cb5867629defb01af802bbbc42ba09dd.js" id="init-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.didomiOnReady = window.didomiOnReady || []; window.didomiOnReady.push(function (Didomi) { // Call other functions on the SDK }); </script> <script type="didomi/javascript" data-vendor="c:pardot"> piAId = '970933'; piCId = '1150'; piHostname = 'pi.pardot.com'; (function() { function async_load(){ var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://pi' : 'http://cdn') + '.pardot.com/pd.js'; var c = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; c.parentNode.insertBefore(s, c); } if(window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); } else { window.addEventListener('load', async_load, false); } })(); </script> </body> </html>