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id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vestibule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vestibule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vestibule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vestibule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staircase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staircase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Staircase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staircase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_room" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_room"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reading room</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_room-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurentian Library</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المكتبة اللورنتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المكتبة اللورنتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurensiana_kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="Laurensiana kitabxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laurensiana kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бібліятэка Лаўрэнціяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бібліятэка Лаўрэнціяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Библиотека Лауренциана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библиотека Лауренциана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Laurenziana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicejsk%C3%A1_knihovna_ve_Florencii" title="Medicejská knihovna ve Florencii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medicejská knihovna ve Florencii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Λαυρεντιανή Βιβλιοθήκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαυρεντιανή Βιβλιοθήκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Laurenciana" title="Biblioteca Laurenciana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca Laurenciana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C5%ADrenca_Biblioteko" title="Laŭrenca Biblioteko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laŭrenca Biblioteko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کتابخانه لورنزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه لورنزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Laurentienne" title="Bibliothèque Laurentienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque Laurentienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%EC%B2%B4%EC%95%84_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A0%8C%EC%B9%98%EC%95%84%EB%82%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="메디체아 라우렌치아나 도서관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메디체아 라우렌치아나 도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Laurenziana" title="Perpustakaan Laurenziana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpustakaan Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הספרייה הלורנציאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספרייה הלורנציאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Laurenziana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biblioteca Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_kutubxonasi" title="Laurentian kutubxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laurentian kutubxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteka Laurenziana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblioteka Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Библиотека Лауренциана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиотека Лауренциана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Laurenciane" title="Biblioteka Laurenciane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biblioteka Laurenciane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi%C4%8Dejska_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Medičejska knjižnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medičejska knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Medi%C4%8Di_Laurencijana" title="Biblioteka Mediči Laurencijana – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Biblioteka Mediči Laurencijana" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteka Laurenziana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biblioteka Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Laurenziana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biblioteca Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Lorenzo Kütüphanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lorenzo Kütüphanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бібліотека Лауренціана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бібліотека Лауренціана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%A5%9E%E4%BD%90%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="老楞佐图书馆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老楞佐图书馆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="longitude">11°15′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.774521°N 11.253374°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.774521; 11.253374</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Library in Florence, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicibib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Medicibib.jpg/250px-Medicibib.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Medicibib.jpg/375px-Medicibib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Medicibib.jpg/500px-Medicibib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">The Laurentian Library can be identified in the long row of windows above the cloister extending to the left of the photograph; the taller structure with two rows of windows immediately to its right is the vestibule.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_e1d0adc2ababf865f4770e79ebad5361bb4ecd0b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Laurentian_Library&revid=1254473676&groups=_e1d0adc2ababf865f4770e79ebad5361bb4ecd0b" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Laurentian_Library&revid=1254473676&groups=_e1d0adc2ababf865f4770e79ebad5361bb4ecd0b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Laurentian Library</b> (<b>Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana</b> or <b>BML</b>) is a historic library in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, containing more than 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> and 4,500 early printed books.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built in a cloister of the Medicean <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Lorenzo_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze">Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze</a> under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, the library was built to emphasize that the Medici were no longer just merchants but members of intelligent and ecclesiastical society. It contains the manuscripts and books belonging to the private library of the Medici family. The library building is renowned for its architecture that was designed by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and is an example of <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-build_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the book-bound manuscripts in the library are identified in its <i>Codex Laurentianus</i>. The library conserves the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rabula_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabula Gospels">Rabula Gospels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Squarcialupi_Codex" title="Squarcialupi Codex">Squarcialupi Codex</a>, and the fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Erinna" title="Erinna">Erinna</a> papyrus that contains part of her <i>Distaff</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Laurentian Library was commissioned in 1523 and construction began in 1525; however, when Michelangelo left Florence in 1534, only the walls of the reading room were complete. It was then continued by <a href="/wiki/Tribolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribolo">Tribolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Ammannati</a> based on plans and verbal instructions from Michelangelo. The library opened by 1571. In this way, the library integrates parts executed by Michelangelo with others built much later in an interpretation of his instructions. The Laurentian Library is one of Michelangelo's most important architectural achievements. Even Michelangelo's contemporaries realized that the innovations and use of space in the Laurentian Library were revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The admirable distribution of the windows, the construction of the ceiling, and the fine entrance of the Vestibule can never be sufficiently extolled. Boldness and grace are equally conspicuous in the work as a whole, and in every part; in the cornices, corbels, the niches for statues, the commodious staircase, and its fanciful division, in all the building, as a word, which is so unlike the common fashion of treatment, that every one stands amazed at the sight thereof. – Giorgio Vasari.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The two-story <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">quattrocento</a> cloister remained unchanged by the addition of the library. Because of this, certain features of Michelangelo's plan, such as length and width, were already determined. Therefore, new walls were built on pre-existing walls and <a href="/wiki/Cloisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloisters">cloisters</a>. Because the walls were built on pre-existing walls, recessing the columns into the walls was a structural necessity. This led to a unique style and pattern that Michelangelo took advantage of.<sup id="cite_ref-build_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana,_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo,_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_07.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_07.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_07.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3394" data-file-height="4487" /></a><figcaption>The vestibule</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vestibule">Vestibule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vestibule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vestibule, also known as the <i>ricetto</i>, is 10.50 m long, 10.50 m wide, and 14.6 m tall (34.5 by 34.5 by 48 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built above existing monastic quarters on the east range of the cloister, with an entrance from the upper level of the cloisters. Originally, Michelangelo planned for a skylight, but Clement VII believed that it would cause the roof to leak, so clerestory windows were incorporated into the west wall. Blank tapering windows—framed in <a href="/wiki/Pietra_serena" title="Pietra serena">pietra serena</a>, surmounted by either triangular or segmental pediments, and separated by paired columns set into the wall—circumscribe the interior of the vestibule.<sup id="cite_ref-build_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lit by windows in bays that are articulated by <a href="/wiki/Pilasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilasters">pilasters</a> corresponding to the beams of the ceiling, with a tall constricted <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibule (Architecture)">vestibule</a> (executed to Michelangelo's design in 1559 by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a><sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that is filled with a stair that flows up to (and down from) the entrance to the reading room, the library is often mentioned as a prototype of <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> in architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana,_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_03.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_03.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_03.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_vestibolo_e_scala_di_michelangelo%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7043" data-file-height="8330" /></a><figcaption>Staircase</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurentian_library_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Laurentian_library_plan.jpg/220px-Laurentian_library_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Laurentian_library_plan.jpg/330px-Laurentian_library_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Laurentian_library_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Vestibule plan, after <a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Banister Fletcher</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staircase">Staircase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Staircase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plan of the stairs changed dramatically in the design phase. Originally in the first design in 1524, two flights of stairs were placed against the side walls and formed a bridge in front of the reading room door. A year later, the stairway was moved to the middle of the vestibule. <a href="/wiki/Tribolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribolo">Tribolo</a> attempted to carry out this plan in 1550, but nothing was built. Ammannati took on the challenge of interpreting Michelangelo's ideas to the best of his abilities using a small clay model, scanty material, and Michelangelo's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The staircase leads up to the reading room and takes up half of the floor of the vestibule. The treads of the centre flights are convex and vary in width, while the outer flights are straight. The three lowest steps of the central flight are wider and higher than the others, almost like concentric oval slabs. As the stairway descends, it divides into three flights.<sup id="cite_ref-build_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana,_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo%2C_01.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo%2C_01.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo%2C_01.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana%2C_sala_di_lettura_di_michelangelo%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>The reading room</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_room">Reading room</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reading room"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reading room is 46.20 m. long, 10.50 m. wide, and 8.4 m. high (152 by 35 by 28 feet). There are two blocks of seats separated by a centre aisle with the backs of each seat serving as desks for the benches behind them. The desks are lit by the evenly spaced windows along the wall. The windows are framed by pilasters, forming a system of bays that articulate the layout of the ceiling and floor.<sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the reading room was built upon an existing story, Michelangelo had to reduce the weight of the reading-room walls. The system of frames and layers in the wall articulation reduced the volume and weight of the bays between the pilasters.<sup id="cite_ref-aii_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aii-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beneath the current wooden floor of the library in the Reading Room is a series of 15 rectangular red and white <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_cotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra cotta">terra cotta</a></i> floor panels. These panels, measuring 8-foot-6-inch (2.59 m) on a side, when viewed in sequence demonstrate basic principles of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>. It is believed that these tiles were arranged so as to be visible under the furniture originally planned; but this furniture was later changed to increase the number of reading desks in the room.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg/220px-LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg/330px-LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg/440px-LaurentianLibFromStairway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>The reading room viewed from the top of the stairs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG/220px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG/330px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG/440px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_sala_lettura_moderna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Bibliotheca Medicea is also a fully modern scholarly library.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i>ricetto</i>, critics have noted that the recessed columns in the vestibule make the walls resemble taut skin stretched between vertical supports. This caused the room to appear as if it mimics the human body, which at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> was believed to be the ideal form. The columns of the building also appear to be supported on <a href="/wiki/Corbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbels">corbels</a> so that the weight seems to be carried on weak elements. Because of the seeming instability of the structure, the viewer cannot discern whether the roof is supported by the columns or the walls. This sense of ambiguity is heightened by the unorthodox forms of the windows and, especially, by the compressed quality of all architectural elements, which creates a sense of tension and constrained energy.<sup id="cite_ref-build_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the classical orders in the space is particularly significant. The recessed columns superficially appear to be of the austere and undecorated Doric order, typically considered to have a more masculine character. The Doric order would be placed at the base in a hierarchy of orders, as found in Roman buildings such as the Colosseum, with the Ionic, Composite, and Corinthian being progressively lighter and more decorative and feminine. However, closer examination establishes that the Composite order is used, but with the characteristic decorative acanthus leaves and diagonal volutes of the capitals stripped off, leaving the top of the column denuded. In architectural terms, the removal is an act of violence that is unprecedented in mannerism, and a sophistication that would not have escaped contemporary observers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The dynamic sculpture of the staircase appears to pour forth like lava from the upper level and reduces the floor space of the vestibule in a highly unusual way. In the central flight, the convex treads vary in width, which makes the entire arrangement disquieting.<sup id="cite_ref-build_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sharp contrast to the vestibule and staircase, the reading room's evenly spaced windows set between pilasters in the side walls let in copious amounts of natural light and create a serene, quiet, and restful appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-build_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_culture">Contemporary culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a> stated that the vestibule and the walls in the staircase of the library influenced his 1959 <a href="/wiki/Seagram_murals" title="Seagram murals">Seagram murals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG/210px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG/315px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG/420px-Biblioteca_medicea_laurenziana_vestibolo_15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/michelangelo-laurentian-library1.html">Michelangelo, Laurentian Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection">Collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1571, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I">Cosimo I</a>, Grand Duke of Tuscany, opened the still-incomplete library to scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable additions to the collection were made by its most famous librarian, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Maria_Bandini" title="Angelo Maria Bandini">Angelo Maria Bandini</a>, who was appointed in 1757 and oversaw its printed catalogues. </p><p>The Laurentian Library houses approximately 11,000 manuscripts, 2,500 papyri, 43 ostraca, 566 incunabula, 1,681 sixteenth-century prints, and 126,527 prints of the seventeenth to twentieth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core collection consists of approximately 3,000 manuscripts, indexed by Giovanni Rondinelli and Baccio Valori in 1589, which were placed on parapets (<i>plutei</i>) at the library's opening in 1571. These manuscripts have the signature <i>Pluteus</i> or <i>Pluteo</i> (<i>Plut.</i>). These manuscripts include the library the Medici collected during the fifteenth century, which were re-acquired by Giovanni di Medici (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>) in 1508 and moved to Florence in the 1520s by Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>). The Medici library was enlarged by collections assembled by Francesco Sassetti and Francesco Filelfo, manuscripts acquired by Leo X, and by the library of the Dominican convent of <a href="/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence" title="San Marco, Florence">San Marco</a>. </p><p>The library conserves the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, the major source of pre-conquest information about Aztec life in the western hemisphere. Among other well-known manuscripts in the Laurentian Library are the sixth-century Syriac <a href="/wiki/Rabula_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabula Gospels">Rabula Gospels</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a> that contains the earliest surviving manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin Vulgate Bible</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Squarcialupi_Codex" title="Squarcialupi Codex">Squarcialupi Codex</a> that is an important early musical manuscript; and a papyrus which preserves part of the ancient Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Erinna" title="Erinna">Erinna</a>'s long poem, the <i>Distaff</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">Papyrus 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">Papyrus 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_89" title="Papyrus 89">Papyrus 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0171" title="Uncial 0171">Uncial 0171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0174" title="Uncial 0174">Uncial 0174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_458" title="Minuscule 458">Minuscule 458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_619" title="Minuscule 619">Minuscule 619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_836_(Gregory-Aland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule 836 (Gregory-Aland)">Minuscule 836 (Gregory-Aland)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Medicean-Laurentian Library</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicean-Laurentian+Library&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-build-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-build_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence, <i>Buildings across Time</i> (London: Lawrence King Publishing Ltd, 2009), pp. 308–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aii-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aii_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lotz, Wolfgang; Howard, Deborah, <i>Architecture in Italy, 1500–1600</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 91–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasari, Giorgio; Blashfield, Edwin Howland; Blashfield, Evangeline Wilbour; Hopkins, Albert Allis, <i>Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</i> (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1909), pp. 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcgallery.com/M/michelangelo/michelangelo66.html">"Vestibule of the Laurentian Library"</a>. <i>Olga's Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olga%27s+Gallery&rft.atitle=Vestibule+of+the+Laurentian+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcgallery.com%2FM%2Fmichelangelo%2Fmichelangelo66.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Nicholson, Jay Kappraff, and Saori Hisano, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nexusjournal.com/conferences/N1998-Nicholson.html">"The Hidden Pavement Designs of the Laurentian Library"</a>, pp. 87–98 in <i>Nexus II: Architecture and Mathematics</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Williams_(architect)" title="Kim Williams (architect)">Kim Williams</a>, Fucecchio (Florence): Edizioni dell'Erba, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosinMartin,_Ralph_R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rosin, Paul L.; Martin, Ralph R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924202230/http://ralph.cs.cf.ac.uk/papers/Geometry/Laurentian.pdf">"Hidden Inscriptions in the Laurentian Library"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of Int. Soc. Arts, Mathematics, and Architecture (ISAMA)</i>: 37–44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ralph.cs.cf.ac.uk/papers/Geometry/Laurentian.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Int.+Soc.+Arts%2C+Mathematics%2C+and+Architecture+%28ISAMA%29&rft.atitle=Hidden+Inscriptions+in+the+Laurentian+Library&rft.pages=37-44&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rosin&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ralph+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fralph.cs.cf.ac.uk%2Fpapers%2FGeometry%2FLaurentian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Jones2002" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Jones (6 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/dec/07/artsfeatures">"Feeding fury"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Feeding+fury&rft.date=2002-12-06&rft.au=Jonathan+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2002%2Fdec%2F07%2Fartsfeatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smarth-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smarth_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/michelangelo-laurentian-library1.html">"Michelangelo, Laurentian Library"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michelangelo%2C+Laurentian+Library&rft.pub=Smarthistory+at+Khan+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.khanacademy.org%2Fmichelangelo-laurentian-library1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurentian+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/it/fondi.htm">Fondi principali</a> (bml.firenze.sbn.it)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pierre Petitmengin – Laetitia Ciccolini, <i>Jean Matal et la bibliothèque de Saint Marc de Florence (1545)</i>, "Italia medioevale e umanistica", 46, 2005, pp. 207–238.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentian_Library&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biblioteca_Medicea_Laurenziana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana">Laurentian Library</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/index_ing.htm">Official website</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050531234233/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/giorgio.vasari/michel/michel7.htm">Photographs of the library and vestibule, with remarks by Giorgio Vasari</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Willis_Clark" title="John Willis Clark">Clark, J. W.</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Vatican_Library_of_Sixtus_IV" class="extiw" title="s:On the Vatican Library of Sixtus IV">On the Vatican Library of Sixtus IV</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laurentian_Library&params=43.774521_N_11.253374_E_type:landmark_region:IT"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°46′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°15′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.774521°N 11.253374°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.774521; 11.253374</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Michelangelo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;;background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michelangelo" title="Template:Michelangelo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michelangelo" title="Template talk:Michelangelo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michelangelo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michelangelo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michelangelo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Michelangelo" title="List of works by Michelangelo">List of works</a></b></li> <li>✻ attributed</li> <li>†lost</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Sculptures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sculptures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1488–1492</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Faun" title="Head of a Faun">Head of a Faun</a></i>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Stairs" title="Madonna of the Stairs">Madonna of the Stairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Centaurs_(Michelangelo)" title="Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)">Battle of the Centaurs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifix_(Michelangelo)" title="Crucifix (Michelangelo)">Crucifix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Bologna, 1494–1495</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Additions to the <a href="/wiki/Arca_di_San_Domenico" title="Arca di San Domenico">Arca di San Domenico</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petronius_(Michelangelo)" title="Saint Petronius (Michelangelo)">Saint Petronius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Proculus_(Michelangelo)" title="Saint Proculus (Michelangelo)">Saint Proculus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_(Michelangelo)" title="Angel (Michelangelo)">Angel</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Rome, 1496–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Cupid_(Michelangelo)" title="Sleeping Cupid (Michelangelo)">Sleeping Cupid</a></i>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Michelangelo)" title="Bacchus (Michelangelo)">Bacchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Cupid_(Michelangelo)" title="Sleeping Cupid (Michelangelo)">Standing Cupid</a></i>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence, 1501–1505</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Bruges" title="Madonna of Bruges">Madonna of Bruges</a></i></li> <li>Additions to the <a href="/wiki/Piccolomini_Altarpiece" title="Piccolomini Altarpiece">Piccolomini Altarpiece</a> <ul><li><i>Saints Peter</i>, <i>Paul</i>, <i>Pius</i> and <i>Gregory</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitti_Tondo" title="Pitti Tondo">Pitti Tondo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taddei_Tondo" title="Taddei Tondo">Taddei Tondo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew_(Michelangelo)" title="Saint Matthew (Michelangelo)">Saint Matthew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Bronzes" title="Rothschild Bronzes">Rothschild Bronzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Tomb of Pope Julius II">Tomb of Julius II</a>, 1505–1545</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebellious_Slave" title="Rebellious Slave">Rebellious Slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Slave" title="Dying Slave">Dying Slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Slave" title="Young Slave">Young Slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearded_Slave" title="Bearded Slave">Bearded Slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Slave" title="Atlas Slave">Atlas Slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_Slave" title="Awakening Slave">Awakening Slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Victory" title="The Genius of Victory">The Genius of Victory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rachel_(sculpture)" title="Rachel (sculpture)">Rachel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leah_(sculpture)" title="Leah (sculpture)">Leah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence, 1516–1534</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Risen_Christ_(Michelangelo,_Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva)" title="Risen Christ (Michelangelo, Santa Maria sopra Minerva)">Christ Carrying the Cross</a></i></li> <li>Medici Chapel <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Portrait of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night (Michelangelo)">Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Day_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day (Michelangelo)">Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusk_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusk (Michelangelo)">Dusk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn (Michelangelo)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medici_Madonna" title="Medici Madonna">Medici Madonna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(Michelangelo)" title="Apollo (Michelangelo)">Apollo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Boy" title="Crouching Boy">Crouching Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Rome, 1534–1564</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brutus_(Michelangelo)" title="Brutus (Michelangelo)">Brutus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Michelangelo)" title="The Deposition (Michelangelo)">Florentine Pietà</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestrina_Piet%C3%A0" title="Palestrina Pietà">Palestrina Pietà</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Piet%C3%A0" title="Rondanini Pietà">Rondanini Pietà</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Paintings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paintings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center">Panel paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony" title="The Torment of Saint Anthony">The Torment of Saint Anthony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Madonna" title="Manchester Madonna">Manchester Madonna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Entombment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Entombment (Michelangelo)">The Entombment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doni_Tondo" title="Doni Tondo">Doni Tondo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Michelangelo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)">Leda and the Swan</a></i>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio#Salone_dei_Cinquecento" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Salone dei Cinquecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cascina_(Michelangelo)" title="Battle of Cascina (Michelangelo)">Battle of Cascina</a></i>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">(ceiling gallery)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Ceiling</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Light_from_Darkness" title="Separation of Light from Darkness">Separation of Light from Darkness</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_Sun,_Moon,_and_Plants" title="The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants">The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Daniel_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Daniel (Michelangelo)">Prophet Daniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Isaiah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Isaiah (Michelangelo)">Prophet Isaiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jeremiah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jeremiah (Michelangelo)">Prophet Jeremiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Joel_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Joel (Michelangelo)">Prophet Joel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jonah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jonah (Michelangelo)">Prophet Jonah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Pauline Chapel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter_(Michelangelo)" title="The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Michelangelo)">The Crucifixion of Saint Peter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saul_(Michelangelo)" title="The Conversion of Saul (Michelangelo)">The Conversion of Saul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Architecture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Florence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagrestia_Nuova" title="Sagrestia Nuova">New Sacristy</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurentian Library</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">Basilica of San Lorenzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill#Piazza" title="Capitoline Hill">Piazza del Campidoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_San_Michele_(Rome)" title="Tor San Michele (Rome)">Tor San Michele</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">San Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EAEAAE; text-align: center;"><div id="Works_on_paper,_milieu,_etc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works on paper, milieu, etc.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Works on paper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Study_of_a_Kneeling_Nude_Girl_for_The_Entombment" title="Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment">Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Male_Back_with_a_Flag" title="Male Back with a Flag">Male Back with a Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studies_for_the_Libyan_Sibyl" title="Studies for the Libyan Sibyl">Studies for the Libyan Sibyl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Punishment_of_Tityus_(Michelangelo)" title="The Punishment of Tityus (Michelangelo)">The Punishment of Tityus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_for_Vittoria_Colonna" title="Pietà for Vittoria Colonna">Pietà for Vittoria Colonna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifania" title="Epifania">Epifania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Milieu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecchino_dei_Bracci" title="Cecchino dei Bracci">Cecchino dei Bracci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_dei_Cavalieri" title="Tommaso dei Cavalieri">Tommaso dei Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Colonna" title="Vittoria Colonna">Vittoria Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Condivi" title="Ascanio Condivi">Ascanio Condivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Perini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherardo Perini">Gherardo Perini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febo_di_Poggio" title="Febo di Poggio">Febo di Poggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_del_Riccio" title="Luigi del Riccio">Luigi del Riccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EAEAAE; text-align: center">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Buonarroti" title="Casa Buonarroti">Casa Buonarroti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_and_the_Medici" title="Michelangelo and the Medici">Michelangelo and the Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Replicas of <i>David</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Replicas of the <i>Pietà</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Titan:_Story_of_Michelangelo" title="The Titan: Story of Michelangelo"><i>The Titan: Story of Michelangelo</i> (1950 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(novel)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)"><i>The Agony and the Ecstasy</i> (1961 novel,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)">1965 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Season_of_Giants" title="A Season of Giants"><i>A Season of Giants</i> (1990 TV film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_(crater)" title="Michelangelo (crater)">Michelangelo (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_quadrangle" title="Michelangelo quadrangle">Michelangelo quadrangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Florence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Florence_landmarks" title="Template:Florence landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Florence_landmarks" title="Template talk:Florence landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Florence_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Florence landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Florence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Museums_of_Florence" title="Museums of Florence">Museums</a>, galleries<br /> and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Buonarroti" title="Casa Buonarroti">Casa Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Guidi" title="Casa Guidi">Casa Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)"><i>David</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Archimedes" title="Garden of Archimedes">Garden of Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_del_Bigallo" title="Loggia del Bigallo">Loggia del Bigallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_del_Mercato_Nuovo" title="Loggia del Mercato Nuovo">Loggia del Mercato Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_del_Pesce" title="Loggia del Pesce">Loggia del Pesce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia_Rucellai" title="Loggia Rucellai">Loggia Rucellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Galileo" title="Museo Galileo">Museo Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Alinari_della_Fotografia" title="Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia">Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_San_Marco" title="Museo Nazionale di San Marco">Museo Nazionale di San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze" title="Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze">Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Specola" title="La Specola">La Specola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Florence" title="National Archaeological Museum, Florence">National Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_degli_Innocenti" title="Ospedale degli Innocenti">Ospedale degli Innocenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dell%27Arte_dei_Beccai" title="Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai">Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati" title="Palazzo Davanzati">Palazzo Davanzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Della_Stufa" title="Palazzo Della Stufa">Palazzo Della Stufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Gondi" title="Palazzo Gondi">Palazzo Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magi_Chapel" title="Magi Chapel">Magi Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_Museum_(Florence)" title="Porcelain Museum (Florence)">Museo delle Porcellane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spini_Feroni" title="Palazzo Spini Feroni">Palazzo Spini Feroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studiolo_of_Francesco_I" title="Studiolo of Francesco I">Studiolo of Francesco I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibbert_Museum" title="Stibbert Museum">Stibbert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasari_Corridor" title="Vasari Corridor">Vasari Corridor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlorenceCoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/60px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/90px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/120px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Basilicas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Basilicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">S Croce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroncelli_Chapel" title="Baroncelli Chapel">Baroncelli Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi_Chapel" title="Pazzi Chapel">Pazzi Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">S Lorenzo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">S Maria Novella</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornabuoni_Chapel" title="Tornabuoni Chapel">Tornabuoni Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence" title="Santissima Annunziata, Florence">SS Annunziata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence" title="San Marco, Florence">S Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence">S Maria del Carmine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel" title="Brancacci Chapel">Brancacci Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miniato_al_Monte" title="San Miniato al Monte">S Miniato al Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Spirito,_Florence" title="Santo Spirito, Florence">S Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Trinita" title="Santa Trinita">S Trinita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolini_Salimbeni_Chapel" title="Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel">Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassetti_Chapel" title="Sassetti Chapel">Sassetti Chapel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Florence" title="Category:Churches in Florence">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badia_Fiorentina" title="Badia Fiorentina">Badia Fiorentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Battistero di San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Charterhouse" title="Florence Charterhouse">Certosa del Galluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ognissanti,_Florence" title="Ognissanti, Florence">Ognissanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratorio_dei_Vanchetoni" title="Oratorio dei Vanchetoni">Oratorio dei Vanchetoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Ges%C3%B9_Pellegrino" title="Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino">Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_St_Thomas_Aquinas,_Florence" title="Oratory of St Thomas Aquinas, Florence">Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio,_Florence" title="Sant'Ambrogio, Florence">S Ambrogio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Florence" title="Santi Apostoli, Florence">Ss Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Felicita,_Florence" title="Santa Felicita, Florence">S Felicita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Frediano_in_Cestello" title="San Frediano in Cestello">S Frediano in Cestello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gaetano,_Florence" title="San Gaetano, Florence">S Gaetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovannino_degli_Scolopi" title="San Giovannino degli Scolopi">S Giovannino degli Scolopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovannino_dei_Cavalieri" title="San Giovannino dei Cavalieri">S Giovannino dei Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacopo_sopr%27Arno" title="San Jacopo sopr'Arno">S Jacopo sopr'Arno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli,_Florence" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence">S Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maddalena_dei_Pazzi" title="Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi">S Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore,_Florence" title="Santa Maria Maggiore, Florence">S Maria Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_del_Vescovo" title="San Martino del Vescovo">S Martino del Vescovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio,_Florence" title="San Pancrazio, Florence">S Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvatore_al_Vescovo" title="San Salvatore al Vescovo">S Salvatore al Vescovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvi" title="San Salvi">S Salvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Simone_e_Giuda,_Florence" title="Santi Simone e Giuda, Florence">Ss Simone e Giuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Ponte" title="Santo Stefano al Ponte">S Stefano al Ponte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towers (Torri)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torre_degli_Amidei" title="Torre degli Amidei">degli Amidei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_degli_Alberti" title="Torre degli Alberti">degli Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Belfredelli" title="Torre dei Belfredelli">dei Belfredelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Della_Bella" title="Torre dei Della Bella">dei Della Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Gianfigliazzi" title="Torre dei Gianfigliazzi">dei Gianfigliazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Mannelli" title="Torre dei Mannelli">dei Mannelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Pulci" title="Torre dei Pulci">dei Pulci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Library</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Riccardiana" title="Biblioteca Riccardiana">Biblioteca Riccardiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Institute_of_Florence" title="British Institute of Florence">British Institute of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabinetto_Vieusseux" title="Gabinetto Vieusseux">Gabinetto Vieusseux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Institut_in_Florenz" title="Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz">Kunsthistorisches Institut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurentian Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Florence)" title="National Central Library (Florence)">National Central Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Florence" title="Fountain of Neptune, Florence">Fountain of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Dante" title="Monument to Dante">Monument to Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio" title="Ponte Vecchio">Ponte Vecchio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theatres_in_Florence" title="Theatres in Florence">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale,_Florence" title="Teatro Comunale, Florence">Teatro Comunale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Florence)" title="Teatro Verdi (Florence)">Teatro Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Florence" title="List of squares in Florence">Squares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence" title="Piazza del Duomo, Florence">Piazza del Duomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Florence" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Florence">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Croce" title="Piazza Santa Croce">Piazza Santa Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Lorenzo" title="Piazza San Lorenzo">Piazza San Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazzale_Michelangelo" title="Piazzale Michelangelo">Piazzale Michelangelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Camillo_Cavour" title="Via Camillo Cavour">Via Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni" title="Via de' Tornabuoni">Via de' Tornabuoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_(fort)" title="Belvedere (fort)">Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_da_Basso" title="Fortezza da Basso">Fortezza da Basso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens and parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardini_Gardens" title="Bardini Gardens">Bardini Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boboli_Gardens" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_dell%27Iris" title="Giardino dell'Iris">Giardino dell'Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_delle_Rose" title="Giardino delle Rose">Giardino delle Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_di_Firenze" title="Orto Botanico di Firenze">Orto Botanico di Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_delle_Cascine" title="Parco delle Cascine">Parco delle Cascine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Castello" title="Villa di Castello">di Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Petraia" title="Villa La Petraia">La Petraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_at_Careggi" title="Villa Medici at Careggi">di Careggi</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino" title="Maggio Musicale Fiorentino">Maggio Musicale Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoppio_del_carro" title="Scoppio del carro">Scoppio del carro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Florence" title="Category:Districts of Florence">Districts of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Florence" title="Trams in Florence">Trams in Florence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121848498">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133196672">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1019149-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049668">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12068304t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12068304t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35694469">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Biblioteca medicea laurenziana"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148880&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/7689">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/265753">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/395185">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=231447">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500305289">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/IT-FI0100">ISIL</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028954297">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/30001781">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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