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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George A. Fuller</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_A._Fuller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/George_A._Fuller.jpg/220px-George_A._Fuller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/George_A._Fuller.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-10-21</span>)</span>October 21, 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Templeton,_Massachusetts" title="Templeton, Massachusetts">Templeton, Massachusetts</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1900<span style="display:none">(1900-12-14)</span> (aged 49)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andover_College_(Maine)" title="Andover College (Maine)">Andover College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Businessman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">The invention of the modern skyscraper</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ellen Mary Channing</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Fuller_(Flatiron)_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edificio_Fuller_%28Flatiron%29_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg/235px-Edificio_Fuller_%28Flatiron%29_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="494" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edificio_Fuller_%28Flatiron%29_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg/353px-Edificio_Fuller_%28Flatiron%29_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edificio_Fuller_%28Flatiron%29_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg/470px-Edificio_Fuller_%28Flatiron%29_en_2010_desde_el_Empire_State_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flatiron_Building" title="Flatiron Building">Flatiron Building</a>, seen here in 2010, was originally called the Fuller Building, named after George A. Fuller.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>George A. Fuller</b> (October 21, 1851 – December 14, 1900) was an American architect often credited as being the "inventor" of modern skyscrapers and the modern <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contracting system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_A._Fuller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuller was born in <a href="/wiki/Templeton,_Massachusetts" title="Templeton, Massachusetts">Templeton, Massachusetts</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Andover_College_(Maine)" title="Andover College (Maine)">Andover College</a>, he took a course in architecture at the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> (known informally at the time as Boston Tech),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then started in the office of his uncle, J.E. Fuller, an architect in Worcester, Massachusetts. Fuller soon entered the office of <a href="/wiki/Peabody_%26_Stearns" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody & Stearns">Peabody & Stearns</a> – a firm which specialized in building mansions for the rich in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a> – where he soon developed a strong interest in the details of erecting a building, and was particularly interested in "skyscrapers", the name recently given to the tall buildings that had been made possible by <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Otis" title="Elisha Otis">Elisha Otis</a>' invention of the <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">safety elevator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-page3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of twenty-five he was made a partner and placed in charge of Peabody & Stearns's New York office.<sup id="cite_ref-page3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New York, Fuller's design for a new club house for the <a href="/wiki/Union_League_Club_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union League Club of New York">Union League Club of New York</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne</a> mansion for the site at the corner of <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/39th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Street (Manhattan)">39th Street</a>, won over eight other designs, including those submitted by noted architects <a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt" title="Richard Morris Hunt">Richard Morris Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Follen_McKim" title="Charles Follen McKim">Charles McKim</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Rutherford_Mead" title="William Rutherford Mead">William Rutherford Mead</a>. Fuller also designed the United Bank Building, a nine-story building at <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street (Manhattan)">Wall Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>, although he left Peabody & Stearns shortly after construction began, having spent four years there.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="George_A._Fuller_Company">George A. Fuller Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_A._Fuller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: George A. Fuller Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuller moved to Chicago, the locus of much of the skyscraper construction in the United States at the time, where he formed a partnership with C. Everett Clark, another architect from Massachusetts, which lasted only two years. He then raised $50,000 and set up the <b>George A. Fuller Company</b> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuller's new firm was different from the many architecture firms of the time, in that it intended to handle all aspects of building construction <i>except</i> for the design of the building, which would come from outside architects. In this way, Fuller created the modern concept of the <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">general contractor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-page10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the new firm's first jobs was the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Opera_House" title="Chicago Opera House">Chicago Opera House</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ives_Cobb" title="Henry Ives Cobb">Henry Ives Cobb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Frost">Charles S. Frost</a>. In this building, Fuller, who was a proponent of using steel in building construction, utilized it for the floor beams, a decision which subjected him to criticism from the architectural community, which was wary of using steel and unsure of its long-term properties.<sup id="cite_ref-page10_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Very little is really known today of the properties of steel ... and though events point strongly to [it] becoming the metal of the future, there exists among many reasonable conservative men, a wide and well-grounded distrust of its use in the higher engineer or architectural structures, on account of its mysterious behavior, and frequent erratic and inexplicable failures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fuller's firm built the <a href="/wiki/Tacoma_Building_(Chicago)" title="Tacoma Building (Chicago)">Tacoma Building</a> in Chicago designed by <a href="/wiki/Holabird_%26_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Holabird & Roche">Holabird & Roche</a> and completed in 1889, which was the first skyscraper with non <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">load bearing</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)" title="Curtain wall (architecture)">curtain walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer steel</a> beams, Fuller created steel cages that supported all the building's weight. </p><p>Fuller's firm also built the <a href="/wiki/Rookery_Building" title="Rookery Building">Rookery Building</a> (1888, <a href="/wiki/Burnham_and_Root" title="Burnham and Root">Burnham and Root</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rand_McNally_Building" title="Rand McNally Building">Rand McNally Building</a> (1890, Burnham & Root), the <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Building" title="Pontiac Building">Pontiac Building</a> (1891, Holabird & Roche) and the <a href="/wiki/Monadnock_Building" title="Monadnock Building">Monadnock Building</a> (1891, Burnham & Root; 1893, Holabird & Roche) in Chicago, and the <a href="/wiki/41_Park_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="41 Park Row">New York Times Building</a> (1889, <a href="/wiki/George_B._Post" title="George B. Post">George B. Post</a>) in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fuller Company was also intensely involved in the building of the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exposition">Columbian Exposition</a>, in which a temporary "White City on the Lake" was constructed under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the success of his firm, Fuller became a multimillionaire, and his wife and daughters entered Chicago society. He commissioned Charles P. Post to design a home on Drexel Boulevard on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_South_Side" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago South Side">South Side</a> of Chicago, and Post created a <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a> mansion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter, Allon, married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_St._Francis_Black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry St. Francis Black (page does not exist)">Harry St. Francis Black</a> in 1894, and Fuller took him into the company as vice president, despite the fact that Black was neither an architect nor an engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, New York City altered its building regulations to allow skeleton construction and <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)" title="Curtain wall (architecture)">curtain walls</a>, in which the load created by the building was carried by the internal skeleton and not by the exterior wall, a construction method which had been allowed under the Chicago building code for years. This change prompted Fuller to open an office in New York in 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon the company had contracts in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, as well as in Chicago and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future skyscraper builder <a href="/wiki/William_A._Starrett" title="William A. Starrett">William A. Starrett</a> joined the company in 1897 as an office boy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_War_Dept19192530_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_War_Dept19192530-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_A._Fuller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_(1851%E2%80%931900)_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery,_Chicago_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_%281851%E2%80%931900%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago_1.jpg/130px-Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_%281851%E2%80%931900%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_%281851%E2%80%931900%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago_1.jpg/195px-Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_%281851%E2%80%931900%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_%281851%E2%80%931900%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago_1.jpg/260px-Grave_of_George_A._Fuller_%281851%E2%80%931900%29_at_Oak_Woods_Cemetery%2C_Chicago_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Fuller's tomb at Oak Woods Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Fuller died suddenly on December 14, 1900, from <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>, leaving an estate valued at $3 million (equivalent to $109.9 million in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tomb at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Woods_Cemetery" title="Oak Woods Cemetery">Oak Woods Cemetery</a> in Chicago, designed by New York architect <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Price" title="Bruce Price">Bruce Price</a>, is one of the largest in the cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Fuller_Company_after_Fuller">The Fuller Company after Fuller<span class="anchor" id="Harry_S._Black"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_A._Fuller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Fuller Company after Fuller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of Fuller, Harry S. Black, Fuller's son-in-law, took over as president of the Fuller Company and aggressively expanded its capitalization and operations, merging it with smaller companies, and bringing on to the company's board of directors such men as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Henry Morgenthau, Sr.</a>, former New York City mayor – and <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> man – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Grant" title="Hugh J. Grant">Hugh J. Grant</a>, and banker <a href="/wiki/James_Stillman" title="James Stillman">James Stillman</a> and creating what became known as the "skyscraper trust".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, he took the company public, listing it on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then put together a merger with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alliance_and_New_York_Realty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alliance and New York Realty (page does not exist)">Alliance and New York Realty</a> to create a new $66 million company, the <b>United States Realty and Construction Company</b>; the Fuller Company – which by then had offices in New York, Chicago, Boston, Baltimore, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Washington DC, and Pittsburgh – would remain an independent company under the umbrella of the new entity.<sup id="cite_ref-usrealty_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usrealty-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuller-building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fuller-building.jpg/220px-Fuller-building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fuller-building.jpg/330px-Fuller-building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fuller-building.jpg/440px-Fuller-building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Fuller Company moved into the <a href="/wiki/Fuller_Building" title="Fuller Building">Fuller Building</a> at 57th Street and Madison Avenue in 1929.</figcaption></figure> <p>Black announced: </p> <blockquote><p>The new company will undoubtedly enter foreign fields, with the view of introducing steel construction in cities like London, Paris and Berlin. Its relations will be very close to the United States Steel Corporation, and naturally, as we will be the largest consumers of structural steel in the world, our terms as to price and delivery will be most favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Indeed, Black had constructed the new company's board of directors with an eye for its need for steel and rail transport. It included <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles Schwab</a> of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, Charles Tweed of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">Southern Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Adams, Jr.">Charles Francis Adams</a>, former head of <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a>, and representatives from <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual of New York">Mutual Life Insurance Company</a>. Since Black had put together U.S. Realty, he naturally expected to be named the company's president, but the board passed over him and selected Bradish Johnson, president of New York Realty, one of the firms folded into the new conglomerate.<sup id="cite_ref-usrealty_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usrealty-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. Realty's stock never performed as expected, although the members of the board did receive substantial salaries and large dividends on the stock they owned, even as the company was underperforming. When the Fuller Company was implicated in the corruption of the building trades union leader, Samuel Parks, its stock fell. Board members dumped their stock and left the company, but Black was buying up stock at the same time. He took control of the company, naming a new board which made him president.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg/130px-Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg/195px-Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg/260px-Mukden_Manchuria_Railway_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> Railway Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Mukden" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden">Mukden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, together with <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, he founded the George A.Fuller Company of The Orient Ltd. in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and built several private and government office buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Far_east" class="mw-redirect" title="Far east">far east</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2023)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among the many buildings constructed by the Fuller Company under Black were the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> (1914–22), <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Memorial_Amphitheater" title="Arlington Memorial Amphitheater">Arlington Memorial Amphitheater</a> (1915–20), <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)</a> (1921), <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a> (1916–23), <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910%E2%80%931963)" title="Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)">Pennsylvania Station</a> (1910), <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Pennsylvania" title="Hotel Pennsylvania">Hotel Pennsylvania</a> (1919), the <a href="/wiki/Flatiron_Building" title="Flatiron Building">Flatiron Building</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square" title="Macy's Herald Square">Macy's Herald Square</a> on Broadway and <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="34th Street (Manhattan)">34th Street</a> (1902), the <a href="/wiki/One_Times_Square" title="One Times Square">New York Times Building</a> (1905), the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">Plaza Hotel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Savoy-Plaza_Hotel" title="Savoy-Plaza Hotel">Savoy-Plaza Hotel</a> (across <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> from it).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chicago, Fuller built the <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevens Hotel">Stevens Hotel</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Holabird_%26_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Holabird & Roche">Holabird & Roche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fuller Company was acquired by the Northrop Corporation in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_A._Fuller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 5–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page10-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page10_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page10_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Architect and Building News</i> (1889), quoted in Alexiou, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leland M. Roth, in: <a href="/wiki/Joan_Marter" title="Joan Marter">Joan Marter</a> (Ed.), The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Oxford University Press 2011, p. 528 (<a href="/wiki/S.v." class="mw-redirect" title="S.v.">s.v.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-PA528">Holabird & Roche</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040512210204/http://www.emporis.com/en/cd/cm/?id=102485">Emporis</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp.12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 23, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp.15–16, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_War_Dept19192530-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_War_Dept19192530_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_War_Dept1919">United States War Dept 1919</a>, p. 2530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 31, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 34–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usrealty-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usrealty_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usrealty_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp.103–104, 112–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, p.114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, pp. 161–162,169–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="extiw" title="ja:フラー建築">Fura Kenchiku</a>, Ja.Wikipedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/GON024.htm">"Savoy Plaza"</a> on <i>New York Architecture</i>. Accessed:2011-02-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexiou, <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcad.lib.washington.edu/publication/11774/">"PCAD - Publication: Northrop Corp. To Buy the George A. Fuller Co"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PCAD+-+Publication%3A+Northrop+Corp.+To+Buy+the+George+A.+Fuller+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcad.lib.washington.edu%2Fpublication%2F11774%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+A.+Fuller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexiou2010" class="citation book cs1">Alexiou, Alice Sparberg (2010). <i>The Flatiron: The New York Landmark and the Incomparable City that Arose With It</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunne_Books" title="Thomas Dunne Books">Thomas Dunne</a>/<a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38468-5"><bdi>978-0-312-38468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flatiron%3A+The+New+York+Landmark+and+the+Incomparable+City+that+Arose+With+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38468-5&rft.aulast=Alexiou&rft.aufirst=Alice+Sparberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+A.+Fuller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2678.html">Biography at Chicago Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graveyards.com/IL/Cook/oakwoods/fuller.html">Grave at Oak Woods Cemetery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130116051205/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blskyscapers.htm">"The History of Skyscrapers" By Mary Bellis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/12/15/102427928.pdf">Obituary</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_War_Dept1919" class="citation book cs1">United States War Dept (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ZFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2530"><i>War Expenditures: Camps</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Expenditures%3A+Camps&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1919&rft.au=United+States+War+Dept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9ZFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA2530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+A.+Fuller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_A._Fuller" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George A. 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buildings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Colorado</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Hall" title="Cutler Hall">Cutler Hall</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Eyrie" title="Glen Eyrie">Glen Eyrie</a><sup>†</sup> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antlers_Hotel_(Colorado_Springs,_Colorado)#First_building_(1883–1898)" title="Antlers Hotel (Colorado Springs, Colorado)">Antlers Hotel</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Connecticut</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_Studio" title="John Rogers Studio">John Rogers Studio</a> (1878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Georgia</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeness_(Cumberland_Island,_Georgia)" title="Dungeness (Cumberland Island, Georgia)">Dungeness</a><sup>†</sup> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Orchard" title="Plum Orchard">Plum Orchard</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Maine</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Church_of_Northeast_Harbor" title="Union Church of Northeast Harbor">Union Church of Northeast Harbor</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_Estate" title="Drexel Estate">Drexel Estate</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor_High_School_(Maine)" title="Bangor High School (Maine)">Bangor High School</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Public_Library" title="Bangor Public Library">Bangor Public Library</a> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Massachusetts</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boylston_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Boylston Hall (Harvard University)">Boylston Hall</a><sup>†</sup> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussey_Institution" title="Bussey Institution">Bussey Institute</a> (1870–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthews_Hall_(Harvard_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthews Hall (Harvard University)">Matthews Hall</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Academy" title="Smith Academy">Smith Academy</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul_(Boston)" title="Cathedral Church of St. Paul (Boston)">Cathedral Church of St. Paul</a><sup>†</sup> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Robert_Bennet_Forbes_House" title="Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House">J. Murray Forbes House</a><sup>†</sup> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_at_10_Follen_Street" title="Building at 10 Follen Street">Frances M. McKay House</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Alexandra_(Boston)" title="Hotel Alexandra (Boston)">Hotel Alexandra</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._White" title="R. H. White">R. H. White Department Store</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfield_School" title="Bromfield School">Bromfield School</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Alumnae_Gymnasium" title="Smith Alumnae Gymnasium">Smith College Gymnasium</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupee_Estate%E2%80%93Mary_Baker_Eddy_Home" title="Dupee Estate–Mary Baker Eddy Home">Dupee Estate</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Brooks_Estate" title="Shepherd Brooks Estate">Shepherd Brooks Estate</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church,_Chapel,_and_Parish_House" title="Saint Paul's Church, Chapel, and Parish House">Saint Paul's Church</a><sup>†</sup> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Club_of_Boston" title="Union Club of Boston">Union Club of Boston</a><sup>†</sup> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_Church,_Rectory,_School_and_Convent" title="Saint Mary of the Assumption Church, Rectory, School and Convent">Saint Mary of the Assumption Church and Rectory</a> (1880–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payson_Williston_Observatory" title="John Payson Williston Observatory">John Payson Williston Observatory</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_House#Second_Harrison_Gray_Otis_House" title="Harrison Gray Otis House">Second Harrison Gray Otis House</a><sup>†</sup> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradlee_Jr._House" title="Henry Bradlee Jr. House">Henry Bradlee Jr. House</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Congregational_Church_of_Great_Barrington" title="Society of the Congregational Church of Great Barrington">First Congregational Church Parsonage and Carriage House</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kragsyde" title="Kragsyde">Kragsyde</a> (1883–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayley_House" title="Bayley House">Bayley House</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Davis_House" title="Joseph Davis House">Joseph Davis House</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigglesworth_Building" title="Wigglesworth Building">Wigglesworth Building</a><sup>†</sup> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a> (1884–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Court_(Lenox_and_Stockbridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Elm Court (Lenox and Stockbridge, Massachusetts)">Elm Court</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity_Hall,_Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School">Divinity Hall</a><sup>†</sup> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Rectory" title="Saint Paul's Rectory">Saint Paul's Rectory</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Chapel" title="King's Chapel">King's Chapel</a><sup>†</sup> (1886–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farlow_Herbarium_of_Cryptogamic_Botany" title="Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany">Divinity Library</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Parish_Church_(Weston,_Massachusetts)" title="First Parish Church (Weston, Massachusetts)">First Parish Church</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiske_Building" title="Fiske Building">Fiske Building</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club" title="Hasty Pudding Club">Hasty Pudding Club</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hastings_House" title="Oliver Hastings House">Rev. William Lawrence House</a><sup>†</sup> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_Place_(Boston)" title="Exchange Place (Boston)">Exchange Building</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatleigh" title="Wheatleigh">Wheatleigh</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_Wharf_Buildings" title="Russia Wharf Buildings">Russia Wharf Building</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Episcopal_Church_(Waltham,_Massachusetts)" title="Christ Episcopal Church (Waltham, Massachusetts)">Christ Episcopal Church and Parish House</a> (1897–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Stable" title="Town Stable">Town Stable</a><sup>†</sup> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_City_Hall_and_Common" title="Worcester City Hall and Common">Worcester City Hall</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Episcopal_Church_(Lenox,_Massachusetts)" title="Trinity Episcopal Church (Lenox, Massachusetts)">Trinity Episcopal Church</a><sup>†</sup> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Boathouse" title="Newell Boathouse">Newell Boathouse</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickering_Hall_(Boston,_1901)" title="Chickering Hall (Boston, 1901)">Chickering Hall</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_station" title="Nubian station">Dudley Station</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_School" title="Middlesex School">Middlesex School</a> (1901–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Memorial_Library" title="Soldiers' Memorial Library">Soldiers' Memorial Library</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights_Monument" title="Dorchester Heights Monument">Dorchester Heights Monument</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotting_School" title="Cotting School">Cotting School</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts#Registers_of_Deeds" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk Couunty Registry of Deeds</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Fire_%26_Marine_Insurance_Co." title="Springfield Fire & Marine Insurance Co.">Springfield Fire & Marine Insurance Co.</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northbridge_High_School" title="Northbridge High School">Whitinsville High School</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Trust_Company_Building_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="Union Trust Company Building (Springfield, Massachusetts)">Union Trust Company Building</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weld_Boathouse" title="Weld Boathouse">Weld Boathouse</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Frisbie_Hoar" title="Statue of George Frisbie Hoar">Statue of George Frisbie Hoar</a> (1907–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egleston_Substation" title="Egleston Substation">Egleston Substation</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechmere_Viaduct" title="Lechmere Viaduct">Lechmere Viaduct</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslindale_Substation" title="Roslindale Substation">Roslindale Substation</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_House_Tower" title="Custom House Tower">Custom House Tower</a> (1911–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thorndike_Angell_Memorial" title="George Thorndike Angell Memorial">George Thorndike Angell Memorial</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre_(Boston)" title="St. James Theatre (Boston)">St. James Theatre</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Park" title="Flagstaff Park">Cambridge Memorial Flagstaff</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Wells_School" title="Mary E. Wells School">Mary E. Wells School</a> (1916–1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Minnesota</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill_House" title="James J. Hill House">James J. Hill House</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_Depot" title="Duluth Depot">Duluth Union Depot</a> (1890–1892)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Missouri</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_School_of_Fine_Arts" title="St. Louis School of Fine Arts">St. Louis School of Fine Arts</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_the_Messiah" title="Unitarian Church of the Messiah">Unitarian Church of the Messiah</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._George_Ashe_Bronson_House" title="Dr. George Ashe Bronson House">Dr. George Ashe Bronson House</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Building_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="Security Building (St. Louis, Missouri)">Security Building</a> (1890–1892)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">New Hampshire</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_State_House" title="New Hampshire State House">New Hampshire State House</a><sup>†</sup> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">New Jersey</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_School" title="Lawrenceville School">Lawrenceville School</a> (1884–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Terminal" title="Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal">Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal</a> (1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">New York</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_League_Club#Previous_clubhouses" title="Union League Club">Union League Clubhouse</a> (1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Pennsylvania</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor%27s_Residence_(University_of_Pittsburgh)" title="Chancellor's Residence (University of Pittsburgh)">Harvey Childs House</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horne_Company" title="Joseph Horne Company">Joseph Horne Department Store</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Square_Garden" title="Motor Square Garden">East Liberty Market</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Rhode Island</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Breakers_(1878)" title="The Breakers (1878)">The Breakers</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_Estate" title="Vinland Estate">Vinland Estate</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Point" title="Rough Point">Rough Point</a> (1887–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhurst_(Rhode_Island)" title="Rockhurst (Rhode Island)">Rockhurst</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairholme_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)" title="Fairholme (Newport, Rhode Island)">Fairholme</a><sup>†</sup> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Providence_Journal#Headquarters" title="The Providence Journal">Providence Journal Building</a> (1906)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Vermont</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Robinson_House" title="Daniel Webster Robinson House">Daniel Webster Robinson House</a> (1885–1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C."><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Washington, D.C.</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Bureau</a> (1893)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">West Virginia</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinecrest_(Elkins,_West_Virginia)" title="Pinecrest (Elkins, West Virginia)">Pinecrest</a> (1892)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Wisconsin</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Unitarian_Society_of_Madison" title="First Unitarian Society of Madison">First Unitarian Society Church</a> (1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ddddfc; text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Key:</b> <sup>†</sup> <em>Denotes addition, alteration, or remodel</em></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Architects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Swain_Peabody" title="Robert Swain Peabody">Robert Swain Peabody</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Goddard_Stearns_Jr." title="John Goddard Stearns Jr.">John Goddard Stearns Jr.</a></b></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George A. Fuller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_P._Furber" title="Pierce P. Furber">Pierce P. Furber</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scudder_Adkins" title="John Scudder Adkins">John Scudder Adkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Collens" title="Allen & Collens">Francis Richmond Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_(architect)" title="Robert Andrews (architect)">Robert Day Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bevins" title="Charles L. Bevins">Charles L. Bevins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Blackall" title="Clarence H. Blackall">Clarence H. Blackall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_R._Briggs" title="Warren R. Briggs">Warren R. Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Budden" title="Henry Budden">Henry Budden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchins_Cady" title="John Hutchins Cady">John Hutchins Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ives_Cobb" title="Henry Ives Cobb">Henry Ives Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Collens" title="Allen & Collens">Charles Collens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Frost" title="Charles Sumner Frost">Charles Sumner Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_T._P._Graham" title="Edward T. P. Graham">Edward T. P. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Greco" title="Charles R. Greco">Charles R. Greco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Wesley_Haynes" title="S. Wesley Haynes">S. Wesley Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Hoyt" title="Burnham Hoyt">Burnham Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson_Killam" title="Charles Wilson Killam">Charles Wilson Killam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westray_Ladd" title="Westray Ladd">Westray Ladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_F._Lawrence" title="Ellis F. Lawrence">Ellis F. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Lewis" title="Ion Lewis">Ion Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Christian_Mullgardt" title="Louis Christian Mullgardt">Louis Christian Mullgardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcross_Brothers" title="Norcross Brothers">Orlando Whitney Norcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lincoln_Savage" title="Frederick Lincoln Savage">Frederick Lincoln Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Schweinfurth" title="A. C. Schweinfurth">A. C. Schweinfurth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_A._Schweinfurth" title="Julius A. Schweinfurth">Julius A. 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