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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uruk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Uruk period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Dynastic,_Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Dynastic,_Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Dynastic,_Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruk_into_Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruk_into_Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Uruk into Late Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruk_into_Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Political history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Archaeology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuneiform_tablets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuneiform_tablets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cuneiform tablets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuneiform_tablets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_levels_of_Uruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_levels_of_Uruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Archaeological levels of Uruk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_levels_of_Uruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anu_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anu_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Anu District </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anu_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eanna_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eanna_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Eanna District </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eanna_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 List of rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uruk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%AD" title="ኦሬክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሬክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الوركاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوركاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="اوروک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوروک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="উরুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উরুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA" title="Ουρούκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουρούκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="اوروک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوروک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%AC" title="우루크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우루크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Ուրուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="उरुक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उरुक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ar%C3%BAk" title="Úrúk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úrúk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="ארך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ურუქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურუქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%BBk" title="Urûk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Urûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcho%C3%AB" title="Orchoë – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orchoë" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C5%ABka" title="Urūka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urūka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukas" title="Urukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroka" title="Oroka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oroka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ურუქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურუქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="उरुक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उरुक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF_(%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2)" title="ウルク (メソポタミア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルク (メソポタミア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruque" title="Uruque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uruque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ئورووک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئورووک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="உரூக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரூக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="อูรุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อูรุก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Урук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="乌鲁克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌鲁克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Uruk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B" title="烏魯克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烏魯克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168518#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uruk&params=31_19_27_N_45_38_14_E_type:landmark">31°19′27″N 45°38′14″E / 31.32417°N 45.63722°E / 31.32417; 45.63722</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city of Sumer and Babylonia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Uruk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Uruk (disambiguation)">Uruk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Erech" redirects here. For the fictional location in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, see <a href="/wiki/Erech_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erech (Middle-earth)">Erech (Middle-earth)</a>. For the fictional monsters in the same works, see <a href="/wiki/Uruk-hai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk-hai">Uruk-hai</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Uruk</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">𒀕𒆠, Unugᵏⁱ (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>) 𒌷𒀕 or 𒌷𒀔, Uruk (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="display-none" style="display:none;">{{{1}}}</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uruk is located in Iraq"><img alt="Uruk is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.557%;left:68.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Uruk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iraq</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna Governorate</a>, Iraq</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uruk&params=31_19_27_N_45_38_14_E_type:landmark">31°19′27″N 45°38′14″E / 31.32417°N 45.63722°E / 31.32417; 45.63722</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">6 km2 (2.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1850, 1854, 1902, 1912–1913, 1928–1939, 1953–1978, 2001–2002, 2016–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Loftus_(archaeologist)" title="William Loftus (archaeologist)">William Loftus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Andrae" title="Walter Andrae">Walter Andrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jordan" title="Julius Jordan">Julius Jordan</a>, Heinrich Lenzen, Margarete van Ess</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Uruk Archaeological City</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahwar_of_Southern_Iraq" title="Ahwar of Southern Iraq">Ahwar of Southern Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Mixed: (iii)(v)(ix)(x)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1481-005">1481-005</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2016 (40th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">541 ha (2.09 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">292 ha (1.13 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/40px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/60px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/80px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="630" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script"> cuneiform script</a> in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> Uruk, the archeological site known today as Warka, was an ancient city in the Near East, located east of the current bed of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> River, on an ancient, now-dried channel of the river in <a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna Governorate</a>, Iraq. The site lies 93 kilometers (58 miles) northwest of ancient <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, 108 kilometers (67 miles) southeast of ancient <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, and 24 kilometers (15 miles) northwest of ancient <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. It is 30 km (19 mi) east of modern <a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harmansah2007-1">[1]</a> Uruk is the <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>. Uruk played a leading role in the early urbanization of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> in the mid-4th millennium BC. By the final phase of the Uruk period around 3100 BC, the city may have had 40,000 residents,<a href="#cite_note-Nissen2003-2">[2]</a> with 80,000–90,000 people living in its environs,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> making it the largest urban area in the world at the time. <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> presented in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> (SKL), ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. After the end of the Early Dynastic period, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, the city lost its prime importance. It had periods of florescence during the <a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a>, Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> (550–330 BC), <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> (312–63 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> (227 BC to AD 224) periods, until it was finally abandoned shortly before or after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest</a> of 633–638. <a href="/wiki/William_Loftus_(archaeologist)" title="William Loftus (archaeologist)">William Kennett Loftus</a> visited the site of Uruk in 1849, identifying it as "Erech", known as "the second city of <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a>", and led the first excavations from 1850 to 1854.<a href="#cite_note-Loftus1857-4">[4]</a> In myth and literature, Uruk was famous as the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, hero of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>. Biblical scholars identify Uruk as the biblical Erech (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#10:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 10:10</a>), the second city founded by <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimrod (king)">Nimrod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> Uruk (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʊrʊk/</a>) has several spellings in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> it is 𒀕𒆠 unugᵏⁱ;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, 𒌷𒀕 or 𒌷𒀔 Uruk (<a href="/wiki/URU_(Sumerogram)" title="URU (Sumerogram)">URU</a>UNUG). Its names in other languages include: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: وركاء or أوروك, Warkāʾ or Auruk; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܐܘܿܪܘܿܟ, ʿÚrūk; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>אֶרֶךְ‎ ʾÉreḵ; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ὀρχόη, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Orkhóē, Ὀρέχ Orékh, Ὠρύγεια Ōrúgeia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warka_vase_(background_retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/250px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="517" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/330px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/500px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="6632" /></a><figcaption>Devotional scene to <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a>, c. 3200–3000 BC, Uruk. This is one of the earliest surviving works of narrative relief sculpture.</figcaption></figure> According to the SKL, Uruk was founded by the king <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a>. Though the king-list mentions a father before him, the epic <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a> relates that Enmerkar constructed the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">House of Heaven</a> (Sumerian: e₂-anna; cuneiform: 𒂍𒀭 E₂.AN) for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> in the Eanna District of Uruk. In the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Gilgamesh builds the city wall around Uruk and is king of the city. Uruk went through several phases of growth, from the Early Uruk period (4000–3500 BC) to the Late Uruk period (3500–3100 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Harmansah2007-1">[1]</a> The city was formed when two smaller <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> settlements merged. The temple complexes at their cores became the Eanna District and the Anu District dedicated to Inanna and <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Harmansah2007-1">[1]</a> The Anu District was originally called 'Kullaba' (Kulab or Unug-Kulaba) prior to merging with the Eanna District. Kullaba dates to the <a href="/wiki/Eridu_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridu period">Eridu period</a> when it was one of the oldest and most important cities of Sumer. The Eanna District was composed of several buildings with spaces for workshops, and it was walled off from the city. By contrast, the Anu District was built on a terrace with a temple at the top. It is clear Eanna was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> from the earliest Uruk period throughout the history of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu2003-7">[7]</a> The rest of the city was composed of typical courtyard houses, grouped by profession of the occupants, in districts around Eanna and Anu. Uruk was extremely well penetrated by a canal system that has been described as "<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in the desert".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> This canal system flowed throughout the city connecting it with the maritime trade on the ancient Euphrates River as well as the surrounding agricultural belt. The original city of Uruk was situated southwest of the ancient Euphrates River, now dry. Currently, the site of Warka is northeast of the modern Euphrates river. The change in position was caused by a shift in the Euphrates at some point in history, which, together with salination due to irrigation, may have contributed to the decline of Uruk. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruk_period">Uruk period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uruk period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk_expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uruk_expansion.svg/330px-Uruk_expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uruk_expansion.svg/500px-Uruk_expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Uruk_expansion.svg/960px-Uruk_expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Uruk expansion and colonial outposts, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3600–3200 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></div> In addition to being one of the first cities, Uruk was the main force of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">state formation</a> during the Uruk period, or 'Uruk expansion' (4000–3200 BC). This period of 800 years saw a shift from small, agricultural villages to a larger urban center with a full-time bureaucracy, military, and stratified society. Although other settlements coexisted with Uruk, they were generally about 10 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> while Uruk was significantly larger and more complex. The Uruk period culture exported by Sumerian traders and colonists had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. Ultimately, Uruk could not maintain long-distance control over colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Tell Brak</a> by military force. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Dynastic,_Akkadian,_Ur_III,_and_Old_Babylonian_period">Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III, and Old Babylonian period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk3000BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uruk3000BCE.jpg/220px-Uruk3000BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uruk3000BCE.jpg/330px-Uruk3000BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uruk3000BCE.jpg/440px-Uruk3000BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Clay impression of a cylinder seal with monstrous lions and lion-headed eagles, Mesopotamia, Uruk Period (4100 BC–3000 BC). Louvre Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si,_from_Uruk,_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/250px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/330px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/500px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="5171" /></a><figcaption>Foundation peg of <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisal-si" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-kisal-si">Lugal-kisal-si</a>, king of Uruk, Ur and Kish, circa 2380 BC. The inscription reads "For (goddess) <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Namma</a>, wife of (the god) <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, Lugalkisalsi, King of Uruk, King of Ur, erected this temple of Namma". <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a> VA 4855<a href="#cite_note-Nissen2003-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg/250px-Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg/330px-Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg/500px-Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Dedication tablet of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a>, ruler of Uruk, 18th century BC.</figcaption></figure> Dynastic categorizations are described solely from the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>, which is of problematic historical accuracy;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> the organization might be analogous to <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho's</a>. In 2009, two different copies of an inscription were put forth as evidence of a 19th-century BC ruler of Uruk named Naram-sin.<a href="#cite_note-Dassow2009-11">[11]</a> Uruk continued as principality of Ur, Babylon, and later Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Parthian Empires. It enjoyed brief periods of independence during the Isin-Larsa period, under kings such as (possibly <a href="/wiki/Ik%C5%ABn-p%C3%AE-I%C5%A1tar" title="Ikūn-pî-Ištar">Ikūn-pî-Ištar</a>, Sumu-binasa, Alila-hadum, and Naram-Sin), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a>, his son Sîn-irībam, his son Sîn-gāmil, Ilum-gāmil, brother of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a>, Etēia, <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">AN-am3</a> (Dingiram), ÌR3-ne-ne (<a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a>), who was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rīm-Sîn I</a> of Larsa in his year 14 (c. 1740 BC), <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> and Nabi-ilīšu.<a href="#cite_note-Frayne1990-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dassow2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyborowski2012-15">[15]</a> It is known that during the time of Ilum-gāmil a temple was built for the god <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Iškur">Iškur</a> (Hadad) based on a clay cone inscription reading "For the god Iškur, lord, fearsome splendour of heaven and earth, his lord, for the life of Ilum-gāmil, king of Uruk, son of Sîn-irībam, Ubar-Adad, his servant, son of Apil-Kubi, built the Esaggianidu, ('House — whose closing is good'), the residence of his office of en, and thereby made it truly befitting his own li[fe]".<a href="#cite_note-Frayne1990-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruk_into_Late_Antiquity">Uruk into Late Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uruk into Late Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Foundation_Tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Foundation tablet from the Temple of Inanna at Uruk (Eanna), dating to the reign of Ur-Nammu.</figcaption></figure> Although it had been a thriving city in Early Dynastic Sumer, especially Early Dynastic II, Uruk was ultimately annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> and went into decline. Later, in the Neo-Sumerian period, Uruk enjoyed revival as a major economic and cultural center under the sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>. The Eanna District was restored as part of an ambitious building program, which included a new temple for Inanna. This temple included a <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a>, the 'House of the Universe' (Cuneiform: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89_(temple)" title="É (temple)">E₂</a>.<a href="/wiki/E-sara" title="E-sara">SAR.A</a>) (𒂍𒊬𒀀) to the northeast of the Uruk period Eanna ruins. Following the collapse of Ur (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC), Uruk went into a steep decline until about 850 BC when the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> annexed it as a provincial capital. Under the Neo-Assyrians and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonians</a>, Uruk regained much of its former glory. By 250 BC, a new temple complex the 'Head Temple' (Akkadian: Bīt Reš) was added to northeast of the Uruk period Anu district. The Bīt Reš along with the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> was one of the two main centers of <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Neo-Babylonian astronomy</a>. All of the temples and canals were restored again under <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a>. During this era, Uruk was divided into five main districts: the <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> Temple, Royal Orchard, Ištar Gate, Lugalirra Temple, and <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Šamaš</a> Gate districts.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2002-16">[16]</a> Uruk, known as Orcha (Ὄρχα) to the Greeks, continued to thrive under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. During this period, Uruk was a city of 300 hectares and perhaps 40,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2002-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-RvdS-18">[18]</a> In 200 BC, the 'Great Sanctuary' (Cuneiform: E₂.IRI₁₂.GAL, Sumerian: eš-gal) of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> was added between the Anu and Eanna districts. The ziggurat of the temple of Anu, which was rebuilt in this period, was the largest ever built in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-RvdS-18">[18]</a> When the Seleucids lost Mesopotamia to the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> in 141 BC, Uruk continued in use.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The decline of Uruk after the Parthians may have been in part caused by a shift in the Euphrates River. By 300 AD, Uruk was mostly abandoned, but a group of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> settled there, based on some finds of <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl" title="Incantation bowl">incantation bowls</a>, and by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 AD it was completely abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political history">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/250px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/330px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Mesopotamian king as <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Animals" title="Master of Animals">Master of Animals</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife">Gebel el-Arak Knife</a> (c. 3300–3200 BC, <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos, Egypt</a>), a work indicating <a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> and showing the early influence of Mesopotamia on <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the state of Mesopotamian royal iconography in the Uruk period. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> Uruk played a very important part in the political history of Sumer. Starting from the Early Uruk period, the city exercised <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over nearby settlements. At this time (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3800 BC), there were two centers of 20 ha (49 acres), Uruk in the south and <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> in the north surrounded by much smaller 10 ha (25 acres) settlements.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Later, in the Late Uruk period, its sphere of influence extended over all Sumer and beyond to external colonies in upper Mesopotamia and Syria. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, Sumerian civilization seems to have reached its creative peak. This is pointed out repeatedly in the references to this city in religious and, especially, in literary texts, including those of mythological content; the historical tradition as preserved in the Sumerian king-list confirms it. From Uruk the center of political gravity seems to have moved to <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Oppenheim<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg/250px-Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg/330px-Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg/500px-Uruk_King-Priest_3300_BCE_portrait_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>Probable Uruk King-Priest with a beard and hat (c. 3300 BC, Uruk). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> The recorded chronology of rulers over Uruk includes both mythological and historic figures in five dynasties. As in the rest of Sumer, power moved progressively from the temple to the palace. Rulers from the Early Dynastic period exercised control over Uruk and at times over all of Sumer. In myth, kingship was lowered from heaven to Eridu then passed successively through five cities until the deluge which ended the Uruk period. Afterwards, kingship passed to <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> at the beginning of the Early Dynastic period, which corresponds to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> in Sumer. In the Early Dynastic I period (2900–2800 BC), Uruk was in theory under the control of Kish. This period is sometimes called the Golden Age. During the Early Dynastic II period (2800–2600 BC), Uruk was again the dominant city exercising control of Sumer. This period is the time of the First Dynasty of Uruk sometimes called the Heroic Age. However, by the Early Dynastic IIIa period (2600–2500 BC) Uruk had lost sovereignty, this time to Ur. This period, corresponding to the Early Bronze Age III, is the end of the First Dynasty of Uruk. In the Early Dynastic IIIb period (2500–2334 BC), also called the Pre-Sargonic period (before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>), Uruk continued to be ruled by Ur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/250px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/330px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/500px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Relief on the front of the Inanna temple of <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> from Uruk. Mid 15th century BC. <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_%282%29.jpg/220px-Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_%282%29.jpg/330px-Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_%282%29.jpg/440px-Uruk_Temple_of_Charyos_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> Temple of Charyios at Uruk</figcaption></figure> Uruk has some of the first monumental constructions in architectural history, and certainly the largest of its era. Much of Near Eastern architecture can trace its roots to these prototypical buildings. The structures of Uruk are cited by two different naming conventions, one in German from the initial expedition, and the English translation of the same. The stratigraphy of the site is complex and as such much of the dating is disputed. In general, the structures follow the two main typologies of <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian architecture">Sumerian architecture</a>, Tripartite with 3 parallel halls and T-Shaped also with three halls, but the central one extends into two perpendicular bays at one end. The following table summarizes the significant architecture of the Eanna and Anu Districts.<a href="#cite_note-Charvát2002-26">[26]</a> Temple N, Cone-Mosaic Courtyard, and Round Pillar Hall are often referred to as a single structure; the Cone-Mosaic Temple. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Eanna district: 4000–2000 BC </th></tr> <tr> <th>Structure name</th> <th>German name</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Typology</th> <th>Material</th> <th>Area in m² </th></tr> <tr> <td>Stone-Cone Temple</td> <td>Steinstifttempel</td> <td>Uruk VI</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Limestone and bitumen</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Limestone Temple</td> <td>Kalksteintempel</td> <td>Uruk V</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Limestone and bitumen</td> <td>2373 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Riemchen Building</td> <td>Riemchengebäude</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cone-Mosaic Temple</td> <td>Stiftmosaikgebäude</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>unique</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple A</td> <td>Gebäude A</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>Tripartite</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>738 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple B</td> <td>Gebäude B</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>Tripartite</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>338 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple C</td> <td>Gebäude C</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>1314 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple/Palace E</td> <td>Gebäude E</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>2905 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple F</td> <td>Gebäude F</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>465 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple G</td> <td>Gebäude G</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>734 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple H</td> <td>Gebäude H</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>628 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple D</td> <td>Gebäude D</td> <td>Uruk IVa</td> <td>T-shaped</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>2596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Room I</td> <td>Gebäude I</td> <td>Uruk V</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple J</td> <td>Gebäude J</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>x</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple K</td> <td>Gebäude K</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>x</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple L</td> <td>Gebäude L</td> <td>Uruk V</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple M</td> <td>Gebäude M</td> <td>Uruk IVa</td> <td>x</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple N</td> <td>Gebäude N</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temple O</td> <td>Gebäude O</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hall Building/Great Hall</td> <td>Hallenbau</td> <td>Uruk IVa</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>821 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pillar Hall</td> <td>Pfeilerhalle</td> <td>Uruk IVa</td> <td>unique</td> <td>x</td> <td>219 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bath Building</td> <td>Bäder</td> <td>Uruk III</td> <td>unique</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red Temple</td> <td>Roter Tempel</td> <td>Uruk IVa</td> <td>x</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Great Court</td> <td>Großer Hof</td> <td>Uruk IVa</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Burnt Brick</td> <td>2873 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rammed-Earth Building</td> <td>Stampflehm</td> <td>Uruk III</td> <td>unique</td> <td>x</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Round Pillar Hall</td> <td>Rundpeifeilerhalle</td> <td>Uruk IVb</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Anu district: 4000–2000 BC </th></tr> <tr> <td>Stone Building</td> <td>Steingebäude</td> <td>Uruk VI</td> <td>unique</td> <td>Limestone and bitumen</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>White Temple</td> <td>x</td> <td>Uruk III</td> <td>Tripartite</td> <td>Adobe brick</td> <td>382 </td></tr> </tbody></table> It is clear Eanna was dedicated to Inanna symbolized by <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> from the Uruk period. At that time, she was worshipped in four aspects as Inanna of the netherworld (Sumerian: ᵈinanna-kur), Inanna of the morning (Sumerian: ᵈinanna-hud₂), Inanna of the evening (Sumerian: ᵈinanna-sig), and Inanna (Sumerian: ᵈinanna-NUN).<a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu2003-7">[7]</a> The names of four temples in Uruk at this time are known, but it is impossible to match them with either a specific structure and in some cases a deity.<a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu2003-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>sanctuary of Inanna (Sumerian: eš-ᵈinanna)</li> <li>sanctuary of Inanna of the evening (Sumerian: eš-ᵈinanna-sig)</li> <li>temple of heaven (Sumerian: e₂-an)</li> <li>temple of heaven and netherworld (Sumerian: e₂-an-ki)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1144px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Architecture of Uruk</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eanna5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Eanna VI–V"><img alt="Plan of Eanna VI–V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Eanna5.svg/120px-Eanna5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Eanna5.svg/250px-Eanna5.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of Eanna VI–V</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eanna4b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Eanna IVb"><img alt="Plan of Eanna IVb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Eanna4b.svg/120px-Eanna4b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Eanna4b.svg/250px-Eanna4b.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of Eanna IVb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eanna4a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Eanna IVa"><img alt="Plan of Eanna IVa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eanna4a.svg/120px-Eanna4a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eanna4a.svg/250px-Eanna4a.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of Eanna IVa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eanna3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Eanna III"><img alt="Plan of Eanna III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eanna3.svg/120px-Eanna3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eanna3.svg/250px-Eanna3.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of Eanna III</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eanna_neosumerian.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Neo-Sumerian Eanna"><img alt="Plan of Neo-Sumerian Eanna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eanna_neosumerian.svg/120px-Eanna_neosumerian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eanna_neosumerian.svg/250px-Eanna_neosumerian.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1487" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of Neo-Sumerian Eanna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anu_district.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of Anu District Phase E"><img alt="Plan of Anu District Phase E" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Anu_district.svg/100px-Anu_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Anu_district.svg/150px-Anu_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Anu_district.svg/200px-Anu_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1357" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of Anu District Phase E</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of a mosaic from the Eanna temple."><img alt="Reconstruction of a mosaic from the Eanna temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg/75px-Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg/112px-Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg/150px-Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of a mosaic from the Eanna temple.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Reconstruction of a mosaic from the Eanna temple."><img alt="Detail of Reconstruction of a mosaic from the Eanna temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg/100px-Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg/150px-Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg/200px-Pergamonmuseum_Inanna_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Reconstruction of a mosaic from the Eanna temple.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/330px-Meso2mil-English.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/500px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/520px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>. From north to south: <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Rimah" title="Tell al-Rimah">Qattara (or Karana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%ABr-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dūr-Katlimmu">Dūr-Katlimmu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, Uruk, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></figcaption></figure> By the end of the Uruk period c. 3100 BC) Uruk had reached a size of 250 ha (620 acres). During the following <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> it grew to a size of 600 ha (1,500 acres) by c. 2800 BC with the main temple area of Eanna being completely rebuilt after leveling the foundations of the Uruk period construction.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A new city wall was constructed in this period.<a href="#cite_note-Nissen1972-28">[28]</a> The site, which lies about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of ancient <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, is one of the largest in the region at around 5.5 km2 (2.1 sq mi) in area. The maximum extent is 3 km (1.9 miles) north/south, and 2.5 km (1.6 miles) east/west. There are three major <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a> within the site: The Eanna district, Bit Resh (Kullaba), and Irigal. Archaeologically, the site is divided into six parts <ol><li>the É-Anna ziggurat ' Egipar-imin,</li> <li>the É-Anna enclosure (Zingel),</li> <li>the Anu-Antum temple complex, BitRes and Anu-ziggurat,</li> <li>Irigal, the South Building,</li> <li>Parthian structures including the Gareus-temple, and the Multiple Apse building,</li> <li>the "Gilgameš" city-wall with associated Sinkâsid Palace and the Seleucid Bit Akîtu.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm/220px--Uruk_%28latine%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="109" data-mwtitle="Uruk_(latine).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Uruk_(latine).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm/Uruk_%28latine%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUruk_%28latine%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUruk_%28latine%29.webm&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Reconstruction video of Uruk (English subtitles)</figcaption></figure> The location of Uruk was first noted by Fraser and Ross in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Loftus_(archaeologist)" title="William Loftus (archaeologist)">William Loftus</a> excavated there in 1850 and 1854 after a scouting mission in 1849. By Loftus' own account, he admits that the first excavations were superficial at best, as his financiers forced him to deliver large museum artifacts at a minimal cost.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A large basalt stela found by Loftus was later lost.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Warka was also scouted by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Andrae" title="Walter Andrae">Walter Andrae</a> in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1905 Warka was visited by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_James_Banks" title="Edgar James Banks">Edgar James Banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk,_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk%2C_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/220px-Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk%2C_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk%2C_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/330px-Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk%2C_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk%2C_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/440px-Male_deity_pouring_a_life-giving_water_from_a_vessel._Facade_of_Inanna_Temple_at_Uruk%2C_Iraq._15th_century_BC._The_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Male deity pouring a life-giving water from a vessel. Facade of Inanna Temple at Uruk, Iraq. 15th century BC. The Pergamon Museum</figcaption></figure> From 1912 to 1913, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jordan" title="Julius Jordan">Julius Jordan</a> and his team from the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Orient-Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft">German Oriental Society</a> discovered the temple of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, one of four known temples located at the site. The temples at Uruk were quite remarkable as they were constructed with brick and adorned with colorful <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>. Jordan also discovered part of the <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city wall</a>. It was later discovered that this 40-to-50-foot (12 to 15 m) high brick wall, probably utilized as a defense mechanism, totally encompassed the city at a length of 9 km (5.6 mi). Utilizing sedimentary strata dating techniques, this wall is estimated to have been erected around 3000 BC. Jordan produced a contour map of the entire site.<a href="#cite_note-Nissen1972-28">[28]</a> The GOS returned to Uruk in 1928 and excavated until 1939, when <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> intervened. The team was led by Jordan until 1931 when Jordan became Director of Antiquities in Baghdad, then by A. Nöldeke, Ernst Heinrich, and H. J. Lenzen.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Among the finds was the Stell of the Lion Hunt, excavated in a Jemdat Nadr layer but sylistically dated to Uruk IV.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The German excavations resumed after the war and were under the direction of Heinrich Lenzen from 1954 to 1967.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenzen1960-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He was followed in 1968 by J. Schmidt, and in 1978 by R.M. Boehmer.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In total, the German archaeologists spent 39 seasons working at Uruk. The results are documented in two series of reports: <ul><li>Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk (ADFU), 17 volumes, 1912–2001</li> <li>Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka, Endberichte (AUWE), 25 volumes, 1987–2007</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg/250px-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg/500px-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_...%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_...._%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_..._%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Gareus" title="Temple of Gareus">Temple of Gareus</a> at Uruk, c. 100 CE</figcaption></figure> Most recently, from 2001 to 2002, the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a> team led by Margarete van Ess, with Joerg Fassbinder and Helmut Becker, conducted a partial magnetometer survey in Uruk. In addition to the geophysical survey, core samples and aerial photographs were taken. This was followed up with high-resolution satellite imagery in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Work resumed in 2016 and is currently concentrated on the city wall area and a survey of the surrounding landscape.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Part of the work has been to create a <a href="/wiki/Digital_twin" title="Digital twin">digital twin</a> of the Uruk archaeological area.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The current effort also involves geophysical surveying. The soil characteristics of the site make ground penetrating radar unsuitable so caesium magnetometers, combined with resistivity probes, are being used.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuneiform_tablets">Cuneiform tablets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuneiform tablets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk_Ziggurat_(30744982822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uruk_Ziggurat_%2830744982822%29.jpg/250px-Uruk_Ziggurat_%2830744982822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uruk_Ziggurat_%2830744982822%29.jpg/330px-Uruk_Ziggurat_%2830744982822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uruk_Ziggurat_%2830744982822%29.jpg/500px-Uruk_Ziggurat_%2830744982822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A massive ziggurat dating from the 4th millennium BC stands at the entrance to Uruk (Warka), 39 km east of <a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>, Iraq</figcaption></figure> A number of <a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a> clay tablets were found at Uruk. About 190 were Uruk V period (c. 3500 BC) "numerical tablets" or "impressed tablets", 1776 were from the Uruk IV period (c. 3300 BC), 3094 from the Uruk III period (c. 3200-2900 BC) which is also called the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Later cuneiform tablets were deciphered and include the famous SKL, a record of kings of the Sumerian civilization. There was an even larger cache of legal and scholarly tablets of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Babylonian">Late Babylonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> period, that have been published by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Falkenstein" title="Adam Falkenstein">Adam Falkenstein</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Assyrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrology">Assyriological</a> members of the German Archaeological Institute in Baghdad as Jan J. A. Djik,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hunger" title="Hermann Hunger">Hermann Hunger</a>, Antoine Cavigneaux, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egbert_von_Weiher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egbert von Weiher (page does not exist)">Egbert von Weiher</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_von_Weiher" class="extiw" title="de:Egbert von Weiher">de</a>],<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karlheinz_Kessler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karlheinz Kessler (page does not exist)">Karlheinz Kessler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Kessler" class="extiw" title="de:Karlheinz Kessler">de</a>], or others as Erlend Gehlken.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Many of the cuneiform tablets form acquisitions by museums and collections as the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Babylonian_Collection" title="Yale Babylonian Collection">Yale Babylonian Collection</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. The latter holds a unique cuneiform tablet in Aramaic known as the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Uruk_incantation" title="Aramaic Uruk incantation">Aramaic Uruk incantation</a>. The last dated cuneiform tablet from Uruk was W22340a, an astronomical almanac, which is dated to 79/80 AD.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The oldest known writing to feature a person's name was found in Uruk, in the form of several tablets that mention <a href="/wiki/Kushim_(Uruk_period)" title="Kushim (Uruk period)">Kushim</a>, who (assuming they are an individual person) served as an accountant recording transactions made in trading barley – 29,086 measures barley 37 months Kushim.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glockentopf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Glockentopf.jpg/250px-Glockentopf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Glockentopf.jpg/330px-Glockentopf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Glockentopf.jpg/500px-Glockentopf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Late Uruk Period <a href="/wiki/Beveled_rim_bowl" title="Beveled rim bowl">beveled rim bowls</a> used for ration distribution</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Beveled_rim_bowl" title="Beveled rim bowl">Beveled rim bowls</a> were the most common type of container used during the Uruk period. They are believed to be vessels for serving rations of food or drink to dependent laborers. The introduction of the fast <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">wheel</a> for throwing pottery was developed during the later part of the Uruk period, and made the mass production of pottery simpler and more standardized.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artifacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Uruk" title="Art of Uruk">Art of Uruk</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Warka" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mask of Warka">Mask of Warka</a>, also known as the 'Lady of Uruk' and the 'Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a>', dating from 3100 BC, is one of the earliest representations of the human face. The carved marble female face is probably a depiction of Inanna. It is approximately 20 cm (7.9 in) tall, and may have been incorporated into a larger cult image. The mask was looted from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> in April 2003. It was recovered in September 2003 and returned to the museum. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_bust_Louvre_AO10921.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lugal-kisalsi, king of Uruk"><img alt="Lugal-kisalsi, king of Uruk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Male_bust_Louvre_AO10921.jpg/120px-Male_bust_Louvre_AO10921.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Male_bust_Louvre_AO10921.jpg/250px-Male_bust_Louvre_AO10921.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4501" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a>, king of Uruk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warka_mask_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask of Warka"><img alt="Mask of Warka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Warka_mask_%28cropped%29.jpg/101px-Warka_mask_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Warka_mask_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Warka_mask_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Warka_mask_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Warka_mask_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3803" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mask of Warka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bull sculpture, Jemdet Nasr period, c. 3000 BC"><img alt="Bull sculpture, Jemdet Nasr period, c. 3000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg/120px-Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg/250px-Bull_Warka_Louvre_AO8218.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bull sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a>, c. 3000 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_of_lion_hunt,_from_Uruk,_Iraq,_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele of the Lion Hunt – Uruk period"><img alt="Stele of the Lion Hunt – Uruk period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stele_of_lion_hunt%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq%2C_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/85px-Stele_of_lion_hunt%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq%2C_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stele_of_lion_hunt%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq%2C_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/127px-Stele_of_lion_hunt%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq%2C_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stele_of_lion_hunt%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq%2C_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/169px-Stele_of_lion_hunt%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq%2C_3000-2900_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="4783" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stele of the Lion Hunt – Uruk period</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_levels_of_Uruk">Archaeological levels of Uruk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archaeological levels of Uruk">edit</a>]</div> Archeologists have discovered multiple cities of Uruk built atop each other in chronological order.<a href="#cite_note-Charvát2002-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>Uruk XVIII Eridu period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000 BC): the founding of Uruk</li> <li>Uruk XVIII–XVI Late Ubaid period (4800–4200 BC)</li> <li>Uruk XVI–X Early Uruk period (4000–3800 BC)</li> <li>Uruk IX–VI Middle Uruk period (3800–3400 BC)</li> <li>Uruk V–IV Late Uruk period (3400–3100 BC): the earliest monumental temples of Eanna District are built</li> <li>Uruk III Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BC): the 9 km city wall is built</li> <li>Uruk II</li> <li>Uruk I</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anu_District">Anu District</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anu District">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Anu/ White Temple ziggurat</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk,_3500-3000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk%2C_3500-3000_BCE.jpg/218px-White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk%2C_3500-3000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk%2C_3500-3000_BCE.jpg/327px-White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk%2C_3500-3000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk%2C_3500-3000_BCE.jpg/436px-White_Temple_%27E_at_Uruk%2C_3500-3000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="1088" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/250px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/330px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/500px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Anu / White Temple <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> at Uruk. The original pyramidal structure, the "Anu Ziggurat" dates to around 4000 BC, and the White Temple was built on top of it circa 3500–3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></div></div></div></div> The area traditionally called the Anu district consists of a single massive terrace, the Anu <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat</a>, originally proposed to have been dedicated to the Sumerian sky god <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>. Sometime in the Uruk III period the massive White Temple was built atop the ziggurat. Under the northwest edge of the ziggurat an Uruk VI period structure, the Stone Temple, has been discovered. The Stone Temple was built of limestone and bitumen on a podium of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> and plastered with lime mortar. The podium itself was built over a woven reed mat called <a href="/wiki/Giparu" title="Giparu">ĝipar</a>, which was ritually used as a nuptial bed. The ĝipar was a source of generative power which then radiated upward into the structure. The structure of the Stone Temple further develops some mythological concepts from <a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elish" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma Elish">Enuma Elish</a>, perhaps involving libation rites as indicated from the channels, tanks, and vessels found there. The structure was ritually destroyed, covered with alternating layers of clay and stone, then excavated and filled with mortar sometime later. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg/220px-Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg/330px-Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg/440px-Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Uruk King priest feeding the sacred herd</figcaption></figure> The Anu Ziggurat began with a massive mound topped by a <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> during the Uruk period (c. 4000 BC), and was expanded through 14 phases of construction. These phases have been labeled L to A₃ (L is sometimes called X).<a href="#cite_note-Charvát2002-26">[26]</a> The earliest phase used architectural features similar to <a href="/wiki/PPNA" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNA">PPNA</a> cultures in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>: a single chamber cella with a <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> floor beneath which <a href="/wiki/Bucrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucrania">bucrania</a> were found. In phase E, corresponding to the Uruk III period (c. 3200–3000 BC), the White Temple was built. The White Temple could be seen from a great distance across the plain of Sumer, as it was elevated 21 m and covered in <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> plaster which reflected sunlight like a mirror. In addition to this temple the Anu Ziggurat had a monumental limestone-paved staircase and a trough running parallel to the staircase was used to drain the ziggurat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eanna_District">Eanna District</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eanna District">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eanna4composite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eanna4composite.svg/220px-Eanna4composite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eanna4composite.svg/330px-Eanna4composite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eanna4composite.svg/440px-Eanna4composite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Eanna IVa (light brown) and IVb (dark brown)</figcaption></figure> The Eanna district is historically significant as both writing and monumental public architecture emerged here during Uruk periods VI–IV. The combination of these two developments places Eanna as arguably the first true city and civilization in human history. Eanna during period IVa contains the earliest examples of writing.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The first building of <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a>, Stone-Cone Temple (Mosaic Temple), was built in period VI over a preexisting Ubaid temple and is enclosed by a limestone wall with an elaborate system of <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a>. The Stone-Cone Temple, named for the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of colored stone cones driven into the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe brick">adobe brick</a> façade, may be the earliest water cult in Mesopotamia. It was "destroyed by force" in Uruk IVb period and its contents interred in the Riemchen Building.<a href="#cite_note-Lenzen1960-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg/250px-Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg/330px-Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg/500px-Cylinder_seal_king_Louvre_AO6620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>An Uruk period cylinder-seal and its impression, c. 3100 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> In the following period, Uruk V, about 100 m east of the Stone-Cone Temple the Limestone Temple was built on a 2 m high rammed-earth <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">podium</a> over a pre-existing Ubaid temple, which like the Stone-Cone Temple represents a continuation of Ubaid culture. However, the Limestone Temple was unprecedented for its size and use of stone, a clear departure from traditional Ubaid architecture. The stone was quarried from an outcrop at Umayyad about 60 km east of Uruk. It is unclear if the entire temple or just the foundation was built of this <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. The Limestone Temple is probably the first Inanna temple, but it is impossible to know with certainty. Like the Stone-Cone temple the Limestone temple was also covered in cone mosaics. Both of these temples were rectangles with their corners aligned to the cardinal directions, a central hall flanked along the long axis by two smaller halls, and buttressed façades; the prototype of all future Mesopotamian temple architectural <a href="/wiki/Typology_(urban_planning_and_architecture)" title="Typology (urban planning and architecture)">typology</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_(London,_England).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_%28London%2C_England%29.jpg/250px-Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_%28London%2C_England%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_%28London%2C_England%29.jpg/330px-Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_%28London%2C_England%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_%28London%2C_England%29.jpg/500px-Pictographs_Recording_the_Allocation_of_Beer_%28London%2C_England%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>Tablet from Uruk III (c. 3200–3000 BC) recording beer distributions from the storerooms of an institution,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Between these two monumental structures a complex of buildings (called A–C, E–K, Riemchen, Cone-Mosaic), courts, and walls was built during Eanna IVb. These buildings were built during a time of great expansion in Uruk as the city grew to 250 ha (620 acres) and established long-distance trade, and are a continuation of architecture from the previous period. The Riemchen Building, named for the 16 cm (6.3 in)×16 cm (6.3 in) brick shape called Riemchen by the Germans, is a memorial with a ritual fire kept burning in the center for the Stone-Cone Temple after it was destroyed. For this reason, Uruk IV period represents a reorientation of belief and culture. The facade of this memorial may have been covered in geometric and figural murals. The Riemchen bricks first used in this temple were used to construct all buildings of Uruk IV period Eanna. The use of colored cones as a façade treatment was greatly developed as well, perhaps used to greatest effect in the Cone-Mosaic Temple. Composed of three parts: Temple N, the Round Pillar Hall, and the Cone-Mosaic Courtyard, this temple was the most monumental structure of Eanna at the time. They were all ritually destroyed and the entire Eanna district was rebuilt in period IVa at an even grander scale. During Eanna IVa, the Limestone Temple was demolished and the Red Temple built on its foundations. The accumulated debris of the Uruk IVb buildings were formed into a <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">terrace</a>, the L-Shaped Terrace, on which Buildings C, D, M, Great Hall, and Pillar Hall were built. Building E was initially thought to be a palace, but later proven to be a communal building. Also in period IV, the Great Court, a sunken courtyard surrounded by two tiers of benches covered in cone mosaic, was built. A small <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueduct</a> drains into the Great Courtyard, which may have irrigated a garden at one time. The impressive buildings of this period were built as Uruk reached its zenith and expanded to 600 hectares. All the buildings of Eanna IVa were destroyed sometime in Uruk III, for unclear reasons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The architecture of Eanna in period III was very different from what had preceded it. The complex of monumental temples was replaced with baths around the Great Courtyard and the labyrinthine Rammed-Earth Building. This period corresponds to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sumer" title="History of Sumer">Early Dynastic Sumer</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900 BC, a time of great social upheaval when the dominance of Uruk was eclipsed by competing <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a>-like architecture of this time is a reflection of that turmoil. The temple of Inanna continued functioning during this time in a new form and under a new name, 'The House of Inanna in Uruk' (Sumerian: e₂-ᵈinanna unuᵏⁱ-ga). The location of this structure is currently unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu2003-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of rulers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Uruk" title="Talk:Uruk">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Uruk%22">"Uruk"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Uruk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Uruk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Uruk%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Uruk%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Uruk%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> (SKL) lists only 22 rulers among five dynasties of Uruk. The sixth dynasty was an <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> dynasty not mentioned on the SKL. The following list should not be considered complete: <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="width:100%;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Epithets" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Epithet</a> </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Early, Old</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Middle, Late</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Final Uruk</a> period(s) (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 5000 – c. 2900 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Pre-dynastic_period_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dynastic period of Sumer">Predynastic Uruk</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000 – c. 2900 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg/120px-Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg/180px-Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg/240px-Uruk_King_priest_feeding_the_sacred_herd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="746" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Priest_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest king">King-priests</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000 – c. 2900 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Various <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_flood_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian flood myth">pre-deluvian</a> king-priests of Uruk are represented in reliefs, statues, and/or cylinders; however, their names are not yet known</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Epithets" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Epithet</a> </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic I">Early Dynastic I period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900 – c. 2700 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>First dynasty of Uruk / Uruk I dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900 – c. 2700 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Then <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> was defeated and the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">kingship</a> was taken to <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> (Uruk)."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> (SKL)</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg/120px-Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg/250px-Lista_Reale_Sumerica.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="1509" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meshkiangasher" title="Meshkiangasher">Meshkiangasher</a> 𒈩𒆠𒉘𒂵𒊺𒅕 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigned</a> c. 2775 BC (324 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the titles of both "<a href="/wiki/EN_(cuneiform)" title="EN (cuneiform)">Lord</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Lugal" title="Lugal">King</a>" of Eanna (Uruk); furthermore, held the "<a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Kingship</a>" over all of Sumer</li> <li>He has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Cush" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Cush">Biblical Cush</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>His reign has long been suspected to be a fabrication from the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III period">Ur III period</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Meshkiangasher entered the sea and disappeared."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta_Ashmolean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta_Ashmolean.jpg/120px-Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta_Ashmolean.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta_Ashmolean.jpg/250px-Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta_Ashmolean.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2346" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> 𒂗𒈨𒅕𒃸 </td> <td>Son of Meshkiangasher </td> <td>"the king of Uruk, who built Uruk" </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2750, c. 2730 BC (420 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said to have reigned for at least fifty years in the <a href="/wiki/Narrative#In_mythology" title="Narrative">tale</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda_and_the_Anzud_Bird" title="Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird">Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird</a></li> <li>Said to have <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of writing">invented writing</a> and to have besieged <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a> for up to a year in the <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></li> <li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Obverse._The_story_of_Lugalbanda_in_the_Mountain_Cave,_Old-Babylonian_period,_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Obverse._The_story_of_Lugalbanda_in_the_Mountain_Cave%2C_Old-Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/120px-Obverse._The_story_of_Lugalbanda_in_the_Mountain_Cave%2C_Old-Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Obverse._The_story_of_Lugalbanda_in_the_Mountain_Cave%2C_Old-Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/250px-Obverse._The_story_of_Lugalbanda_in_the_Mountain_Cave%2C_Old-Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="5568" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> 𒈗𒌉𒁕 </td> <td> </td> <td>"the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd#Religion" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a>" </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2700 BC (1,200 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said to have been a soldier in the army of Enmerkar in the tale of <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda_in_the_Mountain_Cave" title="Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave">Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave</a></li> <li>Described as "<a href="/wiki/Shepherd#Religion" title="Shepherd">the shepherd</a>" for his <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary#Epithets" title="Akkadian royal titulary">epiphet</a> on the SKL and to have held the title of "king" of not just Uruk; but, all of Sumer</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur,_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Inanna_prefers_the_farmer._Enkimdu_and_Damuzi_were_mentioned._Terracotta_tablet_from_Nippur%2C_Iraq._1st_half_of_the_2nd_millennium_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="5283" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid</a> 𒌉𒍣𒋗𒄩 </td> <td> </td> <td>"the fisherman whose city was <a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Lahm#Kuara_(Ku'ara)" title="Tell al-Lahm">Kuara</a>" </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2700 BC (110 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Defeated invading forces headed by Gudam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempore" title="Tempore">temp.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a></li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod">Early Dynastic II period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2700 – c. 2600 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period,_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/120px-Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/180px-Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/240px-Obverse._Gilgamesh_and_Aga._Old_Babylonian_period%2C_from_southern_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="4000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> 𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒈨𒌋𒌋𒌋 </td> <td>Son of Lugalbanda (?) </td> <td>"the lord of Kulaba" </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2700, c. 2670, c. 2650 BC (126 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Built the walls of Uruk</li> <li>temp. of and victorious over <a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a></li> <li>Historicity certain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Transcription_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_(1876-1937)_Published_in_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Transcription_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg/120px-Transcription_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Transcription_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg/250px-Transcription_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6248" data-file-height="3188" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> 𒌨𒀭𒉣𒃲 </td> <td>Son of Gilgamesh </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2650 – c. 2620 BC (30 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the <a href="/wiki/Tummal_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tummal Chronicle">Tummal Chronicle</a></li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_(1876-1937)_Published_in_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg/120px-Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg/180px-Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg/240px-Translation_of_the_Weld-Blundell_Prism._Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29_Published_in_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6731" data-file-height="2545" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udul-kalama</a> 𒌋𒊨𒌦𒈠 </td> <td>Son of Ur-Nungal </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2620 – c. 2605 BC (15 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_(1876-1937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg/120px-Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg/250px-Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5686" data-file-height="6012" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">La-ba'shum</a> 𒆷𒁀𒀪𒋳 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2605 – c. 2596 BC (9 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_and_translation_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_(1876-1937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_and_translation_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg/120px-Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_and_translation_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_and_translation_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg/250px-Weld-Blundell_Prism_with_transcription_and_translation_by_Stephen_Herbert_Langdon_%281876-1937%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5686" data-file-height="8296" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">En-nun-tarah-ana</a> 𒂗𒉣𒁰𒀭𒈾 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2596 – c. 2588 BC (8 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesh-he" title="Mesh-he">Mesh-he</a> 𒈩𒃶 </td> <td> </td> <td>"the smith" </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2588 – c. 2552 BC (36 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melem-ana" title="Melem-ana">Melem-ana</a> 𒈨𒉈𒀭𒈾 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2552 – c. 2546 BC (6 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> 𒈗𒆠𒂅 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2546 – c. 2510 BC (36 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"12 kings; they ruled for 2,310 years. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to <a href="/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Ur#List_of_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="First dynasty of Ur">Ur</a>."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod">Early Dynastic IIIa period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550 – c. 2500 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Lumma<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> 𒈝𒈠 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Uncertain; these two rulers may have <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2600 – c. 2500 BC sometime during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a> (ED) IIIa period </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of Menunsi<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ursangpae </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%">Epithet </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod">Early Dynastic IIIb period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 – c. 2350 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugalnamnir%C5%A1umma" title="Lugalnamniršumma">Lugalnamniršumma</a> 𒈗𒉆𒉪𒋧 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Uncertain; these two rulers may have <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 – c. 2400 BC sometime during the ED IIIb period </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Universe#Sargon_of_Akkad_and_his_successors_(2334–2154_BC)" title="King of the Universe">King of Kish</a>"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg/120px-BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg/250px-BM_91013_Tablet_dedicated_by_Lugal-tarsi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="291" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugalsil%C3%A2si_I" title="Lugalsilâsi I">Lugalsilâsi I</a> 𒈗𒋻𒋛 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Assaulted <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a> on ten separate occasions<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>"King of Kish"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/120px-Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/180px-Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/240px-Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4760" data-file-height="4523" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 𒈩𒌦𒄭 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2600, c. 2500 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>"King of Kish"</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada,_king_of_Kish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada%2C_king_of_Kish.jpg/120px-Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada%2C_king_of_Kish.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada%2C_king_of_Kish.jpg/180px-Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada%2C_king_of_Kish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada%2C_king_of_Kish.jpg/240px-Seal_impression_of_Mesanepada%2C_king_of_Kish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="985" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2500 BC (80 years)<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>"King of Kish"</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urzage" title="Urzage">Urzage</a> 𒌨𒍠𒌓𒁺 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2400 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>"King of Kish"</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sumer#First_Dynasty_of_Uruk" title="History of Sumer">Second dynasty of Uruk / Uruk II dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 – c. 2340 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Then <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a> was defeated and the kingship was taken to Uruk."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg/120px-Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg/180px-Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg/240px-Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1490" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> 𒈗𒆠𒉌𒂠𒌌𒌌 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2430, c. 2400 BC (120 years)<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Held the title of, "King of Uruk and Ur".<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si,_from_Uruk,_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/120px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/250px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="5171" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisal-si" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-kisal-si">Lugal-kisal-si</a> 𒈗𒆦𒋛 </td> <td>Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3">Uncertain; these three rulers may have <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400 – c. 2350 BC sometime during the EDIIIb period.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Held the title of, "King of Uruk and Ur".<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Urni 𒌨𒉌𒉌𒋾 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Lugalsilâsi II 𒈗𒋻𒋛 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td> </td> <td>Argandea 𒅈𒂵𒀭𒀀 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2350 BC (7 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod">Proto-Imperial period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2350 – c. 2254 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fragments_in_the_name_of_Enshakushanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fragments_in_the_name_of_Enshakushanna.jpg/120px-Fragments_in_the_name_of_Enshakushanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fragments_in_the_name_of_Enshakushanna.jpg/250px-Fragments_in_the_name_of_Enshakushanna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="533" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Enshakushanna</a> 𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> (?) </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2430, c. 2350 BC (2 to 60 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Held the title of "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">lord of Sumer and king of all the land</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"3 kings; they ruled for 187 years. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to <a href="/wiki/Ur#List_of_rulers" title="Ur">Ur</a>."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%">Epithet </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sumer#Empire_of_Lugal-zage-si_of_Uruk" title="History of Sumer">Third dynasty of Uruk / Uruk III dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2340 – c. 2254 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Uruk."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lugalzagesi_king_of_Uruk_king_of_the_Land_son_of_Ukush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lugalzagesi_king_of_Uruk_king_of_the_Land_son_of_Ukush.jpg/120px-Lugalzagesi_king_of_Uruk_king_of_the_Land_son_of_Ukush.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lugalzagesi_king_of_Uruk_king_of_the_Land_son_of_Ukush.jpg/250px-Lugalzagesi_king_of_Uruk_king_of_the_Land_son_of_Ukush.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="657" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugalzagesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalzagesi">Lugalzagesi</a> 𒈗𒍠𒄀𒋛 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2340 – c. 2316 BC (25 to 34 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Held the title of "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Four_Corners#Background_(2900–2334_BC)" title="King of the Four Corners">king of the land</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargom</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"1 king; he ruled for 25 years. Then the reign of Uruk was abolished and the kingship was taken to <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Akkad#List_of_rulers" title="List of kings of Akkad">Akkad</a>."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Girimesi 𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺𒋛 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Uncertain; this ruler may have <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2350 – c. 2254 BC sometime during the Proto-Imperial period.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain.</li> <li>temp. of Ikun-Ishar<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%">Epithet </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian Period">Akkadian period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2254 – c. 2154 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Fourth dynasty of Uruk / Uruk IV dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2254 – c. 2124 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Amar-girid 𒀫𒀭𒄌𒆠 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2254 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Suen_of_Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Naram-Suen of Akkad">Naram-Suen</a></li> <li>A ruler of Uruk who led a southern coalition of eight city-states during the <a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia#Great_Revolt_against_Naram-Sin" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Great Revolt</a> against Naram-Suen</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian period">Gutian period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2154 – c. 2119 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Then <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> was defeated and the kingship was taken to Uruk."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sumerian_King_List,_Ashmolean_Museum,_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Sumerian_King_List%2C_Ashmolean_Museum%2C_Oxford.jpg/120px-The_Sumerian_King_List%2C_Ashmolean_Museum%2C_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Sumerian_King_List%2C_Ashmolean_Museum%2C_Oxford.jpg/250px-The_Sumerian_King_List%2C_Ashmolean_Museum%2C_Oxford.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="2617" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> 𒌨𒌋𒌓𒆤 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2154 – c. 2147 BC (7 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>May have served as a "<a href="/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" title="Ensi (Sumerian)">governor</a>" of Uruk under the Akkadian empire</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sumerische_K%C3%B6nigsliste.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sumerische_K%C3%B6nigsliste.JPG/120px-Sumerische_K%C3%B6nigsliste.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sumerische_K%C3%B6nigsliste.JPG/250px-Sumerische_K%C3%B6nigsliste.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="4288" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> 𒌨𒄑𒇀 </td> <td>Son of Ur-nigin </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2147 – c. 2141 BC (6 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumeriankinglist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sumeriankinglist.jpg/120px-Sumeriankinglist.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sumeriankinglist.jpg/180px-Sumeriankinglist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sumeriankinglist.jpg/240px-Sumeriankinglist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="589" /></a> </td> <td>Kuda 𒋻𒁕 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2141 – c. 2135 BC (6 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td>Puzur-ili 𒅤𒊭𒉌𒉌 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2135 – c. 2130 BC (5 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td>Ur-Utu 𒌨𒀭𒌓 </td> <td>Son of Ur-gigir </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2130 – c. 2124 BC (6 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Known from the SKL; very little otherwise</li> <li>Historicity uncertain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"5 kings; they ruled for 30 years. Then the reign of Uruk was abolished and the kingship was taken to the land of <a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty#List_of_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty">Gutium</a>."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%">Epithet </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Ur_III_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III period">Ur III period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2119 – c. 2004 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sumer#Fifth_Dynasty_of_Uruk" title="History of Sumer">Fifth dynasty of Uruk / Uruk V dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2124 – c. 1872 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Then the army of <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a> was defeated and the kingship was taken to Uruk."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Utu-Hengal_in_cuneiform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Utu-Hengal_in_cuneiform.jpg/120px-Utu-Hengal_in_cuneiform.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Utu-Hengal_in_cuneiform.jpg/250px-Utu-Hengal_in_cuneiform.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="2008" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> 𒀭𒌓𒃶𒅅 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 2124 – c. 2113 BC (7 to 26 years) </td> <td> <ul><li>A "governor" of Uruk who overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutians</a> and briefly ruled Sumer until he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>, who he had appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, thus ending the final Sumerian dynasty of Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Said on the SKL to have held the title of, "King" of not just Uruk; but, to have held the "Kingship" over all of Sumer</li> <li>Historicity certain</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"1 king; he ruled for 7 years, 6 months, and 15 days. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to <a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur#List_of_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur</a>."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SKL</cite></div></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="1%"># </th> <th width="16.5%">Depiction </th> <th width="16.5%">Ruler </th> <th width="16.5%">Succession </th> <th width="16.5%">Epithet </th> <th width="16.5%"><abbr title="approximately">Approx.</abbr> dates </th> <th width="16.5%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:palegoldenrod"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2025 – c. 1763 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Sixth dynasty of Uruk / Uruk VI dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1872 – c. 1802 BC) </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg/120px-Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg/180px-Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg/240px-Mesopotamian_-_Sin_Kashid_Cone_-_Walters_481804_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1800" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> 𒀭𒂗𒍪𒂵𒅆𒀉 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1865 – c. 1833 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sin-eribam </td> <td>Son of Sîn-kāšid[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1833 – c. 1827 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Son of Sîn-kāšid</li> <li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg/120px-Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg/250px-Tablet_of_Sin-Gamil_of_Uruk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> </td> <td>Son of Sin-eribam </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1827 – c. 1824 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Son of Sin-eribam</li> <li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> 𒀭𒀀𒀭 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1824 – c. 1816 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> </td> <td>Son of Anam </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1816 – c. 1810 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1810 – c. 1802 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nabi-ilishu </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 1802 BC </td> <td> <ul><li>Historicity certain</li> <li>temp. of <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_Seals" title="Ancient City Seals">Ancient City Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_Monuments" title="Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">Chronology of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" title="Historical urban community sizes">Historical urban community sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullaba" title="Kullaba">Kullaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harmansah2007-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harmansah2007_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmansah2007_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harmansah2007_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarmansah2007" class="citation web cs1">Harmansah, Ömür (2007-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712123530/http://proteus.brown.edu/mesopotamianarchaeology/699">"The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Ceremonial centers, urbanization and state formation in Southern Mesopotamia"</a>. 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Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 11–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09883-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09883-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09883-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uruk+and+the+formation+of+the+city&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+First+Cities%3A+The+Third+Millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09883-9&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=Hans+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlgaze2013" class="citation book cs1">Algaze, Guillermo (2013). 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Robert Carter & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+and+researches+in+Chaldaea+and+Susiana%3A+with+an+account+of+excavations+at+Warka%2C+the+%22Erech%22+of+Nimrod%2C+and+Shush%2C+%22Shushan+the+Palace%22+of+Esther%2C+in+1849%E2%80%9352&rft.pub=Robert+Carter+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1857&rft.au=William+Kennett+Loftus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4ZiBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Warwick Ball</a>, "Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire", Routledge, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?zoom=U&page=1">"Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary, ePSD2"</a>. 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ARAMAZD Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 12: 76–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32028%2Fajnes.v12i1.893">10.32028/ajnes.v12i1.893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257461809">257461809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAMAZD+Armenian+Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Lugalzagesi%3A+The+First+Emperor+of+Mesopotamia%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32028%2Fajnes.v12i1.893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257461809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kesecker&rft.aufirst=Nshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38693392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Marchesi, Gianni, "The Sumerian King List and the early history of Mesopotamia", Vicino Oriente Quaderno, pp. 231–248, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dassow2009-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dassow2009_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dassow2009_11-1">b</a> Eva von Dassow, "Narām-Sîn of Uruk: A New King in an Old Shoebox", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 61, pp. 63–91, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frayne1990-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frayne1990_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frayne1990_12-1">b</a> Frayne, Douglas, "Uruk", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 439-483, 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Rients de Boer, "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, pp. 53–86, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Seri, Andrea, "The archive of the house of prisoners and political history", The House of Prisoners: Slavery and State in Uruk during the Revolt against Samsu-iluna, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 20-54, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyborowski2012-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyborowski2012_15-0">^</a> Witold Tyborowski, "New Tablets from Kisurra and the Chronology of Central Babylonia in the Early Old Babylonian Period", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 102, iss. 2, pp. 245–269, 2012, ISSN 0084-5299 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker2002-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker2002_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker2002_16-1">b</a> H. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25104-4"><bdi>0-415-25104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia+Before+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-25104-4&rft.aulast=Charv%C3%A1t&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Zainab+Bahrani&rft.au=Marc+Van+de+Mieroop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMesopotamiaBeforeHistory%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Nissen, H. J., "Uruk: Key Site of the Period and Key Site of the Problem", in Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East, edited by J. N. Postgate, Warminster: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 1–16, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissen1972-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nissen1972_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nissen1972_28-1">b</a> Nissen, H. J., "The City Wall of Uruk", in Ucko, P. J., R. Tringham and G. W. Dimbleby (eds.), Man, Settlement and Urbanism. London: Duckworth, pp. 793–98, 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> North, Robert, "Status of the Warka Excavation", Orientalia, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 185–256, 1957 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Fraser, James Baillie, Travels in Koordistan, Mesopotamia, Etc: Including an Account of Parts of Those Countries Hitherto Unvisited by Europeans, R. Bentley, 1840 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> William K. 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Lenzen (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763248&increment=8">The E-anna district after excavations in the winter of 1958–59 | Sumer</a>. Vol. 16. pp. 3–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+E-anna+district+after+excavations+in+the+winter+of+1958%E2%80%9359+%7C+Sumer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1960&rft.au=H.+J.+Lenzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindit.library.yale.edu%2Fimages_layout%2Fview%3Fparentoid%3D15763248%26increment%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> H. J. Lenzen, "New discoveries at Warka in southern Iraq", Archaeology, vol. 17, pp. 122–131, 1964 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> J. Schmidt, "Uruk-Warka, Susammenfassender Bericht uber die 27. Kampagne 1969", Baghdader, vol. 5, pp. 51–96, 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Rainer Michael Boehmer, "Uruk 1980–1990: a progress report", Antiquity, vol. 65, pp. 465–478, 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> M. van Ess and J. Fassbinder, "Magnetic prospection of Uruk (Warka) Iraq", in: La Prospection Géophysique, Dossiers d'Archeologie Nr. 308, pp. 20–25, Nov. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Van Ess, Margarete, and J. Fassbinder, "Uruk-Warka. Archaeological Research 2016–2018, Preliminary Report", Sumer Journal of Archaeology of Iraq 65, pp. 47–85, 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Margarete van Ess, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.dainst.org/journals/efb/article/download/2252/6690">"Uruk, Irak. Wissenschaftliche Forschungen 2019"</a>, e-Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, vol. 2, pp. 117–121, 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> van Ess, Margarete, et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.dainst.org/journals/efb/article/download/3980/7665">"Uruk, Irak. Wissenschaftliche Forschungen und Konservierungsarbeiten. Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2020 bis 2022"</a>, e-Forschungsberichte, pp. 1–31, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaibt2024" class="citation journal cs1">Haibt, Max (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2024.2324964">"End-to-end digital twin creation of the archaeological landscape in Uruk-Warka (Iraq)"</a>. International Journal of Digital Earth 17.1, 2324964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Digital+Earth+17.1%2C+2324964&rft.atitle=End-to-end+digital+twin+creation+of+the+archaeological+landscape+in+Uruk-Warka+%28Iraq%29&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Haibt&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F17538947.2024.2324964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFassbinder" class="citation web cs1">Fassbinder, Jörg W. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/63556215/Fassbinder-June-2020-ANEToday20200607-46484-tqqr9l.pdf">"Beneath the Euphrates Sediments: Magnetic Traces of the Mesopotamian Megacity Uruk-Warka | Ancient Near East Today 8, 2020"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Euphrates+Sediments%3A+Magnetic+Traces+of+the+Mesopotamian+Megacity+Uruk-Warka+%7C+Ancient+Near+East+Today+8%2C+2020&rft.aulast=Fassbinder&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg+W.+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F63556215%2FFassbinder-June-2020-ANEToday20200607-46484-tqqr9l.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Hans J. Nissen, "The Archaic Texts from Uruk", World Archaeology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 317–334, 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> M. W. Green, "Archaic Uruk Cuneiform", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 464–466, 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Jan J. A. Djik, "Texte aus dem Rēš-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka", (= Baghdader Mitteilungen. Beiheft 2), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1282-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1282-7">3-7861-1282-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Egbert von Weiher, "Spätbabylonischen Texte aus Uruk, Teil II". (= Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 10), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1336-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1336-X">3-7861-1336-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Egbert von Weiher, "Spätbabylonischen Texte aus Uruk, Teil III", (= Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka 12), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1508-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1508-7">3-7861-1508-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Egbert von Weiher, "Uruk. Spätbabylonischen Texte aus aus dem Planquadrat U 18, Teil IV", (= Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka. Endberichte 12), Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1504-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-1504-X">3-8053-1504-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Egbert von Weiher, Uruk. Spätbabylonischen Texte aus aus dem Planquadrat U 18, Teil V (= Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka. Endberichte 13), Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1850-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-1850-2">3-8053-1850-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Erlend Gehlken, "Uruk. 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Endberichte 11), Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1545-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-1545-7">3-8053-1545-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Corò, Paola, "The Missing Link – Connections between Administrative and Legal Documents in Hellenistic Uruk", Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 53, pp. 86–92, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hunger, Hermann and de Jong, Teije, "Almanac W22340a From Uruk: The Latest Datable Cuneiform Tablet", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 182–194, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Mattessich, Richard, "Recent Insights into Mesopotamian Accounting of the 3rd Millennium B.C — Successor to Token Accounting", The Accounting Historians Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–27, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Nissen, HansJörg; Damerow, Peter; Englund, Robert K., "Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurmeister2017" class="citation book cs1">Burmeister, Stefan (2017). The Interplay of People and Technologies Archaeological Case Studies on Innovations. Bernbeck, Reinhard (1st ed.). Berlin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9816751-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9816751-8-4"><bdi>978-3-9816751-8-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987573072">987573072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interplay+of+People+and+Technologies+Archaeological+Case+Studies+on+Innovations&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987573072&rft.isbn=978-3-9816751-8-4&rft.aulast=Burmeister&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrüsemannEssHilgertSalje2019" class="citation book cs1">Crüsemann, Nicola; Ess, Margarete van; Hilgert, Markus; Salje, Beate; Potts, Timothy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muCvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT325">Uruk: First City of the Ancient World</a>. Getty Publications. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-444-3"><bdi>978-1-60606-444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uruk%3A+First+City+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-444-3&rft.aulast=Cr%C3%BCsemann&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Ess%2C+Margarete+van&rft.au=Hilgert%2C+Markus&rft.au=Salje%2C+Beate&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmuCvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNissen2015" class="citation book cs1">Nissen, Hans J. (2015). "Urbanization and the techniques of communication: the Mesopotamian city of Uruk during the fourth millennium BCE". In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Yoffee" title="Norman Yoffee">Yoffee, Norman</a> (ed.). Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_World_History" title="The Cambridge World History">The Cambridge World History</a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19008-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19008-4"><bdi>978-0-521-19008-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urbanization+and+the+techniques+of+communication%3A+the+Mesopotamian+city+of+Uruk+during+the+fourth+millennium+BCE&rft.btitle=Early+Cities+in+Comparative+Perspective%2C+4000+BCE%E2%80%931200+CE&rft.series=The+Cambridge+World+History&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19008-4&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/cdlisearch/search/index.php?SearchMode=Browse&ResultCount=1&txtID_Txt=P005323">"Tablet MSVO 3,12 /BM 140855: description on CDLI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tablet+MSVO+3%2C12+%2FBM+140855%3A+description+on+CDLI.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdli.ucla.edu%2Fcdlisearch%2Fsearch%2Findex.php%3FSearchMode%3DBrowse%26ResultCount%3D1%26txtID_Txt%3DP005323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRohl1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohl">Rohl, David</a> (1998). Legend: Genesis of Civilisation. London: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7747-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-7747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legend%3A+Genesis+of+Civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7747-9&rft.aulast=Rohl&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittermayer2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mittermayer, C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcsLEcCMAR8C">Enmerkara und der Herr von Arata: Ein ungleicher Wettstreit</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54359-7"><bdi>978-3-525-54359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enmerkara+und+der+Herr+von+Arata%3A+Ein+ungleicher+Wettstreit&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54359-7&rft.aulast=Mittermayer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcsLEcCMAR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Steinkeller, Piotr, "A Campaign of Southern City-States against Kiš as Documented in the ED IIIa Sources from Šuruppak (Fara)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 76.1, pp. 3-26, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-26">aa</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchesi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marchesi, Gianni (January 2015). Sallaberger, W.; Schrakamp, I. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10655886">"Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia"</a>. History & Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout): 139–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Philology+%28ARCANE+3%3B+Turnhout%29&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Chronology+of+Early+Dynastic+Rulers+in+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Marchesi&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10655886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKesecker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kesecker, Nshan (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38693392">"Lugalzagesi: The First Emperor of Mesopotamia?"</a>. ARAMAZD Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 12: 76–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32028%2Fajnes.v12i1.893">10.32028/ajnes.v12i1.893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257461809">257461809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAMAZD+Armenian+Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Lugalzagesi%3A+The+First+Emperor+of+Mesopotamia%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32028%2Fajnes.v12i1.893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257461809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kesecker&rft.aufirst=Nshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38693392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> , Jerold S. Cooper, Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions: Presargonic Inscriptions, Eisenbrauns, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940490-82-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-940490-82-X">0-940490-82-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC.J_Gadd1924" class="citation book cs1">C.J Gadd (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASumerianReading-book">A Sumerian reading-book</a>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sumerian+reading-book&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.au=C.J+Gadd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASumerianReading-book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/uruk_countryside.pdf">[2]</a> R. McC. Adams and H. Nissen, "The Uruk Countryside: The Natural Setting of Urban Societies", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00500-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-00500-3">0-226-00500-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-527596">[3]</a>Banks, Edgar James, "A Vase Inscription from Warka", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 62–63, 1904</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.library.stonybrook.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1251&context=amar">[4]</a>Brandes, Mark A., "Untersuchungen zur Komposition der Stiftmosaiken an der Pfeilerhalle der Schicht IVa in Uruk-Warka", Berlin : Gebr. Mann, 1968.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1984" class="citation journal cs1">Green, MW (1984). "The Uruk Lament". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 104 (2): 253–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602171">10.2307/602171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602171">602171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Uruk+Lament&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiveraniZainab_BahraniMarc_Van_de_Mieroop2006" class="citation book cs1">Liverani, Mario; Zainab Bahrani; Marc Van de Mieroop (2006). Uruk: The First City. London: Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84553-191-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84553-191-4"><bdi>1-84553-191-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uruk%3A+The+First+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84553-191-4&rft.aulast=Liverani&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Zainab+Bahrani&rft.au=Marc+Van+de+Mieroop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33683">[5]</a>Seton Lloyd, "Foundations in the Dust", Oxford University Press, 1947</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-592603">[6]</a> Nies, James B., "A Pre-Sargonic Inscription on Limestone from Warka", Journal of the American Oriental Society 38, pp. 188–196, 1918</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/articles/cdlj/2024-1">[7]</a>Nissen, Hans J., "Uruk and I", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2024 (1), 2024</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc25.pdf">[8]</a>Ann Louise Perkins, "The Comparative Archeology of Early Mesopotamia", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 25, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPostgate1994" class="citation book cs1">Postgate, J.N. (1994). Early Mesopotamia, Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. New York, New York: Routledge Publishing. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00843-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00843-3"><bdi>0-415-00843-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mesopotamia%2C+Society+and+Economy+at+the+Dawn+of+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Routledge+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-00843-3&rft.aulast=Postgate&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rositani, Annunziata, "The Status of War Prisoners at Uruk in the Old Babylonian Period", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 2024</li> <li>Rositani, Annunziata, "King Rīm-Anum of Uruk: A Reconstruction of an Old Babylonian Rebel Kingdom", DOCUMENTA ASIANA 14, pp. 109-123, 2024</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothman2001" class="citation book cs1">Rothman, Mitchell S. (2001). Uruk, Mesopotamia & Its Neighbors. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930618-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-930618-03-4"><bdi>1-930618-03-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uruk%2C+Mesopotamia+%26+Its+Neighbors&rft.place=Santa+Fe&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=School+of+American+Research+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-930618-03-4&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sandowicz, Małgorzata, Cornelia Wunsch, and Stefan Zawadzki, "On Shifting Social and Urban Landscapes in Uruk under Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II: A View from One Neighborhood", Altorientalische Forschungen 50.2, pp. 206-236, 2023</li> <li>Stevens, Kathryn, "Secrets in the Library: Protected Knowledge and Professional Identity in Late Babylonian Uruk", Iraq, vol. 75, pp. 211–53, 2013</li> <li>Eva Strommenger, The Chronological Division of the Archaic Levels of Uruk-Eanna VI to III/II: Past and Present, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 479–487, Oct. 1980</li> <li>Szarzyńska, Krystyna, "Offerings for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 7–28, 1993</li> <li>Krystyna Szarzyńska, Observations on the Temple Precinct EŠ3 in Archaic Uruk, Journal of Cuneiform Sudies, vol. 63, pp. 1–4, 2011</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uruk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Template:Epic of Gilgamesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Template talk:Epic of Gilgamesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epic of Gilgamesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epic_of_Gilgamesh221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshanabi" title="Urshanabi">Urshanabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (god)">Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shullat_and_Hanish" title="Shullat and Hanish">Shullat and Hanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silili" title="Silili">Silili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other mythical beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_man" title="Scorpion man">Scorpion man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/120px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/250px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_American_Novel_(Roth)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great American Novel (Roth)">The Great American Novel</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_the_King" title="Gilgamesh the King">Gilgamesh the King</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_Outback" title="Gilgamesh in the Outback">Gilgamesh in the Outback</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timewyrm:_Genesys" title="Timewyrm: Genesys">Timewyrm: Genesys</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaves_of_the_Shinar" title="Slaves of the Shinar">Slaves of the Shinar</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorceress:_The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel" title="The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel">The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh_(Martin%C5%AF)" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů)">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a> (1955 Czech oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Kodall%C4%B1_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Kodallı opera)">Gilgamesh (Kodallı)</a> (1964 Turkish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Saygun_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Saygun opera)">Gilgamesh (Saygun)</a> (1970 Turkish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh (Nørgård)">Gilgamesh (Nørgård)</a> (1972 Danish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Brucci_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Brucci opera)">Gilgamesh (Brucci)</a> (1986 Serbian opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh,_or_This_Unnameable_Little_Broom" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom">The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Darmok" title="Darmok">Darmok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Demon_with_a_Glass_Hand" title="Demon with a Glass Hand">Demon with a Glass Hand</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Druaga_(TV_series)" title="The Tower of Druaga (TV series)">The Tower of Druaga</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ek_Khoj" title="Bharat Ek Khoj">The Beginnings</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh II">Gilgamesh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgotten_One_(character)" title="Forgotten One (character)">Forgotten One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(manga)" title="Gilgamesh (manga)">Gilgamesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Druaga" title="The Tower of Druaga">The Tower of Druaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashu" title="Mashu">Mashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni" title="Sîn-lēqi-unninni">Sîn-lēqi-unninni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smith (assyriologist)">George Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Gudam" title="Tale of Gudam">Tale of Gudam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Category:Epic of Gilgamesh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East125" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-73">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/60px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/120px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/120px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/250px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/40px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/60px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/120px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canide_(pharaoh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canide (pharaoh) (page does not exist)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(ruler)" title="Taurus (ruler)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/120px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(pharaoh)" title="Horus Bird (pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_(period)" title="Proto-Elamite (period)">Proto-Elamite period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(pharaoh)" title="Nebra (pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/40px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Meshkiangasher" title="Meshkiangasher">Meshkiangasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-78">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/40px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/60px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mesopotamia_relations" title="Indo-Mesopotamia relations">Indo-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/40px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesh-he" title="Mesh-he">Mesh-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-ana" title="Melem-ana">Melem-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/60px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/120px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500–539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/40px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/40px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-78">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-Tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napi-Ilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/40px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kikku-Siwe-Temti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-Anne-Mundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-78">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugal-zage-si</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/40px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/60px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-ratep" title="Hishep-ratep">Hishep-ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_(9th_dynasty)" title="Neferkare (9th dynasty)">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/40px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/60px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merikare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-79">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025–1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/40px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/40px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Ishtar" title="Lipit-Ishtar">Lipit-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/120px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Baratarna" title="Baratarna">Baratarna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/40px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> (1450–1180 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mursili_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili II">Mursili II</a> <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mursili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili III">Mursili III</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya IV">Tudhaliya IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> (vassal of Hittites) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunus" title="Ptolemy Ceraunus">Ptolemy Ceraunus</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III of Egypt">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahralanyozan" title="Shahralanyozan">Shahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/40px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of ancient Central Asia">Rulers of ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, William W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, William Kelly</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000hall/page/48/mode/2up">The Ancient Near East: A History</a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-502755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-502755-8"><bdi>978-0-15-502755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-15-502755-8&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+William+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareasth0000hall%2Fpage%2F48%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDLI%3Awiki&rft.atitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_78-2">c</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUruk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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