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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caractéristiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caractéristiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caractéristiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Membres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Membres</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autres_objets_notables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_objets_notables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Autres objets notables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres_objets_notables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avenir_du_Groupe_local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avenir_du_Groupe_local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Avenir du Groupe local</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avenir_du_Groupe_local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localisation_dans_l'Univers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localisation_dans_l'Univers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Localisation dans l'Univers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localisation_dans_l'Univers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Groupe local</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 71 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaaslike_Groep" title="Plaaslike Groep – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plaaslike Groep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المجموعة المحلية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجموعة المحلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupu_Llocal" title="Grupu Llocal – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grupu Llocal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Мясцовая група галактык – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мясцовая група галактык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Местна група – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Местна група" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA" title="স্থানীয় গ্রুপ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থানীয় গ্রুপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_Local" title="Grup Local – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup Local" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADstn%C3%AD_skupina_galaxi%C3%AD" title="Místní skupina galaxií – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Místní skupina galaxií" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%B5p_Lleol" title="Grŵp Lleol – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grŵp Lleol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lokale_galaksegruppe" title="Den lokale galaksegruppe – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den lokale galaksegruppe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokale_Gruppe" title="Lokale Gruppe – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lokale Gruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Τοπική ομάδα γαλαξιών – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοπική ομάδα γαλαξιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Local Group" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka_Grupo" title="Loka Grupo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Loka Grupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Local" title="Grupo Local – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo Local" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohalik_Galaktikar%C3%BChm" title="Kohalik Galaktikarühm – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kohalik Galaktikarühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talde_Lokala" title="Talde Lokala – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Talde Lokala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گروه محلی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه محلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikallinen_ryhm%C3%A4" title="Paikallinen ryhmä – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paikallinen ryhmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Gr%C3%BApa_%C3%81iti%C3%BAil" title="An Grúpa Áitiúil – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Grúpa Áitiúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Local" title="Grupo Local – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grupo Local" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקבוצה המקומית – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקבוצה המקומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="स्थानीय समूह – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थानीय समूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjesna_skupina" title="Mjesna skupina – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjesna skupina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%A1lis_Csoport_(csillag%C3%A1szat)" title="Lokális Csoport (csillagászat) – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lokális Csoport (csillagászat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_Lokal" title="Grup Lokal – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grup Lokal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenndarh%C3%B3purinn" title="Grenndarhópurinn – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grenndarhópurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Locale" title="Gruppo Locale – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppo Locale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E6%89%80%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%BE%A4" title="局所銀河群 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="局所銀河群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ადგილობრივი ჯგუფი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადგილობრივი ჯგუფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagrawt_tadigant" title="Tagrawt tadigant – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagrawt tadigant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%B6%80%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EA%B5%B0" title="국부은하군 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국부은하군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Галактикалардын жергиликтүү тобу – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галактикалардын жергиликтүү тобу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex_propinquus" title="Grex propinquus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grex propinquus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokal_Grupp" title="Lokal Grupp – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lokal Grupp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietin%C4%97_galaktik%C5%B3_grup%C4%97" title="Vietinė galaktikų grupė – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietinė galaktikų grupė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet%C4%93j%C4%81_galaktiku_grupa" title="Vietējā galaktiku grupa – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vietējā galaktiku grupa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Месна Група – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месна Група" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ലോക്കൽ ഗ്രൂപ്പ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോക്കൽ ഗ്രൂപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ойрын бүлгийн галактик – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ойрын бүлгийн галактик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpulan_Tempatan" title="Kumpulan Tempatan – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumpulan Tempatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Local Group" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokale_Groep" title="Lokale Groep – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lokale Groep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lokale_gruppa" title="Den lokale gruppa – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den lokale gruppa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lokale_gruppen" title="Den lokale gruppen – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den lokale gruppen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grop_Locau" title="Grop Locau – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grop Locau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9" title="ਸਥਾਨਕ ਸਮੂਹ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਥਾਨਕ ਸਮੂਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Lokalna_Galaktyk" title="Grupa Lokalna Galaktyk – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grupa Lokalna Galaktyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ACa_local" title="Partìa local – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Partìa local" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%81" title="مقامی گروہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مقامی گروہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Local" title="Grupo Local – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grupo Local" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupul_Local" title="Grupul Local – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupul Local" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Местная группа галактик – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Местная группа галактик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokalna_grupa_galaksija" title="Lokalna grupa galaksija – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lokalna grupa galaksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Local Group" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miestna_skupina_galaxi%C3%AD" title="Miestna skupina galaxií – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miestna skupina galaxií" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajevna_skupina" title="Krajevna skupina – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krajevna skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktikat_lokale" title="Galaktikat lokale – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Galaktikat lokale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Локална група галаксија – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Локална група галаксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokala_galaxhopen" title="Lokala galaxhopen – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lokala galaxhopen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="உட் குழு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உட் குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มท้องถิ่น – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มท้องถิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokal_na_pangkat" title="Lokal na pangkat – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lokal na pangkat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerel_Grup" title="Yerel Grup – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yerel Grup" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Місцева група – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місцева група" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%81" title="مقامی گروہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقامی گروہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nhóm Địa phương – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm Địa phương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Lokal" title="Grupo Lokal – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grupo Lokal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="本星系群 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本星系群" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="本星系群 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="本星系群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="本星系群 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="本星系群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3944#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Groupe_local" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> 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style="background-color:#003399;color:#ffffff;">Groupe local </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Le Groupe Local et quelques galaxies voisines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg/280px-Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg/420px-Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg/560px-Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4249" data-file-height="3169" /></a></span> <br />Le Groupe Local et quelques galaxies voisines </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; color:#000000">Données d’observation - <small><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_(astronomie)" title="Époque (astronomie)">Époque</a> </small></th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#6295da; color:#ffffff">Autres caractéristiques</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie#Classification" title="Galaxie">Type</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_galaxies" title="Groupe de galaxies">Groupe de galaxies</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #6295da solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Galaxie_Groupe_Local" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>Groupe local de galaxies</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou, plus simplement, le <b>Groupe local</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> est le <a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_galaxies" title="Groupe de galaxies">groupe</a> de plus de <span class="nowrap">60 <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a></span> auquel appartient la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Son diamètre est d’environ trois millions de <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a> (soit environ dix millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">années-lumière</a>). Le Groupe local semble être un représentant typique des <a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_galaxies" title="Groupe de galaxies">groupes de galaxies</a> qui se trouvent dans l’<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a>. Il possède à peu près tous les types usuels de galaxies, à l’exception des <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_elliptique_g%C3%A9ante" title="Galaxie elliptique géante">galaxies elliptiques géantes</a>, qui ne sont jamais présentes dans des structures aussi petites. Le groupe local fait partie du <a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_galaxies" title="Superamas de galaxies">superamas</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_la_Vierge" title="Superamas de la Vierge">Vierge</a>. </p><p>Voici une localisation des principales galaxies du Groupe local : </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg/640px-Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="480" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg/960px-Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg/1280px-Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" usemap="#ImageMap_c53ab263bf64bdcc" resource="/wiki/Fichier:Galaxies_du_Groupe_local.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_c53ab263bf64bdcc"><area href="/wiki/Sextans_B" shape="circle" coords="167,27,20" alt="Sextans B" title="Sextans B" /><area href="/wiki/Sextans_A" shape="circle" coords="120,36,23" alt="Sextans A" title="Sextans A" /><area href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" shape="circle" coords="318,239,20" alt="Voie lactée" title="Voie lactée" /><area href="/wiki/Lion_I" shape="circle" coords="289,197,16" alt="Leo I" title="Leo I" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Grand_Chien" shape="circle" coords="334,201,15" alt="Galaxie naine du Grand Chien" title="Galaxie naine du Grand Chien" /><area href="/wiki/Lion_II" shape="rect" coords="303,185,318,215" alt="Leo II" title="Leo II" /><area href="/wiki/NGC_6822" shape="circle" coords="357,289,28" alt="NGC 6822" title="NGC 6822" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Ph%C3%A9nix" shape="circle" coords="288,323,24" alt="Galaxie naine du Phénix" title="Galaxie naine du Phénix" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Toucan" shape="circle" coords="248,391,35" alt="Galaxie naine du Toucan" title="Galaxie naine du Toucan" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_de_Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte" shape="circle" coords="363,416,20" alt="Galaxie de Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte" title="Galaxie de Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Baleine" shape="circle" coords="363,383,17" alt="Galaxie naine de la Baleine" title="Galaxie naine de la Baleine" /><area href="/wiki/IC_1613" shape="circle" coords="369,346,11" alt="IC 1613" title="IC 1613" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re_du_Sagittaire" shape="rect" coords="381,335,393,357" alt="Galaxie naine irrégulière du Sagittaire" title="Galaxie naine irrégulière du Sagittaire" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Verseau" shape="rect" coords="393,335,406,356" alt="Galaxie naine du Verseau" title="Galaxie naine du Verseau" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" shape="circle" coords="417,304,17" alt="Galaxie du Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle" /><area href="/wiki/NGC_185" shape="circle" coords="417,254,15" alt="NGC 185" title="NGC 185" /><area href="/wiki/NGC_147" shape="rect" coords="432,237,447,260" alt="NGC 147" title="NGC 147" /><area href="/wiki/IC_10" shape="circle" coords="461,229,17" alt="IC 10" title="IC 10" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" shape="poly" coords="440,282,455,260,511,259,493,285" alt="Galaxie d'Andromède" title="Galaxie d'Andromède" /><area href="/wiki/NGC_205" shape="poly" coords="450,264,434,265,431,280,442,280" alt="NGC 205" title="NGC 205" /><area href="/wiki/Leo_A" shape="circle" coords="295,110,20" alt="Leo A" title="Leo A" /><area href="/wiki/NGC_3109" shape="circle" coords="84,128,20" alt="NGC 3109" title="NGC 3109" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Machine_pneumatique" shape="circle" coords="109,149,14" alt="Galaxie naine de la Machine pneumatique" title="Galaxie naine de la Machine pneumatique" /><area href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_des_Poissons" shape="circle" coords="412,332,12" alt="Galaxie naine des Poissons" title="Galaxie naine des Poissons" /><area href="/wiki/P%C3%A9gase_(galaxie_naine)" shape="circle" coords="460,361,21" alt="Pégase (galaxie naine)" title="Pégase (galaxie naine)" /><area href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_II" shape="circle" coords="394,272,14" alt="Andromeda II" title="Andromeda II" /><area href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_III" shape="rect" coords="427,279,438,294" alt="Andromeda III" title="Andromeda III" /><area href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_I" shape="rect" coords="438,282,450,294" alt="ndromeda I" title="ndromeda I" /></map><figcaption>Carte interactive du <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe local</a>. Cliquer sur les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> elles-mêmes — et non sur leur libellé — pour accéder à leur page.</figcaption></figure> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D'après l'<a href="/wiki/Histoire_des_sciences" title="Histoire des sciences">historien des sciences</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">américain</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Dick" title="Steven J. Dick">Steven J. Dick</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'expression « Groupe local » est due à l'astronome <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">allemand</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a> qui l'utilisa, le premier, en <a href="/wiki/1935_en_science" title="1935 en science">1935</a>, dans une <a href="/wiki/Publication_scientifique" title="Publication scientifique">publication</a> relative à l'<a href="/wiki/Amas_globulaire" title="Amas globulaire">amas globulaire</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_2419" title="NGC 2419">NGC 2419</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'expression est reprise, dès <a href="/wiki/1936_en_science" title="1936 en science">1936</a>, par l’astronome américain <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>, dans le chapitre VI de son ouvrage <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Realm_of_Nebulae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Realm of Nebulae (page inexistante)">The Realm of Nebulae</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Hubble recense huit galaxies — la Voie lactée, le <a href="/wiki/Grand_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Grand Nuage de Magellan">Grand Nuage de Magellan</a> (LMC), le <a href="/wiki/Petit_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Petit Nuage de Magellan">Petit Nuage de Magellan</a> (SMC), la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">galaxie d'Andromède (M31)</a>, <a href="/wiki/M32_(galaxie)" title="M32 (galaxie)">M32</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGC_205" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 205">NGC 205</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle">galaxie du Triangle (M33)</a>, la <a href="/wiki/NGC_6822" title="NGC 6822">galaxie de Barnard (NGC 6822)</a> et <a href="/wiki/IC_1613" title="IC 1613">IC 1613</a> — et trois membres potentiels — <a href="/wiki/IC_10" title="IC 10">IC 10</a> ainsi que <a href="/wiki/NGC_6946" title="NGC 6946">NGC 6946</a> et <a href="/wiki/IC_342" title="IC 342">IC 342</a>. Alors que l'appartenance d'IC 10 au Groupe local sera établie en <a href="/wiki/1996_en_astronomie" title="1996 en astronomie">1996</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, IC 342 en sera exclue en <a href="/wiki/2000_en_astronomie" title="2000 en astronomie">2000</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>D'après Dick, c'est Baade qui utilisa, le premier, en <a href="/wiki/1944_en_science" title="1944 en science">1944</a>, l'expression « Groupe local de galaxies », dans une publication établissant l'appartenance au Groupe local de la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re" title="Galaxie irrégulière">galaxie irrégulière</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_147" title="NGC 147">NGC 147</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_sph%C3%A9ro%C3%AFdale" title="Galaxie naine sphéroïdale">galaxie naine sphéroïdale</a> <a href="/wiki/NGC_185" title="NGC 185">NGC 185</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1963_en_science" title="1963 en science">1963</a>, Baade porte à dix-huit le nombre de galaxies du Groupe local, en ajoutant à la liste les galaxies du <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (galaxie naine)">Dragon (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Draco</span></i>)</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Fourneau_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourneau (galaxie naine)">Fourneau (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Fornax</span></i>)</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Lion_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion I">Lion I (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Leo I</span></i>)</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Lion_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion II">Lion II (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Leo II</span></i>)</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Sculpteur_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpteur (galaxie naine)">Sculpteur (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Sculptor</span></i>)</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Petite_Ourse_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Ourse (galaxie naine)">Petite Ourse (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Ursa Minor</span></i>)</a> ainsi que la galaxie <a href="/wiki/IC_5152" title="IC 5152">IC 5152</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui en sera exclue en <a href="/wiki/1999_en_astronomie" title="1999 en astronomie">1999</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Entre 1963 et 2000, la découverte de plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine" title="Galaxie naine">galaxies naines</a> fait passer le nombre à 38, avec un taux de découverte à peu près constant de quatre galaxies par décennie. </p><p>Le nombre exact de galaxies du Groupe local est incertain du fait des difficultés de détection de ses membres les moins lumineux, et de l’incertitude sur l’extension physique réelle du Groupe local. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques"></span>Caractéristiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les deux membres principaux de ce groupe sont la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">galaxie d’Andromède</a> (M31) et la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>, chacune d’elles possédant son propre système de <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_satellite" title="Galaxie satellite">galaxies satellites</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sous-groupe_local" title="Sous-groupe local">Autour de la Voie lactée</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">gravitent</a> les deux <a href="/wiki/Nuages_de_Magellan" title="Nuages de Magellan">nuages de Magellan</a> et les galaxies du <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chien_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Chien (galaxie naine)">Grand Chien</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Sagittaire_(galaxie_naine_elliptique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittaire (galaxie naine elliptique)">Sagittaire</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Petite_Ourse_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Ourse (galaxie naine)">Petite Ourse</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (galaxie naine)">Dragon</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A8ne_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carène (galaxie naine)">Carène</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Sextant_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (galaxie naine)">Sextant</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Sculpteur_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpteur (galaxie naine)">Sculpteur</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Fourneau_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourneau (galaxie naine)">Fourneau</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Lion_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion I"><span class="nowrap">Lion <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span></a>, du <a href="/wiki/Lion_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion II"><span class="nowrap">Lion <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a> et du <a href="/wiki/Toucan_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucan (galaxie naine)">Toucan</a>. La galaxie naine du Grand Chien est la galaxie la plus proche de la nôtre, à environ 25 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="années-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">années-lumière</a></abbr> de distance. </p><p>Le <a href="/wiki/Sous-groupe_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Sous-groupe d'Andromède">sous-groupe d'Andromède</a> comprend <a href="/wiki/M32_(galaxie)" title="M32 (galaxie)">M32</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle">galaxie du Triangle</a> (M33), <a href="/wiki/NGC_205" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 205">M110</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_147" title="NGC 147">NGC 147</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_185" title="NGC 185">NGC 185</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_I" title="Andromède I"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_II" title="Andromède II"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_III" title="Andromède III"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_IV" title="Andromède IV"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr></span></a>. La <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle">galaxie du Triangle</a> (M33), la troisième plus grande galaxie du Groupe local, possède probablement la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine" title="Galaxie naine">galaxie naine</a> des <a href="/wiki/Poissons_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poissons (galaxie naine)">Poissons</a> comme satellite. </p><p>Les autres membres du Groupe local sont <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">gravitationnellement</a> indépendants de ces larges sous-groupes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membres">Membres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Membres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Membres"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La liste suivante énumère les membres du Groupe local, classés par distance croissante de la <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a> : </p> <table class="wikitable sortable alternance"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Galaxie </th> <th scope="col">Classe </th> <th scope="col">Type </th> <th scope="col">Distance </th> <th scope="col">Sous-groupe </th> <th scope="col">Luminosité<br />(millions de soleils)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">La <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a> (notre galaxie) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_spirale_barr%C3%A9e" title="Galaxie spirale barrée">Spirale barrée</a> </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">8300 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Chien_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Chien (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Grand Chien</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re" title="Galaxie irrégulière">Irrégulière</a> </td> <td>Irr </td> <td>environ 7,7 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼25 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sagittaire_(galaxie_naine_elliptique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittaire (galaxie naine elliptique)">SagDEG</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine" title="Galaxie naine">Naine elliptique</a> </td> <td>dSph(t) </td> <td>environ 24,4 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼79 600 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">18 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Grand Nuage de Magellan">Grand Nuage de Magellan</a> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>Irr/SB(s)m </td> <td>environ 48,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼158 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">2100 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Bouvier" title="Galaxie naine du Bouvier">Galaxie naine du Bouvier</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine" title="Galaxie naine">Naine sphéroïde</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_sph%C3%A9ro%C3%AFdale" title="Galaxie naine sphéroïdale">dSph</a> </td> <td>60 ± 6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼196 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Petit_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Petit Nuage de Magellan">Petit Nuage de Magellan</a> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>SB(s)m pec </td> <td>61 ± 3 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼199 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">580 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Petite_Ourse_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Ourse (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine de la Petite Ourse</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE4 </td> <td>environ 63 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼205 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">0,3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Dragon</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE0 pec </td> <td>80 ± 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼261 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">0,3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Sextant</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE3 </td> <td>86 ± 6 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼280 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">0,5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sculpteur_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpteur (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Sculpteur</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE3 </td> <td>environ 87 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼284 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">2,2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A8ne_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carène (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine de la Carène</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE3 </td> <td>environ 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼326 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">0,4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fourneau_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourneau (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Fourneau</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dSph/E2 </td> <td>138 ± 8 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼450 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">16 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lion_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion II"><span class="nowrap">Leo <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE0 pec </td> <td>210 ± 15 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼685 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">0,6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lion_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion I"><span class="nowrap">Leo <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE3 </td> <td>250 ± 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼815 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="année-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">4,8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phénix (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Phénix</a> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>Irr </td> <td>environ 396 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼1,29 <abbr class="abbr" title="million d'al">million d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_de_Barnard" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxie de Barnard">Galaxie de Barnard</a> </th> <td>Naine elliptique </td> <td>IB(s)m <abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr>-<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr> </td> <td>500 ± 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼1,63 <abbr class="abbr" title="million d'al">million d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">94 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_185" title="NGC 185">NGC 185</a></span> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE3 pec </td> <td>660 ± 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,15 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">130 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NGC_147" title="NGC 147">NGC 147</a></span> </th> <td>Naine elliptique </td> <td>dE5 pec </td> <td>660 ± 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,15 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">130 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IC_10" title="IC 10">IC 10</a></span> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>dIrr <abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr>/BCD </td> <td>660 ± 60 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,15 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo A">Leo A</a></span> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>IBm <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr> </td> <td>690 ± 60 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,25 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée<br />ou <span class="nowrap">NGC 3109</span> </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_II" title="Andromède II"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE0 </td> <td>environ 700 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,28 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">2,4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IC_1613" title="IC 1613">IC 1613</a></span> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>IAB(s)m <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr> </td> <td>725 ± 35 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,36 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède/<span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite des précisions supplémentaires." style="cursor:help;">LC</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Quoi ?]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center">64 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_III" title="Andromède III"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE2 </td> <td>760 ± 70 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,48 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">1,1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cassiop%C3%A9e_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassiopée (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine de Cassiopée</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dSph </td> <td>760 ± 70 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,48 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">5,7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/M32_(galaxie)" title="M32 (galaxie)">M32</a> </th> <td>Elliptique </td> <td>E2 </td> <td>763 ± 24 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,49 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">380 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poissons_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poissons (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine des Poissons</a> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>dIr/dSph </td> <td>769 ± 25 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,51 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède<br />ou Triangle </td> <td align="center">1,3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Baleine_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleine (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine de la Baleine</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dSph/E4 </td> <td>775 ± 50 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,53 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">Galaxie d’Andromède</a> (M31) </th> <td>Spirale </td> <td>SA(s)b <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>-<abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> </td> <td>778 ± 17 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,54 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">26000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_I" title="Andromède I"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE3 pec? </td> <td>810 ± 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,64 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">4,77 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_V" title="Andromède V"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dSph </td> <td>810 ± 45 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,64 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/NGC_205" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 205">M110</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_elliptique" title="Galaxie elliptique">Elliptique</a> </td> <td>E5 pec </td> <td>830 ± 35 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,71 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center">370 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle">Galaxie du Triangle</a> (M33) </th> <td>Spirale </td> <td>SA(s)cd <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr>-<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr> </td> <td>847 ± 60 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,76 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède<br />ou Triangle </td> <td align="center">3000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Toucan_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucan (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Toucan</a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dE5 </td> <td>870 ± 60 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼2,84 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_de_Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte" title="Galaxie de Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte">Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte</a> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>Ir+ </td> <td>930 ± 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼3,03 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9gase_(galaxie_naine_sph%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pégase (galaxie naine sphéroïde)"><span class="nowrap">Andromeda <abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr></span></a> </th> <td>Naine sphéroïde </td> <td>dSph </td> <td>environ 955 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼3,11 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Andromède </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Verseau_(galaxie_naine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verseau (galaxie naine)">Galaxie naine du Verseau</a> </th> <td>Naine elliptique </td> <td>Im <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr> </td> <td>1 025 ± 50 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼3,34 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !"></span>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/DDO_216" title="DDO 216">DDO 216</a></span><br />également nommée : <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re_de_P%C3%A9gase" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxie naine irrégulière de Pégase">Pegasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/PegDIG" class="mw-redirect" title="PegDIG">PegDIG</a> </th> <td>Naine irrégulière </td> <td>SB(s)m pec </td> <td>1,07 ± 0,05 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaparsec"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9gaparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Mégaparsec">Mpc</a></abbr> (∼3,49 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td>Voie lactée </td> <td align="center">12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sagittaire_(galaxie_naine_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittaire (galaxie naine irrégulière)">SagDIG</a> </th> <td>Irrégulière </td> <td>IB(s)m <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr> </td> <td>environ 1 300 <abbr class="abbr" title="kiloparsec"><a href="/wiki/Kiloparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloparsec">kpc</a></abbr> (∼4,24 <abbr class="abbr" title="millions d'al">millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">al</a></abbr>) </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">6,9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autres_objets_notables">Autres objets notables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Autres objets notables" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres objets notables"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_de_Smith" title="Nuage de Smith">Nuage de Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-wakker_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wakker-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVC_127-41-330" title="HVC 127-41-330">HVC 127-41-330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneau_de_la_Licorne" title="Anneau de la Licorne">Anneau de la Licorne</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avenir_du_Groupe_local">Avenir du Groupe local</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Avenir du Groupe local" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Avenir du Groupe local"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="need_ref" title="Une source est souhaitée pour ce passage." style="cursor:help;">Le Groupe local subira, dans environ quatre milliards d'années, la fusion des deux principales galaxies qui le composent, la <a href="/wiki/Voie_Lact%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Voie Lactée">Voie Lactée</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">galaxie d'Andromède</a> (M31). Ce qui résultera sera une galaxie elliptique</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></sup>. Les autres galaxies proches, comme <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle">celle du Triangle</a> (M33), deviendront les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_satellite" title="Galaxie satellite">satellites</a> de la grande galaxie finale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Localisation_dans_l'Univers"><span id="Localisation_dans_l.27Univers"></span>Localisation dans l'Univers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Localisation dans l'Univers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Localisation dans l'Univers"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg/220px-6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg/330px-6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg/440px-6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Position du Groupe local dans le <a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_la_Vierge" title="Superamas de la Vierge">superamas de la Vierge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le Groupe local forme un ensemble considéré comme typique de quelques dizaines de galaxies. Cet ensemble interagit faiblement avec ses voisins, tels le <a href="/wiki/Groupe_IC_342/Maffei" title="Groupe IC 342/Maffei">groupe IC 342/Maffei</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Filament_du_Sculpteur" title="Filament du Sculpteur">filament du Sculpteur</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/Nuage_des_Chiens_de_Chasse" title="Nuage des Chiens de Chasse">nuage des Chiens de Chasse</a>. Tous sont situés en périphérie d'un <a href="/wiki/Amas_de_galaxies" title="Amas de galaxies">amas de galaxies</a> relativement massif, appelé <a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">amas de la Vierge</a> (parfois, quoique rarement, appelé « Amas local »). L'amas de la Vierge est lui-même le centre d'une structure plus vaste, le <a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_la_Vierge" title="Superamas de la Vierge">superamas de la Vierge</a> (ou Superamas local). L'appartenance au sens strict du Groupe local à l'amas de la Vierge est ambiguë du fait de sa distance à celui-ci. Le Groupe local s'éloigne aujourd'hui de l'amas de la Vierge (du fait de l'<a href="/wiki/Expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Expansion de l'Univers">expansion de l'Univers</a>), mais il n'est pas exclu que la proximité de ce dernier et la masse du Superamas local dans sa totalité soient à terme suffisantes pour retenir le Groupe local et le faire tomber sur lui. </p> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Entrée <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-fra.html?lang=fra&i=1&index=alt&srchtxt=LOCAL%20GROUP%20GALAXIES"><cite style="font-style:normal;">local group of galaxies</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-html" title="Fichier au format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)">[html]</abbr></span>, sur <i><a href="/wiki/Termium_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Termium Plus">TERMIUM Plus</a></i>, la <a href="/wiki/Base_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Base de données">banque de données</a> <a href="/wiki/Terminologie" title="Terminologie">terminologiques</a> et <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistiques</a> du <a href="/wiki/Gouvernement_du_Canada" title="Gouvernement du Canada">gouvernement du Canada</a> (consulté le 21 mars 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Entrée <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-fra.html?lang=fra&i=1&index=alt&__index=alt&srchtxt=LOCAL+GROUP"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Local Group</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-html" title="Fichier au format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)">[html]</abbr></span>, sur <i><a href="/wiki/Termium_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Termium Plus">TERMIUM Plus</a></i>, la <a href="/wiki/Base_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Base de données">banque de données</a> <a href="/wiki/Terminologie" title="Terminologie">terminologiques</a> et <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistiques</a> du <a href="/wiki/Gouvernement_du_Canada" title="Gouvernement du Canada">gouvernement du Canada</a> (consulté le 21 mars 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Entrée <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=fts1ydufciQC&pg=PA261#v=onepage&q&f=false"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Groupe local</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-html" title="Fichier au format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)">[html]</abbr></span>, dans <span class="ouvrage" id="TailletVillainFebvre2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_TailletLoïc_VillainPascal_Febvre2009">Richard <span class="nom_auteur">Taillet</span>, Loïc <span class="nom_auteur">Villain</span> et Pascal <span class="nom_auteur">Febvre</span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de physique</cite>, Bruxelles, <a href="/wiki/De_Boeck_Universit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="De Boeck Université">De Boeck Université</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-11" data-sort-value="2009-11">novembre 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 2008), XII-741 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8041-0248-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8041-0248-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8041-0248-7</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/632092205">632092205</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb421229458.public">42122945</a></span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 261<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+physique&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Universit%C3%A9&rft.edition=2&rft.aulast=Taillet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Villain%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Febvre%2C+Pascal&rft.date=2009-11&rft.pages=261&rft.tpages=XII-741&rft.isbn=978-2-8041-0248-7&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F632092205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Entrée <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.obspm.fr/index.php?formSearchTextfield=local+group&formSubmit=Search&showAll=1"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Local Group</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-html" title="Fichier au format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)">[html]</abbr></span>, dans <span class="ouvrage" id="Heydari-Malayeri2005-2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mohammad_Heydari-Malayeri2005-2015">Mohammad <span class="nom_auteur">Heydari-Malayeri</span>, <cite class="italique">An etymological dictionary of astronomy and astrophysics</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Paris" title="Observatoire de Paris">Observatoire de Paris</a>, 2005-2015 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007astro.ph..1421H">2007astro.ph..1421H</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701421">astro-ph/0701421</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0701421.pdf">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+etymological+dictionary+of+astronomy+and+astrophysics&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Observatoire+de+Paris&rft.aulast=Heydari-Malayeri&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Entrée <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100111395"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Local Group</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-html" title="Fichier au format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)">[html]</abbr></span>, sur la base de données <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Oxford Reference</span> de <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> (consulté le 21 mars 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dick2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_J._Dick2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Dick" class="extiw" title="en:Steven J. Dick">Steven J. <span class="nom_auteur">Dick</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Discovery and Classification in Astronomy : Controversy and Consensus</cite>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2013 (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> éd.), XVI-458 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-107-03361-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-107-03361-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-107-03361-0</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/827197381">827197381</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb43871943q.public">43871943</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8oAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+and+Classification+in+Astronomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.stitle=Controversy+and+Consensus&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=XVI-458&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03361-0&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827197381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baade1935"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_Baade1935"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter <span class="nom_auteur">Baade</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Globular Cluster NGC 2419</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 82,‎ <time>1935</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">396-412</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/143687">10.1086/143687</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935ApJ....82..396B">1935ApJ....82..396B</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1935ApJ....82..396B&classic=YES">lire en ligne</a> [gif], consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Globular+Cluster+NGC+2419&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Baade&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=1935&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=396-412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F143687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span> : <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">galaxy and the nearest extra-galactif systems form what may be termed a local groupe of nebulae</span> »</span>. <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;">L'article a été réimprimé dans <span class="ouvrage" id="1935"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory : Carnegie Institution of Washington</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 529, <time>1935</time>, 1-17 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935CMWCI.529....1B">1935CMWCI.529....1B</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+from+the+Mount+Wilson+Observatory&rft.stitle=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1935&rft.volume=529&rft.tpages=1-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span>.</div>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubble1936"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edwin_P._Hubble1936"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin P. <span class="nom_auteur">Hubble</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Realm of Nebulae</cite>, New Haven, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <time>1936</time>, XVII-207 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-300-02500-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-300-02500-9"><span class="nowrap">0-300-02500-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/7876375">7876375</a></span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> VI<span class="lang-en" lang="en"> (« The Local Group »)</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">124-151</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+Nebulae&rft.atitle=The+Local+Group&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rft.date=1936&rft.pages=124-151&rft.tpages=XVII-207&rft.isbn=0-300-02500-9&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7876375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WilsonWelchReidSaha1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christine_D._WilsonDouglas_L._WelchI._Neill_ReidA._Saha1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Christine D. <span class="nom_auteur">Wilson</span>, Douglas L. <span class="nom_auteur">Welch</span>, I. Neill <span class="nom_auteur">Reid</span>, A. <span class="nom_auteur">Saha</span> et John <span class="nom_auteur">Hoessel</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Distance To IC 10 From Near-Infrared Observations of Cepheids</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 111, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1996-03" data-sort-value="1996-03">mars 1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 1106- <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/117856">10.1086/117856</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1106W">1996AJ....111.1106W</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9510114">astro-ph/9510114</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1996AJ....111.1106W&classic=YES">lire en ligne</a> [gif], consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Distance+To+IC+10+From+Near-Infrared+Observations+of+Cepheids&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Christine+D.&rft.au=Welch%2C+Douglas+L.&rft.au=Reid%2C+I.+Neill&rft.au=Saha%2C+A.&rft.au=Hoessel%2C+John&rft.date=1996-03&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=1106-&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F117856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KarachentsevSharinaHuchtmeier2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Igor_D._KarachentsevMargarita_E._SharinaWalter_K._Huchtmeier2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Igor D. <span class="nom_auteur">Karachentsev</span>, Margarita E. <span class="nom_auteur">Sharina</span> et Walter K. <span class="nom_auteur">Huchtmeier</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A group of galaxies around the giant spiral NGC 6946</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 362,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-10" data-sort-value="2000-10">octobre 2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">544-556</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26A...362..544K">2000A&A...362..544K</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0010148">astro-ph/0010148</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?2000A&A...362..544K&classic=YES">lire en ligne</a> [gif], consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+group+of+galaxies+around+the+giant+spiral+NGC+6946&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Karachentsev&rft.aufirst=Igor+D.&rft.au=Sharina%2C+Margarita+E.&rft.au=Huchtmeier%2C+Walter+K.&rft.date=2000-10&rft.volume=362&rft.pages=544-556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baade1944"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_Baade1944"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Walter <span class="nom_auteur">Baade</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">NGC 147 and NGC 185, Two New Members of the Local Group of Galaxies</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 100,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-09" data-sort-value="1944-09">septembre 1944</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">147-150</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/144651">10.1086/144651</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1944ApJ...100..147B">1944ApJ...100..147B</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1944ApJ...100..147B&classic=YES">lire en ligne</a> [gif], consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NGC+147+and+NGC+185%2C+Two+New+Members+of+the+Local+Group+of+Galaxies&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Baade&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=1944-09&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=147-150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F144651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baade1963"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_Baade1963"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Walter <span class="nom_auteur">Baade</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Evolution of Stars and Galaxies</cite>, Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <time>1963</time>, XIII-321 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/715285076">715285076</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963esag.book.....B">1963esag.book.....B</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Stars+and+Galaxies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.aulast=Baade&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=1963&rft.tpages=XIII-321&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715285076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 24 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Baade/frames.html">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-html" title="Fichier au format Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)">[html]</abbr> (consulté le 31 octobre 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ZijlstraMinniti1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_A._ZijlstraDante_Minniti1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Albert A. <span class="nom_auteur">Zijlstra</span> et Dante <span class="nom_auteur">Minniti</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A Dwarf Irregular Galaxy at the Edge of the Local Group : Stellar Populations and Distance of IC 5152</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astronomical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 117, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-04" data-sort-value="1999-04">avril 1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1743-1757</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/300802">10.1086/300802</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....117.1743Z">1999AJ....117.1743Z</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv%3Aastro-ph/9812330">arXiv:astro-ph/9812330</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/117/4/1743/fulltext/">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Dwarf+Irregular+Galaxy+at+the+Edge+of+the+Local+Group&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Journal&rft.issue=4&rft.stitle=Stellar+Populations+and+Distance+of+IC+5152&rft.aulast=Zijlstra&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rft.au=Minniti%2C+Dante&rft.date=1999-04&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=1743-1757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">H. Couper et N. Henbest <i>Encyclopedia of Space</i> Dorling Kindersley, 2011. <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wakker-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wakker_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="P.YorkWilhelmBarentine2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wakker,_B._P.D._G._YorkR._WilhelmJ._C._Barentine2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Wakker, B. P., D. G. <span class="nom_auteur">York</span>, R. <span class="nom_auteur">Wilhelm</span>, J. C. <span class="nom_auteur">Barentine</span>, P. <span class="nom_auteur">Richter</span>, T. C. <span class="nom_auteur">Beers</span>, Ž. <span class="nom_auteur">Ivezić</span> et J. C. <span class="nom_auteur">Howk</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Distances to Galactic High‐Velocity Clouds. I. Cohen Stream, Complex GCP, Cloud g1</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 672, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">298–319</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/523845">10.1086/523845</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...672..298W">2008ApJ...672..298W</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.1926">0709.1926</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Distances+to+Galactic+High%E2%80%90Velocity+Clouds.+I.+Cohen+Stream%2C+Complex+GCP%2C+Cloud+g1&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Wakker%2C+B.&rft.au=York%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+R.&rft.au=Barentine%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Richter%2C+P.&rft.au=Beers%2C+T.+C.&rft.au=Ivezi%C4%87%2C+%C5%BD.&rft.au=Howk%2C+J.+C.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=672&rft.pages=298%E2%80%93319&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F523845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+local"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2008/smithscloud/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Massive Gas Cloud Speeding Toward Collision With Milky Way</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-06-06" data-sort-value="2008-06-06">6 juin 2008</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Local_Group?uselang=fr">Groupe local</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Groupe_local" class="extiw" title="wikt:Groupe local">Groupe local</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_des_galaxies" title="Classification des galaxies">classification des galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_spirale" title="Galaxie spirale">galaxie spirale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_elliptique" title="Galaxie elliptique">galaxie elliptique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re" title="Galaxie irrégulière">galaxie irrégulière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine" title="Galaxie naine">galaxie naine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_de_Hubble" title="Séquence de Hubble">séquence de Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32p" title="M32p">M32p</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_local&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3944?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/234195301">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135127707">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135127707">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/050418076">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99003795">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4168105-8">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534829005171">Israël</a></span></li> </ul></div> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh99003795.html">Bibliothèque du Congrès</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=Local+Group&bibdisplay=none">Local Group</a> sur la base de données <i><a href="/wiki/Simbad" title="Simbad">Simbad</a></i> du <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME+Local+Group&NbIdent=query_hlinks&Coord=No+Coord.&parents=1&children=103&submit=children&siblings=10&hlinksdisplay=h_all">Composantes du Groupe local</a> sur la base de données <a href="/wiki/Simbad" title="Simbad">Simbad</a> sur <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="FrommertKronberg"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hartmut_FrommertChristine_Kronberg"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hartmut <span class="nom_auteur">Frommert</span> et Christine <span class="nom_auteur">Kronberg</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/more/local.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Local Group of Galaxies</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">SEDS</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_Messier" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalogue Messier">Messier</a> Database</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-31" data-sort-value="2014-10-31">31 octobre 2014</time>)</small></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Groupe_Local" title="Modèle:Palette Groupe Local"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Groupe_Local&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> du <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe local</a> et de sa périphérie</div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Principaux membres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Grand Nuage de Magellan">Grand Nuage de Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Petit Nuage de Magellan">Petit Nuage de Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">Galaxie d'Andromède</a> (M31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Triangle" title="Galaxie du Triangle">Galaxie du Triangle</a> (M33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32_(galaxie)" title="M32 (galaxie)">M32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M110_(galaxie)" title="M110 (galaxie)">M110</a> (NGC 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_185" title="NGC 185">NGC 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_147" title="NGC 147">NGC 147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6822" title="NGC 6822">Galaxie de Barnard</a> (NGC 6822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC_1613" title="IC 1613">IC 1613</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Galaxies naines sphéroïdales du <a href="/wiki/Sous-groupe_local" title="Sous-groupe local">sous-groupe de la Voie lactée</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antlia_2" title="Antlia 2">Antlia 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Sagittaire" title="Galaxie naine du Sagittaire">Sagittaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Dragon" title="Galaxie naine du Dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite_Ourse_(Galaxie_naine)" title="Petite Ourse (Galaxie naine)">Petite Ourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Sculpteur" title="Galaxie naine du Sculpteur">Sculpteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Sextant" title="Galaxie naine du Sextant">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Car%C3%A8ne" title="Galaxie naine de la Carène">Carène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Fourneau" title="Galaxie naine du Fourneau">Fourneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Lion_I" title="Galaxie du Lion I">Lion <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Lion_II" title="Galaxie du Lion II">Lion <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Galaxies naines sphéroïdales ultra faibles du sous-groupe de la Voie lactée</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Grand_Chien" title="Galaxie naine du Grand Chien">Grand Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segue_1" title="Segue 1">Segue 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segue_2" title="Segue 2">Segue 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Grande_Ourse_I" title="Galaxie naine de la Grande Ourse I">Ursa Major I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Grande_Ourse_II" title="Galaxie naine de la Grande Ourse II">Ursa Major II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Bouvier" title="Galaxie naine du Bouvier">Bootes I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxie_naine_du_Bouvier_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxie naine du Bouvier II (page inexistante)">Bootes II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxie_naine_du_Bouvier_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxie naine du Bouvier III (page inexistante)">Bootes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willman_1" title="Willman 1">Willman 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Chevelure_de_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice" title="Galaxie naine de la Chevelure de Bérénice">Coma Berenices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_d%27Hercule" title="Galaxie naine d'Hercule">Hercule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo IV (page inexistante)">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo V (page inexistante)">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canes_Vanetici_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canes Vanetici I (page inexistante)">Canes Vanetici I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canes_Vanetici_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canes Vanetici II (page inexistante)">Canes Vanetici II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poissons_II" title="Poissons II">Pisces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Verseau_2" title="Galaxie naine du Verseau 2">Verseau 2</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Galaxies naines sphéroïdales du <a href="/wiki/Sous-groupe_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Sous-groupe d'Andromède">sous-groupe d’Andromède</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_I" title="Andromède I">And I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_II" title="Andromède II">And II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_III" title="Andromède III">And III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_V" title="Andromède V">And V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_VI" title="Andromède VI">And VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_VII" title="Andromède VII">And VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_VIII" title="Andromède VIII">And VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_IX" title="Andromède IX">And IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_X" title="Andromède X">And X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XI" title="Andromède XI">And XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XII" title="Andromède XII">And XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XIII" title="Andromède XIII">And XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XIV" title="Andromède XIV">And XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XV" title="Andromède XV">And XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XVI" title="Andromède XVI">And XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XVII" title="Andromède XVII">And XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XVIII" title="Andromède XVIII">And XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XIX" title="Andromède XIX">And XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XX" title="Andromède XX">And XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXI" title="Andromède XXI">And XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXII" title="Andromède XXII">And XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXIII" title="Andromède XXIII">And XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXIV" title="Andromède XXIV">And XXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXV" title="Andromède XXV">And XXV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXVI" title="Andromède XXVI">And XXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXVII" title="Andromède XXVII">And XXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXIX" title="Andromède XXIX">And XXIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXX" title="Andromède XXX">And 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXXI" title="Andromède XXXI">And XXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXXII" title="Andromède XXXII">And XXXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXXIII" title="Andromède XXXIII">And XXXIII</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Galaxies naines sphéroïdales isolées</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Baleine" title="Galaxie naine de la Baleine">Baleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Toucan" title="Galaxie naine du Toucan">Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de_XXVIII" title="Andromède XXVIII">And XXVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKR_25" title="KKR 25">KKR 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKs_3" title="KKs 3">KKs 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedin_I" title="Bedin I">Bedin I</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Galaxies naines irrégulières</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IC_10" title="IC 10">IC 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_des_Poissons" title="Galaxie naine des Poissons">Poissons</a> (LGS 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Galaxie naine du Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDO_216" title="DDO 216">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo T (page inexistante)">Leo T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_de_Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte" title="Galaxie de Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte">Galaxie de Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte</a> (WLM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Lion_A" title="Galaxie du Lion A">Leo A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_du_Verseau" title="Galaxie naine du Verseau">Verseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_irr%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re_du_Sagittaire" title="Galaxie naine irrégulière du Sagittaire">SagDIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGC_4879" title="UGC 4879">UGC 4879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3109" title="NGC 3109">NGC 3109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Sextant_A" title="Galaxie du Sextant A">Sextant A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_du_Sextant_B" title="Galaxie du Sextant B">Sextant B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_naine_de_la_Machine_pneumatique" title="Galaxie naine de la Machine pneumatique">Machine pneumatique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Périphérie du Groupe local</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_de_la_Girafe_A" title="Galaxie de la Girafe A">Girafe A</a> (Cam A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGCA_92" title="UGCA 92">UGCA 92</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIZSS_3(A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIZSS 3(A) (page inexistante)">HIZSS 3(A)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIZSS_3B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIZSS 3B (page inexistante)">HIZSS 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESO_410-005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESO 410-005 (page inexistante)">ESO 410-005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_55" title="NGC 55">NGC 55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESO_249-010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESO 249-010 (page inexistante)">ESO 249-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_300" title="NGC 300">NGC 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC_5152" title="IC 5152">IC 5152</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KKH_98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KKH 98 (page inexistante)">KKH 98</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UKS_2323-326&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKS 2323-326 (page inexistante)">UKS 2323-326</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KKR_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KKR 3 (page inexistante)">KKR 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR_8_(galaxie)" title="GR 8 (galaxie)">GR 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UGC_9128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UGC 9128 (page inexistante)">UGC 9128</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UGC_8508&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UGC 8508 (page inexistante)">UGC 8508</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IC_3104&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IC 3104 (page inexistante)">IC 3104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DDO_125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDO 125 (page inexistante)">DDO 125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGCA_86" title="UGCA 86">UGCA 86</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DDO_99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDO 99 (page inexistante)">DDO 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC_4662" title="IC 4662">IC 4662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DDO_190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDO 190 (page inexistante)">DDO 190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KKH_86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KKH 86 (page inexistante)">KKH 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_4163" title="NGC 4163">NGC 4163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DDO_113&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDO 113 (page inexistante)">DDO 113</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Groupe_Local2" title="Modèle:Palette Groupe Local2"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Groupe_Local2&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Le <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe local</a> et sa périphérie</div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Principaux membres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_IC_342/Maffei" title="Groupe IC 342/Maffei">Groupe IC 342/Maffei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_du_Sculpteur" title="Filament du Sculpteur">Filament du Sculpteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M81" title="Groupe de M81">Groupe de M81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_des_Chiens_de_Chasse" title="Nuage des Chiens de Chasse">Nuage des Chiens de Chasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M96" title="Groupe de M96">Groupe de M96</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Structures plus grandes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">Amas de la Vierge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_la_Vierge" title="Superamas de la Vierge">Superamas de la Vierge</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Situation_Terre" title="Modèle:Palette Situation Terre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Situation_Terre&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Situation_de_la_Terre_dans_l%27Univers" title="Situation de la Terre dans l'Univers">Situation de la Terre dans l'Univers</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Terre-Lune" title="Système Terre-Lune">Système Terre-Lune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Système solaire">Système solaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_interstellaire_local" title="Nuage interstellaire local">Nuage interstellaire local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_de_nuages_interstellaires_locaux" title="Complexe de nuages interstellaires locaux">Complexe de nuages interstellaires locaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulle_locale" title="Bulle locale">Bulle locale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceinture_de_Gould" title="Ceinture de Gould">Ceinture de Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Orion" title="Bras d'Orion">Bras d’Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-groupe_local" title="Sous-groupe local">Sous-groupe local</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuille_locale" title="Feuille locale">Feuille locale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_local" title="Volume local">Volume local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_la_Vierge" title="Superamas de la Vierge">Superamas de la Vierge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superamas_Vierge-Hydre-Centaure" title="Superamas Vierge-Hydre-Centaure">Superamas Vierge-Hydre-Centaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laniakea" title="Laniakea">Superamas Laniakea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_de_superamas_Poissons-Baleine" title="Complexe de superamas Poissons-Baleine">Complexe de superamas Poissons-Baleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_observable" title="Univers observable">Univers local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_observable" title="Univers observable">Univers observable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail de l’astronomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/25px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/37px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/50px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail:Astronomie">Portail de l’astronomie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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