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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurosaurus" title="Lemurosaurus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lemurosaurus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurosaurus" title="Lemurosaurus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lemurosaurus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Лемурозавр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лемурозавр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurosaurus" title="Lemurosaurus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lemurosaurus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9021315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of therapsids</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Lemurosaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a>, <br /><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">259–254 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:132.33846153846px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg/220px-Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg/330px-Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg/440px-Replica_of_a_Lemurosaurus_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Cast of the holotype skull in the <a href="/wiki/Burke_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke Museum">Burke Museum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lemurosaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Burnetiamorpha" title="Burnetiamorpha">Burnetiamorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Lemurosaurus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Broom</a>, <a href="/wiki/1949_in_paleontology" title="1949 in paleontology">1949</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>Lemurosaurus pricei</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Broom, 1949</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Lemurosaurus</b></i> is a genus of extinct biarmosuchian therapsids from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generic epithet <i>Lemursaurus</i> is a mix of Latin, lemures “ghosts, spirits”, and Greek, sauros, “lizard”. <i>Lemurosaurus</i> is easily identifiable by its prominent eye crests, and large eyes. The name <i>Lemurosaurus pricei</i> was coined by paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a> in 1949, based on a single small crushed skull, measured at approximately 86 millimeters in length, found on the Dorsfontein farm in <a href="/wiki/Graaff-Reinet" title="Graaff-Reinet">Graaff-Reinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, only two skulls of the <i>Lemurosaurus</i> have been discovered, so body size is unknown. The second larger, more intact, skull was found in 1974 by a team from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Bloemfontein" title="National Museum, Bloemfontein">National Museum, Bloemfontein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> skull was poorly preserved and referred to as BP/1/816.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lemurosaurus pricei</i> was coined by Robert Broom in 1949 who was convinced it was a <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1949 it was presumed that <i>Lemurosaurus</i> was most closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Ictidorhinus" title="Ictidorhinus">Ictidorhinus</a> martinsi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1970 this classification expanded when Rusell Sigogneu classified more genera within Ictidorhinidae and place them within <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989 Sigogneau restructured Ictidorhinds into four family-level taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four were Biarmosuchidae, Hipposauridae, Ictidorhinidae, and Burnetiidae.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these classifications required further research, and some were incorrect altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, a second skull known as NMQR 1702 was extracted on the farm Petersburg in South Africa, 50 kilometers southeast of the type locality.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specimen was left unprepared until 2000, when it was discovered to be a second <i>Lemurosaurus</i> skull.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present knowledge points to <i>Lemurosaurus</i> being a part of Burnetiamorpha.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both specimens have flaws that make it difficult to make definitive conclusions as to some aspects of structure. On the BP/1/816 skull the postorbital and occipital regions of the left lateral side are missing, and on the right lateral side they are poorly preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire skull is crushed and warped, adding some ambiguity to measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posterior part of the jaw is also severely damaged, and it is weathered enough that sutures cannot be distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NMQR 1702 is also quite weathered on its external surface, and the different skull matrices are tough to differentiate.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The left posterolateral corner of the skull is warped, resulting in missing features like a portion of the zygomatic arch, the occipital condyle, and the paraoccipital process of the opisthotic.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full skeleton has yet to be located, leaving many questions about <i>Lemurosaurus’</i> full size and structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png/220px-Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png/330px-Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png/440px-Lemurosaurus-JD-2020-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of the head</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Lemurosaurus</i>’ most distinctive feature is its triangular supraorbital bosses. They are tall, stretching up on either side toward the pineal foramen.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the postfrontal there is a pachyostosed supraorbital boss, which has a stronger arch than that of BP/1/816.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper canines are oval when looked at in cross-section.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premaxillary dentition in NMQR 1702 is not fully intact, but there are four upper incisors.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are strong indications that there could have been five, but one was lost through weathering or poor preservation. The lower canine rests in the anterior section of the choana, much like gorgonopsians, therocephalians, and <a href="/wiki/Burnetiamorpha" title="Burnetiamorpha">burnetiamorphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third and fourth positions there are two complete incisors on the right side.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 7.7 millimeter precanine diastema is located behind the upper incisor on that same right side.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems large, but when compared to incisors of dinocephalians and anomodonts, they are relatively small.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serration is present in NMQR 1702 but it is faint compared to the intense serration of BP/1/816.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BR49_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that these differences in serration between NMQR 1702 and BP/1/816 might be ontogenetic, for it is common for juvenile <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a> to lose serration as they get older.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also high ridges on the dorsal margins of the orbit, and a small midline crest anterior to the pineal foreman.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lacrimal is large, with two fossae where it contacts the maxilla that are not well defined.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure is not like anything seen in basal <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>, but it is present in other burnetiamorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Squamosal_bone" title="Squamosal bone">squamosal</a> is poorly defined, but deformation of the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">zygomatic arch</a> suggests the squamosal extends nearly to the posterior end of the maxilla.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on the squamosal are two small knobs along the ventral margin.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These knobs are now considered indicative of burnetiamorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occiput on <i>Lemurosaurus</i> is more tall and narrow than other burnetiamorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurement of <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">scleral ring</a> in orbital dimensions indicate Lemurosaurus were able to see in low light conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner scleral ring diameter is 18 millimeters, and the outer diameter is around 35 millimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The articular and the prearticular cannot be distinguished, which might indicate they are fused.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The splenial is bound by the dentary, which keeps it from being visible on the ventral edge of the mandible. The quadrate and the quadratojugal are appressed on the right side, and there is a quadratojugal foramen present.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnetiamorpha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Burnetiamorpha.jpg/170px-Burnetiamorpha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Burnetiamorpha.jpg/255px-Burnetiamorpha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Burnetiamorpha.jpg/340px-Burnetiamorpha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><i>Lemurosaurus</i> (fifth) and relatives</figcaption></figure><p><i>Lemurosaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lobalopex" title="Lobalopex">Lobalopex</a></i> are both biarmosuchian <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsid</a> genera found in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The <i>Lobalopex</i> fossil was recovered on a farm, Quaggas Fontein 250 in South Africa and is thought to be Middle or Late <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> in age.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen has undergone compression, but many of the features are distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When compared to <i>Lemurosaurus</i>, there are several differences to note. For example, on the <i>Lobalopex</i> skull the median frontal ridge is not prominent, and the posterior contact with the nasal passage is almost flat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where, in the <i>Lemurosaurus</i> fossil it is observed that it has a distinct medial frontal ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another difference is that <i>Lobalopex</i> has a dorsal orbital margin that has not become thicker with extra layers of bone, where <i>Lemurosaurus</i> is pachyostosed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One similarity between the two taxa is that both skull fossils contained an unpaired <a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">vomer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial skull was found in the Western Cape of South Africa in 1985 that lead to the discovery of a new burnetiamorph called <i><a href="/wiki/Lophorhinus" title="Lophorhinus">Lophorhinus</a></i>, the fossil was misclassified until 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though its specific relation to <i>Lemurosaurus</i> is still being worked out.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen is rather deformed in comparison to the other taxa, but some similarities between these species can be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i>Lemurosaurus</i>, <i>Lophorhinus</i> has a short maxillary-prefrontal suture.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One major difference includes a midline suture with the nasals that is not present in most burnetiamorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of this fossil is important because it shows that there were two related taxa (<i>Lophorhinus</i> and <i>Lobalopex</i>) alive during the same assemblage zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact relationships within this branch uncertain. The prevailing theory is that <i>Lemurosaurus</i> is the most basal of the three, with <i>Lobalopex</i> and <i>Lophorhinus</i> being more closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lemurosaurus’</i> characteristics place it closer to burnetiids than to its biarmosuchian genera, reclassifying them to burnetiamorpha, altering the previous belief that they were in Ictidorhinidae.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is evident that Biarmosuchia are commonly carnivores, but there has been no conclusive evidence on whether <i>Lemurosaurus</i> is carnivorous, or its specific diet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palaeoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Karoo Basin makes up the majority of South Africa, covering about 300,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this basin lies different zones that made it difficult to pinpoint exactly where <i>Lemurosaurus</i> was positioned in the timeline. <i>Lemurosaurus</i> was incorrectly placed in the <a href="/wiki/Dicynodon_Assemblage_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodon Assemblage Zone"><i>Dicynodon</i> Assemblage Zone</a> but was later confirmed to live within the <a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone"><i>Cistecephalus</i> Assemblage Zone</a> by matching the rocks of the fossil with the rocks of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late Permian the climate was beginning to warm up and had instances of seasonal rain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also semi-permanent lakes present at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some time, it was believed that early therapsids originated from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is ambiguity as to the specific ages of the fauna in each location.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in two prominent theories as to how <i>Lemurosaurus</i> ended up in South Africa. The first is that therapsids originated in South Africa, and their presence in Russia can be explained through a dispersal event.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second theory is that therapsids had Pangaean distribution and we do not have a complete line of their evolutionary diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-CW03_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More fossil data is needed to draw a concrete conclusion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Graaff-Reinet" title="Graaff-Reinet">Graaf-Reinet</a> is located in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. The Karoo Basin is a sedimentary basin, that contains volcanic ash deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basin was deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> to the Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, there was difficulty dating this time period, but with the “zircon U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP),” it is now possible to date the soils more accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found that the Cistecephalus Assemblage zone began 256.25 Ma and lasted until 255.2 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CW03-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW03_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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"A new burnetiid (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Upper Permian of South Africa and its biogeographic implications". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 331–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282006%2926%5B331%3Aanbtbf%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[331:anbtbf]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634">0272-4634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86367955">86367955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+new+burnetiid+%28Therapsida%3A+Biarmosuchia%29+from+the+Upper+Permian+of+South+Africa+and+its+biogeographic+implications&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-343&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86367955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0272-4634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634%282006%2926%5B331%3Aanbtbf%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.+H.&rft.au=Rubidge%2C+Bruce+S.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+Christian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALemurosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubidgeSidor2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sidor, Christian A. (November 2001). "Evolutionary Patterns Among Permo-Triassic Therapsids". <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 449–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4162">0066-4162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Patterns+Among+Permo-Triassic+Therapsids&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=449-480&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113&rft.issn=0066-4162&rft.aulast=Rubidge&rft.aufirst=Bruce+S.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+Christian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALemurosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithErikssonBotha1993" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R.M.H.; Eriksson, P.G.; Botha, W.J. (January 1993). "A review of the stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo-aged basins of Southern Africa". <i>Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East)</i>. <b>16</b> (1–2): 143–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0899-5362%2893%2990164-l">10.1016/0899-5362(93)90164-l</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-5362">0899-5362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences+%28and+the+Middle+East%29&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+stratigraphy+and+sedimentary+environments+of+the+Karoo-aged+basins+of+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=143-169&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0899-5362%2893%2990164-l&rft.issn=0899-5362&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.M.H.&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+P.G.&rft.au=Botha%2C+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALemurosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubidgeErwinRamezaniBowring2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rubidge, B. S.; Erwin, D. H.; Ramezani, J.; Bowring, S. A.; de Klerk, W. J. (2013-01-04). "High-precision temporal calibration of Late Permian vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints from the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa". <i>Geology</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 363–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG33622.1">10.1130/G33622.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biarmosuchia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biarmosuchia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biarmosuchia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">Therapsida</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Biarmosuchia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alrausuchus" title="Alrausuchus">Alrausuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpetoskylax" title="Herpetoskylax">Herpetoskylax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ictidorhinus" title="Ictidorhinus">Ictidorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycaenodon" title="Lycaenodon">Lycaenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubidgina" title="Rubidgina">Rubidgina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ustia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustia (genus)">Ustia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wantulignathus" title="Wantulignathus">Wantulignathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nikkasauridae" title="Nikkasauridae">Nikkasauridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikkasaurus" title="Nikkasaurus">Nikkasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reiszia" title="Reiszia">Reiszia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchidae" title="Biarmosuchidae">Biarmosuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus" title="Biarmosuchus">Biarmosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchoides" title="Biarmosuchoides">Biarmosuchoides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eotitanosuchidae" title="Eotitanosuchidae">Eotitanosuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotitanosuchus" title="Eotitanosuchus">Eotitanosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivantosaurus" title="Ivantosaurus">Ivantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamagorgon" title="Kamagorgon">Kamagorgon</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hipposauridae" title="Hipposauridae">Hipposauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipposauroides" title="Hipposauroides">Hipposauroides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipposaurus" title="Hipposaurus">Hipposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudhipposaurus" title="Pseudhipposaurus">Pseudhipposaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burnetiamorpha" title="Burnetiamorpha">Burnetiamorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Impumlophantsi" title="Impumlophantsi">Impumlophantsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isengops" title="Isengops">Isengops</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lemurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lende" title="Lende">Lende</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lobalopex" title="Lobalopex">Lobalopex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophorhinus" title="Lophorhinus">Lophorhinus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burnetiidae" title="Burnetiidae">Burnetiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bondoceras" title="Bondoceras">Bondoceras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullacephalus" title="Bullacephalus">Bullacephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burnetia" title="Burnetia">Burnetia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leucocephalus" title="Leucocephalus">Leucocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mobaceras" title="Mobaceras">Mobaceras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nierkoppia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nierkoppia (page does not exist)">Nierkoppia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niuksenitia" title="Niuksenitia">Niuksenitia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachydectes" title="Pachydectes">Pachydectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paraburnetia" title="Paraburnetia">Paraburnetia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembecephalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembecephalus (page does not exist)">Pembecephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proburnetia" title="Proburnetia">Proburnetia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biarmosuchus tener"><img alt="Biarmosuchus tener" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg/140px-Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg/210px-Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg/280px-Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></span> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proburnetia_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proburnetia viatkensis"><img alt="Proburnetia viatkensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Proburnetia_BW.jpg/140px-Proburnetia_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Proburnetia_BW.jpg/210px-Proburnetia_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Proburnetia_BW.jpg/280px-Proburnetia_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biarmosuchians" title="Category:Biarmosuchians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lemurosaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9021315" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9021315">Q9021315</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4822367">4822367</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1230142">1230142</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4128901">4128901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39099">39099</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&oldid=1211104385">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemurosaurus&oldid=1211104385</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burnetiamorphs" title="Category:Burnetiamorphs">Burnetiamorphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_therapsid_genera" title="Category:Prehistoric therapsid genera">Prehistoric therapsid genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lopingian_synapsids_of_Africa" title="Category:Lopingian synapsids of 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