CINXE.COM

‪Colin Angus‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬

<!doctype html><html><head><title>‪Colin Angus‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;hl=en"><meta name="description" content="‪Senior Research Fellow, ScHARR, University of Sheffield‬ - ‪‪Cited by 16,897‬‬ - ‪Alcohol Policy‬ - ‪Health Inequalities‬ - ‪Minimum Unit Pricing‬ - ‪Screening and Brief Interventions‬ - ‪Cost-Effectiveness Modelling‬"><meta property="og:description" content="‪Senior Research Fellow, ScHARR, University of Sheffield‬ - ‪‪Cited by 16,897‬‬ - ‪Alcohol Policy‬ - ‪Health Inequalities‬ - ‪Minimum Unit Pricing‬ - ‪Screening and Brief Interventions‬ - ‪Cost-Effectiveness Modelling‬"><meta property="og:title" content="Colin Angus"><meta property="og:image" content="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_lgt:empty{display:none;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gsc_a_t{width:100%;table-layout:fixed;}#gsc_a_tr0,#gsc_a_trh{box-sizing:border-box;}#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_y{height:0;}#gsc_a_trh{z-index:700;background-color:#f5f5f5;height:42px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_t td,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_t td{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_y{box-sizing:border-box;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;}#gsc_x_all{z-index:1;}.gsc_a_x,.gsc_a_t,.gsc_a_c,.gsc_a_y,.gsc_a_e{font-weight:normal;padding:16px 16px 0 16px;vertical-align:top;text-align:right;}.gsc_a_c{padding:16px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_c,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_y{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_y{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_a_x{width:41px;padding:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x{padding:0;}.gsc_a_t{text-align:left;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t{padding-left:16px;}#gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_ta{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding-right:16px;}th.gsc_a_c{width:64px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ta,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ca,.gsc_art_sel .gsc_a_h{display:none;}.gsc_a_ac,.gsc_a_hc{margin-top:3px;}th.gsc_a_y{width:88px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm th.gsc_a_y{width:58px;}.gs_el_ph th.gsc_a_y,.gs_el_ph td.gsc_a_y{width:0;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_h{display:none}@media print{#gs_top th.gsc_a_y{width:58pt;}#gs_top #gsc_a_tr0{display:none}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{position:static}}.gsc_a_e{padding:16px;text-align:center;}.gsc_a_a{padding:8px 0}.gsc_a_at{padding:8px 0;font-size:16px}a.gsc_a_acm{text-decoration:line-through;}a.gsc_a_acm:hover,a.gs_a_acm:active{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_a_m{position:absolute;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_m{display:block;position:static;}.gsc_a_am{font-size:24px;position:absolute;top:-18px;left:-2px;padding:8px 12px 4px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_am{display:inline-block;position:static;padding:6px 16px;margin-bottom:-6px;}#gsc_a_sp{visibility:hidden;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis{visibility:visible;padding:16px 0;height:25px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gsc_a_sp:after{display:block;height:100%;content:" ";background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat 50% 50%;opacity:0;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis:after{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .4s;}#gsc_a_err{display:none;padding:28px 0;}#gsc_a_err.gs_vis{display:block;}#gsc_md_iad{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_iad .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_res .gs_md_prg{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tgrp,#gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tart,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tgrp{display:none;}#gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tsel{display:inline-block;}#gsc_iad_t:not(.gsc_iad_tsel) #gsc_iad_tsel{pointer-events:none;color:#b5b5b5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_frm{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iads_res{position:relative;margin:16px 0;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad #gsc_iads_res{margin:8px -16px 16px -16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_pp{margin-right:16px;}#gsc_iads_btns{height:38px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_btns{margin-top:16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;height:38px;padding:0 12px;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iads_btn{padding:0 16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#222;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;color:#b8b8b8;}.gsc_iads_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#444;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gsc_iads_btn:active{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gsc_iads_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}a.gsc_iads_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel .gs_ico,a.gsc_iads_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gsc_iads_btn_lbl{padding-left:10px;margin-bottom:-2px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb{width:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{font-size:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{padding-right:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr:empty{height:0;}.gsc_oic{position:relative;}.gsc_oic_cb{font-weight:normal;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;background-color:#fcfcfc;padding-right:16px;}.gsc_oict{display:block;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_oict_name{display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gsc_oict_inf{display:block;float:right;margin-left:16px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_oict_all,.gsc_oict_prf{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:hover{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:active{color:#d14836;}.gsc_oict_prf{padding-left:8px;margin-left:8px;border-left:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gsc_oict_prf:empty{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_all,.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{float:right;clear:both;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{margin-top:2px;}.gsc_oic_res{margin:8px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oic_res{margin-right:16px;}.gsc_oic_res h4{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_name,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_all,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_prf{color:#777;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;opacity:.66;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_res{opacity:.5;}.gsc_iadb_art{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_iadb_art_cb{float:left;}.gsc_iadb_art_added{float:right;margin:12px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_added{display:block;float:none;text-align:right;margin:8px 16px;}.gsc_iadb_art_added:empty{display:none;}.gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 16px 12px 41px;}.gsc_iadb_art_body h3{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_iadb_art_dis .gsc_iadb_art_body{opacity:.5;}#gsc_md_mopt,#gsc_md_cbyd,#gsc_md_cbym{width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbym{width:500px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbym{width:100%;}.gsc_mob_art{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_mob_art>.gs_in_ra{margin-top:-8px;}.gsc_mob_cby{vertical-align:top;text-align:right;padding:8px 12px;position:relative;}.gsc_mob_ttl,.gsc_mob_pub{display:block;}.gsc_mob_pub{color:#666;}.gsc_mob_cbym{text-decoration:line-through}.gsc_mob_cbm{font-size:24px;position:absolute;padding:4px 0 0 4px;line-height:16px;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gsh_clim{display:table-row}.gsh_clil,.gsh_clic{display:table-cell;padding-bottom:8px}.gsh_clil{padding-right:8px;}.gsh_lla{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.gsh_lua{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.gsh_llr{list-style-type:lower-roman}.gsh_lur{list-style-type:upper-roman}.gsh_l>li{margin-left:32px;}.gs_fma .gsh_l>li{margin-left:16px;}.gsh_h3{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal}.gsh_h3,.gsh_csp{margin:16px 0}.gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin-top:-8px}.gs_fma .gsh_h3{margin:12px 0 0 0;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_fma_abs .gsh_csp{margin:0 0 12px 0;}.gs_fma b,.gs_fma .gsh_h3{color:#444;}.gs_fma .gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_fma .gsh_csp:last-child,.gs_fma .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin:0;}.gs_fma ul .gsh_clim:last-child .gsh_clic{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_fma ul,.gs_fma ol{margin:12px 0;}.gsh_ovln{text-decoration:overline}.gsh_small .gsh_l .gsh_csp{margin:8px 0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:first-child,.gsh_small .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin-top:0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gsh_dspfr{text-align:center}.gsh_dspfr svg{margin:8px 0}.gs_pp_tn,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_pp_sm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm{width:56px;height:56px;}.gs_pp_nm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm{width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_ai_pho{float:left;}.gs_ai_t{margin-left:72px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t{margin-left:48px;}.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:64px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:40px;}.gs_ai_name{font-size:17px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_name a{padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb{font-size:15px;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:link,.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:visited{padding:7px 0 5px 0; color:#222;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_ai_on{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_on_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_ai_int{margin-top:5px;}.gs_ai_eml:empty,.gs_ai_int:empty,.gs_ai_cby:empty{display:none;}.gs_ai_one_int{vertical-align:top;font-size:13px;margin-right:8px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc a.gs_ai_one_int{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_eml,.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;}.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_int,.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;color:#666;}.gs_ai.gs_ai_chpr{position:relative;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:276px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:156px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:0;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{position:absolute;top:4px;right:0;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby,.gs_el_ta .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{width:132px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{text-align:left;position:static;width:auto;}#gsc_bdy{position:relative;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_bdy,.gs_el_ta #gsc_bdy{display:flex;flex-flow:column;}.gsc_lcl{position:relative;margin:0 350px 0 0;order:3;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_lcl{margin-right:334px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_lcl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_lcl{margin:0;}#gsc_prf_t_wrp{position:relative;order:2;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_prf_t_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;right:0;width:12px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(247,247,247,0),rgba(247,247,247,1) 80%);}#gsc_prf_t{width:100%;background-color:#f5f5f5;display:none;white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 4px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_prf_t,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_t{display:block;}#gsc_prf_t:after{content:"\00A0";padding:0 4px;}.gsc_prf_tab,.gsc_prf_tab:link{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:13px 12px;display:inline-block;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_prf_tab:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.gsc_prf_tab:active{color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_tab[aria-selected="true"]{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#0461f9;cursor:default;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_art,.gs_el_ph #gsc_art,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_co,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_co{display:none;}#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art"] #gsc_art,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-cit"] #gsc_rsb_cit,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-mnd"] #gsc_rsb_mnd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-awd"] #gsc_rsb_awd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-ath"] #gsc_rsb_co{display:block;}.gsc_rsb{float:right;width:317px;order:4;border-left:1px solid #eee;margin-top:32px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb{margin-top:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb{float:none;width:auto;border:none;margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 48px 16px;position:relative;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 32px 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_s,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.gsc_rsb_header{padding:8px 8px 12px 8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_header{padding:4px 8px 9px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_header,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_header{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_action{position:absolute;top:-3px;right:-2px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_action{top:-8px;}.gsc_rsb_tap{display:block;position:absolute;right:2px;top:12px;opacity:.5;z-index:1;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_tap,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_tap{top:24px;right:10px;}.gsc_rsb_hm{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;padding:3px 6px;}#gsc_rsb_gpl{display:block;margin-top:3px;padding:6px 16px;line-height:15px;color:#0461f9;border:1px solid #4d90fe;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_gpl{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_gpl,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_gpl{display:none;}#gsc_rsb_st{width:100%;}.gsc_rsb_std{text-align:right;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_std,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_std{padding-right:16px;}.gsc_rsb_sc1{text-align:left;padding:2px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sc1,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:4px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_sth{font-weight:normal;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:4px 8px 4px 0;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sth,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:16px 16px 16px 0;}#gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,#gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{content:'';display:block;height:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{height:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_hist_opn,.gs_el_ta #gsc_hist_opn{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_f{max-width:118px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:none;}.gsc_rsb_f:link,.gsc_rsb_f:visited{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_m_na{color:#dd4b39;}.gsc_rsb_m_a{color:#006621;float:right;position:relative;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar{width:100%;height:4px;margin:8px 0 8px 0;background:#006621;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar_na{background:#dd4b39;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;}.gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_m,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_m_desc{padding-top:16px;color:#777;}.gsc_rsb_m_s{font-size:24px;position:absolute;line-height:0.3;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk{text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:16px;margin-right:-9px;text-align:right;font-size:13px;padding:12px 9px;border-radius:3px;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#1a0dab;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_rsb_m_title{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_rsb_m_header{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_m_header{padding:0 8px;}.gsc_rsb_hmv{text-align:center;padding-top:16px;}.gsc_rsb_a{list-style:none;}.gsc_rsb_a>li{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a>li,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a>li{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gsc_rsb_a>li:first-child{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_rsb_a_pht{float:left;width:32px;height:32px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 48px;min-height:32px;display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_desc,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 64px;min-height:56px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc a{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext{display:block;color:#777;font-size:13px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext{white-space:normal;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext2,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:block;}.gsc_rsb_aa{display:block;padding:8px;line-height:normal;cursor:pointer;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_aa,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_aa{font-size:17px;padding:12px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_aa:hover,.gsc_rsb_aa:active{text-decoration:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gsc_rsb_aa a:hover{text-decoration:none;}#gsc_prf_w{order:1;padding:32px 0;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_w{padding:16px 0;}#gsc_prf_pu{float:left;width:128px;height:128px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pu{float:none;width:100%;margin:0 0 12px 0;}#gsc_prf_pua{line-height:0;width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pua{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_prf_pufi{width:0;height:0;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi{width:auto;height:auto;overflow:visible;position:relative;z-index:10;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi2{display:inline-block;background:#fcfcfc;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;}.gsc_prf_puic{position:absolute;bottom:0;width:100%;padding:8px 0;background-color:#000;opacity:.6;}.gsc_prf_pel{cursor:pointer;}#gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 144px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px;}a.gsc_prf_btn{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;height:29px;line-height:normal;text-align:center;padding:0 8px;color:#444;font-weight:normal;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}a.gsc_prf_btn:before{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:-1;content:"";border-radius:3px;}.gsc_prf_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gsc_prf_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gsc_prf_btn_lbl{padding:0 4px;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;color:#222;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:hover:before{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}a.gsc_prf_btn:active:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:active:before{background-color:#f1f1f1;color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,#gsc_prf_btne{justify-content:center;height:41px;width:41px;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{position:absolute;right:8px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn:before{border-radius:50%;top:2px;bottom:2px;left:2px;right:2px;}#gsc_prf_btne{vertical-align:top;margin:-9px 4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{top:14px;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:before{background:transparent;border:transparent;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:active:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsc_prf_btnf{float:right;margin:3px 0 16px 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_btnf{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf{float:none;top:62px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf.gsc_prf_btn_top{top:14px;}.gsc_prf_btn:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:before{background-color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{color:#fff;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover:before{background-color:#3983fe;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:active:before{background-color:#357ae8;}#gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:2px;}#gsc_prf_in{font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:3px 0 4px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_in{font-size:22px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_in{font-size:20px;padding:0;}#gsc_prf_ion{line-height:19px;padding:1px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_ion{padding:0;padding-bottom:10px;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn,#gs_prf_ion_txt{vertical-align:top;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn{padding:12px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{height:8px;width:4px;padding:0 4px;fill:#777;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:hover #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#222;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active .gs_prf_ion_svg{fill:#222;}#gs_prf_ion_txt{padding-left:4px;visibility:hidden;font-size:0;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,font-size 0s .13s,opacity .13s}.gs_el_tc #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s .218s,font-size 0s .218s,opacity .218s}.gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{visibility:visible;font-size:15px;opacity:1;transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .13s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .13s;transform:rotate(0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_show .gs_prf_ion_svg{transform:rotate(180deg);}.gsc_prf_il{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:1px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_il{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;}.gsc_prf_ila:link,.gsc_prf_ila:visited{text-decoration:underline;color:#222;}#gsc_prf_int{margin-top:5px;}#gsc_prf_int:empty{display:none;}.gsc_prf_inta{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_prf_inta:last-child{margin:0}.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_ila,.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_inta{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gsc_md_pro_tt,#gsc_md_pro_lgtm,#gsc_md_pro_rev_n,#gsc_md_pro_save,#gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ev{display:none;}#gsc_md_pro_ep{margin-top:4px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:2px;}.gsc_md_pro_ra .gs_md_btns{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_md_pro_rn #gs_aani_wrap{padding:0;border:none;}.gsc_md_pro_rn .gs_md_btns{margin:0;}.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_ev,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_ra .gsc_md_pro_ra_vis,.gsc_md_pro_rn .gsc_md_pro_rn_vis{display:block;}.gsc_md_pro_ed #gsc_md_pro_ted,.gsc_md_pro_aa #gsc_md_pro_taa,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_tra,.gsc_md_pro_an #gsc_md_pro_tan,.gsc_md_pro_ai #gsc_md_pro_tai,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_trn,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_save,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_lgtm,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_rev_n{display:inline-block;}.gsc_md_pro_el{font-size:15px;}.gsc_md_pro_ev{padding:4px 0 16px 0;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_exp-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d{top:42px;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_add-d{left:-9px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_exp-d{left:auto;right:12px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_mor-d{left:-58px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-d{left:10px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-r{margin-left:-10px;}.gsc_dd_sec,#gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_dd_sec,.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:4px 0 8px 0;}.gsc_dd_sep{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;}#gsc_dd_mor-s .gsc_dd_mor-sel,#gsc_dd_sort-s .gsc_dd_sort-sel{color:#dd4b39;}#gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:14px 44px 14px 16px;color:#777;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:18px 44px 18px 16px;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_add-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gsc_btn_mer,#gsc_btn_del,#gsc_dd_exp-r{display:none;}#gsc_dd_mor-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_mer,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_del,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_exp-r{display:inline-block;}html:not(.gs_el_ph) #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gsc_lwp{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_lwp{margin:16px 0;}#gsc_bpf{display:inline-block;verticle-align:middle;}#gsc_a_nn{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:16px;font-size:13px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_nn{display:none;}@media print{#gs_top #gs_md_s,#gs_top #gs_md_w,#gs_top #gs_hdr,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drs,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw,#gs_top #gs_ftr,#gs_top #gsc_nag,#gs_top #gsc_prf_nbar_btns,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btne,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btnf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_ivh,#gs_top #gsc_prf_puf,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top #gsc_bdy #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top .gsc_g_hist_wrp,#gs_top #gsc_prf_t_wrp,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_header,#gs_top .gsc_a_tb,#gs_top .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_lwp,#gs_top .gsc_prf_puic,#gs_top #gsc_dd_add-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gs_top,#gs_top #gsc_bdy,#gs_top #gsc_prf_w,#gs_top #gsc_prf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua,#gs_top #gsc_prf_i,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_s,#gs_top .gsc_lcl,#gs_top .gsc_rsb,#gs_top #gsc_a_tw,#gs_top #gsc_a_t,#gs_top .gsc_prf_il,#gs_top .gsc_prf_ila,#gs_top .gsc_prf_inta,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{background:none;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;height:auto;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;float:none;display:block;position:static;color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:none;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac,#gs_top .gsc_a_a,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top .gsc_a_at,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;padding:0;margin:0;background:none;border:none;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh th{height:0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top #gsc_a_ha,#gs_top .gsc_a_a{font-size:11pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac{font-size:10pt}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu{width:80pt;height:auto;float:left;margin:0 7pt 7pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua{left:auto;transform:none;border-radius:0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua>img{position:static;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 7pt 7pt 87pt;text-align:left;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_in{font-size:18pt;line-height:18pt;padding:0 0 4pt 0;}#gs_top .gsc_prf_il{padding:2pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_w{float:left;width:64%;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb{float:right;width:35%;}#gs_top #gsc_art{clear:both;}#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{display:table;width:100%;max-width:none;margin-top:3pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std{font-size:10pt;}#gs_top th.gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:60pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{padding-left:14pt;}#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{padding:6pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ca{display:block;width:auto;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:12pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_h{display:inline;font-size:10pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_at{color:#008;}#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{display:inline;position:absolute;}#gs_top .gsc_a_am{padding:11pt 0 0 8pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_t .gs_gray{color:black;font-size:10pt;}}.gsc_lwpds_frm{position:relative;height:29px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:38px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw input{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw button{border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gsc_pgn{text-align:right;font-weight:bold;line-height:29px;}.gsc_pgn_ppn{margin:0 8px;}.gsc_ccb_ck{padding:11px 10px 9px 10px;}.gsc_ccb_svg{stroke:#666;stroke-width:2px;fill:#fff;width:21px;height:21px;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_ccb_lim,.gsc_ccb_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#e2e2e2;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#e2e2e2;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#4d90fe;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#4d90fe;}.gsc_ccb_del:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_add:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{fill:#2f6de1;}#gsc_md_cod{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cod{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_cod .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gsc_codb_instr{font-size:16px;margin:1em 0;}#gsc_cods_res{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_res{margin-bottom:16px;}.gsc_cods_hide,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_frm,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_pp,.gsc_cod_lc #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tadd{display:none;}#gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 24px 0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 16px 0;}.gsc_ucoar{padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_ucoar{padding:16px 0px;}.gsc_ucoar:first-child{padding-top:0;}.gsc_ucoar:last-child{border-bottom:none;}.gsc_ucoar_cb{float:right;margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_cod_trev{display:none;color:#666;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_trev{display:inline-block;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev{color:#1a0dab;pointer-events:auto;}.gsc_fol_cr{margin:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_fol_ml{display:block;color:#777;padding:12px 0 4px 0;}#gs_aani_wrap{padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gs_aani{display:none;}#gs_aani.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:12px;}#gs_aani_lbl{display:none;}#gs_aani_lbl.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:8px;}#gs_anni_add_ico{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;}.gs_aani_in{position:relative;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:4px;display:none;}.gs_aani_in.gs_vis{display:block;}.gs_aani_txt{margin-right:34px;}.gs_aani_del{position:absolute;padding:12px;top:-6px;right:-12px;}.gs_aani_del:active .gs_aani_svg{stroke:#d14836;}.gs_aani_svg{vertical-align:top;width:17px;height:17px;fill:none;stroke:#1155cc;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var ba=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ca=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},da=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },ea=da(this),g=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=ea;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ca(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; g("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,h){this.ga=f;ca(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:h})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.ga};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var fa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ha; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ha=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ia;a:{var ja={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ja;ia=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ia=!1}ha=ia?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=ha,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=fa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.xa=b.prototype};g("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); g("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};g("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var n=function(a){return a?a:na};g("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);g("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); g("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);g("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);g("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var p=function(){this.I=this.I;this.O=this.O};p.prototype.I=!1;p.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.I};p.prototype.dispose=function(){this.I||(this.I=!0,this.T())};p.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};p.prototype.T=function(){if(this.O)for(;this.O.length;)this.O.shift()()};var pa=function(){};function qa(a){var b=[],c=0,d;for(d in a)b[c++]=d;return b};function q(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function r(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function u(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function v(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!u(a,b);(c?q:r)(a,b)};function w(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ra=w("iPhone")||w("iPad")||w("iPod"),sa=w("iPhone")||w("Android")&&w("Mobile");function ua(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,wa:a.width,va:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.wa;b=b.va;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||sa)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var va,wa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); va=wa?+wa[1]>0:w("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!w("Firefox")||w("Mobile")||w("Tablet")?ra||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function xa(){if(ya==void 0){ya=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){ya=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",pa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",pa,a)}catch(b){}}return ya}var ya;var za=function(a){this.G=a},Aa=new za("DIV"),Ba=new za("INPUT"),Ca=new za("SCRIPT"),Da=new za("TABLE");function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function Ea(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Fa++)}function Ga(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ha(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),h=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")}function Ia(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=document.createElement(Ba.G),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ja(a){A("gsc_md_cbyd_c").href=a&&a.match(Ka)?a:"javascript:void(0)"}function La(a){a.match(Ka)&&(window.location.href=a)} function Ma(a){if(!A("gs_hats")){var b=document.createElement(Ca.G);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}var Fa=100,Na=/\S+/g,Ka=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Oa=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Pa(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Qa}var Qa=0;var B=function(){this.o=[];this.J={};this.X=this.R=0};B.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Pa(a);this.J[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.J[b]=this.o.length,++this.R)};B.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Pa(a);var b=this.J[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.J[a],--this.R*2<this.o.length&&!this.X&&Ra(this))};B.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.X;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.X&&this.R*2<b.length&&Ra(this)}};B.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.R}; var Ra=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.J;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Pa(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function C(a,b,c,d,e){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ta)}function D(a,b,c,d){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ua)}function Va(a,b,c,d){function e(h){D(f,a,e,c);b(h)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;C(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function H(a){Xa?Xa.add(a):a()}function Ya(a){H(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})} var Za=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)};function $a(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function ab(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ta(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&xa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ua(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function Sa(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var h=b.length,k=0;k<h;k++)f(a,b[k],c,d,e)}function bb(){Xa.notify();Xa=null}function cb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(D(document,"readystatechange",cb),bb())}var Xa,db=!!document.attachEvent,eb=document.readyState;if(db?eb!="complete":eb=="loading")Xa=new B,db?C(document,"readystatechange",cb):Va("DOMContentLoaded",bb); function fb(){Va(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);C(document,"keydown",gb,!0)},!0,!0)}function gb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),D(document,"keydown",gb,!0),fb())}fb();function hb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);ib(f,function(){q(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){r(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function jb(a){a=I[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function ib(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var h=Ea(a),k=jb(h);if(!k||k<jb(f)){var m=document.activeElement;f=A(f);kb(lb(f||a),!0);b&&b();J.push(function(l){I[h].pop();I[h].length||delete I[h];if(!l){(l=e)||m==document.body||(l=m);var t=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(E){}else t&&a.contains(t)&&t.blur()}c&&c()});I[h]||(I[h]=[]);I[h].push(J.length);m&&a.contains(m)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,t=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||t&&va)l=a;try{l.focus(),t&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(E){}},0)}} function mb(a){kb((jb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function nb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;J.pop()(a)}function kb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;J.length>a;)nb(b||J.length>a+1)}function lb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=jb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var J=[],I={};C(document,"click",function(a){var b=J.length;b&&!ab(a)&&b>lb(a.target)&&nb(!0)});C(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!ab(a)&&J.length&&nb()}); C(document,"focus",function(a){var b=J.length;if(b)for(var c=lb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in I)if(jb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Na)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var h=A(d[f]);if(h&&h.offsetWidth){d=h;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){$a(a);d.focus();break}else nb(!0),--b}},!0);var ob={},pb={},qb;try{qb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function K(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function rb(){var a=sb(),b=tb();b=ub(b);a=vb(a);a=wb(a)||"#";L=K(b);xb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function wb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function yb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function zb(a){var b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return yb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Ab(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return yb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Bb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function vb(a){var b=zb(window.location.hash);Bb(b,a);return b}function ub(a){var b=L||K(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Bb(c,a);return c}function Cb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Db){var a=window.history.state;Db=!0;L=K(a);Eb.notify()}Fb=!1},0)}var Eb=new B,L,Db=!1,Fb=!0,xb="pushState"in window.history,Gb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Gb=!1;else{var Hb=.001*Date.now(),Ib=GSP.eventId,Jb=!1,M,Kb=qb;if(!("nh"in ob)){var Lb=Kb&&Kb.getItem("nh"),Mb;if(Lb)try{Mb=JSON.parse(Lb)}catch(a){}pb.nh=Mb}M=pb.nh;M instanceof Array||(M=[]);for(var Nb=M.length,Ob=0,Pb=0;Pb<Nb;Pb++){var Qb=M[Pb];if(Qb instanceof Array&&Qb.length==2){var Rb=Qb[1]==Ib;Jb=Jb||Rb;Nb-Pb<=10&&+Qb[0]>Hb-86400&&!Rb&&(M[Ob++]=Qb)}}M.length=Ob;M.push([Hb,Ib]);var Sb=M,Tb=qb;pb.nh=Sb;try{Tb&&Tb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Sb))}catch(a){}Gb=Jb} var Ub=Gb;"onpageshow"in window?C(window,"pageshow",Cb):H(Cb);C(window,xb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Db=!0,L=K(a),Eb.notify())});function Vb(){Wb&&(D(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Wb),Wb=void 0)}function Xb(){var a=Yb();q(a,"gs_anm");q(a,"gs_vis");C(document,"click",Zb);clearTimeout($b);$b=setTimeout(Zb,4E3);++ac;setTimeout(bc,0)}function Zb(){ac||(D(document,"click",Zb),clearTimeout($b),$b=void 0,Vb(),r(Yb(),"gs_vis"))}function Yb(){return A("gs_alrt")}function bc(){ac=0}var $b,ac=0,Wb;H(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Ub&&Xb(),C(window,"pagehide",function(){ac=0;Zb();r(Yb(),"gs_anm")}))});function cc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,h=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),k=d.responseURL,m=window.location,l=m.protocol;m="//"+m.host+"/";k&&k.indexOf(l+m)&&k.indexOf("https:"+m)&&(e=0,h=f="");c(e,f,h||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function dc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var ec=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.g=c===void 0?null:c;this.Z=!1};ec.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.g&&this.g.stopPropagation();this.Z=!0};var N=function(a){a.g&&$a(a.g);a.Z=!0};var O=function(a,b){this.aa=a;this.ua=b},fc=function(a,b,c){this.aa=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function P(a,b,c){Q(a,b,c)}function gc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Pa(a),e=hc[d];if(!e){e=hc[d]=[];d=ic(b[0].aa);for(var f in d){var h=jc[f];h||(h=jc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var k in d[f]){var m=h[k];m||(m=h[k]=[]);m.push(a)}}kc(a,e,b[0],lc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)kc(a,e,b[f],mc)}}}function R(a,b,c){nc(new ec(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function Q(a,b,c){var d=oc;typeof b==="string"&&(pc[0]=b,b=pc);var e=b.length;a=ic(a);for(var f in a)for(var h in a[f])for(var k=0;k<e;k++)d(f,h,b[k],c)}function ic(a){typeof a==="string"&&(qc[0]=a,a=qc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),h=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!h)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[h]=!0}return c} function oc(a,b,c,d){var e=rc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&C(document,c,sc,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=rc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new B);a.add(d)}function sc(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);nc(new ec(a.type,b,a))} function nc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!u(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!tc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!tc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function tc(a,b,c){var d=rc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Z}function kc(a,b,c,d){var e=c.aa;c=c.ua;for(var f in c){var h=oa(d,a,c[f]);Q(e,f,h);b.push(new fc(e,f,h))}}function lc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=uc(a,d)||a;a=vc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function mc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=uc(a,d);if(e){a=vc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function vc(a,b){var c=wc(b),d=xc[c];d||(d=xc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var h=d[f];if(h instanceof a)return h}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Pa(a);(d=yc[a])||(d=yc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function uc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=zc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=zc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function zc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=jc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function wc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+Ac++);return b}var rc=Object.create(null),qc=[""],pc=[""],jc=Object.create(null),hc=Object.create(null),yc=Object.create(null),xc=Object.create(null),Ac=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=sc;function Bc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return u(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function Cc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function Dc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function Ec(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return Fc(a,b,Bc(),c,!1)} function Fc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=Cc(b,d);f;f=Dc(f,d))if(e=Fc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=Dc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};function Gc(a){return(u(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(u(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Hc(a){return+a.getAttribute("data-s")}function Ic(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;v(a,"gs_sel",b==1);v(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Jc[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Jc=["false","true","mixed"];var S=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.clear=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.v};S.prototype.get=function(a){return this.v[a]};S.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a)||this.A++;this.v[a]=b};S.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&(delete this.v[a],this.A--)};var Kc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new B;this.da=0;this.ba=[b,a,function(){c.da++||Za(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.da=0;c.o.notify()}};Kc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||C.apply(null,this.ba);this.o.add(a)};Kc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||D.apply(null,this.ba)};var Lc=new Kc("scroll"),Mc=new Kc("resize");var Nc=new B;function Oc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ua();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:va||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(u(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;v(a,c,d)}}e&&Nc.notify()}v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ra);Oc();Mc.addListener(Oc);C(window,["pageshow","load"],Oc);var Pc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.F=b;this.D=c;this.H=d;this.Y=e;this.C=f;this.m=null},Qc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Rc=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};Rc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};Rc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j}; var Sc=function(a){for(var b=T;b.j>a;)mb(b.top().i)},Tc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].C>=b);++c);return c},Uc=function(a){for(var b=T,c=b.j;c>=0;c--)if(b.l[c].i==a)return c;return-1};Rc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)};Rc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Vc(a,b){var c=a==T.j;T.j=a;b&&!L&&!K(window.history.state)&&rb();c||Wc()} function V(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=T.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.F&&c==e.D||(T.push(new Pc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.Y+1:1,Date.now())),b=sb(),a=tb(),a=ub(a),b=vb(b),b=wb(b)||"#",L=K(a),xb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Wc())}function Xc(a){a=Yc(A(a));return!!a&&u(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")} function Zc(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=T.j&&!c;++d)c=!Xc(T.at(d).i);v(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=T.j;c>=1&&(c=T.at(c-1).i,d=Xc(c),v(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Xc(T.top().i)?"scroll":""} function Wc(){function a(){var z=c.clientHeight,x=+F.getAttribute("data-h");x||(h.style.maxHeight="none",x=f.offsetHeight);var y=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");x=Math.max((z-x)/2,10);z=Math.max(z-48-(y?y.offsetHeight:0)-2*x,10);y=Xc(e);f.style.top=y?"auto":x+"px";h.style.maxHeight=y?"none":z+"px";bd(h)}var b=T.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=A(e),h=A(e+"-bdy"),k=1200+T.j,m=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.H,t=b.D,E=b.F,G=A("gs_md_s"),aa=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",F=Yc(f),U=window.pageYOffset,$c=E&&E[0]!="#"&&!l,ad=T.j>0?T.at(T.j-1).i:"",ta=!!I[e];$c?(ta?v(m,"gs_md_ldg",!0):cd(f,m,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),R("gs-md-ldin",m)):(l&&cd(f,m,l,b),R("gs-md-lded",m));ta&&e==ad||ib(f,function(){(F||f).style.zIndex=k;dd(aa);if(!ta){F&&q(F,"gs_vis");q(f,"gs_vis");v(f,"gs_abt",Fb);v(G,"gs_abt",Fb);ed(e);if(T.j==0){var z=Zc;Nc.add(z);z()}else Zc();F&&h&&(a(),Mc.addListener(a))}T.j==0&&(q(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-U+"px")},function(){ta|| (Mc.removeListener(a),F&&r(F,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_abt"));for(var z=T.top()?T.top().Y:0;T.top()&&T.top().i==e;){var x=T.top();dc(x.m);x.m=null;T.pop()}if(T.top()){if(x=T.top().i,dd(A(x).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),r(A(x),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ta){x=Uc(e);var y=T.at(x);(F||f).style.zIndex=1200+x;cd(f,m,y.H,y)}}else r(G,"gs_vis"),r(G,"gs_abt");T.j==-1?(Nc.remove(Zc),c.style.overflowY="",r(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,U)):Zc();fd||(z>0?window.history.go(-z):rb())},gd(f),hd(f), ad);$c&&(dc(b.m),b.m=null,Qc(b,cc(E,t,function(z,x,y){b.m=null;y=(z=z==200&&y.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?x:id();cd(f,m,y,b);if(z)for(z=e,y=0;y<T.l.length;++y){var Wa=T.at(y);z==Wa.i&&E==Wa.F&&t==Wa.D&&(Wa.H=x,y==T.j&&rb())}R("gs-md-lded",m)})))}function Yc(a){a=a.parentNode;return u(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function gd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function hd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function cd(a,b,c,d){v(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,h={},k=0;k<f;k++){for(var m=wc(e[k]),l=xc[m],t=l?l.length:0,E=0;E<t;E++){var G=l[E],aa=Pa(G.constructor),F=h[aa];F||(F=h[aa]={});F[m]=!0;G&&typeof G.dispose=="function"&&G.dispose()}delete xc[m]}for(var U in h){U=+U;e=h[U];k=(f=yc[U])?f.length:0;for(l=m=0;l<k;l++)t=f[l],t in e||(f[m++]=t);m?f.length=m:delete yc[U]}b.innerHTML=c;d.H=c;ed(a.id);dc(d.m);d.m=null} function jd(a){return(a=T.at(Uc(a)))?a.F:""}function ed(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,bd(a)}function bd(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ga(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function id(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+A("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function sb(){var a=T.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.F||void 0,p:a&&a.D?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.C||void 0}}function tb(){var a=T.top();return{n:a&&a.Y||0,p:a&&a.D||"",h:a&&a.H||""}}function dd(a){if(kd!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");kd&&r(b,kd);(kd=a)&&q(b,a)}}var fd=0,kd="",T=new Rc; Eb.add(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++fd;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=L||K(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var h=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Oa)||(d="");for(var k=Tc(T,e),m=k;m<T.l.length;++m){var l=T.at(m);if(e<l.C&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=k-1;l>=0;--l){var t=T.at(l);if(e>t.C&&t.i!=b)break}Sc(m-1);for(m=0;m<=l;++m)t=T.at(m).i,I[t]||Vc(l,!1);if(l=k<T.l.length)l=T.at(k),l=b==l.i&&d==l.F&&c==!!l.D&&e==l.C;l?Vc(k,!0):(a==0&&(Sc(-1),T=new Rc, e=Date.now()),c!=!!h&&(d=h="",f=id()),b=new Pc(b,d,h,f,a,e),c=T,e=b.C,a=Tc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).C,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),T.j=a,rb(),Wc())}else Sc(-1);--fd});var ld=function(a){p.call(this);this.K=a;this.W=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.W[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(ld,p);ld.prototype.T=function(){dc(this.m);this.K=this.m=null;p.prototype.T.call(this)}; ld.prototype.pa=function(a){var b=this;N(a);if((a=this.K)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Ha(a);md(this,!0);this.m=cc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;md(b,!1);var f=b.K,h=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(h=h?A(h):null)h.innerHTML="";try{var k=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(F){}d=!1;k&&typeof k=="object"||(nd(h,A("gs_md_err").innerHTML),k={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(k.P||""));R("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=k.L)La(""+e);else{if(e=k.M)nd(h,e),d=!0;e=1E6;if(h&&h.innerHTML){var m=h;e=h.getBoundingClientRect().top}h= f.elements;k=k.E;typeof k=="object"||(k=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.W){var t=h[l],E=void 0,G=""+(k[l]||""),aa=t.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");v(t.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!G);aa&&(aa.innerHTML=G||b.W[l]||"");G&&(E=t.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(m=t,e=E);d=d||!!G}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&mb(f);m&&m.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&m.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var md=function(a,b){a=a.K;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;v(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},nd=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Yb().action=d.match(Ka)?d:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=A("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(Ba.G),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Vb();v(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Xb()}};gc(ld,[new O(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:ld.prototype.pa})]);var od=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];Q(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Gc(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Ic(b,od[+d][c],!0);R("gs-change",b,a.g)});Q(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(N(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});Q([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.g.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(N(a),b.click())});var pd=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),qd="",rd=null;function sd(){rd=null}function td(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):rd&&a==rd.src||((rd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(sd,1E3))}function ud(){var a=Ab(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;td(a)}H(function(){qd=Ub?"&bn=1":"";Ub&&ud()}); C(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(qd="&bn=1",ud())}); C(document,pd,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ qd,td(b))}},!1,!0);Q(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var W=function(a){this.i=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.S=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};W.prototype.U=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return a!==void 0?Ec(b,b,a):null};W.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.U(a);if(u(A(this.S),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.S);hb(this.i,function(){q(b,"gs_sel")},function(){r(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};W.prototype.close=function(){mb(this.i)};W.prototype.ha=function(a){N(a);u(A(this.S),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.g.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; W.prototype.ca=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)N(a),this.open(b==38)};W.prototype.ja=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.ca(a)};gc(W,[new O(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new O(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":W.prototype.ha,keydown:W.prototype.ca}),new O(".gs_md_d",{keydown:W.prototype.ja})]);var vd=function(a){W.call(this,a);this.ra=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.ta=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(vd,W);vd.prototype.U=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};vd.prototype.ka=function(a){wd(this,a)};vd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||wd(this,a)}; var wd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ra),e=a.U();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.ta).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&xd(e,!1),xd(c,!0));N(b);a.close();R("gs-change",d,b.g)},xd=function(a,b){v(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};gc(vd,[new O(".gs_md_ris",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{click:vd.prototype.ka,keydown:vd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_lp","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_lp_d")});Q("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_lp_d")});var yd=function(a){this.ea=Ea(a)};yd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.ea);d=Ec(d,b,c==38)||Ec(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ga(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.ea){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=Dc(d,c)||Cc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],u(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(N(a),d.focus())}; gc(yd,[new O(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{keydown:yd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){N(a);ua()==1?La(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):hb("gs_hdr_act_d")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=Ec(c,c,b==38))N(a),b.focus()}}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var h=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(h)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,h);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){D(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";v(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&va&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];C(window,f,b)}});Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){v(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();R("input",b,a.g)});Q("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");hb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){r(b,"gs_hdr_src");q(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){q(b,"gs_hdr_src");r(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});Q(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&mb(a)});var X=function(){},zd,Ad;X.prototype.ia=function(a){a.g.button||(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.la=function(a){Cd(a)&&(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.ma=function(a){Cd(a)&&N(a)};X.prototype.na=function(a){if(!a.g.button){N(a);var b=a.g;b&&(Dd=b.clientX||0,Ed=b.clientY||0,C(document,Fd,Gd,!0),clearTimeout(zd),zd=setTimeout(Hd,2E3));Bd(a)}}; X.prototype.qa=function(a){N(a);if(Id){var b=a.g;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Jd=b.clientX,Kd=b.clientY,C(document,Ld,Md,!0),clearTimeout(Ad),Ad=setTimeout(Nd,2E3)}Bd(a)}; var Cd=function(a){a=a.g.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},Bd=function(a){R("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.g)},Hd=function(){D(document,Fd,Gd,!0);clearTimeout(zd);zd=void 0},Gd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Dd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ed)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Hd()):Hd()},Nd=function(){D(document,Ld,Md,!0);clearTimeout(Ad);Ad=void 0},Md=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Jd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Kd)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Nd()):Nd()},Dd=0,Ed=0,Fd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Id=w("Android")&&!w("Chrome"),Jd=0,Kd=0,Ld=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];gc(X,[new O(".gs_press",{click:X.prototype.ia,keydown:X.prototype.la,keyup:X.prototype.ma,mousedown:X.prototype.na,touchstart:X.prototype.qa})]);function Od(a){Pd.style.left=Qd&&Rd===Sd?a.left+"px":"auto";Pd.style.width=Qd?a.width+"px":"auto";R("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Td(){var a=Ud.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Pd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ra)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Sd;var f=Qd!=d||Rd!==Sd!=e;b!==Rd&&(Rd=b,Pd.style.transform=b===Sd?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Qd=d,v(Vd,"gs_sth_vis",d),v(Vd,"gs_sth_trk",e),Od(a),Ud.style.height=Qd?c+"px":"auto")} function Wd(){Qd&&Od(Ud.getBoundingClientRect())}var Sd,Vd,Ud,Pd,Qd=!1,Rd;H(function(){if(Vd=A("gs_sth"))Ud=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Pd=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Lc.addListener(Td),Mc.addListener(Wd),Td()});function Xd(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Ab(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"AIzaSyBnsHNH76IH8vZplyq6wIQHlfHRq3blfB8",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})} function Yd(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Ma(function(){return Xd(b.triggerId,b.sa)})}function Zd(a){window.location.hash||Ub||H(function(){return Yd(a)})};Ya(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:ba(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())r(b.value,"gs_invis")});function $d(){var a=A("gsc_ecd_form");Ia(a,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;R("submit",a)}function ae(a){var b=A("gsc_ecd_form"),c=A("gsc_ecd_table");b=Ia(b,"articletype");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute("data-type")||"";c.className=a.getAttribute("data-class")||"";c=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_ecd_citation_type button");for(b=c.length;b--;)v(c[b],"gs_sel",c[b]==a)};function be(){var a=A("gsc_rsb_co");if(a){a=a.querySelectorAll("img.gs_pp_df");for(var b=0;b<a.length;b++){var c=a[b];c.getAttribute("data-srcset")&&(c.setAttribute("srcset",c.getAttribute("data-srcset")),c.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));c.getAttribute("data-src")&&(c.setAttribute("src",c.getAttribute("data-src")),c.removeAttribute("data-src"))}}};var ce=/\S+@\S+\.\S+/;function de(a){return u(a,"gsc_ccb_dis")||u(a,"gsc_ccb_lim")}function ee(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res"),b=fe()<=0;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_add");for(var c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];u(d,"gsc_ccb_on")||v(d,"gsc_ccb_lim",b)}};function ge(){P(".gsc_lwpds_frm","submit",function(a){N(a);R("gsc-lwpds-submit",a.target)})};var he=function(a){this.fa=a};he.prototype.oa=function(a){N(a);a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a");this.fa.setAttribute("data-a",a||"");R("gsc-navigate",this.fa)};var ie=[new O(".gsc_pgn",{}),new O([".gsc_pgn_ppr",".gsc_pgn_pnx"],{click:he.prototype.oa})];function je(a,b){b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=A("gsc_md_cod");a+=wb({t:ke});V(c.id,a,"",b)}function le(a){if(ke!=a){var b=A("gsc_md_cod");r(b,ke);q(b,a);ke=a}}function me(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cod");a=zb(a).t;a!="gsc_cod_sugg"&&a!="gsc_cod_lc"||le(a)}function ne(){me();oe(!0)} function pe(){me();oe(!1);for(var a=A("gsc_cods_res").querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_ck"),b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];if(!de(c)){var d=c.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";d=(u(c,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).has(d);v(c,"gsc_ccb_on",d)}}ee();qe();a=Ab(jd("gsc_md_cod"));(b=re())&&(b.value=a.mauthors||"")}function se(){var a=re();a=a?a.value:"";var b=(A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-sa")||"").replace(te,"$1"+encodeURIComponent(a));a=a?b:A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-lc")||"";je(a)} function ue(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a"))&&je(a)} function oe(a){var b=A("gsc_cods_frm");if(b){b=b.elements;var c=b[1];b[0].disabled=c.disabled=a;v(c,"gs_bsp",a)}a=a?null:A("gsc_codb_data");if(c=A("gsc_cods_pp")){var d=a&&a.getAttribute("data-prev");b=a&&a.getAttribute("data-next");var e=a&&a.getAttribute("data-start"),f=a&&a.getAttribute("data-end");c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppn").textContent=e&&f?e+" - "+f:"";e=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppr");e.disabled=!d;e.setAttribute("data-a",d||"");c=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_pnx");c.disabled=!b;c.setAttribute("data-a", b||"")}a&&(ve=+a.getAttribute("data-max")||0,b=A("gsc_cods_save"),Ia(b,"xsrf").value=a.getAttribute("data-xsrf")||"")}function we(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!de(a)){var b=!u(a,"gsc_ccb_on");v(a,"gsc_ccb_on",b);var c=u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?".gsc_ccb_del":".gsc_ccb_add",d=a.parentNode;(c=d&&d.querySelector(c))&&r(c,"gsc_ccb_on");c=a.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";Y.delete(c);Z.delete(c);b&&(u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).set(c,A("gsc_ucoar-"+c).outerHTML);ee();qe()}} function qe(){var a=Y.A>0||Z.A>0,b=fe(),c=b<0;b=b<=0;A("gsc_cod_done").disabled=!a||c;v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_changed",a);a=A("gsc_cod_trev");a.textContent=a.getAttribute(b?"data-lim":"data-txt")||"";v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_lim",b)}function xe(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res").cloneNode(!0),b=a.querySelector("#gsc_codb_content");b||(b=document.createElement(Aa.G),b.id="gsc_codb_content",a.appendChild(b));var c=ye(Y)+ye(Z);b.innerHTML=c;(b=re())&&(b.value="");je("",a.innerHTML)} function ze(){var a=A("gsc_cods_save");Ia(a,"colleague_add").value=qa(Y.v).join(",");Ia(a,"colleague_del").value=qa(Z.v).join(",");a.submit()}function fe(){return ve-Y.A+(ke=="gsc_cod_sugg"?0:Z.A)}function re(){return A("gsc_cods_tsi")}function ye(a){for(var b="",c=qa(a.v),d=c.length;d--;)b+=a.get(c[d]);return b}var ke="gsc_cod_lc",ve=0,te=/([?&]mauthors=)([^&]*)/,Y=new S,Z=new S;function Ae(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge");a&&(a.disabled=!0);Ja("")}function Be(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f"),b=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge"),c=jd("gsc_md_cbyd"),d=Ab(c).s||"";c=zb(c).c||"";a.elements.s.value=d;Ja(c);b&&a.elements.choose&&(b.disabled=!1,b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom<window.innerHeight&&b.focus())};function Ce(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cbym");a=Ab(a).s||"";var b=A("gsc_md_cbym_e");b&&a&&a.indexOf("&")<0&&b.setAttribute("data-href",(b.getAttribute("data-href")||"").replace(/(&citation_for_view=)[^&]*/,"$1"+a))}function De(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-href")||"";V("gs_md_cita-d",a)};function Ee(a){v(A("gsc_a_sp"),"gs_vis",a==0);v(A("gsc_a_err"),"gs_vis",a==2)}function Fe(){return document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]")}function Ge(){R("gsc-works-change",A("gsc_a_t"))}function He(a){a=Gc(a.currentTarget);for(var b=a==2?Ie:Fe(),c=b.length;c--;)b[c].checked=a!=0;Ge()}function Je(){var a=A("gsc_x_all");if(a){var b=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]:checked");var c=b.length;var d=Fe().length;c=c?c==d?1:2:0;Ic(a,c);c==2&&(Ie=b)}Ge()} var Ie=[];function Ke(a){N(a);var b=a.currentTarget;a=b.href;var c=b.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";b=(b.getAttribute("data-eud")||"")+","+c;a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f").action+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+b+wb({c:a});V("gsc_md_cbyd",a)}function Le(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";a=(A("gsc_md_cbym_l").getAttribute("data-act")||"")+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+a;V("gsc_md_cbym",a)} function Me(a){var b=A("gsc_a_tr0"),c=A("gsc_a_trh");b=b.querySelector(".gsc_a_t");c.querySelector(".gsc_a_t").style.width=u(a.currentTarget,"gs_sth_vis")?b.offsetWidth+"px":"auto"};function Ne(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Oe,d=c<100?100-c:100;a=(Pe+"&cstart="+(Qe+c)+"&pagesize="+d).replace(/([?&])&+/g,"$1");Ee(0);b.disabled=!0;cc(a,"json=1",function(e,f){b.disabled=!1;try{var h=e==200&&JSON.parse(f)}catch(m){}if(h&&typeof h=="object"){Oe=c+=d;Ee(1);f=""+h.B;e=A("gsc_a_b");var k=document.createElement(Da.G);k.innerHTML=f;f=Array.prototype.slice.call(k.rows);for(k=0;k<f.length;k++)e.appendChild(f[k]);Je();if(e=A("gsc_a_nn"))f=e.innerHTML.replace(/[0-9]+$/,""+A("gsc_a_b").rows.length), e.innerHTML=f;b.disabled=!h.N}else Ee(2)})}var Pe="",Qe=0,Oe=0;function Re(){var a=window.location.href.split("#")[0];Pe=a.replace(/([?&])(cstart|pagesize)=[^&]*/g,"$1");Qe=Math.max(+a.replace(/.*[?&]cstart=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0,0);Oe=+a.replace(/.*[?&]pagesize=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0;Oe=Math.max(Math.min(Oe,100),20);Q("#gsc_bpf_more","click",Ne)};function Se(a){for(var b=[!1,!1,!1],c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=A(Te[c]);d&&(b[c]=!!a(d))}return b}function Ue(){var a=A("gsc_fol_m");if(a){var b=A("gsc_fol_b");if(!(a=!ce.test(a.value))){a:{a=Se(Gc);for(var c=Se(Hc),d=0;d<a.length;d++)if(a[d]!=c[d]){a=!0;break a}a=!1}a=!a}b.disabled=a}} function Ve(a){a.g&&a.g.preventDefault();a=A("gsc_fol_f");var b=A("gsc_fol_inp");b.innerHTML="";for(var c=Se(Gc),d=Se(Hc),e=0;e<c.length;e++)if(c[e]!=d[e]){var f=We[e],h=document.createElement(Ba.G);h.type="hidden";h.name=c[e]?f:"un"+f;b.appendChild(h)}R("gsc-fol-submit",a)}var Te=["gsc_fol_a","gsc_fol_c","gsc_fol_r"],We=["follow_articles_btn","follow_citations_btn","follow_related_btn"];function Xe(a){if(a.type!="keydown"||a.g&&!ab(a.g)&&a.g.keyCode==13)a.g&&$a(a.g),(a=(a=a.currentTarget.querySelector("a"))?a.getAttribute("href"):"")&&La(a)}function Ye(){le("gsc_cod_lc");ve=0;Y.clear();Z.clear();var a=re();a&&(a.value="");se()}function Ze(){u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")||u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ta")||be()}function $e(){be()} function af(){P(["#gsc_coauth_opn",".gsc_rsb_btne",".gsc_rsb_btnv"],"click",Ye);P(".gsc_rsb_aa",["click","keydown"],Xe);Q("#gsc_prf_t-ath","click",$e);H(function(){Nc.add(Ze);Ze()})};function bf(){P(["#gsc_fol_a","#gsc_fol_c","#gsc_fol_r"],"gs-change",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_m","input",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_f","submit",Ve);P("#gsc_fol_f","gsc-fol-submit",function(a){a.currentTarget.submit()})};function cf(a){if(a){a.id&&a.removeAttribute("id");for(var b=0;b<a.children.length;b++)cf(a.children[b])}}function df(){var a=document.documentElement;!A("gsc_hist_opn")||u(a,"gs_el_ph")||u(a,"gs_el_ta")||V("gsc_md_hist")}function ef(){var a=A("gsc_md_hist_c");if(!a.innerHTML){var b=document.getElementsByClassName("gsc_g_hist_wrp");b.length==1&&(a.appendChild(b[0].cloneNode(!0)),cf(a.lastElementChild))}};function ff(){P("#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("href")||"";b+="&tzom="+(new Date).getTimezoneOffset();La(b);a.g.preventDefault()})};function gf(){var a=A("gsc_md_pro_f");a.reset();a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];r(c,"gs_in_txte");c.querySelector(".gs_in_txts").innerHTML=""}a=A("gsc_md_pro-d");a.setAttribute("data-ifc","");V(a.id,wb({t:"gsc_md_pro_ed"}))}function hf(){v(A("gsc_prf_w"),"gsc_prf_why")}function jf(){var a=A("gsc_prf_pufii");if(w("MSIE ")){var b=A("gsc_prf_puf");hb("gsc_prf_pufi",function(){q(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},function(){r(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},a)}else a.click()} function kf(a){(a.type!="keydown"||a.g.keyCode==13&&a.g&&!ab(a.g))&&jf()}function lf(){A("gsc_prf_puf").submit()}function mf(){v(A("gsc_prf_ion"),"gs_prf_ion_show")}function nf(){Q("#gsc_prf_btne","click",gf);P("#gsc_prf_btnf","click",function(){V("gsc_md_fol")});P("#gsc_md_fol_pub","click",function(){A("gsc_fol_mpf").submit()});Q("#gsc_prf_iv_tg","click",hf);P(".gsc_prf_pel",["click","keydown"],kf);Q("#gsc_prf_pufii","change",lf);Q("#gsc_prf_ion_btn","click",mf)};function of(a){var b=A("gsc_bdy");b.setAttribute("data-tab",a.currentTarget.id);b=b.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_tab");for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d.setAttribute("aria-selected",""+(d==a.currentTarget))}}function pf(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_pnl"),b=document.documentElement;b=u(b,"gs_el_ph")||u(b,"gs_el_ta");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++)a[c].setAttribute("role",b?"tabpanel":"region")}function qf(){Q(".gsc_prf_tab","click",of);H(function(){Nc.add(pf);pf()})};(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.u||"";a.d=="gs_md_cita-d"&&b.match(Oa)&&b.indexOf("view_citation")>=0&&La(b);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-ldin",ne);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-lded",pe);Q("#gsc_cods_frm","gsc-lwpds-submit",se);Q("#gsc_cods_pp","gsc-navigate",ue);P([".gsc_ccb_add",".gsc_ccb_del"],"click",we);Q("#gsc_cod_trev","click",xe);Q("#gsc_cod_done","click",ze);af();ge();Re();bf();Q("#gsc_md_hist","gs-md-lded",ef);P(["#gsc_hist_opn",".gsc_md_hist_b"],"click",df);ff();nf();qf();Q("#gsc_md_cbyd", "gs-md-ldin",Ae);Q("#gsc_md_cbyd","gs-md-lded",Be);P("#gsc_md_cbym",["gs-md-ldin","gs-md-lded"],Ce);Q("#gsc_md_cbym_e","click",De);gc(he,ie);Ya(Je);Q(".gsc_a_x","change",Je);Q("#gsc_x_all","gs-change",He);Q(".gsc_a_acm","click",Ke);Q(".gsc_a_am","click",Le);Q("#gs_sth","gs-sth-change",Me);Q("#gs_md_cita-b-save","click",$d);Q(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel","click",ae);Zd(function(){var c=A("gsc_bdy").getAttribute("data-usv")||"-";return{triggerId:c.substr(1),sa:c[0]=="+"}})})(); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"b4NCZ7kU87_L1g-bj9uoBg"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can&#39;t perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div id="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_hist-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_hist-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_hist-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_hist-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Citations per year</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_hist-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id="gsc_md_hist_c"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbyd-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbyd_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbyd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbyd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbyd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Duplicate citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form id="gsc_md_cbyd_f" action="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="s" value=""><div class="gs_md_lbl">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id="gsc_md_cbyd_c" href="javascript:void(0)">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd_l"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbym-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbym-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbym-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbym-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Merged citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbym-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div class="gs_md_lbl">This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id="gsc_md_cbym_s">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-act="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="900" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cod-t" data-cid="gsc_cods_res" data-wfc="gsc_md_cod-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cod-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cod-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"><span id="gsc_cod_t"><span id="gsc_cod_tadd">Add co-authors</span><span id="gsc_cod_tedit">Co-authors</span><a id="gsc_cod_trev" href="javascript:void(0)" data-txt="Review" data-lim="Limit reached"></a></span></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gsc_cod_done" aria-label="Add co-authors" disabled class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cod-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div id="gsc_cods_urls" class="gsc_cods_hide" data-ls="" data-lc="/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&amp;hl=en&amp;json=&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ" data-sa=""></div><form id="gsc_cods_save" action="" method="POST"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_add"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_del"></form><div id="gsc_cods_res"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_fol-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_fol-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_fol-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_fol-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Follow</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_fol-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form method="post" id="gsc_fol_f" action="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0PU77zFBllbKUfKvwQbb0DiyPc"><input type="hidden" name="user" value="ICnQa0gAAAAJ"><div id="gsc_fol_inp"></div><div id="gsc_fol_cb"><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_a" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles by this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_c" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New citations to this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_r" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles related to this author&#39;s research</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div></div><div id="gsc_fol_email"><label id="gsc_fol_ml" for="gsc_fol_m">Email address for updates</label><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="email_for_op" value="" id="gsc_fol_m" maxlength="100" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div class="gs_md_btns"><button type="submit" id="gsc_fol_b" disabled class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href="//www.google.co.in/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner" class="gs_hdr_src"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/citations"><input type=hidden name="view_op" value="search_authors"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="mauthors" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" placeholder="Search profiles" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_sre" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_frm" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnTSB gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_bdy" class="gs_scl" data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art" data-usv=""><div class="gsc_rsb" role="navigation"><a id="gsc_rsb_gpl" class="gsc_rsb_s" href="/citations?hl=en">Get my own profile</a><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_cit" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-cit"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Cited by</span><button type="button" id="gsc_hist_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id="gsc_rsb_st"><thead><tr><th class="gsc_rsb_sth"></th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">All</th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">Since 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the &quot;recent&quot; version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.">Citations</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">16897</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">15881</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the &quot;recent&quot; version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.">h-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">34</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">33</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the &quot;recent&quot; version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.">i10-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">74</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">67</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:422px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:376px;content:"\00A0";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class="gsc_g_hist_wrp" dir="rtl"><div class="gsc_g_hist_x"><div class="gsc_g_x" style="top:160px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:0px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:80px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:120px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:40px;"></div></div><div class="gsc_g_hist_xl"><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:153px;">0</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:-7px;">4400</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:73px;">2200</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:113px;">1100</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:33px;">3300</div></div><div class="gsc_md_hist_w"><div class="gsc_md_hist_b"><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:323px">2014</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:291px">2015</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:259px">2016</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:227px">2017</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:195px">2018</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:163px">2019</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:131px">2020</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:99px">2021</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:67px">2022</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:35px">2023</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:3px">2024</span><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:328px;top:158px;height:2px;z-index:11"><span class="gsc_g_al">69</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:296px;top:157px;height:3px;z-index:10"><span class="gsc_g_al">105</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:264px;top:155px;height:5px;z-index:9"><span class="gsc_g_al">162</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:232px;top:153px;height:7px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_g_al">209</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:200px;top:149px;height:11px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_g_al">304</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:168px;top:137px;height:23px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_g_al">646</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:136px;top:121px;height:39px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_g_al">1087</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:104px;top:79px;height:81px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_g_al">2254</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:72px;top:28px;height:132px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_g_al">3634</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:40px;top:22px;height:138px;z-index:2"><span class="gsc_g_al">3821</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:8px;top:2px;height:158px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_g_al">4348</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_mnd" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-mnd"><div class="gsc_rsb_header gsc_rsb_m_header"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_title">Public access</div><a href="/citations?view_op=list_mandates&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ" id="gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk">View all</a></div><div class="gsc_rsb_hm gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dlist_mandates\x26hl\x3den\x26user\x3dICnQa0gAAAAJ'" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>108 articles</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><div class="gs_gray">0 articles</div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar_na" style="width:0%"></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><span class="gs_gray">not available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_desc">Based on funding mandates</div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_co" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-ath"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Co-authors</span><button type="button" id="gsc_coauth_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><ul class="gsc_rsb_a"><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-VZADAaQAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-VZADAaQAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-VZADAaQAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-VZADAaQAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Alan Brennan" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-VZADAaQAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=VZADAaQAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=VZADAaQAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=VZADAaQAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=VZADAaQAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=VZADAaQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Alan Brennan</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Sheffield</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sheffield.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-qNbWHGkAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-qNbWHGkAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-qNbWHGkAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-qNbWHGkAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="John Holmes" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-qNbWHGkAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=qNbWHGkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=qNbWHGkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=qNbWHGkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=qNbWHGkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=qNbWHGkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">John Holmes</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">ScHARR, University of Sheffield</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sheffield.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-mCmRdUoAAAAJ-img{width:23px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-mCmRdUoAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-mCmRdUoAAAAJ-img{width:40px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-mCmRdUoAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Jamie Brown" sizes="(max-width:981px) 40px,23px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-mCmRdUoAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=mCmRdUoAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=mCmRdUoAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1 23w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=mCmRdUoAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1 40w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=mCmRdUoAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1 91w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=mCmRdUoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Jamie Brown</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University College London</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ucl.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-Y6o084EAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-Y6o084EAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-Y6o084EAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-Y6o084EAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="M Hickman" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-Y6o084EAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=Y6o084EAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">M Hickman</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at bristol.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-C8930KkAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:24px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-C8930KkAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-C8930KkAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:42px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-C8930KkAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Robin Purshouse" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-C8930KkAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=C8930KkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=C8930KkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=C8930KkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=C8930KkAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=C8930KkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Robin Purshouse</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Sheffield</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sheffield.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-IeNkWhwAAAAJ-img{width:27px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-IeNkWhwAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-IeNkWhwAAAAJ-img{width:47px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-IeNkWhwAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Duncan Gillespie" sizes="(max-width:981px) 47px,27px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-IeNkWhwAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=IeNkWhwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=IeNkWhwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=4 27w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=IeNkWhwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=4 47w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=IeNkWhwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=4 108w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=IeNkWhwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Duncan Gillespie</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Senior Research Fellow at University of Sheffield, SCHARR</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sheffield.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-TFqLp6YAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-TFqLp6YAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-TFqLp6YAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-TFqLp6YAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Emma Beard" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-TFqLp6YAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=TFqLp6YAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=TFqLp6YAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=TFqLp6YAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=TFqLp6YAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 84w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=TFqLp6YAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Emma Beard</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Senior Research Fellow, UCL</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ucl.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-IQMkE34AAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-IQMkE34AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-IQMkE34AAAAJ-img{width:45px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-IQMkE34AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Yang Meng" sizes="(max-width:981px) 45px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-IQMkE34AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=IQMkE34AAAAJ&amp;citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=IQMkE34AAAAJ&amp;citpid=4 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=IQMkE34AAAAJ&amp;citpid=4 45w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=IQMkE34AAAAJ&amp;citpid=4 103w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=IQMkE34AAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Yang Meng</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Lumanity</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at lumanity.com</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-_c2FFykAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-_c2FFykAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-_c2FFykAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-_c2FFykAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Eileen Kaner" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-_c2FFykAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=_c2FFykAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=_c2FFykAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=_c2FFykAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=_c2FFykAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 85w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=_c2FFykAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Eileen Kaner</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Public Health Research</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at newcastle.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-TwtY-30AAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-TwtY-30AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-TwtY-30AAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-TwtY-30AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Frank de Vocht" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-TwtY-30AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=TwtY-30AAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=TwtY-30AAAAJ&amp;citpid=1 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=TwtY-30AAAAJ&amp;citpid=1 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=TwtY-30AAAAJ&amp;citpid=1 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=TwtY-30AAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Frank de Vocht</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Bristol</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at bristol.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-Pq0XMWgAAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-Pq0XMWgAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-Pq0XMWgAAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-Pq0XMWgAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Susan Michie" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-Pq0XMWgAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=Pq0XMWgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=Pq0XMWgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=Pq0XMWgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=Pq0XMWgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=Pq0XMWgAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Susan Michie</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University College London</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ucl.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-Nu0jQEwAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-Nu0jQEwAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-Nu0jQEwAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-Nu0jQEwAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Robert E Pryce" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-Nu0jQEwAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=Nu0jQEwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=Nu0jQEwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=Nu0jQEwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=Nu0jQEwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 86w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=Nu0jQEwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Robert E Pryce</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Sheffield</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sheffield.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-GImgtioAAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-GImgtioAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-GImgtioAAAAJ-img{width:46px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-GImgtioAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Niamh Fitzgerald" sizes="(max-width:981px) 46px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-GImgtioAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=GImgtioAAAAJ&amp;citpid=9" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=GImgtioAAAAJ&amp;citpid=9 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=GImgtioAAAAJ&amp;citpid=9 46w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=GImgtioAAAAJ&amp;citpid=9 105w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=GImgtioAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Niamh Fitzgerald</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Alcohol Policy, University of Stirling</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at stir.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-N0X7ccAAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:31px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-N0X7ccAAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-N0X7ccAAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:53px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-N0X7ccAAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Melissa Oldham" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-N0X7ccAAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=N0X7ccAAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=N0X7ccAAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=N0X7ccAAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=N0X7ccAAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=N0X7ccAAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Melissa Oldham</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University College London</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ucl.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-gRY11PIAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-gRY11PIAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-gRY11PIAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-gRY11PIAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Penny Buykx" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-gRY11PIAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=gRY11PIAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Penny Buykx</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Associate Professor, University of Newcastle</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at newcastle.edu.au</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-cU9Sx1IAAAAJ-img{width:27px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-cU9Sx1IAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-cU9Sx1IAAAAJ-img{width:47px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-cU9Sx1IAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Robert West" sizes="(max-width:981px) 47px,27px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-cU9Sx1IAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=cU9Sx1IAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=cU9Sx1IAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3 27w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=cU9Sx1IAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3 47w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=cU9Sx1IAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3 108w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=cU9Sx1IAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Robert West</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University College London</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ucl.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-qE2yMqoAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-qE2yMqoAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-qE2yMqoAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-qE2yMqoAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Adam Sherk" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-qE2yMqoAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=qE2yMqoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Adam Sherk</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uvic.ca</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-5OLlGX0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-5OLlGX0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-5OLlGX0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-5OLlGX0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Tim Stockwell" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-5OLlGX0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=5OLlGX0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Tim Stockwell</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor, Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uvic.ca</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-WWlNFA0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-WWlNFA0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-WWlNFA0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-WWlNFA0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Tanya Chikritzhs" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-WWlNFA0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=WWlNFA0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Tanya Chikritzhs</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Curtin University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at curtin.edu.au</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-fffrcGgAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-fffrcGgAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-fffrcGgAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-fffrcGgAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Thor Norström" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-fffrcGgAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=fffrcGgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&amp;user=fffrcGgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&amp;user=fffrcGgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=fffrcGgAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 85w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=fffrcGgAAAAJ&amp;hl=en">Thor Norström</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of sociology, Stockholm University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sofi.su.se</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><div class="gsc_rsb_hmv gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_btnv"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl" role="main" id="gsc_prf_w"><div id="gsc_prf"><a href="javascript:void(0)" role="button" id="gsc_prf_btnf" class="gsc_prf_btn gsc_prf_btn_top gs_btnFA gsc_prf_btn_act"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gsc_prf_btn_lbl">Follow</span></a><div id="gsc_prf_pu"><div id="gsc_prf_pua" class="gs_rimg"><style>#gsc_prf_pup-img{width:128px;height:124px;}@media print{#gs_top #gsc_prf_pup-img{width:80pt;height:77pt;}}</style><img alt="Colin Angus" sizes="print 80px,128px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2" id="gsc_prf_pup-img" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 128w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citpid=2 256w"></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_i"><div id="gsc_prf_inw"><div id="gsc_prf_in">Colin Angus</div></div><div class="gsc_prf_il">Senior Research Fellow, ScHARR, <a href="/citations?view_op=view_org&hl=en&org=9829198446306616343" class="gsc_prf_ila">University of Sheffield</a></div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_ivh">Verified email at sheffield.ac.uk</div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_int"><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;mauthors=label:alcohol_policy" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Alcohol Policy</a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;mauthors=label:health_inequalities" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Health Inequalities</a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;mauthors=label:minimum_unit_pricing" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Minimum Unit Pricing</a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;mauthors=label:screening_and_brief_interventions" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Screening and Brief Interventions</a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;mauthors=label:cost_effectiveness_modelling" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Cost-Effectiveness Modelling</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_t_wrp" role="navigation"><div id="gsc_prf_t" role="tablist"><a id="gsc_prf_t-art" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_art" aria-selected="true">Articles</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-cit" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_cit">Cited by</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-mnd" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_mnd">Public access</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-ath" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_rsb_co">Co-authors</a></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_art" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-art"><form method="post" action="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0PU77zFBllbKUfKvwQbb0DiyPc"><div id="gsc_a_tw"><table id="gsc_a_t"><thead><tr id="gsc_a_tr0" aria-hidden="true"><th class="gsc_a_t"></th><th class="gsc_a_c"></th><th class="gsc_a_y"></th></tr><tr id="gsc_a_trh"><th class="gsc_a_t" scope="col"><span id="gsc_a_ta"><a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;sortby=title" class="gsc_a_a">Title</a></span><div id="gsc_dd_sort-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gsc_dd_sort-b" aria-controls="gsc_dd_sort-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Sort</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gsc_dd_sort-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div id="gsc_dd_sort-s" class="gs_oph gsc_dd_sec gsc_dd_sep"><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li gsc_dd_sort-sel">Sort by citations</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;sortby=pubdate" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by year</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;sortby=title" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by title</a></div></div></div></th><th class="gsc_a_c" scope="col" dir="rtl"><span id="gsc_a_ca"><div class="gs_nph">Cited by</div><div class="gs_oph">Cited by</div></span></th><th class="gsc_a_y" scope="col"><span class="gsc_a_h" id="gsc_a_ha"><a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;view_op=list_works&amp;sortby=pubdate" class="gsc_a_a">Year</a></span></th></tr></thead><tbody id="gsc_a_b"><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:7T2F9Uy0os0C" class="gsc_a_at">Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</a><div class="gs_gray">CJL Murray, AY Aravkin, P Zheng, C Abbafati, KM Abbas, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The lancet 396 (10258), 1223-1249<span class="gs_oph">, 2020</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=17314214697049717822,9193435609665828500,1430504057874212223" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">6812</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2020</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:eflP2zaiRacC" class="gsc_a_at">Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016</a><div class="gs_gray">MG Griswold, N Fullman, C Hawley, N Arian, SRM Zimsen, HD Tymeson, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The Lancet 392 (10152), 1015-1035<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=1935821358065789503" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">3076</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:NJ774b8OgUMC" class="gsc_a_at">Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic …</a><div class="gs_gray">H Wang, KM Abbas, M Abbasifard, M Abbasi-Kangevari, H Abbastabar, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The Lancet 396 (10258), 1160-1203<span class="gs_oph">, 2020</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=7404642670258849859,2628321829203657353" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1442</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2020</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:VL0QpB8kHFEC" class="gsc_a_at">The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017</a><div class="gs_gray">SG Sepanlou, S Safiri, C Bisignano, KS Ikuta, S Merat, M Saberifiroozi, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The Lancet gastroenterology &amp; hepatology 5 (3), 245-266<span class="gs_oph">, 2020</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=14160124089712252749" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1408</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2020</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:g5m5HwL7SMYC" class="gsc_a_at">Effects of minimum unit pricing for alcohol on different income and socioeconomic groups: a modelling study</a><div class="gs_gray">J Holmes, Y Meng, PS Meier, A Brennan, C Angus, A Campbell-Burton, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The Lancet 383 (9929), 1655-1664<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=12396339240459374814,13814706816486013699" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">402</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:OcBU2YAGkTUC" class="gsc_a_at">Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the …</a><div class="gs_gray">M Naghavi, KL Ong, A Aali, HS Ababneh, YH Abate, C Abbafati, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The Lancet 403 (10440), 2100-2132<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=8574531423390070138" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">227</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:LhH-TYMQEocC" class="gsc_a_at">Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease …</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brauer, GA Roth, AY Aravkin, P Zheng, KH Abate, YH Abate, C Abbafati, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">The Lancet 403 (10440), 2162-2203<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=8087905740331918369,14489763635705650656" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">209</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:_xSYboBqXhAC" class="gsc_a_at">Estimated effects of different alcohol taxation and price policies on health inequalities: a mathematical modelling study</a><div class="gs_gray">PS Meier, J Holmes, C Angus, AK Ally, Y Meng, A Brennan</div><div class="gs_gray">PLoS medicine 13 (2), e1001963<span class="gs_oph">, 2016</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=10593622521242779688" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">190</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2016</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:W5xh706n7nkC" class="gsc_a_at">Estimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality in England and Wales: a population-level analysis</a><div class="gs_gray">JM Aburto, R Kashyap, J Schöley, C Angus, J Ermisch, MC Mills, JB Dowd</div><div class="gs_gray">J Epidemiol Community Health 75 (8), 735-740<span class="gs_oph">, 2021</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=18180950546349502062" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">174</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2021</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:08ZZubdj9fEC" class="gsc_a_at">Alcohol consumption and the physical availability of take-away alcohol: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the days and hours of sale and outlet density</a><div class="gs_gray">A Sherk, T Stockwell, T Chikritzhs, S Andréasson, C Angus, J Gripenberg, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs 79 (1), 58-67<span class="gs_oph">, 2018</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=6338299731117425241" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">166</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2018</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:pqnbT2bcN3wC" class="gsc_a_at">Estimation of own and cross price elasticities of alcohol demand in the UK—A pseudo-panel approach using the Living Costs and Food Survey 2001–2009</a><div class="gs_gray">Y Meng, A Brennan, R Purshouse, D Hill-McManus, C Angus, J Holmes, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of health economics 34, 96-103<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=14666579527581144856,258155678541235106" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">142</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:D03iK_w7-QYC" class="gsc_a_at">Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: a population survey in England</a><div class="gs_gray">J Brown, R West, C Angus, E Beard, A Brennan, C Drummond, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">British Journal of General Practice 66 (642), e1-e9<span class="gs_oph">, 2016</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=4607121490281987321" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">126</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2016</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:ZHo1McVdvXMC" class="gsc_a_at">What are the implications for policy makers? A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of screening and brief interventions for alcohol misuse in primary care</a><div class="gs_gray">C Angus, N Latimer, L Preston, J Li, R Purshouse</div><div class="gs_gray">Frontiers in psychiatry 5, 114<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=4240701180218289567" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">124</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C" class="gsc_a_at">Modelling the cost-effectiveness of alcohol screening and brief interventions in primary care in England</a><div class="gs_gray">RC Purshouse, A Brennan, R Rafia, NR Latimer, RJ Archer, CR Angus, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Alcohol and Alcoholism 48 (2), 180-188<span class="gs_oph">, 2013</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=11492758121209139656" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">114</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2013</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:epqYDVWIO7EC" class="gsc_a_at">Causal mechanisms proposed for the alcohol harm paradox—a systematic review</a><div class="gs_gray">J Boyd, O Sexton, C Angus, P Meier, RC Purshouse, J Holmes</div><div class="gs_gray">Addiction 117 (1), 33-56<span class="gs_oph">, 2022</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=6071028967734841770" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">109</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2022</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:z_wVstp3MssC" class="gsc_a_at">Moderators of changes in smoking, drinking and quitting behaviour associated with the first COVID‐19 lockdown in England</a><div class="gs_gray">SE Jackson, E Beard, C Angus, M Field, J Brown</div><div class="gs_gray">Addiction 117 (3), 772-783<span class="gs_oph">, 2022</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=7843841856634321526" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">99</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2022</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:xtRiw3GOFMkC" class="gsc_a_at">Deconstructing the alcohol harm paradox: a population based survey of adults in England</a><div class="gs_gray">E Beard, J Brown, R West, C Angus, A Brennan, J Holmes, E Kaner, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">PloS one 11 (9), e0160666<span class="gs_oph">, 2016</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=15644475259001006953" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">99</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2016</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:HoB7MX3m0LUC" class="gsc_a_at">Alcohol tax pass‐through across the product and price range: do retailers treat cheap alcohol differently?</a><div class="gs_gray">AK Ally, Y Meng, R Chakraborty, PW Dobson, JS Seaton, J Holmes, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Addiction 109 (12), 1994-2002<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=5471229480897447576" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">87</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:b0M2c_1WBrUC" class="gsc_a_at">Model-based appraisal of the comparative impact of Minimum Unit Pricing and taxation policies in Scotland</a><div class="gs_gray">C Angus, J Holmes, R Pryce, P Meier, A Brennan</div><div class="gs_gray">Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield<span class="gs_oph">, 2016</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=10987114159299194207" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">83</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2016</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ICnQa0gAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=ICnQa0gAAAAJ:rO6llkc54NcC" class="gsc_a_at">The Sheffield alcohol policy model–a mathematical description</a><div class="gs_gray">A Brennan, P Meier, R Purshouse, R Rafia, Y Meng, D Hill‐Macmanus, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Health economics 24 (10), 1368-1388<span class="gs_oph">, 2015</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;cites=6290195633937444923" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">76</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2015</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="gsc_a_sp"></div><div id="gsc_a_err" class="gs_alrt">The system can&#39;t perform the operation now. Try again later.</div></div><div id="gsc_lwp"><span id="gsc_a_nn">Articles 1&ndash;20</span><div id="gsc_bpf"><button type="button" id="gsc_bpf_more" class="gs_btnPD gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Show more</span></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&amp;hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>

Pages： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10