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<span>Toggle Performance state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage_fright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_fright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stage fright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_fright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Performance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opvoering" title="Opvoering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opvoering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أداء فني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أداء فني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Спектакль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спектакль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Спектакъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спектакъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performans" title="Performans – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Performans" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Спектаккăль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Спектаккăль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auff%C3%BChrung" title="Aufführung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufführung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitus" title="Esitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentaci%C3%B3n_art%C3%ADstica" title="Presentación artística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presentación artística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektaklo" title="Spektaklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spektaklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پرفورمانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرفورمانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%B0" title="공연 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predstava" title="Predstava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predstava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%94" title="הופעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הופעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Спектакль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спектакль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance" title="Performance – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Performance" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Спектакль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Спектакль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actio_(theatrum)" title="Actio (theatrum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Actio (theatrum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performansas" title="Performansas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Performansas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%88%E8%A1%8C" title="興行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="興行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framsyning" title="Framsyning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Framsyning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektakl" title="Spektakl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Spektakl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektakl" title="Spektakl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spektakl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Спектакль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спектакль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance" title="Performance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Performance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwaayad" title="Ruwaayad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ruwaayad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%86%DA%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پێرفۆڕمانس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێرفۆڕمانس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framf%C3%B6rande" title="Framförande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Framförande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagtatanghal" title="Pagtatanghal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagtatanghal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Намоиш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Намоиш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вистава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вистава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%88%D9%86%DA%86" title="كۆرۈنچ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆرۈنچ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ACnh_di%E1%BB%85n" title="Trình diễn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trình diễn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94" title="表演 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="表演" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94" title="表演 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="表演" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35140#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Act of staging or presenting a form of entertainment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Performance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Performance (disambiguation)">Performance (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha,_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha%2C_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg/300px-Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha%2C_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha%2C_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg/450px-Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha%2C_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha%2C_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg/600px-Don_Quijote_de_La_Mancha%2C_Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Teather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3878" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>A stage performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(ballet)" title="Don Quixote (ballet)">Don Quixote</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Cultural_Complex" title="Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex">Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>performance</b> is an act or process of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_science">Management science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Management science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the work place, job performance is the hypothesized conception or requirements of a role. There are two types of job performances: contextual and task. Task performance is dependent on cognitive ability, while contextual performance is dependent on personality.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Task performance relates to behavioral roles that are recognized in job descriptions and remuneration systems. They are directly related to organizational performance, whereas contextual performances are value-based and add additional behavioral roles that are not recognized in job descriptions and covered by compensation; these are extra roles that are indirectly related to organizational performance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Organizational_citizenship_behavior" title="Organizational citizenship behavior">Citizenship</a> performance, like contextual performance, relates to a set of individual activity/contribution (prosocial organizational behavior) that supports <a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">organizational culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg/220px-Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg/330px-Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg/440px-Gansu_Museum_2007_309.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> horseback musicians</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>, a performance generally comprises an event in which a performer, or group of performers, present one or more <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">works of art</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>. In instrumental music and drama, a performance is typically described as a "play".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the performers participate in <a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">rehearsals</a> beforehand to practice the work. </p><p>An effective performance is determined by the achieved skills and competency of the performer, also known as the level of skill and knowledge. In 1994, Spencer and McClelland defined competency as "a combination of motives, traits, self-concepts, attitudes, cognitive behavior skills (content knowledge) that helps a performer to differentiate themselves as superior from the average performer".<sup id="cite_ref-ShippmannAsh2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShippmannAsh2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A performance also describes the way in which an <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</a> performs. In a solo capacity, it may also refer to a <a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">mime artist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">conjurer</a>, magician, or other entertainer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects_of_performance_art">Aspects of performance art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aspects of performance art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another aspect of performance that grew in popularity in the early 20th century is <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>. The origins of Performance art started with <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_constructivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian constructivism">Russian constructivism</a> groups, focusing on avant-garde poetry readings and live paintings meant to be viewed by an audience. It can be scripted or completely improvised and includes audience participation if desired.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a> in the 1950s with <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a> gave way to <a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">action painting</a>, a technique that emphasized the dynamic movements of artists as they splattered paint and other media on canvas or glass. For these artists, the motion of putting paint on canvas was just as valuable as the finished painting, and so it was common for artists to document their work in film; such as the short film Jackson Pollock 51(1951), featuring Pollock dripping paint onto a massive canvas on his studio floor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Situationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationists">Situationists</a> in France, led by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, married avant-garde art with revolutionary politics to incite everyday acts of anarchy. The "Naked City Map" (1957) fragments the 19 sections of Paris, featuring the technique of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">détournement</a> and abstraction of the traditional environment, deconstructing the geometry and order of a typical city map.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kaprow" title="Allan Kaprow">Allan Kaprow</a> became involved in developing <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">happening</a> performance art. These carefully scripted one-off events incorporated the audience into acts of chaos and spontaneity. These happenings challenged traditional art conventions and encouraged artists to carefully consider the role of an audience.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Gutai_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutai group">Gutai group</a> led by Yoshihara Jiro, Kanayma Akira, Murakami Saburo, Kazuo Shiraga, and Shimamoto Shozo made the materials of art-making come to life with body movement and blurring the line between art and theater. <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Shiraga" title="Kazuo Shiraga">Kazuo Shiraga</a>'s <i>Challenging Mud (1955)</i> is a performance of the artist rolling and moving in mud, using their body as the art-making tool, and emphasizing the temporary nature of performance art. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valie_Export" title="Valie Export">Valie Export</a>, an Austrian artist born Waltraud Lehner, performed "Tap and Touch Cinema" in 1968. She walked around the streets in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> during a film festival wearing a styrofoam box with a curtain over her chest. Bystanders were asked to put their hands inside the box and touch her bare chest. This commentary on women sexualization in film focused on the sense of touch rather than sight.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Piper" title="Adrian Piper">Adrian Piper</a> and her performance Catalysis III (1970) featured the artist walking down <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> streets with her outfit painted white and a sign across her chest that said "wet paint." She was interested in the invisible social and racial dynamics in America and was determined to encourage civic-mindedness and interruption of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carolee_Schneemann" title="Carolee Schneemann">Carolee Schneemann</a>, American artist, performed Interior Scroll in 1975, where she unrolls Super-8 film "Kitsch's Last Meal" from her genitals. This nude performance contributes to a discourse on femininity, sexualization, and film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_state">Performance state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Performance state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg/300px-Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg/450px-Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg/600px-Deep_Purple_-_MN_Gredos_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>English rock band <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Hoyos_del_Espino" title="Hoyos del Espino">Hoyos del Espino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>Williams and Krane define the ideal performance state as a mental state having the following characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Absence of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a></li> <li>Not thinking about the performance</li> <li>Adaptive focus on the activity</li> <li>A sense of effortlessness and belief in confidence or <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a></li> <li>A sense of personal control</li> <li>A distortion of time and space where time does not affect the activity</li></ul> <p>Other related factors are: motivation to achieve success or avoid failure, task relevant attention, positive self-talk, and cognitive regulation to achieve <a href="/wiki/Automaticity" title="Automaticity">automaticity</a>. Performance is also dependent on adaptation of eight areas: Handling crisis, managing stress, creative problem solving, knowing necessary functional tools and skills, agile management of complex processes, interpersonal adaptability, cultural adaptability, and physical fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performance is not always a result of practice, but rather about honing in a skill. Over practicing itself can result in failure due to <a href="/wiki/Ego_depletion" title="Ego depletion">ego depletion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Tangian" title="Andranik Tangian">Andranik Tangian</a>, the best results are achieved when spontaneity and even improvisation are backed up by rational elements that arrange means of expression in a certain structure, supporting the communication (not just verbal) with the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Tangian1997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangian1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tangian1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangian1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_fright">Stage fright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stage fright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg/120px-Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg/180px-Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg/240px-Kristin_Chenoweth_singing_National_Anthem_at_Yankee_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth" title="Kristin Chenoweth">Kristin Chenoweth</a> performs the national anthem of the United States at a <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> game.</figcaption></figure> <p>Theatrical performances, especially when the audience is limited to only a few observers, can lead to significant increases in the performer's heart rate. This increase takes place in several stages relative to the performance itself, including anticipatory activation (one minute before the start of subject's speaking role), confrontation activation (during the subject's speaking role, at which point their heart rate peaks) and release period (one minute after the conclusion of the subject's speech).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same physiological reactions can be experienced in other mediums such as instrumental performance. When experiments were conducted to determine whether there was a correlation between audience size and heart rate (an indicator of anxiety) of instrumental performers, the researcher's findings ran contrary to previous studies, showing a positive correlation rather than a negative one.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heart rate shares a strong, positive correlation with the self reported <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> of performers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other physiological responses to public performance include <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>, secretion of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal glands">adrenal glands</a>, and increased blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">Choral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_(performing_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (performing art)">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">Performativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Performance_poetry" title="Performance poetry">poetry</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Performance_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance dance">dance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recital" class="mw-redirect" title="Recital">Recital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">Stagecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">Theater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Participatory_theatre" title="Participatory theatre">participatory theatre</a>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Performance</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/performance" class="extiw" title="wikt:performance">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Performances" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Performances">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Performance" class="extiw" title="q:Performance">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35140" class="extiw" title="d:Q35140">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/performance">"Definition of performance"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+performance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fperformance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerformance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_T._RobertsonCary_L._Cooper2015" class="citation book cs1">Ivan T. Robertson; Cary L. Cooper (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5MtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT24"><i>Personnel Psychology and Human Resources Management: A Reader for Students and Practitioners</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 24+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-09060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-09060-1"><bdi>978-1-119-09060-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personnel+Psychology+and+Human+Resources+Management%3A+A+Reader+for+Students+and+Practitioners&rft.pages=24%2B&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-119-09060-1&rft.au=Ivan+T.+Robertson&rft.au=Cary+L.+Cooper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5MtBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerformance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Martin2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Martin (1 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjC4z2NFOIYC&pg=PA240"><i>IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 240+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9514-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9514-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-9514-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IAAP+Handbook+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.pages=240%2B&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9514-3&rft.au=Paul+R.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjC4z2NFOIYC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerformance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston_BennettCharles_E._LanceDavid_J._Woehr2014" class="citation book cs1">Winston Bennett; Charles E. 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Psychology Press. pp. 115–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-82454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-82454-1"><bdi>978-1-317-82454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+Measurement%3A+Current+Perspectives+and+Future+Challenges&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-82454-1&rft.au=Winston+Bennett&rft.au=Charles+E.+Lance&rft.au=David+J.+Woehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEunJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerformance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonnentag, S & Frese, M. (2009). Dynamic Performance. In S.W.J Kozlowski (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Dorschel" title="Andreas Dorschel">Andreas Dorschel</a>, <i>Music as Play.</i> In: Paulo de Assis (ed.), <i>Virtual Works – Actual Things: Essays in Musical Ontology.</i> Leuven University Press, Leuven 2018 (Orpheus Institute Series), pp. 115–133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orpheusinstituut.be/nl/publicaties/virtual-works-actual-things/">pdf online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShippmannAsh2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShippmannAsh2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippmannAshBatjtstaCarr2000" class="citation journal cs1">Shippmann, Jeffery S.; Ash, Ronald A.; Batjtsta, Mariangela; Carr, Linda; Eyde, Lorraine D.; Hesketh, Beryl; Kehoe, Jerry; Pearlman, Kenneth; Prien, Erich P.; Sanchez, Juan I. 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"Heart Rate Variability as a Predictor of Speaking Anxiety". <i>Communication Research Reports</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 286–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08824096.2010.496323">10.1080/08824096.2010.496323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55686972">55686972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Research+Reports&rft.atitle=Heart+Rate+Variability+as+a+Predictor+of+Speaking+Anxiety&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=286-297&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08824096.2010.496323&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55686972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maclntyre&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerformance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrutten1963" class="citation journal cs1">Brutten, Eugene (1963). "A Palmer Sweat Investigation of the Effect of Audience Variation Upon Stage Fright". <i>Speech Monographs</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 92–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03637756309375363">10.1080/03637756309375363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speech+Monographs&rft.atitle=A+Palmer+Sweat+Investigation+of+the+Effect+of+Audience+Variation+Upon+Stage+Fright.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-96&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03637756309375363&rft.aulast=Brutten&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerformance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bell, B.S., & Kozlowski, S.W.J. (2008). Active learning: Effects of core training design elements on self regulatory processes, learning, and adaptability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 296–316.</li> <li>Fadde, P.J., & Klein, G.A. (2010). Deliberate performance: Accelerating expertise in natural settings. Performance Improvement, 49, 5-15.</li> <li>Freeman, S., Eddy, S., McDounough, M. et al. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. PNAS, 111, 8410–8414.</li> <li>Gagne, R.M. (1962). Military training and principles of learning. American psychologist, 17, 83–91.</li> <li>Lohman, M. (2002). Cultivating problem solving skills through problem based approaches to professional development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13, 243–256.</li> <li>Meyer, R. (2002). Problem solving skills through problem based approaches to professional development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13, 263–270.</li> <li>Noordzu, G., Hooft, E., Mierlo, H. et al. (2013). The effects of a learning-goal orientation training on self-regulation: A field experiment among unemployed job seekers. Personnel Psychology, 66, 723–755.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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