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srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Treffpunkt.svg/60px-Treffpunkt.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"512\" /\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOtvoren je \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Zahtjev_za_komentare/Nazivi_%C4%8Dlanaka\" title=\"Wikipedija:Zahtjev za komentare/Nazivi članaka\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EZahtjev za komentare o nazivima članaka\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boje_i_lakovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boje_i_lakovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Boje i lakovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boje_i_lakovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sadržaj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 42 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%83_(%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="لك (طلاء) – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لك (طلاء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6" title="বার্ণিশ – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্ণিশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laca" title="Laca – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak" title="Lak – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak" title="Lak – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lack" title="Lack – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lacquer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lako" title="Lako – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laca" title="Laca – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakk" title="Lakk – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lakk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9_(%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B4)" title="لاک (پوشش) – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاک (پوشش)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakka_(pintak%C3%A4sittelyaine)" title="Lakka (pintakäsittelyaine) – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lakka (pintakäsittelyaine)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laque" title="Laque – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak" title="Lak – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laicear_(maisi%C3%BA)" title="Laicear (maisiú) – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laicear (maisiú)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laca" title="Laca – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="प्रलाक्ष – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रलाक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeri" title="Lakeri – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lakeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lako" title="Lako – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ラッカー – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラッカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%BB%EC%B9%A0" title="옻칠 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옻칠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лактар – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лактар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laca" title="Laca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Laca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laka" title="Laka – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="ലാക്വർ – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാക്വർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakuer" title="Lakuer – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lakuer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakverf" title="Lakverf – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lakverf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakk" title="Lakk – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakk" title="Lakk – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakier" title="Lakier – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lakier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laca" title="Laca – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Политура – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak" title="Lak – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lacquer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak" title="Lak – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak" title="Lak – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lak" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lack" title="Lack – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake" title="Lake – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lake" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok" title="Lok – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n_m%C3%A0i" title="Sơn mài – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sơn mài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%86" title="漆 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E6%9E%B6" title="力架 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="力架" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11236878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lak" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Lak&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lak"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lak"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Lak" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Lak" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&oldid=6599301" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Lak&id=6599301&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLak"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLak"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Lak"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lak&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lacquer" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11236878" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:16_wood_samples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/300px-16_wood_samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/450px-16_wood_samples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/16_wood_samples.jpg/600px-16_wood_samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Lak se upotrebljava pretežno za <a href="/wiki/Drvo_(materijal)" title="Drvo (materijal)">drvo</a>, jer je često poželjno da se sačuva njegov lijepi izgled.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG/300px-MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG/450px-MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG/600px-MS-PerlmuttlackP%C3%A4oniendose16Jh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Lakirana kutija iz kineske <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming">Dinastije Ming</a> (16. stoljeće).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Lacquer_in_liquid_form,_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lacquer_in_liquid_form%2C_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg/330px-Lacquer_in_liquid_form%2C_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lacquer_in_liquid_form%2C_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg/500px-Lacquer_in_liquid_form%2C_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lacquer_in_liquid_form%2C_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg/960px-Lacquer_in_liquid_form%2C_mixed_with_water_and_turpentine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Lak pomiješan s <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Terpentin" title="Terpentin">terpentinom</a>, spreman za upotrebu. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Red_lacquer_tray,_Song_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg/300px-Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg/450px-Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg/600px-Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kineski šesterostrani pladanj, crveni lak na drvu, iz <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Sung" title="Dinastija Sung">Dinastije Sung</a>, 12. – 13. stoljeće, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan">Metropolitan muzej umjetnosti</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik">njem</a>. <i>Lack</i> < <a href="/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik">franc</a>. <i>laque</i> < <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arap</a>. <i>lakk</i> < <a href="/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik">perz</a>. <i>lāk</i> < staroindijski <i>lāksā</i>, <i>rāksā</i>, prema <i>rajyati</i>: bojiti se, biti crven)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> je <a href="/wiki/Otopina" class="mw-redirect" title="Otopina">otopina</a> ili disperzija <a href="/wiki/Vezivo" title="Vezivo">veziva</a>, a može sadržavati i niz različitih dodataka. Nakon sušenja ostaje na podlozi kao ravnomjeran (kompaktan) prozirni (transparentan) film. Upotrebljava se pretežno za <a href="/wiki/Drvo_(materijal)" title="Drvo (materijal)">drvo</a>, jer je često poželjno da se sačuva njegov lijepi izgled. U težim uvjetima korištenja dolazi do izražaja i zaštitna uloga lakova (parketi, kuhinjski <a href="/wiki/Namje%C5%A1taj" title="Namještaj">namještaj</a>, drvene površine na <a href="/wiki/Brod" title="Brod">brodovima</a> i slično). Za mineralne podloge lakovi se primjenjuju pri zaštiti <a href="/wiki/Fasada" title="Fasada">fasadne</a> <a href="/wiki/Opeka" title="Opeka">opeke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crijep" title="Crijep">crijepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beton" title="Beton">betona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kamen" title="Kamen">kamena</a>. Za <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metalne</a> površine upotrebljavaju se ili izravno (na primjer <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminij</a>, unutrašnje stijenki konzervi, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDica" title="Žica">žica</a>) ili kao završni gornji sloj na <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentiranom</a> sustavu, s namjerom da se dobije punoća i sjaj (metalizirani auto lakovi) ili bolja zaštita (vinilni lak na vinilno-alkidnoj lak boji). Uz dodatak topljivih pigmenata dobiju se prozirni obojeni lakovi za namještaj, muzičke instrumente i slično. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riječ lak potječe od <a href="/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt">sanskrtske</a> riječi <i>laksha</i>, što znači <a href="/wiki/Broj" title="Broj">broj</a> 100 000, to jest nešto beskonačno mnogo, a odnosi se na jednu vrstu <a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1i_(kukci)" title="Uši (kukci)">biljne uši</a> koja u velikom mnoštvu živi na <a href="/wiki/Biljka" class="mw-redirect" title="Biljka">biljkama</a> roda <a href="/wiki/Smokve" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokve"><i>Ficus</i></a> u nekim <a href="/wiki/Tropi" title="Tropi">tropskim krajevima</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">hinduskom</a> jeziku riječju <i>lakh</i> označuje se <a href="/wiki/Smola" title="Smola">smolasta</a> tvar nastala iz ekskreta ličinke te uši. </p><p>Početkom 20. stoljeća otkrivene su na stijenama <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pilja" title="Špilja">špilja</a> u različitim dijelovima svijeta poznate <a href="/wiki/Paleoliti%C4%8Dka_umjetnost" title="Paleolitička umjetnost">zidne slikarije</a> iz prapovijesnog doba. Slikarije su često urezivane <a href="/wiki/Kamen" title="Kamen">kamenom</a>, a kao <a href="/wiki/Alat" title="Alat">alat</a> špiljski je čovjek upotrebljavao šuplje kosti za puhanje zemljanih boja, te <a href="/wiki/Kist" title="Kist">kistove</a> od dlake ili pera. Zemljane boje (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezovi_oksidi" title="Željezovi oksidi">željezni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">manganovi</a> oksidi, <a href="/wiki/Kreda_(tvar)" title="Kreda (tvar)">kreda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk" title="Talk">talk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaolin (stranica ne postoji)">kaolin</a>), zatim <a href="/wiki/Drveni_ugljen" title="Drveni ugljen">drveni</a> i koštani ugljen, samljeven u prah i pomiješan s <a href="/wiki/Vezivo" title="Vezivo">vezivom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masti" title="Masti">mast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Med" title="Med">med</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krv" title="Krv">krv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko">mlijeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak">vosak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smola" title="Smola">smola</a>, biljni sok), bile su prve boje koje su ljudi poznavali. Prije bojenja <a href="/wiki/Paleolit" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolit">paleolitski</a> čovjek je upotrebljavao već i podlogu od smole ili masti pomoću koje je vezao boju za površinu stijene pećine. </p><p>U prostoru između <a href="/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more">Sredozemnog mora</a> i <a href="/wiki/Perzijski_zaljev" title="Perzijski zaljev">Perzijskog zaljeva</a> razvijala se od najranijih vremena jaka <a href="/wiki/Likovna_umjetnost" title="Likovna umjetnost">likovna kultura</a>. U toj kulturnoj sredini prevladavaju crna, bijela, smeđa, crvena i plava boja. <a href="/wiki/Drevni_Egipat" title="Drevni Egipat">Drevni Egipćani</a> upotrebljavaju već otopinu smole za impregniranje prilikom prepariranja <a href="/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija">mumija</a>. Poznaju drveni i koštani ugljen, <a href="/wiki/Oker" title="Oker">oker</a>, kredu, <a href="/wiki/Cinober" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinober">cinober</a> i <a href="/wiki/Malahit" title="Malahit">malahit</a>. Od veziva upotrebljavaju kožno tutkalo, <a href="/wiki/Jaje" title="Jaje">bjelanjak</a>, žutanjak, vosak i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazein (stranica ne postoji)">kazein</a>. Iz tog su doba i počeci slikanja <a href="/wiki/Freska" title="Freska">freski</a> (zidne slike na svježoj <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDbuka" title="Žbuka">žbuci</a>). Razvitak likovne umjetnosti bio je osobito jak u <a href="/wiki/Stara_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Stara Grčka">staroj Grčkoj</a>. Pigmenti su bili bijele, crne, crvene i žute zemljane boje, a vezivo vosak, konopljino i makovo <a href="/wiki/Ulja" title="Ulja">ulje</a>, tutkalo i med. Način slikanja bio je fresko i <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> (tehnika slikanja bojama od smjese pigmenata i različitih ljepljivih tvari, ponajviše žumanjka, smolastih ljepila i slično). Kasnije se razvilo slikarstvo na drvenim i koštenim pločicama s voskom kao vezivom za zemljane boje, što je bio napredak prema slikanju s temperama ili slikanju fresaka. </p><p>Za zaštitu drvenih i metalnih površina već su se u prošlosti s većim ili manjim uspjehom upotrebljavale različite vrste prirodnih smola i <a href="/wiki/Balzamiranje" title="Balzamiranje">balzama</a>, voskovi, ekstrakti biljaka, masnoće, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumenske</a> tvari iz <a href="/wiki/Mrtvo_more" title="Mrtvo more">Mrtvog mora</a> i slično. Obojenja su se dobivala utrljavanjem zemljanih boja u vezivo ili pomoću obojenih tvari iz raznovrsnih biljaka tropskog i suptropskog podneblja. U srednjem vijeku kao zaštitna sredstva bile su već poznate neke vrste <a href="/wiki/Uljene_boje" title="Uljene boje">uljanih boja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asfalt" title="Asfalt">asfaltnih</a> lakova, <a href="/wiki/Jantar" title="Jantar">jantarskih</a> lakova, otopina gumiarabike i slično. <a href="/wiki/Brod" title="Brod">Brodovi</a> su se impregnirali i otopljenim smolama u nesušivu ulju. Kasnije se pod utjecajem istočnih zemalja za impregnaciju drva i brodova počelo upotrebljavati i <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetinja%C4%8De" title="Četinjače">četinarsko</a> ulje. Od <a href="/wiki/Arapi" title="Arapi">Arapa</a> je preuzeto <a href="/wiki/Terpentin" title="Terpentin">terpentinsko</a> ulje kao <a href="/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo">otapalo</a>, a kineski utjecaj potaknuo je, između ostaloga, i nekoć vrlo raširenu upotrebu takozvanog ruj laka, koji se pripravljao nepoznatim postupkom od sokova biljke ruj ili sumak (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>Toxicodendron vernicifluum</i>). Metode i postupci obično su se držali u tajnosti i prelazili su s oca na sina, pa su mnogi načini zaštite ostali zagubljeni. Svi su ti načini u likovnoj umjetnosti i u zaštiti površina više ili manje zadržali kroz čitav srednji i dio novog vijeka. Tek se u 15. stoljeću u <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska">Nizozemskoj</a> (braća Eyck) po prvi put počelo upotrebljavati sušivo ulje kao vezivo u koje su se utrljali pigmenti. Sušivo ulje bilo je i ranije poznato (10. stoljeće), ali nije bilo upotrijebljeno u širem smislu. </p><p>Prva proizvodnja zaštitnih pokrivnih sredstva počela je u 17. stoljeću u Nizozemskoj zbog dobro razvijene <a href="/wiki/Brodogradnja" title="Brodogradnja">brodogradnje</a>. U 18. stoljeću počelo se u <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuskoj</a> proizvodnjom <a href="/wiki/Firnis" title="Firnis">firnisa</a> i sušivih ulja. Međutim, prva organizirana proizvodnja lakova i boja u <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europi</a> počela je tek u 19. stoljeću. Paralelno se razvijala i proizvodnja pigmenata. Prvi anorganski pigment pripravljen je 1704. Bilo je to pariško modrilo. Zaredali su novi pigmenti, i to među najvažnijima <a href="/wiki/Olovno_bjelilo" title="Olovno bjelilo">olovno bjelilo</a> (1759), <a href="/wiki/Cinober" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinober">cinober</a> (1785), kromove žute i zelene boje (1809), švajnfurtsko zelenilo (1814), ultramarin (1828), <a href="/wiki/Litopon" title="Litopon">litopon</a> (1850), cinkovo bjelilo (1850), a nakon toga započelo se sintezom organskih pigmenata. </p><p>U vremenu do <a href="/wiki/Prvi_svjetski_rat" title="Prvi svjetski rat">Prvog svjetskog rata</a> kao veziva u lakovima i bojama prevladavala su prirodna sušiva i polusušiva ulja, a od smola <a href="/wiki/Kolofonij" title="Kolofonij">kolofonij</a> (iz balzama drveta četinara), kopali (recentne fosilne smole), <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0elak" title="Šelak">šelak</a> (iz smolastog ekskreta ličinke biljne uši), različite vrste <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumena</a>, te niz veziva manje važnosti. Od tada se ponuda sirovina za proizvodnju lakova i boja bitno promijenio. U vremenu između dva svjetska rata, a osobito nakon <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugog svjetskog rata</a>, u proizvodnji lakova i boja prešlo se od iskustvenog (empirijskog) načina rada na razvojno istraživačke studije povezane s <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_industrija" title="Kemijska industrija">kemijskom industrijom</a> i proizvodnjom opreme. Uvedena je nova <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologija</a> i novi uređaji, te postrojenja za postupke miješanja, dispergiranja, <a href="/wiki/Filtracija" title="Filtracija">filtriranja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakiranje" title="Pakiranje">pakiranja</a> i drugo. Proširila se i primjena lakova i boja, pa se bitno promijenio način njihova nanošenja na podlogu i sušenja. Anorganskom i organskom sintezom priređeni pigmenti i <a href="/wiki/Punilo" title="Punilo">punila</a> postojani su u određenim uvjetima (otpornost prema svjetlu, višim <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturama</a>, kemijskim utjecajima), zatim novi aditivi i nove vrste otapala, a nadasve nove vrste veziva, koja su glavni nosioci kvalitete lakova i boja. </p><p>Na poboljšanje svojstava i povećanje ponude lakova i boja osobit utjecaj imala je sinteza novih vrsta veziva kao glavnih nosilaca njihovih kvaliteta. Prvi važniji korak bio je oplemenjivanje prirodnih smola, što je postalo moguće kada su se pojavile prve <a href="/wiki/Fenoli" title="Fenoli">fenolne</a> smole (1909.). Čiste fenolne smole, tipa Novolak ili tipa Resol, nisu bile mnogo važne. Međutim, prirodnim smolama izmijenjene fenolne smole tipa Albertol (1917.) značile su bitan napredak u sirovinskoj bazi za lakove i boje (umjetni kopali). To vrijedi i za fenolne smole plastificirane masnim kiselinama i za alkilfenolne smole. Uz razvoj prvih sintetskih smola uvedene su kao vezivo 1920. I otopine <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloznih</a> <a href="/wiki/Derivat" title="Derivat">derivata</a> (otopine celuloznih <a href="/wiki/Esteri" title="Esteri">estera</a> i celuloznih <a href="/wiki/Eteri" title="Eteri">etera</a>), te <a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">kloriranih</a> <a href="/wiki/Kau%C4%8Duk" title="Kaučuk">kaučuka</a> (1930.). Te su sirovine u svoje vrijeme označivale pravi preokret u brzini sušenja nanesenog filma. Primjena tih derivata zahtijevala je nove vrste organskih otapala i omekšivača, te novu tehnologiju nanošenja lakova i boja na podlogu. Veoma uspješan razvoj započeo je 1931. sintezom alkidnih smola, a zatim i njihovim modifikacijama s uljima, masnim kiselinama, <a href="/wiki/Izocijanati" title="Izocijanati">izocijanatima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stiren" title="Stiren">stirenima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikonima</a> i tako dalje. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkidne_smole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkidne smole (stranica ne postoji)">Alkidne smole</a> ostale su do danas glavna <a href="/wiki/Sirovine" title="Sirovine">sirovinska</a> baza za veziva lakova i boja. Na <a href="/wiki/Tr%C5%BEi%C5%A1te" title="Tržište">tržište</a> dolaze stalno nove vrste tih smola, jer se alkidne smole (čiste, gliptalne) mogu lako izmijeniti ugradnjom različitih kemijskih grupa u njihovu molekulu. Poliakrilatne smole (1935.) i njihove disperzije u vodi i danas su vrlo važne sirovine u paleti lakova i boja. Kasnije su se razvile i melaminske smole (1937.), što je omogućilo stvaranje alkidno-melaminskih kombinacija za pečene lakove i boje. </p><p>Naročiti interes pobudili su sintetski proizvodi za pripravu takozvanih reaktivnih lakova i boja. To su višekomponentna prekrivna sredstva kojima komponente međusobno kemijski reagiraju tek na površini na koju su nanesena. Zbog polikondenzacijskih i poliadicijskih reakcija u toku sušenja nastane čvrst film vrlo dobrih zaštitnih svojstava. U tu se grupu ubrajaju lakovi i boje na osnovi poliuretanskih (1937.), poliesterskih i <a href="/wiki/Epoksidne_smole" title="Epoksidne smole">epoksidnih</a> (1948.) smola i njihovih derivata. Poslije 1939. mnoštvo <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimera</a>, prije svega polivinilacetat i <a href="/wiki/Poli(vinil-klorid)" title="Poli(vinil-klorid)">polivinilklorid</a>, primijenjeno je u industriji lakova i boja, dajući im posebna svojstva koja su važna osobito u <a href="/wiki/Graditeljstvo" title="Graditeljstvo">graditeljstvu</a>. Razvio se i niz visokomolekularnih tvari kao veziva za lakove i boje, na primjer poliakrilatni esteri, naknadno klorirani polivinilkloridi, disperzije polivinilacetata, stirenbutadieni i tako dalje. Napredak je bio postignut i sintezom silikonskih smola (1950.), koje se primjenjuju u specijalne svrhe ili kao kao modifikatori drugih vrsta smola povećavajući njihovu otpornost prema različitim štetnim utjecajima. </p><p>Preokret u razvoju lakova i boja započeo je sintezom vodotopivih alkidnih smola (1957.). Naime, većina lakova i boja sadrži i do 50% organskih otapala, pa je uvođenje novih sintetskih smola, koje omogućuju upotrebu vode kao otapala uz neznatan dodatak organskih otapala, veliko poboljšanje iz ekonomskih, ekoloških i tehničkih razloga. Nakon primjene prvih vodotopivih alkidnih smola razvila se sinteza i ostalih smola topljivih u vodi kao što su melaminske, fenolne, poliesterske, poliakrilatne, epoksidne, epoksidno-esterske i druge smole, kojih razvoj može značiti preokret u proizvodnji i primjeni lakova i boja. Ta su nova veziva sve više važna, posebno s gledišta <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%A1tita_okoli%C5%A1a" title="Zaštita okoliša">zaštite okoliša</a> i sigurnosti od <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEar" title="Požar">požara</a>. Treba istaknuti i razvoj preškastih smola, ponajviše epoksidnih, za proizvodnju boja u prahu koje se nanose elektrostatski (1965.), te veziva s visokim sadržajem suhe tvari (1973.), što smanjuje upotrebu otapala. Proizvodnja lakova i boja usko je, dakle, povezana s razvojem organske i anorganske sintetske kemije, kojih su mnogi proizvodi osnovne sirovine za lakove i boje.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boje_i_lakovi">Boje i lakovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Boje i lakovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Boje i lakovi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Boje i lakovi</b> je skupni naziv za tekuće, do pastozne ili praškaste smjese tvari, koje se u tankom sloju nanose na površinu metala, <a href="/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali">mineralnih</a> podloga (<a href="/wiki/Beton" title="Beton">beton</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDbuka" title="Žbuka">žbuka</a> i slično), drva, <a href="/wiki/Plastika" title="Plastika">plastike</a> i drugih <a href="/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal">materijala</a>, gdje fizikalnim ili kemijskim promjenama (sušenje) stvaraju tanak film (nalič, premaz). Osnovna im je namjena zaštita podloge od štetnih utjecaja okoline, a također svojim izgledom i bojom uljepšavaju predmete ili pak služe za njihovo označivanje. Posebne namjene imaju grafičke i <a href="/wiki/Slikarske_tehnike" title="Slikarske tehnike">slikarske boje</a>, lakovi za nokte i kosu i slično. </p><p>Osnovni su sastojci boja i lakova <a href="/wiki/Vezivo" title="Vezivo">veziva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo">otapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punilo" title="Punilo">punila</a> i dodatci. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lak</a> je naziv za smjesu bez pigmenata i punila, pa je njegov film proziran i bezbojan. Smjesa koja sadrži i bijele, crne ili obojene pigmente, što pak filmu daju neprozirnost i obojenost, a često sadrži i punila, naziva se bojom, a sjajna završna boja lak-bojom. Poluprozirna boja s malo pigmenata, koji drvenoj podlozi daju obojenost, ali njezina struktura ostaje vidljivom, zove se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazura (stranica ne postoji)">lazura</a>. </p><p>Veziva, kao najvažniji sastojci boja i lakova, tvore film koji povezuje sve sastojke međusobno i s podlogom. To su, uz iznimku vodotopljivih <a href="/wiki/Silikati" title="Silikati">silikata</a>, organske tvari, uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Polimeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Polimeri">polimeri</a> (prirodne i sintetske <a href="/wiki/Smola" title="Smola">smole</a>), zatim sušiva <a href="/wiki/Ulja" title="Ulja">ulja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firnis" title="Firnis">firnis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak">voskovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asfalt" title="Asfalt">asfalti</a>, derivati <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloze</a>. Najvažnija su veziva poliesterske (uglavnom alkidne), vinilne, akrilne, epoksidne, poliuretanske, silikonske i druge sintetske smole (<a href="/wiki/Polimeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Polimeri">polimerni materijali</a>). Otapala služe za otapanje veziva i postizanje prikladne <a href="/wiki/Viskoznost" title="Viskoznost">viskoznosti</a> za proizvodnju i primjenu boja i lakova. Kako su to hlapljive, zapaljive, po zdravlje i okoliš opasne tekućine, danas se njihova upotreba nastoji izbjeći (upotrebom praškastih boja za metale) ili bar ograničiti (upotrebom boja i lakova s velikim udjelom suhe tvari, zabranom upotrebe najopasnijih vrsta). Najvažnija je ipak zamjena <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodom</a> kao otapalom za vodotopljive smole, a pogotovo kao sredstvom u kojem su dispergirane fine čestice organskih polimera, koji imaju ulogu veziva za disperzijske boje. </p><p>Dobro prianjanje i trajnost zaštite osigurava podloga očišćena od <a href="/wiki/Korozija" title="Korozija">hrđe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masno%C4%87e" class="mw-redirect" title="Masnoće">masnoće</a> i drugih nečistoća, a metalne se podloge često i predobrađuju (fosfatiranje, <a href="/wiki/Kromiranje" title="Kromiranje">kromiranje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eloksiranje" title="Eloksiranje">eloksiranje</a>). Boje i lakovi nanose se na podlogu ličenjem (<a href="/wiki/Kist" title="Kist">kistom</a>, valjkom), štrcanjem (s pomoću stlačenog zraka, elektrostatički), uranjanjem (običnim ili uz elektroforezu) ili <a href="/wiki/Lijevanje" title="Lijevanje">lijevanjem</a>. Iz nanesenog tankog sloja najprije ispari otapalo, što je za neke vrste boja i lakova (na primjer nitro lak) dovoljno za stvaranje suhog filma (fizikalno sušenje). U ostalim vrstama nastaje kemijsko sušenje, tijekom kojega vezivo kemijskom reakcijom prelazi u visokomolekularne prostorno umrežene strukture – čvrsti film. Najčešće su reakcije: <a href="/wiki/Polimerizacija" title="Polimerizacija">polimerizacija</a> (obično <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisikom</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zraka</a> ili reakcijom dvaju vrsta veziva) i polikondenzacija. Sve se češće umrežavanje polimera znatno ubrzava s pomoću <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastog</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenog zračenja</a> ili bombardiranja elektronskim snopom. </p><p>Boje i lakovi razlikuju se prema vrsti i udjelu veziva, prema prozirnosti, obojenosti, sjaju (sjajni, polusjajni i bez sjaja – zagasiti), prema posebnim učincima (metalizirani, fluorescentni), prema ulozi i redoslijedu nanošenja u sustavu zaštite (temeljni, međuslojni, pokrivni), prema zaštitnim svojstvima, podlozi na koju se nanose i tako dalje.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>lak</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=35163">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Tehnička enciklopedija" (<b>Boje i lakovi</b>), glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>boje i lakovi </b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://enciklopedija.hr//natuknica.aspx?ID=8461">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lak&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/boje-i-lakovi-ljepila/">Boje i lakovi</a> Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija, portal hrvatske tehničke baštine. <a href="/wiki/LZMK" class="mw-redirect" title="LZMK">LZMK</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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