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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_south_Indian_Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_south_Indian_Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The south Indian Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_south_Indian_Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_south_Indian_rock_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_south_Indian_rock_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dating south Indian rock art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_south_Indian_rock_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_petroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_petroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The petroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_petroglyphs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The petroglyphs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_petroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musical_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Musical rocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threatened" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threatened"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threatened</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threatened-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kupgal petroglyphs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kupgal petroglyphs is located in India"><img alt="Kupgal petroglyphs is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/270px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/405px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/540px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.673%;left:31.152%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kupgal petroglyphs"><img alt="Kupgal petroglyphs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within India</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Kupgal, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label">Southern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kupgal_petroglyphs&params=15_10_53_N_76_58_07_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°10′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°58′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.18139°N 76.96861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.18139; 76.96861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kupgal petroglyphs</b> are works of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> found at Kupgal in <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Thousands of petroglyphs have been found at Kupgal, which date to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> or even the old stone age. The site, which includes examples of <a href="/wiki/Rock_gong" title="Rock gong">rock gongs</a>, was discovered first in 1892, but subsequently became lost to researchers until it was rediscovered in the early 21st century. This site features peculiar rock formations with unusual depressions which make musical sounds when struck with boulders. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_site"><span class="anchor" id="Hiregudda"></span>The site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site is situated in the Bellary district of mid-eastern Karnataka, approximately 5 km north-east of the town of Bellary. Archaeological sites in this area appear in the literature under different names, but the names of <a href="/wiki/Sanganakallu" title="Sanganakallu">Sanganakallu</a> and Kupgal, two local villages, occur commonly. Here, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> remains are found concentrated on the tops and slopes of an outcrop of granitic hills while remains of the megalithic (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Early_historic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early historic">Early historic</a>, and subsequent periods are found predominantly in surrounding <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplain</a>. </p><p>Of the many sites here, the largest is located on the biggest and northernmost of the granitic hills. It was called Peacock Hill by the British during the colonial period and was sometimes referred to as such in early literature. Locals, generally call the hill <i><b>Hiregudda</b></i>, which simply means 'Big Hill' in the local <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada language</a>. Most archaeological literature, however, refers to the hill as Kupgal hill, after a neighbouring village (though the nearest village is <a href="/wiki/Sirivaram" title="Sirivaram">Sirivaram</a>). Recent archaeological research has dated the main period of Neolithic occupation on this hill top between 4000 and 3300 years ago <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kupgal hill is a fairly large granitic hill with several peaks, with a large <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">dolerite</a> <a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">trap</a> <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dyke</a> running along its axis. Petroglyphs belonging to different periods, from the neolithic to the modern day, can be found bruised or engraved on the black rocks all along the dyke. A heavy concentration of rock art is seen where the dyke emerges across the upper northern peak of the hill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rediscovery">Rediscovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site was first reported in the Asiatic Quarterly Review in 1892 (Fawcett). The report included a brief summary by Fawcett along with hand sketches by Sewell. It is also mentioned by Foote in his 1916 volume on the Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities of India. But subsequent explorers who tried to trace it were unable to do so. Brief descriptions of the site by Subbarao (Subbarao, 1947), Gordon (1951) and Padayya (1973) appeared, but the site itself remained lost. A few pictures of the site had also been taken in the 19th century, but the originals were either lost, or allowed to fade. Photographs apparently taken by Fawcett had been sent to the Madras Museum and the Royal Anthropological Institute. While the ones in the Madras Museum were lost or allowed to fade, those in the R.A.I. were re-photographed before they faded. These were later published by Gordon (1951). In 2002, Dr. Boivin in association with Ravi Korisettar of the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka University">Karnataka University</a> carried out a study of the site and published photographs which effectively make it only the second time that photographs of the Kupgal petroglyphs have been published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_south_Indian_Neolithic">The south Indian Neolithic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The south Indian Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although later in date than the proto-Harappan neolithic of the early third to first millennium BC, the south Indian neolithic (which actually overlaps with the Mature phase of the Harappan Civilisation), is of special interest to researchers. This is because, unlike the neolithic of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (region)">Baluchistan</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (which share similarities with the neolithic of neighbouring South-west Asia), the south Indian neolithic features a distinctively Indian crop package,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a distinctively Indian emphasis on cattle pastoralism and a distinctively Indian form of ritual involving the burning of large quantities of cowdung. This latter ritual in particular, is a unique feature of the south Indian neolithic and has resulted in the formation of large ‘<a href="/wiki/Neolithic_ashmounds_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic ashmounds (India)">ashmounds</a>’ up to 30 feet high at various places.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the wealth of the south Indian neolithic, it has received disproportionately less attention from South Asian archaeologists. The situation has improved somewhat in recent years though, with the launch of a number of new excavation and survey projects aimed at a systematic study of various aspects of this archeological entity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_south_Indian_rock_art">Dating south Indian rock art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dating south Indian rock art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dating south Indian neolithic art has traditionally been acknowledged as being problematic. Nonetheless, a rough chronological sequence for the rock art has been made possible by integrating various strands of evidence, by considering artistic style and method, the content of the rock art itself, its proximity to archaeological sites of known periods etc. These studies suggest that Neolithic rock art can be distinguished from rock art of other periods based on its distinctive style, subjects, method of production and weathering characteristics, and the repeated association of these features with archaeological sites of the neolithic period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_petroglyphs">The petroglyphs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The petroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the motifs on the rocks are of cattle, in particular the long-horned humped-back type found in southern India (<i>Bos indicus</i>). Some are of human-like figures, either on their own or accompanied by cattle. Some of these are in chains or with bows and arrows. According to Dr Boivin, the masculine nature of the engravings suggest that the people who made the images were men and were probably involved in herding cattle. The motifs were made by bruising the rocks, presumably with a stone implement. Some of the images are in locations so difficult to reach that it would have required the artists to suspend themselves from an overhang to make the images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_rocks">Musical rocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Musical rocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The locals refer to some of the rock formations as the 'musical' rocks. They consist of peculiar depressions in the rocks, which when struck with boulders produce loud, gong-like musical tones.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cultures, percussion plays an important role in rituals and it is thought that these may have been part of rituals of the people of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threatened">Threatened</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Threatened"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial quarrying in the area now poses a serious threat to the motifs. Some sections of the hill have already been destroyed by the quarrying for granite. A rock shelter to the north of the Kupgal hill with an even older rock art has been partially destroyed. Dr Nicole Boivin, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, an expert who has researched the site has expressed fears that without government interest and intervention, the rock art may be completely destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_gong" title="Rock gong">Rock gong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller,D.Q,Boivin,N. & Korisettar,R. (2007). Dating the Neolithic of South India: new radiometric evidence for key economic, social and ritual transformations. Antiquity81(313), 755-778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller,D.Q., Korisettar,R., Vankatasubbaiah,P.C., Jones,M.K. (2004). Early plant domestications in southern India: some preliminary archaeobotanical results.Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13(2), 115-129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allchin, F. R. (1963) Neolithic Cattle Keepers of South India: a Study of the Deccan Ashmounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korisettar, R., P.C. Venkatasubbaiah & D.Q. Fuller. 2001a. Brahmagiri and Beyond: the Archaeology of the Southern Neolithic, in S. Settar & R. Korisettar (ed.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (Volume I, Prehistory): 151-238. New Delhi: Manohar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johansen, P.G. 2004. Landscape, monumental architecture, and ritual: a reconsideration of the South Indian ashmounds. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23: 309-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3520384.stm">"Ancient indians made 'rock music'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 19 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+indians+made+%27rock+music%27&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3520384.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKupgal+petroglyphs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupgal_petroglyphs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3520384.stm">Ancient Indians made 'rock music'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.human-evol.cam.ac.uk/Members/Boivin/pubs/Boivin_2004_Antiquity.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; 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