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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early-modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early-modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early-modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Localities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_and_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_and_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Further and higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_and_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ipswich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipeswic" title="Gipeswic – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gipeswic" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="إبسوتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبسوتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0psui%C3%A7_(%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99)" title="İpsuiç (İngiltərə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İpsuiç (İngiltərə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A" title="ইপ্সউইচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইপ্সউইচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Ipswich (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ipswich (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D1%96%D1%87_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Іпсуіч (Англія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іпсуіч (Англія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ипсуич – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ипсуич" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Ipswich (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ipswich (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich,_Suffolk" title="Ipswich, Suffolk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ipswich, Suffolk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CF%80%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Ίπσουιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίπσουιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%DA%86" title="ایپسوییچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایپسوییچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_(Ingel%C3%A2n)" title="Ipswich (Ingelân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ipswich (Ingelân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98" title="입스위치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="입스위치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%83%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Իփսուիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իփսուիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A" title="इप्सविच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इप्सविच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Ипсуич (Англис) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ипсуич (Англис)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="איפסוויץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איפסוויץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="იფსუიჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იფსუიჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippevicum" title="Gippevicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gippevicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsvi%C4%8Da" title="Ipsviča – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ipsviča" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsvi%C4%8Das" title="Ipsvičas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ipsvičas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_(Anglia)" title="Ipswich (Anglia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ipswich (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ипсвич – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ипсвич" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ابپسويتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابپسويتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_(Engeland)" title="Ipswich (Engeland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ipswich (Engeland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%81" title="イプスウィッチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イプスウィッチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ипсуич (Англия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ипсуич (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ипсвич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ипсвич" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D" title="இப்ஸ்விச் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்ஸ்விச்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ипсвич – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ипсвич" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="อิปสวิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิปสวิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Іпсвіч (Англія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іпсвіч (Англія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DA%86" title="اپسوئچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپسوئچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ipswich" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%87" title="伊普斯威奇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊普斯威奇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="葉士域治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉士域治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%87" title="伊普斯威奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊普斯威奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184775#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ipswich&params=52_3_34_N_1_9_20_E_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°3′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°9′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.05944°N 1.15556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.05944; 1.15556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the town in Suffolk, England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ipswich (disambiguation)">Ipswich (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town and borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ipswich</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Borough of Ipswich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Christchurch Mansion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg/288px-Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg/432px-Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg/576px-Ipswich_Christchurch_Mansion_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1043" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Mansion" title="Christchurch Mansion">Christchurch Mansion</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="border:1;;height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary_Le_Tower,_Ipswich_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St Mary-le-Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_Mary_Le_Tower%2C_Ipswich_01.JPG/95px-St_Mary_Le_Tower%2C_Ipswich_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_Mary_Le_Tower%2C_Ipswich_01.JPG/143px-St_Mary_Le_Tower%2C_Ipswich_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/St_Mary_Le_Tower%2C_Ipswich_01.JPG/190px-St_Mary_Le_Tower%2C_Ipswich_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4891" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Tower" title="St Mary-le-Tower">St Mary-le-Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="border:1;;height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Ipswich Waterfront" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg/189px-Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg/284px-Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg/378px-Clear_sky_afternoon_on_the_Ipswich_Waterfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3932" data-file-height="2779" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Waterfront" title="Ipswich Waterfront">Ipswich Waterfront</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orwell-Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Orwell Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Orwell-Bridge.jpg/193px-Orwell-Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Orwell-Bridge.jpg/290px-Orwell-Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Orwell-Bridge.jpg/386px-Orwell-Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Bridge" title="Orwell Bridge">Orwell Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Ipswich High Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg/91px-Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg/137px-Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg/182px-Ipswich-Buttermarket-Cropped-Editedjpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1449" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Ipswich Town Centre</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ipswich"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ipswich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ipswich_Borough_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Munia civitatis decus civium</i><br />(The functions of citizenship are the glory of the citizens)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within Suffolk"><img alt="Location within Suffolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Ipswich_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="927" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ipswich is located in England"><img alt="Ipswich is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-England_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="2431" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.049%;left:90.349%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ipswich"><img alt="Ipswich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ipswich</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within England</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of England</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ipswich is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Ipswich is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.505%;left:92.088%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ipswich"><img alt="Ipswich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ipswich</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United Kingdom</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ipswich&params=52_3_34_N_1_9_20_E_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°3′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°9′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.05944°N 1.15556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.05944; 1.15556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country#United_Kingdom" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial County">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ipswich</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the town</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/California,_Ipswich" title="California, Ipswich">California</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Ipswich,_Suffolk" title="Castle Hill, Ipswich, Suffolk">Castle Hill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chantry,_Suffolk" title="Chantry, Suffolk">Chantry</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough,_Ipswich" title="Gainsborough, Ipswich">Gainsborough</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Ipswich" title="Greenwich, Ipswich">Greenwich</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Village_Development" title="Ipswich Village Development">Ipswich Village</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Waterfront" title="Ipswich Waterfront">Ipswich Waterfront</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kesgrave" title="Kesgrave">Kesgrave</a> (Part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maidenhall_Estate" title="Maidenhall Estate">Maidenhall Estate</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pinewood,_Suffolk" title="Pinewood, Suffolk">Pinewood</a> (Part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Purdis_Farm" title="Purdis Farm">Purdis Farm</a> (Part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ravenswood,_Ipswich" title="Ravenswood, Ipswich">Ravenswood</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rushmere,_Ipswich" title="Rushmere, Ipswich">Rushmere</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stoke,_Suffolk" title="Stoke, Suffolk">Stoke</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Park,_Suffolk" title="Stoke Park, Suffolk">Stoke Park</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Westbourne,_Suffolk" title="Westbourne, Suffolk">Westbourne</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse,_Ipswich" title="Whitehouse, Ipswich">Whitehouse</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Whitton,_Ipswich" title="Whitton, Ipswich">Whitton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England#Councillors_and_mayors" title="Local government in England">Leader and Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Borough_Council" title="Ipswich Borough Council">Ipswich Borough Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abbott_(politician)" title="Jack Abbott (politician)">Jack Abbott</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Spencer" title="Patrick Spencer">Patrick Spencer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn">– <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">District ranked 262nd</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15.22 sq mi (39.42 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">District ranked 166th</a><br />133,384</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">9,130/sq mi (3,524/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">The town</a>, 2011 census<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">144,957<sup id="cite_ref-BUASD_Pop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUASD_Pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_built-up_area" title="Ipswich built-up area">Built up area</a>, 2011 census<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">178,835<sup id="cite_ref-BUA_Pop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUA_Pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 84.3% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.5% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.6% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.5% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 45.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 42.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 8.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postcode</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/IP_postcode_area" title="IP postcode area">IP</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01473</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom">Vehicle registration area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AV, AW, AX, AY</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ONS_coding_system" title="ONS coding system">ONS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42UD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipswich.gov.uk">ipswich<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ipswich</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c0\/En-uk-Ipswich.ogg\/En-uk-Ipswich.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Ipswich.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/En-uk-Ipswich.ogg/En-uk-Ipswich.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Ipswich.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Ipswich.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is a port town and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England. It is the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>, and largest in Suffolk, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, and the third-largest population centre in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. It is 50 miles (80 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and in 2011 had a population of 144,957. The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_built-up_area" title="Ipswich built-up area">Ipswich built-up area</a> is the fourth-largest in the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a> and the 42nd-largest in England and Wales. It includes the towns and villages of <a href="/wiki/Kesgrave" title="Kesgrave">Kesgrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bramford" title="Bramford">Bramford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martlesham_Heath" title="Martlesham Heath">Martlesham Heath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich was first recorded during the medieval period as <i>Gippeswic</i>, the town has also been recorded as <i>Gyppewicus</i> and <i>Yppswyche</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been continuously inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Saxon</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is believed to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_town_in_Britain" title="Oldest town in Britain">oldest towns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-town_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement was of great economic importance to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> throughout its history, particularly in trade,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the town's historical dock, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Waterfront" title="Ipswich Waterfront">Ipswich Waterfront</a>, known as the largest and most important dock in the Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich is divided into various <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">quarters</a>, with the town centre and the waterfront drawing the most footfall. The town centre features the retail shopping district and the historic <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">town square</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/The_Cornhill,_Ipswich" title="The Cornhill, Ipswich">Cornhill</a>. The waterfront, south of the town centre on a meander of the River Orwell, offers a picturesque setting with a <a href="/wiki/Marina" title="Marina">marina</a>, luxury yachts, high-rise apartment buildings, and a variety of restaurants and cafes. The waterfront is also home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">University of Suffolk</a> campus. </p><p>Ipswich is surrounded by two <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Coast_and_Heaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffolk Coast and Heaths">Suffolk Coast and Heaths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dedham_Vale_National_Landscape" title="Dedham Vale National Landscape">Dedham Vale</a>. The town has a tourist sector, with 3.5 million people reported to have visited the town in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Ipswich was ranked as an emerging global tourist destination by <a href="/wiki/TripAdvisor" class="mw-redirect" title="TripAdvisor">TripAdvisor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ipswich is one of England's <a href="/wiki/Oldest_town_in_Britain" title="Oldest town in Britain">oldest towns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-town_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is claimed to be the oldest still continuing town to have been established and developed by the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-town_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with continuous settlement since early <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_settlement">Roman settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">Roman fort</a>, part of the coastal defences of Britain, stood at <a href="/wiki/Walton,_Suffolk" title="Walton, Suffolk">Walton</a> near <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a> (13 miles (21 km),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> in Suffolk (possibly an administrative complex) stood at Castle Hill (north-west Ipswich).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg/220px-Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg/330px-Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg/440px-Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_House,_Ipswich" title="Ancient House, Ipswich">Ancient House, Ipswich</a> is decorated with a particularly fine example of <a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">pargeting</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern town took shape in Anglo-Saxon times (7th–8th centuries) around the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Port of Ipswich</a>. As the coastal states of north-western Europe emerged from the collapse of the Roman Empire, essential <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> trade and communication between eastern Britain and the continent (especially to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and through the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>) passed through the former Roman ports of <a href="/wiki/Lundenwic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundenwic">London</a> (serving the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mercia">Mercia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">East Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>) and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> (Eoforwic) (serving the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a>). </p><p><i>Gipeswic</i> (also in other spellings such as <i>Gippeswich</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arose as the equivalent to these, serving the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its early imported wares dating to the time of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A6dwald_of_East_Anglia" title="Rædwald of East Anglia">King Rædwald</a>, ruler of the East Angles (616–624). The famous ship-burial and treasure at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> nearby (9 miles; 14 km) is probably his grave. The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Museum" title="Ipswich Museum">Ipswich Museum</a> houses <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replicas</a> of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo treasure">Sutton Hoo treasures</a>. A gallery devoted to the town's origins includes <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> and other artefacts. </p> <div style="float:left; clear:left; margin-right:1em;"></div> <p>The seventh-century town was centred near the quay. Around 700 AD, Frisian potters from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> area settled in Ipswich and set up the first large-scale potteries in England since Roman times. Their wares were traded far across England, and the industry was unique to Ipswich for 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With growing prosperity, in about 720 AD a large new part of the town was laid out in the Buttermarket area. Ipswich was becoming a place of national and international importance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the ancient road plan still survive in its modern streets. </p><p>After the invasion of 869, Ipswich fell under <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> rule. The earth ramparts circling the town centre were probably raised by Vikings in Ipswich around 900 to prevent its recapture by the English.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were unsuccessful. The town operated a <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> under royal licence from King <a href="/wiki/Edgar_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar I of England">Edgar</a> in the 970s, which continued through the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> until the time of <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a>, in about 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbreviation <i>Gipes</i> appears on the coins. </p><p>King John granted the town its first <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">charter</a> in 1200, laying the medieval foundations of its modern civil government.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thenceforth Ipswich strongly maintained its jurisdiction over the Liberty of Ipswich, an administrative area extending over about 35 square kilometres centred on the town.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next four centuries it made the most of its wealth. Five large religious houses, including two <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> Priories (St Peter and St Paul, and Holy Trinity, both mid-12th century<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and those of the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Greyfriars" title="Ipswich Greyfriars">Ipswich Greyfriars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, before 1298), <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Whitefriars" title="Ipswich Whitefriars">Ipswich Whitefriars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> founded 1278–79) and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Blackfriars" title="Ipswich Blackfriars">Ipswich Blackfriars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, before 1263), stood in medieval Ipswich. The last Carmelite Prior of Ipswich was the celebrated <a href="/wiki/John_Bale" title="John Bale">John Bale</a>, author of the oldest English historical verse-drama (<i>Kynge Johan</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1538</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also several hospitals, including the leper hospital of St Mary Magdalene, founded before 1199. </p><p>During the Middle Ages the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Marian</a> Shrine of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ipswich" title="Our Lady of Ipswich">Our Lady of Grace</a> was a famous <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> destination, and attracted many pilgrims including <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine of Aragon">Katherine of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Reformation the statue was taken away to London to be burned, though some claim that it survived and is preserved at <a href="/wiki/Nettuno" title="Nettuno">Nettuno</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1380, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> satirised the merchants of Ipswich in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a>, was born in Ipswich in 1473 as the son of a wealthy landowner. One of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>'s closest political allies, he founded a <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> in the town in 1528, which was for its brief duration one of the homes of the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remains one of the town's most famed figures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early-modern_era">Early-modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early-modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg/220px-Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg/330px-Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg/440px-Early_map_of_Ipswich_published_in_1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Early map of Ipswich from Hodskinson's 1783 Map of Suffolk</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 14th to 17th centuries Ipswich was a <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">kontor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, the port being used for imports and exports to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a>. </p><p>In the time of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Martyrs" title="Ipswich Martyrs">Ipswich Martyrs</a> were burnt at the stake on the Cornhill for their <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> beliefs. A monument commemorating this event now stands in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Park" title="Christchurch Park">Christchurch Park</a>. Ipswich was a printing, <a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">bookseller</a> centre, and an entrepôt for continental books in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1611 to 1634 Ipswich was a major centre for emigration to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. This was encouraged by the Town Lecturer, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(minister)" title="Samuel Ward (minister)">Samuel Ward</a>. His brother <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Ward" title="Nathaniel Ward">Nathaniel Ward</a> was first minister of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich</a>, Massachusetts, where a promontory was named 'Castle Hill' after the place of that name in north-west Ipswich, UK. Ipswich was also one of the main ports of embarkation for puritans leaving other <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglian</a> towns and villages for the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> during the 1630s and what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Migration (Puritan)">Great Migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg/220px-View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg/330px-View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg/440px-View_of_Ipswich_from_Christchurch_Park_c.1746-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>View of Ipswich from <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Park" title="Christchurch Park">Christchurch Park</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1746</span>-49</figcaption></figure> <p>The painter <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a> lived and worked in Ipswich. In 1835, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> stayed in Ipswich and used it as a setting for scenes in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i>. The hotel where he resided first opened in 1518; it was then known as The Tavern and later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Horse_Hotel" title="Great White Horse Hotel">Great White Horse Hotel</a>. Dickens made the hotel famous in chapter XXII of <i>The Pickwick Papers</i>, vividly describing the hotel's meandering corridors and stairs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg/220px-1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg/330px-1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg/440px-1810_Ransome_%26_Son_-_painting_-_outdoor_ten_pin_bowling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>A <i>circa</i> 1810 painting of outdoor bowling near Ransome & Son Foundry, an early embodiment of Ipswich's longtime agricultural equipment maker <a href="/wiki/Ransomes,_Sims_%26_Jefferies" title="Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies">Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1824 Dr <a href="/wiki/George_Birkbeck" title="George Birkbeck">George Birkbeck</a>, with support from several local businessmen, founded one of the first <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics' Institutes">Mechanics' Institutes</a>, which survives to this day as the independent Ipswich Institute reading room and library.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is located at 15 Tavern Street. </p><p>In the mid-19th century <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolite</a> (fossilised animal dung) was discovered; the material was mined and then dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>, the resulting mixture forming the basis of <a href="/wiki/Fisons" title="Fisons">Fisons</a> fertiliser business.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tolly_Cobbold" title="Tolly Cobbold">Tolly Cobbold</a> brewery, built in the 18th century and rebuilt in 1894–96, is one of the finest <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a> in the UK. There was a Cobbold brewery in the town from 1746 until 2002 when <a href="/wiki/Ridley%27s_Brewery" title="Ridley's Brewery">Ridley's Breweries</a> took Tolly Cobbold over.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Thornley_Cobbold" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Thornley Cobbold">Felix Thornley Cobbold</a> presented <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Mansion" title="Christchurch Mansion">Christchurch Mansion</a> to the town in 1896. Smaller breweries include St Jude's Brewery, situated in an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Coach-house" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach-house">coach-house</a> near the town centre. </p><p>Ipswich was subject to bombing by German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but the greatest damage by far occurred during the German bombing raids of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The area in and around the docks was especially devastated. Eighty civilians died by enemy action in the Ipswich county borough area during the latter war.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last bombs to fall on Ipswich landed on Seymour Road at 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. on 2 March 1945, killing nine people and destroying six houses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Willis_Building_(Ipswich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Building (Ipswich)">Willis Building</a> is a glass-clad building owned by <a href="/wiki/Willis_Group_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Group Holdings">Willis</a>. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a>, the building dates from 1974, when it was known as the Willis Faber & Dumas building. It became the youngest grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> in Britain in 1991, being at the time one of only two listed buildings to be less than thirty years old.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1993, Ipswich and <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, Nord Pas-de-Calais, France, became twin towns, and a square in the new Buttermarket development was named Arras Square to mark the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich formerly had a <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Airport" title="Ipswich Airport">municipal airport</a> to the south-east of the town, which was opened in 1929 by the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Corporation" title="Ipswich Corporation">Ipswich Corporation</a>. The airport was controversially closed in 1996. The site was redeveloped for housing as the Ravenswood estate.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RS1497_Waterfront_location_(32)-lpr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/RS1497_Waterfront_location_%2832%29-lpr.jpg/220px-RS1497_Waterfront_location_%2832%29-lpr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/RS1497_Waterfront_location_%2832%29-lpr.jpg/330px-RS1497_Waterfront_location_%2832%29-lpr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/RS1497_Waterfront_location_%2832%29-lpr.jpg/440px-RS1497_Waterfront_location_%2832%29-lpr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Waterfront" title="Ipswich Waterfront">Ipswich Waterfront</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ipswich has experienced a building boom in the early part of the 21st century. Construction has mainly concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">former industrial</a> dock which is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Waterfront" title="Ipswich Waterfront">Ipswich Waterfront</a>. Regeneration to the area has made it a hub of culture in Ipswich, the area boasts fine dining restaurants, a boutique hotel, and the new regional university, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">University of Suffolk</a>. The new high rise buildings of the Regatta Quay development has topped the list of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Ipswich" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich">tallest buildings in Ipswich</a>. The mixed-use high rise building, <a href="/wiki/The_Mill_(building)" title="The Mill (building)">The Mill</a>, is currently the tallest building in Suffolk. </p><p>Ipswich has made several unsuccessful bids for <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town does not have a cathedral, so the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Edmundsbury_and_Ipswich" title="Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich">Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_(county)" title="West Suffolk (county)">West Suffolk</a>. </p><p>Ipswich is the largest town in Suffolk, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allabout_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allabout-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third-largest population centre in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. It is 50 miles (80 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and in 2011 had a population of 144,957. The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_built-up_area" title="Ipswich built-up area">Ipswich built-up area</a> is the fourth-largest in the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a> and the 42nd-largest in England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-BUA_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUA-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the towns and villages of <a href="/wiki/Kesgrave" title="Kesgrave">Kesgrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bramford" title="Bramford">Bramford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martlesham_Heath" title="Martlesham Heath">Martlesham Heath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Localities">Localities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Localities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_%2813%29.jpg/330px-Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_%2813%29.jpg/440px-Christchurch_Park_Ipswich_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Park" title="Christchurch Park">Christchurch Park</a> is a large 82-acre park in the centre of the town.</figcaption></figure> <p>The waterfront is now devoted primarily to leisure use and includes extensive recent development of residential apartment blocks and a university campus. Businesses operated from the dock include luxury boats and a timber merchant. Other industries have been established to the south of the wet dock. The area was flooded in 2013 during a tidal surge. In February 2019 a <a href="/wiki/Floodgate" title="Floodgate">flood gate</a>, which protects the "New Cut", was unveiled. The flood barrier, similar in design to the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a>, cost £67m.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Village_Development" title="Ipswich Village Development">Ipswich Village Development</a>, begun in 2002 around Russell Road, is home to <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Council" title="Suffolk County Council">Suffolk County Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Borough_Council" title="Ipswich Borough Council">Ipswich Borough Council</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21,_23_And_23A,_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/21%2C_23_And_23A%2C_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg/220px-21%2C_23_And_23A%2C_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/21%2C_23_And_23A%2C_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg/330px-21%2C_23_And_23A%2C_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/21%2C_23_And_23A%2C_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg/440px-21%2C_23_And_23A%2C_Buttermarket_-_Ipswich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Shops along the Ipswich high street</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Holywells_Ward,_Ipswich" title="Holywells Ward, Ipswich">Holywells Ward, Ipswich</a> is the area around <a href="/wiki/Holywells_Park,_Ipswich" class="mw-redirect" title="Holywells Park, Ipswich">Holywells Park</a>, a 67-acre (27-hectare) public park situated near the docks, and the subject of a painting by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>. Alexandra Park is the nearest park to the waterfront's northern quay, and situated on Back Hamlet, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">University of Suffolk</a>. </p><p>Localities outside the town centre include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bixley_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bixley Farm (page does not exist)">Bixley Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broke_Hall" title="Broke Hall">Broke Hall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=California,_Suffolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California, Suffolk (page does not exist)">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Ipswich,_Suffolk" title="Castle Hill, Ipswich, Suffolk">Castle Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantry,_Suffolk" title="Chantry, Suffolk">Chantry</a>, The Dales, <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough,_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gainsborough, Suffolk">Gainsborough</a>, Greenwich, <a href="/wiki/Maidenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidenhall">Maidenhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinewood,_Suffolk" title="Pinewood, Suffolk">Pinewood</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Priory_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priory Heath (page does not exist)">Priory Heath</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racecourse,_Suffolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racecourse, Suffolk (page does not exist)">Racecourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenswood,_Ipswich" title="Ravenswood, Ipswich">Ravenswood</a> (built on a former airfield), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Hill,_Suffolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Hill, Suffolk (page does not exist)">Rose Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rushmere,_Ipswich" title="Rushmere, Ipswich">Rushmere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springvale,_Ipswich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springvale, Ipswich (page does not exist)">Springvale</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Margarets,_Ipswich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Margarets, Ipswich (page does not exist)">St Margarets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoke,_Suffolk" title="Stoke, Suffolk">Stoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Heath">Warren Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westbourne,_Suffolk" title="Westbourne, Suffolk">Westbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse,_Ipswich" title="Whitehouse, Ipswich">Whitehouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitton,_Ipswich" title="Whitton, Ipswich">Whitton</a>. </p><p>To the east of the town is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Park,_Suffolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity Park, Suffolk (page does not exist)">Trinity Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bucklesham" title="Bucklesham">Bucklesham</a> the home of the annual <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Show" title="Suffolk Show">Suffolk Show</a>, a typical <a href="/wiki/County_shows_in_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="County shows in United Kingdom">county show</a>. The 'Trinity' is the name given to the three animals native to the county of Suffolk, namely <a href="/wiki/Red_Poll" title="Red Poll">Red Poll</a> cattle, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Punch" title="Suffolk Punch">Suffolk Punch</a> horse and the black-faced <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffolk (sheep)">Suffolk</a> sheep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg/220px-Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg/330px-Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg/440px-Cmglee_Ipswich_Museum_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Museum" title="Ipswich Museum">Ipswich Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ipswich is home to many artists and has a number of galleries, the most prominent of which are at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Mansion" title="Christchurch Mansion">Christchurch Mansion</a>, the Town Hall, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_House,_Ipswich" title="Ancient House, Ipswich">Ancient House</a> and the Artists' Gallery in Electric House. The visual arts are further supported with many sculptures at easily accessible sites. The Borough Council promotes the creation of new public works of art and has been known to make this a condition of planning permission.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town has three museums: <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Museum" title="Ipswich Museum">Ipswich Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Transport_Museum" title="Ipswich Transport Museum">Ipswich Transport Museum</a> and Christchurch Mansion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Wolsey_Theatre" title="New Wolsey Theatre">New Wolsey Theatre</a> is a 400-seat theatre situated on Civic Drive. Although the Wolsey Theatre was built in 1979, The New Wolsey Company took on the management and running of the Wolsey Theatre in 2000, opening its first production in February 2001. </p><p>DanceEast, which has the primary aim of advocating innovation and development of dance in the East of England is now resident in their new premises as part of the waterfront development.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are building new premises as part of the waterfront development. These are the first custom built dance facilities in the east of England at a cost of around £8 million. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spill_Festival_of_Performance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spill Festival of Performance (page does not exist)">Spill Festival of Performance</a> was launched in Ipswich in 2007 and alternates between London and Ipswich yearly. In 2018, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarion_Call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarion Call (page does not exist)">Clarion Call</a> is the signature installation in the Festival<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Installed at the historic town centre and waterfront in Ipswich, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarion_Call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarion Call (page does not exist)">Clarion Call</a> is a sonic intervention calls out to the setting sun in daily incantations, its voices reflecting contemporary Britain while exploring the local history of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, using audio technology originally employed in war and emergencies, and the voices and songs of women and girls, to create a soundscape of immense scale. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg/220px-12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg/330px-12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg/440px-12_-_Ed_Sheeran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sheeran" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a> playing at Ipswich Arts Festival 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Angles_Theatre_Company" title="Eastern Angles Theatre Company">Eastern Angles Theatre Company</a> is based at the Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a> Theatre in Ipswich, named after the famous actor who lived in Felixstowe as a child. In 2012 it celebrated its 30th anniversary. The group engages in rural tours and seasonal performances. </p><p>The Ipswich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arts Festival (page does not exist)">Arts Festival</a>, known as 'Ip-art' has been the town's annual summer arts festival since 2003 and seen a developing and varied programme of events from visual arts, performing arts, literature, film and music, notably a free music day in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Park" title="Christchurch Park">Christchurch Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ultrazang" title="Ultrazang">Ultrazang</a> monthly live music night began in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Jazz_Festival" title="Ipswich Jazz Festival">Ipswich Jazz Festival</a> is a jazz music and arts festival started in 2015 in partnership with the Ipswich Arts Festival and mixes established jazz talent, rising stars and regional players.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich had a notable punk scene and influential grindcore band <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Noise_Terror" title="Extreme Noise Terror">Extreme Noise Terror</a>, formed in the town in 1985. </p><p>It also features art and photography exhibitions, film screenings and workshops held in venues across the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ipswich is covered by <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Look_East" title="BBC Look East">BBC Look East</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News_Anglia" title="ITV News Anglia">ITV News Anglia</a> </i> both broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town has five local radio stations, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Suffolk" title="BBC Radio Suffolk">BBC Radio Suffolk</a> which broadcast from its studios on St Matthews Street in the town, the commercial station <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a> which was founded in 1975 as Radio Orwell covering the A14 corridor in Suffolk, and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_102" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipswich 102">Ipswich 102</a> who took over the FM frequency in 2018, until 2020 when it rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Ipswich_%26_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk">Greatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk</a>. Then in September 2022, the station was rebranded again as <a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio_Suffolk" title="Nation Radio Suffolk">Nation Radio Suffolk</a> where it has one local show on weekday afternoons 1pm-4pm, hosted by Rob Chandler (who hosted the local afternoon show prior to the rebrand). The younger audience was catered for with Suffolk-based <a href="/wiki/Kiss_105-108" title="Kiss 105-108">Kiss 105-108</a>, until September 2023 when its 106.4 frequency flipped over to carrying <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_East" title="Greatest Hits Radio East">Greatest Hits Radio Ipswich & Suffolk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Community_Radio" title="Ipswich Community Radio">Ipswich Community Radio</a> was launched in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town's daily newspaper is the <i><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Star" title="Ipswich Star">Ipswich Star</a></i> a sister title to the county's daily newspaper the <i><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_Daily_Times" title="East Anglian Daily Times">East Anglian Daily Times</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Ipswich" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Ipswich">Category: Buildings and structures in Ipswich</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Ipswich" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich">List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png/220px-Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png/330px-Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png/440px-Ipswich_Cornhill_23-11-2020.png 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_Hall" title="Ipswich Town Hall">Ipswich Town Hall</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Cornhill,_Ipswich" title="The Cornhill, Ipswich">The Cornhill</a> town square</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endeavour_House,_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Endeavour_House%2C_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg/220px-Endeavour_House%2C_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Endeavour_House%2C_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg/330px-Endeavour_House%2C_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Endeavour_House%2C_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg/440px-Endeavour_House%2C_home_of_Suffolk_County_Council_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1305044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_House" title="Endeavour House">Endeavour House</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Council" title="Suffolk County Council">Suffolk County Council</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the Christchurch Mansion and Ancient House, Ipswich in the 21st century has some important cultural buildings including the <a href="/wiki/New_Wolsey_Theatre" title="New Wolsey Theatre">New Wolsey Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regent_Theatre,_Ipswich" title="Regent Theatre, Ipswich">Regent Theatre</a>—the largest theatre venue in East Anglia where, in 1964, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> performed when it was still known as the Gaumont.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Ipswich" title="Corn Exchange, Ipswich">Corn Exchange</a> in King Street which was completed in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several medieval Ipswich churches but the grandest is <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Tower" title="St Mary-le-Tower">St. Mary-le-Tower</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rebuilt by the Victorians. Holy Trinity Church by the waterfront is one of the few churches in the country which was built during the reign of William IV and whilst the outside looks plain, the interior is quite spectacular. The world's oldest circle of church bells is housed in <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_Church,_Ipswich" title="St Lawrence Church, Ipswich">St Lawrence Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_House,_Ipswich" title="Ancient House, Ipswich">Ancient House</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Buttermarket_Centre,_Ipswich" title="Buttermarket Centre, Ipswich">Buttermarket</a> is an example of a merchant house which features tudor <a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">pargeting</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_window" title="Ipswich window">Ipswich window</a>. </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_County_Hall" title="East Suffolk County Hall">East Suffolk County Hall</a> is just east of the centre of Ipswich. It is listed as a building at risk by the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Society">Victorian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Town Hall remains in use as an arts centre and events venue; it dates from 1866 (architects: Bellamy & Hardy of Lincoln). The 18th Century Grade II listed Old Post Office,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was built in 1881, has been renovated and is now home to the Botanist bar. </p><p>Modern buildings include <a href="/wiki/Endeavour_House" title="Endeavour House">Endeavour House</a> (headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Council" title="Suffolk County Council">Suffolk County Council</a> and formerly home of the <a href="/wiki/TXU_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TXU Corporation">TXU Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grafton_House" title="Grafton House">Grafton House</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Borough_Council" title="Ipswich Borough Council">Ipswich Borough Council</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Crown_Court" title="Ipswich Crown Court">Ipswich Crown Court</a>, all located on <a href="/wiki/Russell_Road_(Ipswich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Road (Ipswich)">Russell Road</a> in the area known as the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Village_Development" title="Ipswich Village Development">Ipswich Village Development</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Portman_Road" title="Portman Road">Portman Road</a> stadium. The stadium has hosted England under-21, under-23, and international <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> matches, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> and hockey matches. </p><p>In the waterfront area <a href="/wiki/The_Mill_(Ipswich)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mill (Ipswich)">The Mill</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Ipswich" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich">tallest building</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, reaching 23 storeys. </p><p>On the north-west side of Ipswich lies <a href="/wiki/Broomhill_Pool,_Ipswich" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomhill Pool, Ipswich">Broomhill Pool</a>, a Grade II listed Olympic-sized lido which opened in 1938 and closed in 2002, since which time a campaign to see it restored and re-opened has been run by the Broomhill Pool Trust. On the southern side of Ipswich is historic Belstead Lodge, now the <a href="/wiki/Belstead_Brook_Hotel" title="Belstead Brook Hotel">Belstead Brook Hotel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Borough_Council" title="Ipswich Borough Council">Ipswich Borough Council</a></div> <p>The Municipal Borough of Ipswich was created in 1836<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the form of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">ancient borough</a> of Ipswich until the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a> replaced it with the County Borough of Ipswich in 1889. Both originated from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">ancient borough</a> of Ipswich. The local authority was <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Corporation" title="Ipswich Corporation">Ipswich Corporation</a>. Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, the government set up a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> in July 1833 to investigate how local councils worked.<sup id="cite_ref-RC_on_MCs_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RC_on_MCs-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 it was replaced by the non-metropolitan district of Ipswich and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Borough_Council" title="Ipswich Borough Council">Ipswich Borough Council</a> became the local authority, with county council duties fulfilled by <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Council" title="Suffolk County Council">Suffolk County Council</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>, the county of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> outside of Ipswich was split into <a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_(county)" title="East Suffolk (county)">East Suffolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_(county)" title="West Suffolk (county)">West Suffolk</a> for administrative purposes and the term <a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">administrative county</a> was introduced. There was a level of continuity as Ipswich was still run by the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Corporation" title="Ipswich Corporation">Ipswich Corporation</a>, independently from East Suffolk (which surrounded it), although the county council was based in Ipswich at <a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_County_Hall" title="East Suffolk County Hall">East Suffolk County Hall</a>. </p><p>In 1974 following the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> and Ipswich became a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> with <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a> in the administrative county of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> with the same boundaries as the abolished county borough.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg/220px-Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg/330px-Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg/440px-Ipswich_borough_council_offices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ipswich Borough Council offices at <a href="/wiki/Grafton_House" title="Grafton House">Grafton House</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Russell_Road_(Ipswich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Road (Ipswich)">Russell Road</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ipswich is governed locally by a two-tier council system. <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Borough_Council" title="Ipswich Borough Council">Ipswich Borough Council</a> fulfils <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">district council</a> functions such as refuse collection, housing and planning and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Council" title="Suffolk County Council">Suffolk County Council</a> provides the <a href="/wiki/County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Council">county council</a> services such as transport, education and social services. </p><p>The town is covered by two parliamentary constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency)">Ipswich</a>, which is represented by Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abbott_(politician)" title="Jack Abbott (politician)">Jack Abbott</a> and covers about 75% of the town, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Suffolk_and_North_Ipswich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Central Suffolk and North Ipswich (UK Parliament constituency)">Central Suffolk & North Ipswich</a>, which covers the remaining 25% and is represented by Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Spencer" title="Patrick Spencer">Patrick Spencer</a>. </p><p>In April 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">borough</a> council initiated public discussions about the idea of turning the borough into a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority#United_Kingdom" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ipswich had constituted a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a> from 1889 to 1974, independent of the administrative county of <a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_(county)" title="East Suffolk (county)">East Suffolk</a>, and this status was not restored by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Commission_for_England_(1992)" title="Local Government Commission for England (1992)">Banham/Cooksey Commission</a> in the 1990s. Ipswich, Norwich, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> united to campaign for unitary authority status for the four towns, hoping to use the window of opportunity presented by the October 2006 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom#Future_in_England" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local Government White Paper</a>. In March 2007, it was announced that Ipswich was one of 16 shortlisted councils<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 25 July 2007, the secretary of state<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> announced that she was minded to implement the unitary proposal for Ipswich, but that there were 'a number of risks relating to the financial case set out in the proposal',<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on which she invited Ipswich to undertake further work before a final decision was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2007 plans were put into doubt as the government announced that it had "delayed" the unitary bids for Ipswich and Exeter.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Committee_for_England" title="Boundary Committee for England">Boundary Committee</a> announced its preferred option was for a unitary authority covering Ipswich and the south eastern corner of Suffolk, including Felixstowe.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg/220px-Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg/330px-Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg/440px-Fairline_testing_facility_Ipswich_and_4_Yachts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Four <a href="/wiki/Fairline_Yachts_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Fairline Yachts Ltd.">Fairline Yachts</a> outside Fairline's Ipswich testing facility</figcaption></figure> <p>Being the county town of agricultural Suffolk, industry around Ipswich has had a strong farming bias with <a href="/wiki/Ransomes,_Sims_%26_Jefferies" title="Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies">Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Ltd</a>, one of the most famous agricultural manufacturers, located in the town. The world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Lawnmower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmower">motorised lawnmower</a> was built by Ransomes in 1902. <a href="/wiki/Ransomes_%26_Rapier" title="Ransomes & Rapier">Ransomes & Rapier</a> was a major British manufacturer of railway equipment and later cranes, from 1869 to 1987. There was a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> factory at Ipswich for many years; it was closed in 2001 as part of a rationalisation by <a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a>. This agricultural link is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">local football club</a>'s nickname "The Tractor Boys". Phillips & Piper Ltd on Old Foundry Road employed many women who sewed equestrian and hunt jackets for Harrods, Pytchley, and other labels for 130 years, finally closing down in June 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg/230px-Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg/345px-Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg/460px-Willis_Building_Ipswich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3629" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Willis_Building_(Ipswich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Building (Ipswich)">Willis Building</a> in Ipswich was one of <a href="/wiki/Foster_and_Partners" title="Foster and Partners">Foster + Partners</a> earliest commissions, built in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom Research Laboratories</a> were located to the east of the town in 1975 at <a href="/wiki/Martlesham_Heath" title="Martlesham Heath">Martlesham Heath</a>; it is now a <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science park</a> called <a href="/wiki/Adastral_Park" title="Adastral Park">Adastral Park</a>. The area was originally <a href="/wiki/RAF_Martlesham_Heath" title="RAF Martlesham Heath">RAF Martlesham Heath</a>, a World War II airfield. Part of the old airfield is now the site of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary" title="Suffolk Constabulary">Suffolk Constabulary</a>'s police headquarters. </p><p>A key employment sector is insurance, both wholesale and retail sectors. Some of the major players with a key presence in Ipswich include <a href="/wiki/AXA" class="mw-redirect" title="AXA">Axa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Insurance" title="Churchill Insurance">Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Victoria" title="Liverpool Victoria">LV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willis_Towers_Watson" title="Willis Towers Watson">Willis Towers Watson</a>. Access to a skilled and experienced workforce has also led to the establishment of ancillary businesses serving these companies, including call centres dealing with sales and claims. </p><p>Ipswich is one of the <a href="/wiki/Haven_ports" title="Haven ports">Haven ports</a> and is still a working port, handling several million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> each year. Prior to decommissioning, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Grafton_(F80)" title="HMS Grafton (F80)">HMS <i>Grafton</i></a> was a regular visitor to the port and has special links with the town and the county of Suffolk. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orwell" title="HMS Orwell">HMS <i>Orwell</i></a>, named after the river, is also closely linked with Ipswich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="10">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-:4122_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4122-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-:362_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:362-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>114,118 </th> <th>96.7% </th> <th>111,691 </th> <th>95.5% </th> <th>109,381 </th> <th>93.4% </th> <th>118,596 </th> <th>88.9% </th> <th>117,757 </th> <th>84.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>106,309 </td> <td>90.8% </td> <td>110,624 </td> <td>82.9% </td> <td>104,208 </td> <td>74.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>706 </td> <td> </td> <td>610 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>587 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>149 </td> <td> </td> <td>356 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>663 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,366 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,213 </td> <td>5.4% </td> <td>11,943 </td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,609 </th> <th>1.4% </th> <th>2,562 </th> <th>2.2% </th> <th>5,740 </th> <th>4.3% </th> <th>7,611 </th> <th>5.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>464 </td> <td> </td> <td>839 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,801 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,366 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>73 </td> <td> </td> <td>158 </td> <td> </td> <td>242 </td> <td> </td> <td>376 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>595 </td> <td> </td> <td>913 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,687 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,015 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>312 </td> <td> </td> <td>449 </td> <td> </td> <td>666 </td> <td> </td> <td>749 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>165 </td> <td> </td> <td>203 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,344 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,105 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>2,991 </th> <th>2.6% </th> <th>2,159 </th> <th>1.8% </th> <th>3,096 </th> <th>2.3% </th> <th>4,882 </th> <th>3.5% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>90 </td> <td> </td> <td>247 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,554 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,483 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,725 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,625 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,025 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,508 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,176 </td> <td> </td> <td>287 </td> <td> </td> <td>517 </td> <td> </td> <td>891 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>2,658 </th> <th>2.3% </th> <th>4,816 </th> <th>3.6% </th> <th>6,409 </th> <th>4.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,545 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,579 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,016 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>234 </td> <td> </td> <td>655 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,151 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>333 </td> <td> </td> <td>637 </td> <td> </td> <td>820 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>546 </td> <td> </td> <td>945 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,422 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>675 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>309 </th> <th>0.3% </th> <th>1,136 </th> <th>0.9% </th> <th>2,984 </th> <th>2.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>151 </td> <td> </td> <td>357 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>675 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>309 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>985 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,627 </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-White: Total </th> <th>3,897 </th> <th>3.3% </th> <th>5,275 </th> <th>4.5% </th> <th>7,688 </th> <th>6.6% </th> <th>14,788 </th> <th>11.1% </th> <th>21,886 </th> <th>15.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>118,015 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>116,966 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>117,069 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>133,384 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>139,643 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Holds religious beliefs </th> <th>82,632 </th> <th>70.5 </th> <th>77,048 </th> <th>57.8 </th> <th>67,664 </th> <th>48.5 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/20px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/30px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/40px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> </td> <td align="right">79,719 </td> <td align="right">68.1 </td> <td align="right">70,797 </td> <td align="right">53.1 </td> <td align="right">58,898 </td> <td align="right">42.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">216 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">495 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">596 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/20px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/31px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/40px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">489 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">1,102 </td> <td align="right">0.8 </td> <td align="right">1,342 </td> <td align="right">1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">106 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">101 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">1,462 </td> <td align="right">1.2 </td> <td align="right">3,577 </td> <td align="right">2.7 </td> <td align="right">5,433 </td> <td align="right">3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/19px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/29px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/39px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> </td> <td align="right">246 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">343 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">456 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td align="right">394 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">651 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">838 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>No religion </th> <th align="right">23,813 </th> <th align="right">20.3 </th> <th align="right">46,687 </th> <th align="right">35.0 </th> <td align="right">63,256 </td> <td align="right">45.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religion not stated </th> <th align="right">10,624 </th> <th align="right">9.1 </th> <th align="right">9,649 </th> <th align="right">7.2 </th> <th align="right">8,722 </th> <th align="right">6.2 </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th align="right">117,069 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">133,384 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">139,642 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ipswich" title="Transport in Ipswich">Transport in Ipswich</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ipswich" title="Special:EditPage/Ipswich">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ipswich%22">"Ipswich"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ipswich%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ipswich%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ipswich%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ipswich%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ipswich%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg/247px-Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg/371px-Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg/494px-Class_745_Cerhenice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greater_Anglia" title="Greater Anglia">Greater Anglia</a> operates train services in the Ipswich area, including to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">London Liverpool Street</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_railway_station" title="Ipswich railway station">Ipswich railway station</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">London</a> to <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="East Suffolk Line">East Suffolk Line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft_railway_station" title="Lowestoft railway station">Lowestoft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_Branch_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Felixstowe Branch Line">Felixstowe Branch Line</a>. Trains are run by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Anglia" title="Greater Anglia">Greater Anglia</a>, which operates direct services to cities including London, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station" title="Cambridge railway station">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_railway_station" title="Chelmsford railway station">Chelmsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_engine_shed" title="Ipswich engine shed">Ipswich engine shed</a> opened in 1846 and closed in 1968. Ipswich is still a signing-on point for locomotive crews and a <a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot#Stabling_and_fuelling_points" title="Motive power depot">stabling point</a>. The town has a smaller suburban station at <a href="/wiki/Derby_Road_railway_station" title="Derby Road railway station">Derby Road</a> east of the town centre, on the Felixstowe branch line. </p><p>Ipswich is close to the <a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A14_road_(England)" title="A14 road (England)">A14</a> roads. The <a href="/wiki/Orwell_Bridge" title="Orwell Bridge">Orwell Bridge</a> which carries the A14 over the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a> connects it to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Felixstowe" title="Port of Felixstowe">Port of Felixstowe</a>, a major container port 12 miles (19 km) to the east. </p><p>Bus services in Ipswich are operated by <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Buses" title="Ipswich Buses">Ipswich Buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Eastern_Counties" title="First Eastern Counties">First Eastern Counties</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beestons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beestons (page does not exist)">Beestons</a> and several smaller companies. Town services operate mainly from Tower Ramparts bus station and regional services from the Ipswich Old Cattle Market bus station. Ipswich Airport closed in 1996. </p><p>Ipswich is on <a href="/wiki/Sustrans" title="Sustrans">Sustrans</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_1" title="National Cycle Route 1">National Cycle Route 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_51" title="National Cycle Route 51">National Cycle Route 51</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg/290px-2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg/435px-2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg/580px-2002-07-16_Portman_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portman_Road" title="Portman Road">Portman Road</a>, home ground of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipswich Town FC">Ipswich Town</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ipswich's sole professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> club is <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">Ipswich Town</a>, which was established in 1878 and play at the 30,300-capacity <a href="/wiki/Portman_Road" title="Portman Road">Portman Road stadium</a>. They will play in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> from the 2024-25 season, having been promoted from <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a> as runners-up in the <a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EFL_Championship" title="2023–24 EFL Championship">2023–24 season</a>. Elected to the <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">Football League</a> in 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they have a strong <a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_derby" title="East Anglian derby">rivalry</a> with <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C." title="Norwich City F.C.">Norwich City</a>, and were the previous club of the two most successful <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> managers; <a href="/wiki/Alf_Ramsey" title="Alf Ramsey">Alf Ramsey</a>, who was buried in the Old Cemetery in the town on his death in 1999, and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Robson" title="Bobby Robson">Bobby Robson</a>. Ipswich won the First Division title in <a href="/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_Football_League" title="1961–62 Football League">1961–62</a> in their first season as a top division club during Ramsey's reign, as well as the <a href="/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_FA_Cup" title="1977–78 FA Cup">1978 FA Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_UEFA_Cup" title="1980–81 UEFA Cup">1981 UEFA Cup</a> under Robson. The club are also undefeated at home in all European competitions, having won 25 and drawn six of 31 matches.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">non-League football</a> clubs, including <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Wanderers_F.C." title="Ipswich Wanderers F.C.">Ipswich Wanderers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitton_United_F.C." title="Whitton United F.C.">Whitton United</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Football_League" title="Eastern Counties Football League">Eastern Counties League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Achilles_F.C." title="Achilles F.C.">Achilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_Sports_F.C." title="Crane Sports F.C.">Crane Sports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ransomes_Sports_F.C." title="Ransomes Sports F.C.">Ransomes Sports</a> among others in the <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_and_Ipswich_Football_League" title="Suffolk and Ipswich Football League">Suffolk & Ipswich League</a>. The town has representation in both codes of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>. There are two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> teams – Ipswich RFC, who play in London 2 North East League, and Ipswich YM RUFC – and one <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> side – <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Rhinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipswich Rhinos">Ipswich Rhinos</a>, who play in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference" title="Rugby League Conference">Rugby League Conference</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Cardinals" title="Ipswich Cardinals">Ipswich Cardinals</a> are an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team, playing in the South-East Conference of BAFACL 1; the second tier of the <a href="/wiki/BAFA_Community_Leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFA Community Leagues">BAFA Community Leagues</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Witches" title="Ipswich Witches">Ipswich Witches</a>, have ridden at <a href="/wiki/Foxhall_Stadium" title="Foxhall Stadium">Foxhall Stadium</a> on the outskirts of Ipswich since 1951<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have won the top-tier league title four times, the knock-out cup five times and the second-tier knock-out cup twice.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadium is also used regularly for <a href="/wiki/Hot_Rods_(oval_racing)" title="Hot Rods (oval racing)">Hot Rod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Stock car racing in the United Kingdom">Stock Car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banger_racing" title="Banger racing">Banger racing</a> events, hosting major events throughout the year on the stadium's outer tarmac oval. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Gymnastics_Centre" title="Ipswich Gymnastics Centre">Ipswich Gymnastics Centre</a> is one of only three fully <a href="/wiki/London_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games">Olympic</a> accredited <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> facilities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK.</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich has a rich history of public swimming. During the 1830s, there were at least three designated swimming places - one was near St Cement's, the second was next to <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-at-the-Quay_Church,_Ipswich" title="St Mary-at-the-Quay Church, Ipswich">St Mary-At-The Quay</a> and the third not far from <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Bridge" title="Stoke Bridge">Stoke Bridge</a>. These were all closed in the late 1830s during the building of the wet dock.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A designated enclosed area of the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Bathing_Place" title="Stoke Bathing Place">Stoke Bathing Place</a>, was created to cater for the swimmers. It was damaged in the floods of 1953 but maps show the swimming place still in situ as late as 1973. Ipswich Swimming,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed in 1884 as Ipswich Swimming Club, used the Stoke Swimming Place.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fore_Street_Swimming_Pool" title="Fore Street Swimming Pool">Fore Street Swimming Pool</a> opened in 1894. The pool is still in use and is the second oldest swimming pool in is in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pipers_Vale_Pool" title="Pipers Vale Pool">Pipers Vale Pool</a> opened in 1937 after replacing the <a href="/wiki/West_End_Bathing_Place" title="West End Bathing Place">West End Bathing Place</a>, which had closed in 1936 due to fears that it was polluting the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Broomhill_Pool" title="Broomhill Pool">Broom Hill pool</a> opened, in 1986, which was prompted to serve the western side of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closed in 2002 but is about to be restored with the plan of opening again in 2025/26. <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Baths" title="St Matthew's Baths">St Matthew's Baths</a> was opened in 1924 and closed in 1984 when <a href="/wiki/Crown_Pools" title="Crown Pools">Crown Pools</a> opened, which is still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ipswich Swimming Club, is based there although they use the <a href="/wiki/Fore_Street_Swimming_Pool" title="Fore Street Swimming Pool">Fore Street swimming pool</a>, too. The most successful Ipswich Swimming Club member is <a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Aquatics Championships">World Championship</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medallist</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Pickering" title="Karen Pickering">Karen Pickering</a>. There are plans for a new "low carbon aquatics centre" with the intention of opening next to <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">Ipswich Town Football Club</a> in 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipswich had a <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Racecourse" title="Ipswich Racecourse">racecourse</a> which ran a mix of flat and National Hunt races. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Suffolk" title="List of schools in Suffolk">List of schools in Suffolk</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipswich_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ipswich_School.jpg/265px-Ipswich_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ipswich_School.jpg/398px-Ipswich_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ipswich_School.jpg/530px-Ipswich_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3143" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a> was established in 1399.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Campus_Suffolk_,_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/University_Campus_Suffolk_%2C_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg/200px-University_Campus_Suffolk_%2C_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/University_Campus_Suffolk_%2C_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg/300px-University_Campus_Suffolk_%2C_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/University_Campus_Suffolk_%2C_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg/400px-University_Campus_Suffolk_%2C_Ipswich_Waterfront_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1077464.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Waterfront Building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">University of Suffolk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>State-funded secondary schools include comprehensive schools such as <a href="/wiki/Copleston_High_School" title="Copleston High School">Copleston High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Alban%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Ipswich" title="St Alban's Catholic High School, Ipswich">St Alban's Catholic High School</a>, Holbrook Academy, Holbrook Primary and <a href="/wiki/Northgate_High_School,_Ipswich" title="Northgate High School, Ipswich">Northgate High School</a> and academies such as <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Academy" title="Ipswich Academy">Ipswich Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chantry_Academy" title="Chantry Academy">Chantry Academy</a>. Ipswich is also home to several independent schools, including <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_School" title="Royal Hospital School">Royal Hospital School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a> (both are co-educational and members of the <a href="/wiki/Headmasters%27_and_Headmistresses%27_Conference" title="Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference">Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_High_School,_Suffolk" title="Ipswich High School, Suffolk">Ipswich High School</a> (has recently changed from girls only to girls and boys) and <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Ipswich" title="St Joseph's College, Ipswich">St Joseph's College</a> (Catholic, co-educational) which hosts an international summer camp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_and_higher_education">Further and higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further and higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_New_College" title="Suffolk New College">Suffolk New College</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> college located in Ipswich, serving students from the town and wider area. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">sixth form college</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_(sixth_form_college)" title="One (sixth form college)">One</a>, which serves students from the same area. </p><p>Ipswich is the location of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">University of Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>'s first Higher Education Institution (HEI), established in 2007. It was originally University Campus Suffolk, a collaborative venture involving the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, various further education colleges and Suffolk County Council. However, the university was granted its own degree awarding powers in November 2015, and in May 2016 it was awarded university status. The university was renamed to the University of Suffolk in August 2016, prior to its former name University Campus Suffolk.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ipswich experiences an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, like the rest of the British Isles, with a narrow range of temperature and rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. One of the two nearest for which data is available is East Bergholt, about 7 miles (11 km) south west of the town centre and at a similar elevation, and similar river valley/estuary situation. The average July maximum of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the third-highest for a major settlement in the country, behind London and Colchester, illustrating the relative warmth of the area during the summer part of the year. The record maximum is 35.2 °C (95.4 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set during August 2003. Typically, 24.9 days of the year will record a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above, and the warmest day of the year should reach 30.0 °C (86.0 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on average. </p><p>The absolute minimum is −16.1 °C (3.0 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set in January 1963, although frosts have been recorded in all months except July, August and September. In an average year, 55.33 nights will report an air frost. The lowest temperature to be recorded in recent years was −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) during December 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with much of East Anglia, rainfall is low, averaging 569.3mm<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a typical year, with 103.8 days of the year<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reporting over 1mm of rain. All averages refer to the period 1971–2000. </p><p>The weather station at <a href="/wiki/Levington" title="Levington">Levington</a> is even closer than East Bergholt at 5.8 miles (9.4 km) from the town centre further down the river estuary on the way to <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a>. It has a slightly more marine climate than East Bergholt, with slightly lower highs and milder lows throughout the year in the 1981–2010 average period. It is slightly less prone to frosts, averaging 35.5 such occurrences in a calendar year.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunshine levels at 1,707.7 hours per annum are relatively high for the British Isles, but not abnormal for southern parts of England. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wattisham" title="Wattisham">Wattisham</a> is 26 kilometres (16 miles) from Ipswich, but has a higher altitude of 282 feet (86 m). As a result, high temperatures there are a little lower than East Bergholt and Levington, but lows are similar. In average year, there are around 43 nights of frost recorded at Wattisham (as well as two days of frost), and one day when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for East Bergholt, elevation 7 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960– </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.9<br />(7.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1<br />(12.0) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4<br />(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.5<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.14<br />(2.05) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.07<br />(1.34) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.63<br />(1.64) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.06<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.80<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.86<br />(2.04) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.50<br />(1.40) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.12<br />(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.31<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.14<br />(2.29) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.25<br />(2.21) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.52<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">569.31<br />(22.41) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: KNMI<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Levington, elevation 22 m, 5.8 miles (9.4 km) from Ipswich, 1991–2020 averages </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.12<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.05<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.29<br />(1.47) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.78<br />(1.37) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.21<br />(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.51<br />(1.99) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.26<br />(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.93<br />(1.89) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.68<br />(1.92) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.87<br />(2.36) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.45<br />(2.18) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.75<br />(2.23) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">568.90<br />(22.40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.3 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.4 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">214.5 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.3 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.4 </td> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.0 </td> <td style="background: #8A8A8A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.4 </td> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.4 </td> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,741.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Met Office<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Wattisham, elevation 86 m, 1991–2020, extremes 1973– </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15<br />(5) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15<br />(5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.92<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.55<br />(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.50<br />(1.79) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.71<br />(1.29) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.15<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.04<br />(1.81) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.25<br />(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.15<br />(2.41) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.89<br />(1.73) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.74<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.26<br />(2.25) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.13<br />(1.89) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">567.291<br />(22.33) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Meteostat<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ipswich" title="Category:People from Ipswich">People from Ipswich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Thomas_Wolsey_-_Ipswich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> on St Peters Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tudor Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> was born in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mayart" title="Samuel Mayart">Samuel Mayart</a>, the judge and political theorist, was born in Ipswich in 1585. The artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Giles" title="Carl Giles">"Giles"</a> worked here, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio, Lord Nelson</a>, became Steward of Ipswich, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Catchpole" title="Margaret Catchpole">Margaret Catchpole</a> began her adventurous career here. <a href="/wiki/Alf_Ramsey" title="Alf Ramsey">Alf Ramsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Robson" title="Bobby Robson">Bobby Robson</a> were both successful managers of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">Ipswich Town</a>. Ipswich was the birthplace in 1741 of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Trimmer" title="Sarah Trimmer">Sarah Trimmer</a>, née Kirby, writer and critic of children's literature and among the first to introduce pictorial material and animals and the natural world into it.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also born in Ipswich is <a href="/wiki/Sam_Claflin" title="Sam Claflin">Sam Claflin</a>, who appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunger Games (film series)">The Hunger Games</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)" title="Peaky Blinders (TV series)"><i>Peaky Blinders</i></a>. </p><p>Actor and director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ayoade" title="Richard Ayoade">Richard Ayoade</a>, best known for his role as Maurice Moss in <i><a href="/wiki/The_IT_Crowd" title="The IT Crowd">The IT Crowd</a></i>, was brought up in Ipswich,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was the ceramic artist <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Georgiana_Vulliamy" title="Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy">Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the musician <a href="/wiki/Nandi_Bushell" title="Nandi Bushell">Nandi Bushell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Catchpole" title="Hugh Catchpole">Hugh Catchpole</a>, a noted educationist with over 60 years of association with military schools and colleges in India and Pakistan, was born in Ipswich.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wade" title="Jeremy Wade">Jeremy Wade</a>, an extreme angler known for hosting TV shows such as <i>River Monsters</i> and <i>Dark Waters</i>, was born in Ipswich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ipswich is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, France, since 1994<sup id="cite_ref-Archant_twinning_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Serena_Valentino" title="Serena Valentino">Serena Valentino</a>'s Villains novel <i>Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_(The_Little_Mermaid)" title="Ursula (The Little Mermaid)">Ursula</a> appears in Ipswich and proceeds to turn the citizens of the town into twisted sea creatures, reminiscent of the horror tales of author <a href="/wiki/HP_Lovecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Lovecraft">HP Lovecraft</a>. She is stopped upon the arrival of <a href="/wiki/King_Triton" class="mw-redirect" title="King Triton">King Triton</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot sketch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a>, the customer is sent to <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a> for a replacement but was falsely told he was in Ipswich: "C: This is Bolton, is it? O: (with a fake moustache) No, it's Ipswich."</li> <li>In the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Black_August_(novel)" title="Black August (novel)">Black August</a></i> the main characters, after a series of adventures, are held prisoners in Ipswich where a local Communist government has been set up; they are sentenced to death as enemies of the State, but are freed when the revolution is overthrown.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_towns" title="List of college towns">List of college towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">List of English districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_locations_in_Australia_with_an_English_name" title="List of locations in Australia with an English name">List of locations in Australia with an English name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Ipswich" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich">List of tallest buildings and structures in Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">List of towns in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._places_named_after_non-U.S._places" title="List of U.S. places named after non-U.S. places">List of U.S. places named after non-U.S. places</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BUASD_Pop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BUASD_Pop_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011E35001385" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=E35001385">"Local Area Report – Ipswich Built-up Area sub division (E35001385)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Ipswich+Built-up+Area+sub+division+%28E35001385%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE35001385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUA_Pop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BUA_Pop_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011E34004730" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=E34004730">"Local Area Report – Ipswich Built-up Area (E34004730)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Ipswich+Built-up+Area+%28E34004730%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE34004730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E07000202" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000202">"2021 Census Area Profile – Ipswich Local Authority (E07000202)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Ipswich+Local+Authority+%28E07000202%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE07000202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/13053midyearpopulationestimatesbybuiltupareasincludingsubdivisionsbyagegroups2001to2019">"Mid-year population estimates by built-up areas (Including subdivisions) by age groups, 2001 to 2019 - Office for National Statistics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mid-year+population+estimates+by+built-up+areas+%28Including+subdivisions%29+by+age+groups%2C+2001+to+2019+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fadhocs%2F13053midyearpopulationestimatesbybuiltupareasincludingsubdivisionsbyagegroups2001to2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazetteer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1870–1872" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, John Marius (1870–1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/752200">"Descriptive Gazetteer Entry for Ipswich"</a>. <i>Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821135237/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/752200">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+England+and+Wales&rft.atitle=Descriptive+Gazetteer+Entry+for+Ipswich&rft.date=1870%2F1872&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdescriptions%2F752200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-town-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-town_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-town_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-town_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/EnglandOldestTown.htm">"England's Oldest Town"</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Wade, 'Gipeswic - East Anglia's first economic capital, 600-1066', in N. Salmon and R. Malster (eds), <i>Ipswich From The First To The Third Millennium</i> (Ipswich, 2001), 1-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/ipswich-port-is-a-success-story-but-we-must-protect-old-waterfront-too-1-4884424">"Ipswich Port is a success story but we must protect old waterfront too"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103206/http://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/ipswich-port-is-a-success-story-but-we-must-protect-old-waterfront-too-1-4884424">Archived</a> 17 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Ipswich Star</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowlett2017" class="citation web cs1">Howlett, Adam (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/ipswich-sees-boom-in-tourism-with-visitor-numbers-up-2-5-1-5174936">"Ipswich sees boom in tourism - with visitor numbers up 2.5%"</a>. <i>Ipswich Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428135335/https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/ipswich-sees-boom-in-tourism-with-visitor-numbers-up-2-5-1-5174936">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipswich+Star&rft.atitle=Ipswich+sees+boom+in+tourism+-+with+visitor+numbers+up+2.5%25&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichstar.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fipswich-sees-boom-in-tourism-with-visitor-numbers-up-2-5-1-5174936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/top-tripadvisor-travel-destinations-travellers-choice-2020-ipswich-kaliningrad-a9354951.html">"The top 25 emerging travel destinations"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+top+25+emerging+travel+destinations&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fnews-and-advice%2Ftop-tripadvisor-travel-destinations-travellers-choice-2020-ipswich-kaliningrad-a9354951.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/ipswich1.html">"History of Medieval Ipswich"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613120046/http://www.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/ipswich1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+Ipswich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trytel.com%2F~tristan%2Ftowns%2Fipswich1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairclough J. and Plunkett S. J. 'Drawings of Walton Castle and other Monuments in Walton and Felixstowe', <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History</i> 39 Part 4, 419–459. See also Fairclough J. <i>Boudica to Raedwald: East Anglia's Relations with Rome</i> (Malthouse Press, Ipswich 2010), 174–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The so-called 'Whitton' villa, see Fairclough J. <i>Boudica to Raedwald</i> (cited above), 134–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen, Emanuel "An Accurate Map of the County of Suffolk Divided into its Hundreds c. 1760"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodges, R. <i>Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Town and Trade AD 600–1000</i> (London 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunkett S. <i>Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times</i> (Tempus, Stroud 2005), 76–78, 129–133, 148–52, 156–58, 200–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, Rhodri "Ipswich, Cranfield's Mill", in "Archaeology in Suffolk 2005", <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History</i> 41 Part 2, 2006, p.251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verhulst A. E. <i>The Rise of Cities in North-Western Europe</i> (Cambridge University Press 1999), pp. 27–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malster R. <i>A History of Ipswich</i> (Phillimore, Chichester 2000), pp. 5–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Wade, "Gipeswic – East Anglia's First Economic Capital 600–1066", in Salmon N. P. and Malster R. (Eds), <i>Ipswich From the First to the Third Millennium</i> (Papers from an Ipswich Society Symposium), (Ipswich Society, Ipswich 2001), 1–6, at pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunkett S. J. <i>Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times</i> (Tempus, Stroud 2005), 130–133, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade 2001, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malster R. <i>A History of Ipswich</i> (Phillimore, Chichester 2000), 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North J. J. <i>English Hammered Coinage</i> (Spink and Son, London 1980), <i>Volume I: Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III</i>, "Mint Towns" (p 194), Ipswich, Suffolk: Edgar to John. Example figure:<a href="/wiki/Aethelred_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethelred II">Aethelred II</a> first hand type, Plate X no. 23, Cat. 766 & p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Geoffrey "The Medieval and Early Modern Borough" in Salmon N. P. and Malster R. (eds), <i>Ipswich From the First to the Third Millennium</i> (Papers from an Ipswich Society Symposium), (Ipswich Society, Ipswich 2001), 7–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text of charter (translated into English) and image of 1200 Town Seal, see <a href="/wiki/John_Wodderspoon" title="John Wodderspoon">Wodderspoon, J.</a>, <i>Memorials of the Ancient Town of Ipswich</i> (Pawsey (Ipswich): Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans (London) 1850), 'Ancient Incorporation of the Town', pp 75–130, at pp 75–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, Keith "The bounds of the Liberty of Ipswich", <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History</i> 44, 19-38 (2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malster 2000, 41–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, Keith "The rentals of Holy Trinity Priory in Ipswich", <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History</i> 44, 456-461 (2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Zimmerman, 1899, 'The White Friars at Ipswich', <i>Proc. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology</i> 10 Part 2, 196–204, at p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wodderspoon 1850, 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malster 2000, 43–47, 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malster 2000, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatchly J. M. <i>A Famous Antient Seed-Plot of Learning</i> (Ipswich School 2003), 27–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, John N. (1982) <i>The English Reformation Literature: the Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition</i> Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 100f. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691065021" title="Special:BookSources/9780691065021">9780691065021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640, Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dickens-online.info/the-pickwick-papers-page196.html">"The Pickwick Papers"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipswich+%E2%80%93+Arras&rft.pub=Ipswich+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswich.gov.uk%2FPartnerships%2FIpswich%2B-%2BArras.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswichairport.info/history.html">"Ipswich Airport History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929021103/http://www.ipswichairport.info/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipswich+Star&rft.atitle=Suffolk+to+start+new+bid+to+bring+city+status+to+county+town+of+Ipswich&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Geater&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichstar.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsuffolk-backs-ipswich-city-bid-1-5301212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesuffolkcoast.co.uk/suffolk-coast-towns-and-villages/ipswich">"Ipswich Guide"</a>. <i>www.thesuffolkcoast.co.uk</i>. The Suffolk Coast. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thesuffolkcoast.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ipswich+Guide&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesuffolkcoast.co.uk%2Fsuffolk-coast-towns-and-villages%2Fipswich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allabout-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allabout_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allaboutipswich.com/">"Explore Ipswich"</a>. <i>All About Ipswich</i>. 11 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Ipswich&rft.atitle=Explore+Ipswich&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallaboutipswich.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUA-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BUA_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045319/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx">"2011 Census - Built-up areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+-+Built-up+areas&rft.pub=ONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Farticles%2F747.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/13053midyearpopulationestimatesbybuiltupareasincludingsubdivisionsbyagegroups2001to2019">"Mid-year population estimates by built-up areas (Including subdivisions) by age groups, 2001 to 2019 - Office for National Statistics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mid-year+population+estimates+by+built-up+areas+%28Including+subdivisions%29+by+age+groups%2C+2001+to+2019+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fadhocs%2F13053midyearpopulationestimatesbybuiltupareasincludingsubdivisionsbyagegroups2001to2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-47165575">"Flood barrier 'will protect 1,600 homes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210015144/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-47165575">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Flood+barrier+%27will+protect+1%2C600+homes%27&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-suffolk-47165575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927152434/http://online.ipswich.gov.uk/ppc/getDoc.aspx?s_Type=dec&s_File=g:%5c1995%5cIP_95_00148_FUL.pdf">"Grant of Planning Permission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ipswich.gov.uk/ppc/getDoc.aspx?s_Type=dec&s_File=g%3a%5c1995%5cIP_95_00148_FUL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grant+of+Planning+Permission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.ipswich.gov.uk%2Fppc%2FgetDoc.aspx%3Fs_Type%3Ddec%26s_File%3Dg%253a%255c1995%255cIP_95_00148_FUL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danceeast.co.uk/">"DanceEast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227152634/http://www.danceeast.co.uk/AboutDanceEast/about.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DanceEast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceeast.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spillfestival.com/show/clarion-call/">"Clarion Call"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201832/https://spillfestival.com/show/clarion-call/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarion+Call&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspillfestival.com%2Fshow%2Fclarion-call%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ip-art.com">"Ipswich Entertains - Open Air Music, Film and Theatre!"</a>. <i>Ipswich Entertains</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831023852/http://www.ip-art.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipswich+Entertains&rft.atitle=Ipswich+Entertains+-+Open+Air+Music%2C+Film+and+Theatre%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ip-art.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/suffolk/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8556000/8556319.stm">Gunslinger are back in Ipswich at Ultrazang (BBC)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublishing" class="citation web cs1">Publishing, JJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702134036/http://www.jazzjournal.co.uk/jazz-latest-news/923/review-ipswich-jazz-festival">"Review: Ipswich Jazz Festival"</a>. <i>www.jazzjournal.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzjournal.co.uk/jazz-latest-news/923/review-ipswich-jazz-festival">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jazzjournal.co.uk&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Ipswich+Jazz+Festival&rft.aulast=Publishing&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzjournal.co.uk%2Fjazz-latest-news%2F923%2Freview-ipswich-jazz-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beatlesbible.com/1964/10/31/live-gaumont-cinema-ipswich-2/">"Live: Gaumont Cinema, Ipswich"</a>. The Beatles Bible. 31 October 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live%3A+Gaumont+Cinema%2C+Ipswich&rft.pub=The+Beatles+Bible&rft.date=1964-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatlesbible.com%2F1964%2F10%2F31%2Flive-gaumont-cinema-ipswich-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1374819" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1374819?section=official-list-entry">"Corn Exchange (1374819)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Corn+Exchange+%281374819%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1374819%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suffolkchurches.co.uk/ipsintro.htm">"The churches of Ipswich"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616044000/http://www.suffolkchurches.co.uk/ipsintro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+churches+of+Ipswich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suffolkchurches.co.uk%2Fipsintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2009" class="citation news cs1">Worthington, Mark (10 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8247631.stm">"Oldest ring of bells played again"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+ring+of+bells+played+again&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F8247631.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121182552/http://www.victoriansociety.org.uk/news/ipswichs-former-county-hall/">"Ipswich's former County Hall"</a>. Victorian Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victoriansociety.org.uk/news/ipswichs-former-county-hall/">the original</a> on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipswich%27s+former+County+Hall&rft.pub=Victorian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victoriansociety.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fipswichs-former-county-hall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Restoring Ipswich's Historic Old Post Office|url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rskgroup.com/project/restoring-ipswichs-historic-old-post-office/">https://rskgroup.com/project/restoring-ipswichs-historic-old-post-office/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.suffolk.gov.uk/ipswich-boundaries">"Ipswich Boundaries"</a>. <i>heritage.suffolk.gov.uk</i>. Suffolk County Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritage.suffolk.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ipswich+Boundaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.suffolk.gov.uk%2Fipswich-boundaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodderspoon1850" class="citation book cs1">Wodderspoon, John (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONVUAAAAcAAJ"><i>Memorials of the Ancient of Ipswich, in the County of Suffolk</i></a>. Ipswich: Longmans; and J. R. Smith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+the+Ancient+of+Ipswich%2C+in+the+County+of+Suffolk&rft.place=Ipswich&rft.pub=Longmans%3B+and+J.+R.+Smith&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Wodderspoon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DONVUAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RC_on_MCs-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RC_on_MCs_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloy" class="citation web cs1">Bloy, Marjie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/politics/muncorp.htm">"Royal Commission on Municipal Corporations (1835)"</a>. <i>www.historyhome.co.uk</i>. Marjie Bloy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyhome.co.uk&rft.atitle=Royal+Commission+on+Municipal+Corporations+%281835%29&rft.aulast=Bloy&rft.aufirst=Marjie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhome.co.uk%2Fpeel%2Fpolitics%2Fmuncorp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/2039/schedule/part/35/made">"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+English+Non-metropolitan+Districts+%28Definition%29+Order+1972&rft.pub=legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1972%2F2039%2Fschedule%2Fpart%2F35%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_AtkinsDavid_EllesmereElizabeth_Harsant2006" class="citation web cs1">Richard Atkins; David Ellesmere; Elizabeth Harsant (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031022547/http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/53E3AEE4-359D-4226-8AAF-2E985FF49140/0/unitary.pdf">"The case for a unitary Ipswich"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ipswich Borough Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/53E3AEE4-359D-4226-8AAF-2E985FF49140/0/unitary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+case+for+a+unitary+Ipswich&rft.pub=Ipswich+Borough+Council&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.au=Richard+Atkins&rft.au=David+Ellesmere&rft.au=Elizabeth+Harsant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswich.gov.uk%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F53E3AEE4-359D-4226-8AAF-2E985FF49140%2F0%2Funitary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/suffolk/6498791.stm">"Town council unitary bid success"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825135348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/suffolk/6498791.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Town+council+unitary+bid+success&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fsuffolk%2F6498791.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070905172741/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/decision-letter-ipswich">"Decision letters for the unitary proposals"</a>. Department for Communities and Local Government. 25 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/decision-letter-ipswich">the original</a> on 5 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+letters+for+the+unitary+proposals&rft.pub=Department+for+Communities+and+Local+Government&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Flocalgovernment%2Fpdf%2Fdecision-letter-ipswich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/suffolk/6915736.stm">"Borough is awarded unitary status"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Borough+is+awarded+unitary+status&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fsuffolk%2F6915736.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningstar.co.uk/content/eveningstar/news/story.aspx?brand=ESTOnline&category=News&tBrand=ESTOnline&tCategory=News&itemid=IPED05%20Dec%202007%2012%3A25%3A01%3A000">"Unitary bid put on hold"</a>. <i>Evening Star 24</i>. 5 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Star+24&rft.atitle=Unitary+bid+put+on+hold&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveningstar.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Feveningstar%2Fnews%2Fstory.aspx%3Fbrand%3DESTOnline%26category%3DNews%26tBrand%3DESTOnline%26tCategory%3DNews%26itemid%3DIPED05%2520Dec%25202007%252012%253A25%253A01%253A000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/56659/Report-on-Norfolk-Suffolk-review-web.pdf">Draft proposals for unitary local government in Norfolk and Suffolk</a> Boundary Committee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202223946/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/56659/Report-on-Norfolk-Suffolk-review-web.pdf">Archived</a> 2 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/days-gone-by-sew-many-wonderful-memories-of-phillips-and-piper-clothing-works-in-ipswich-1-4613560">"Days Gone By - Sew many wonderful memories of Phillips and Piper clothing works in Ipswich"</a>. <i>Ipswich Star</i>. 13 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084445/https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/days-gone-by-sew-many-wonderful-memories-of-phillips-and-piper-clothing-works-in-ipswich-1-4613560">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipswich+Star&rft.atitle=Days+Gone+By+-+Sew+many+wonderful+memories+of+Phillips+and+Piper+clothing+works+in+Ipswich&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichstar.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fdays-gone-by-sew-many-wonderful-memories-of-phillips-and-piper-clothing-works-in-ipswich-1-4613560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. <i>Commission for Racial Equality</i>: Table 2.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.2&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4122-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4122_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fd2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007">"KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS007+-+Religion+-+Nomis+-+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fks007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew">"KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS209EW+%28Religion%29+-+Nomis+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fks209ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1">"Religion - Religion by local authorities, ONS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+-+Religion+by+local+authorities%2C+ONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS030%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227034454/http://www.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/HistoryDetail/0%2C%2C10272~342496%2C00.html">"Club History"</a>. Ipswich Town F.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/HistoryDetail/0,,10272~342496,00.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+History&rft.pub=Ipswich+Town+F.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk%2Fpage%2FHistoryDetail%2F0%2C%2C10272~342496%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908085245/http://www.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/HistoryDetail/0%2C%2C10272~347159%2C00.html">"History of the Stadium"</a>. Ipswich Town F.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/HistoryDetail/0,,10272~347159,00.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Stadium&rft.pub=Ipswich+Town+F.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk%2Fpage%2FHistoryDetail%2F0%2C%2C10272~347159%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051213211801/http://www.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/HistoryDetail/0%2C%2C10272~347323%2C00.html">"Club honours"</a>. Ipswich Town F.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/HistoryDetail/0,,10272~347323,00.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+honours&rft.pub=Ipswich+Town+F.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itfc.premiumtv.co.uk%2Fpage%2FHistoryDetail%2F0%2C%2C10272~347323%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswichspeedway.com/club-info">"Club Info"</a>. Ipswich Speedway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322213403/http://www.ipswichspeedway.com/club-info">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+Info&rft.pub=Ipswich+Speedway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichspeedway.com%2Fclub-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswichspeedway.com/club-info">"Club Honours"</a>. Ipswich Speedway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322213403/http://www.ipswichspeedway.com/club-info">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+Honours&rft.pub=Ipswich+Speedway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichspeedway.com%2Fclub-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/ipswich-bids-for-olympic-glory-1-111158">"Ipswich bids for Olympic glory"</a>. Ipswich Star. 9 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ipswich+bids+for+Olympic+glory&rft.date=2006-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichstar.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fipswich-bids-for-olympic-glory-1-111158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/London_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games">London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games</a> (3 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122001858/http://www.london2012.com/documents/training-camps/east-of-england-selected-facilities.pdf">"East – Pre-games Training Camp Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london2012.com/documents/training-camps/east-of-england-selected-facilities.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+%E2%80%93+Pre-games+Training+Camp+Guide&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft.au=London+Organising+Committee+for+the+Olympic+Games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london2012.com%2Fdocuments%2Ftraining-camps%2Feast-of-england-selected-facilities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipswich-lettering.co.uk/water.html">"Ipswich Historic Lettering: Water"</a>. <i>www.ipswich-lettering.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ipswich-lettering.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ipswich+Historic+Lettering%3A+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswich-lettering.co.uk%2Fwater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamipswich4.moonfruit.com/">"teamIpswich Swimming"</a>. teamIpswich Swimming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113912/http://www.teamipswich4.moonfruit.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=teamIpswich+Swimming&rft.pub=teamIpswich+Swimming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamipswich4.moonfruit.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindred2013" class="citation cs2">Kindred, David (16 July 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kindredspirituk/14656126019/"><i>Ipswich stoke bath (2)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ipswich+stoke+bath+%282%29&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.aulast=Kindred&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fkindredspirituk%2F14656126019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswichsociety.org.uk/fore-st-facelift/history/angel-lane/">"Angel Lane » The Ipswich Society"</a>. <i>www.ipswichsociety.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ipswichsociety.org.uk&rft.atitle=Angel+Lane+%C2%BB+The+Ipswich+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichsociety.org.uk%2Ffore-st-facelift%2Fhistory%2Fangel-lane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=b519f1b9-6943-4f3f-92d2-e4ddfbd26d64&resourceID=19191">"Heritage Gateway - Results"</a>. <i>www.heritagegateway.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritagegateway.org.uk&rft.atitle=Heritage+Gateway+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3Db519f1b9-6943-4f3f-92d2-e4ddfbd26d64%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=b519f1b9-6943-4f3f-92d2-e4ddfbd26d64&resourceID=19191">"Heritage Gateway - Results"</a>. <i>www.heritagegateway.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritagegateway.org.uk&rft.atitle=Heritage+Gateway+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3Db519f1b9-6943-4f3f-92d2-e4ddfbd26d64%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/suffolk/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9373000/9373167.stm#:~:text=The%20St%20Matthew's%20Baths%20on,including%20Cream%20and%20Led%20Zeppelin%20.">"Historic pool re-opens as gym"</a>. 25 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ipswichsociety.org.uk&rft.atitle=St+Matthew%27s+Baths+%C2%BB+The+Ipswich+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipswichsociety.org.uk%2Fnewsletter%2Fnewsletter-april-2011-issue-183%2Fst-matthew-s-baths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-61728576">"Ipswich council plans to close Crown Pools and build new aquatics centre"</a>. 8 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ipswich+council+plans+to+close+Crown+Pools+and+build+new+aquatics+centre&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-suffolk-61728576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-36307221">"Campus renamed as independent university"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-36307221">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Campus+renamed+as+independent+university&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-suffolk-36307221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2016" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous (4 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucs.ac.uk/About/News/2016/20160517_University-Campus-Suffolk-gains-approval-to-become-the-University-of-Suffolk.aspx">"University Campus Suffolk gains approval to become the University of Suffolk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521083104/http://www.ucs.ac.uk/About/News/2016/20160517_University-Campus-Suffolk-gains-approval-to-become-the-University-of-Suffolk.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Campus+Suffolk+gains+approval+to+become+the+University+of+Suffolk&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucs.ac.uk%2FAbout%2FNews%2F2016%2F20160517_University-Campus-Suffolk-gains-approval-to-become-the-University-of-Suffolk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=13&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TX&stationid=1841">"1971–0 July average maximum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127154940/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=13&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TX&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971%E2%80%930+July+average+maximum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fcalcdetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D13%26periodid%3D1971-2000%26indexid%3DTX%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=2003&indexid=TXx&stationid=1841">"2003 Record maximum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153207/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=2003&indexid=TXx&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2003+Record+maximum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmonitordetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D14%26year%3D2003%26indexid%3DTXx%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=5&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=1841">"1971–00 Average warmest day"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127154101/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=5&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=TXx&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971%E2%80%9300+Average+warmest+day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fcalcdetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D5%26periodid%3D1971-2000%26indexid%3DTXx%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=1841">"1963 Minimum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127154104/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1963&indexid=TNn&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1963+Minimum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmonitordetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D7%26year%3D1963%26indexid%3DTNn%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=1841">"2010 Minimum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426211824/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Minimum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmonitordetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D18%26year%3D2010%26indexid%3DTNn%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=RR&stationid=1841">"1971–00 average annual rainfall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127150112/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=RR&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971%E2%80%9300+average+annual+rainfall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fcalcdetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D0%26periodid%3D1971-2000%26indexid%3DRR%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=RR1&stationid=1841">"1971–00 annual average raindays"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127151212/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1971-2000&indexid=RR1&stationid=1841">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971%E2%80%9300+annual+average+raindays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fcalcdetail.php%3Fseasonid%3D0%26periodid%3D1971-2000%26indexid%3DRR1%26stationid%3D1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u12b4mhxm">"Ipswich Climate Averages 1981-2010"</a>. Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065140/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/u12b4mhxm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipswich+Climate+Averages+1981-2010&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2Fweather%2Fclimate%2Fu12b4mhxm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=RR&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=18&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-588333.333336&miny=-4650000.000001&maxx=278333.333335&maxy=-3999999.999998&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=431&mainmap.y=265&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom">"Climate Normals 1971–2000"</a>. KNMI. August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521175349/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=RR&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=18&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-588333.333336&miny=-4650000.000001&maxx=278333.333335&maxy=-3999999.999998&MapSize=560,420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=431&mainmap.y=265&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Normals+1971%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=KNMI&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmapserver%2Fclimatology.php%3Findexcat%3D%2A%2A%26indexid%3DRR%26periodidselect%3D1971-2000%26seasonid%3D18%26scalelogidselect%3Dno%26minx%3D-588333.333336%26miny%3D-4650000.000001%26maxx%3D278333.333335%26maxy%3D-3999999.999998%26MapSize%3D560%252C420%26imagewidth%3D560%26imageheight%3D420%26mainmap.x%3D431%26mainmap.y%3D265%26CMD%3DQUERY_POINT%26CMD%3DQUERY_POINT%23bottom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/u10zuu3ye">"Levington Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. Met Office. August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Levington+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fu10zuu3ye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteostat.net/en/place/gb/ipswich?s=03590&t=2023-07-22%2F2023-07-29">"Ipswich"</a>. Meteostat. August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipswich&rft.pub=Meteostat&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteostat.net%2Fen%2Fplace%2Fgb%2Fipswich%3Fs%3D03590%26t%3D2023-07-22%252F2023-07-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, Albert Frederick</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wolsey, Thomas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wolsey,_Thomas">"Wolsey, Thomas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What%27s+behind+Richard+Ayoade%27s+loser+act%3F&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.aulast=Barkham&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2008%2Foct%2F02%2Fcomedy.television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=1866">VULLIAMY, Blanche Georgina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032050/https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=1866">Archived</a> 16 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (sic) at suffolkartists.co.uk, accessed 28 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/827620">"Hugh Catchpole: An institution unto himself"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 20 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311142545/https://www.dawn.com/news/827620">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Hugh+Catchpole%3A+An+institution+unto+himself&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F827620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cch.edu.pk/about-us/2013-10-12-02-45-19/founder-principal.html">"Hugh Catchpole: Founder Principal"</a>. <i>www.cch.edu.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140756/http://www.cch.edu.pk/about-us/2013-10-12-02-45-19/founder-principal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cch.edu.pk&rft.atitle=Hugh+Catchpole%3A+Founder+Principal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cch.edu.pk%2Fabout-us%2F2013-10-12-02-45-19%2Ffounder-principal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archant_twinning-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archant_twinning_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">"British towns twinned with French towns"</a>. <i>Archant Community Media Ltd</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">the original</a> on 5 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archant+Community+Media+Ltd&rft.atitle=British+towns+twinned+with+French+towns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completefrance.com%2Flanguage-culture%2Ftwin-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIpswich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Howgego, Caleb. <i>Ipswich in 50 Buildings</i> (Amberley, 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7999-0">978-1-4456-7999-0</a></li> <li>Howgego, Caleb. <i>Ipswich Through Time</i> (Amberley, 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3631-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3631-3">978-1-4456-3631-3</a></li> <li>Kindred, David. <i>Ipswich Past & Present</i> (The History Press, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3921-8">978-0-7509-3921-8</a></li> <li>Malster, Robert. <i>A History of Ipswich</i> (Phillimore, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8607-7148-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8607-7148-4">978-1-8607-7148-4</a></li> <li>Malster, Robert. <i>Ipswich: A Pictorial History</i> (Phillimore, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8503-3786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8503-3786-0">978-0-8503-3786-0</a></li> <li>Twinch, Carol. <i>The History of Ipswich</i> (Breedon Books, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8598-3625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8598-3625-5">978-1-8598-3625-5</a></li> <li>Twinch, Carol. <i>Walks Through History Ipswich</i> (DB Publishing, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9082-3457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9082-3457-5">978-1-9082-3457-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipswich&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ipswich_(England)#Q184775" class="extiw" title="voy:Ipswich (England)">Ipswich (England)</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/">Ipswich Borough Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/ipswmap1.html">Medieval town plan of Ipswich Town</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eafa.org.uk/search.aspx#&&page=1&navid=&tagid=123%2c%2c%2c&psize=50">"East Anglian Film Archive: "Ipswich" search results - eafa.org.uk"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffolk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffolk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Suffolk" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babergh_District" title="Babergh District">Babergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_District" title="East Suffolk District">East Suffolk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Suffolk" title="Mid Suffolk">Mid Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_District" title="West Suffolk District">West Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beccles" title="Beccles">Beccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Suffolk" title="Brandon, Suffolk">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungay" title="Bungay">Bungay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare,_Suffolk" title="Clare, Suffolk">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye,_Suffolk" title="Eye, Suffolk">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framlingham" title="Framlingham">Framlingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Suffolk" title="Hadleigh, Suffolk">Hadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halesworth" title="Halesworth">Halesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Suffolk" title="Haverhill, Suffolk">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgrave" title="Kesgrave">Kesgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiston" title="Leiston">Leiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall,_Suffolk" title="Mildenhall, Suffolk">Mildenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Market" title="Needham Market">Needham Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Suffolk" title="Newmarket, Suffolk">Newmarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orford,_Suffolk" title="Orford, Suffolk">Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxmundham" title="Saxmundham">Saxmundham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwold" title="Southwold">Southwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowmarket" title="Stowmarket">Stowmarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Suffolk" title="Sudbury, Suffolk">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Suffolk" title="List of civil parishes in Suffolk">List of civil parishes in Suffolk</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Suffolk" title="Flag of Suffolk">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Suffolk">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Suffolk" title="List of places in Suffolk">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_interest_in_Suffolk" title="List of places of interest in Suffolk">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Suffolk_by_population" title="List of settlements in Suffolk by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Suffolk" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Suffolk">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Suffolk" title="Category:Country houses in Suffolk">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Suffolk" title="Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Suffolk" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Suffolk">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suffolk" title="History of Suffolk">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Suffolk" title="Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Suffolk" title="High Sheriff of Suffolk">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Suffolk" title="List of schools in Suffolk">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Suffolk" title="List of museums in Suffolk">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Suffolk" title="List of windmills in Suffolk">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_the_East_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">South Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breckland_District" title="Breckland District">Breckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Great_Yarmouth" title="Borough of Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_and_West_Norfolk" title="King's Lynn and West Norfolk">King's Lynn and West Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Norfolk" title="North Norfolk">North Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babergh_District" title="Babergh District">Babergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_District" title="East Suffolk District">East Suffolk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Suffolk" title="Mid Suffolk">Mid Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_District" title="West Suffolk District">West Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_British_Ports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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<li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Barrow" title="Port of Barrow">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Docks" title="Barry Docks">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Docks" title="Cardiff Docks">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleetwood" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garston,_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Garston, Merseyside">Garston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goole" title="Goole">Goole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Grimsby" title="Port of Grimsby">Port of Grimsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hams_Hall" title="Hams Hall">Hams Hall Distribution Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hull" title="Port of Hull">Port of Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Immingham" title="Port of Immingham">Port of Immingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Port of Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Lowestoft" title="Port of Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks" title="Newport Docks">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbay" title="Millbay">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Port_Talbot" title="Port of Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Tilbury Container Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silloth" title="Silloth">Silloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Southampton" title="Port of Southampton">Port of Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Swansea" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignmouth" title="Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troon" title="Troon">Troon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppD94TVpTkJvBKHFxCcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4242195-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81066410">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ipswich (Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge918246&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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