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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_ergonomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_ergonomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design and ergonomics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_ergonomics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and ergonomics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_ergonomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seat_height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat_height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Seat height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seat_height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclining_angle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclining_angle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reclining angle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclining_angle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_and_head_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_and_head_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Back and head support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_and_head_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Padding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Padding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Armrests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seat_size_and_legroom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat_size_and_legroom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Seat size and legroom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seat_size_and_legroom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_chairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_chairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of chairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_chairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of chairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_chairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Office_chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Office chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dining_room_chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dining_room_chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dining room chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dining_room_chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Work chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocking_chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocking_chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rocking chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocking_chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kneeling_chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kneeling_chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Kneeling chair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kneeling_chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_and_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Standards and specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_sculptural_and_art_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_sculptural_and_art_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As sculptural and art forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_sculptural_and_art_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chair</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoel" title="Stoel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stoel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كرسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siella" title="Siella – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Siella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܟܘܪܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܪܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80" title="চকী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চকী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siella" title="Siella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Siella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetipiwakan" title="Tetipiwakan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tetipiwakan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapyha" title="Guapyha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guapyha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunu%C3%B1a" title="Qunuña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qunuña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stul" title="Stul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsi" title="Korsi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Korsi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="চেয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D-%C3%A1" title="Í-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Í-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Крэсла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэсла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Крэсла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крэсла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="कुर्सी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कुर्सी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukawan" title="Tukawan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tukawan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Стол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kador" title="Kador – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kador" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadira" title="Cadira – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пукан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пукан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silya" title="Silya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Silya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidle" title="Židle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedia" title="Sedia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sedia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadair_(dodrefn)" title="Cadair (dodrefn) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadair (dodrefn)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtuhl" title="Schtuhl – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtuhl" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuhl_(M%C3%B6bel)" title="Stuhl (Möbel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stuhl (Möbel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A8" title="ގޮނޑި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގޮނޑި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C5%82" title="Stoł – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stoł" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Καρέκλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρέκλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scr%C3%A2na" title="Scrâna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Scrâna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla" title="Silla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C4%9Do" title="Seĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulki" title="Aulki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aulki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="صندلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صندلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaise" title="Chaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoel" title="Stoel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stoel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathaoir" title="Cathaoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathaoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeira_(moble)" title="Cadeira (moble) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cadeira (moble)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E6%A4%85" title="校椅 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="校椅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EC%9E%90" title="의자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujera" title="Kujera – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kujera" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BC" title="Աթոռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթոռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="कुर्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुर्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3lc" title="Stólc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stólc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolica" title="Stolica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stolica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidilo" title="Sidilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sidilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oche" title="Oche – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oche" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi" title="Kursi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kursi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedia" title="Sedia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitulo" title="Isitulo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isitulo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ll" title="Stóll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stóll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedia" title="Sedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90" title="כיסא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיסא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi" title="Kursi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kursi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕುರ್ಚಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುರ್ಚಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کُرسی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کُرسی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3%C5%82k" title="Stółk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Stółk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Орындық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орындық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intebe" title="Intebe – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Intebe" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiti" title="Kiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8z" title="Chèz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurs%C3%AE" title="Kursî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kursî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sella" title="Sella – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sella" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%93sls" title="Krēsls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krēsls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stull" title="Stull – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stull" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97d%C4%97" title="Kėdė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kėdė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuulu" title="Stuulu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Stuulu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadrega" title="Cadrega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cadrega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9k_(b%C3%BAtor)" title="Szék (bútor) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szék (bútor)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kors%C3%A8" title="Korsè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Korsè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Столица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Столица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0" title="കസേര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കസേര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="खुर्ची – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खुर्ची" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89" title="كورسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كورسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusi" title="Kerusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%93-gi%C4%81ng" title="Iē-giāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iē-giāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icpalli" title="Icpalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Icpalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoel" title="Stoel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stool" title="Stool – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stool" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="कुर्सी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुर्सी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%85%E5%AD%90" title="椅子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="椅子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="ГӀант – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀант" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcha%C3%AEse" title="Tchaîse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchaîse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi%C3%A8ra" title="Cadièra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadièra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੁਰਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਰਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99anengang" title="’anengang – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="’anengang" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کرسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stohl" title="Stohl – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stohl" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzes%C5%82o" title="Krzesło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krzesło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeira" title="Cadeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cadeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaun" title="Scaun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scaun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyana" title="Tiyana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiyana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/elun" title="elun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="elun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F.%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟ.ᱪᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟ.ᱪᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setilo" title="Setilo – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Setilo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrigeja" title="Karrigeja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karrigeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seggia" title="Seggia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Seggia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair" title="Chair – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chair" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="ڪرسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoli%C4%8Dka" title="Stolička – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stolička" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol_(pohi%C5%A1tvo)" title="Stol (pohištvo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stol (pohištvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi" title="Kursi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kursi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کورسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کورسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Столица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Столица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolica" title="Stolica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stolica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsi" title="Korsi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Korsi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoli" title="Tuoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkito" title="Bangkito – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangkito" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="நாற்காலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாற்காலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C9%A3im" title="Asɣim – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asɣim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Урындык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урындык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80" title="కుర్చీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుర్చీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="เก้าอี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เก้าอี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%B6" title="ᎦᏍᎩᎶ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏍᎩᎶ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1xe%27%C3%AAs%C3%A9est%C3%B4tse" title="Táxe'êséestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Táxe'êséestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಕುರ್ಸು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕುರ್ಸು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalye" title="Sandalye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sandalye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Стілець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стілець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کرسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eij" title="Eij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Eij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carega" title="Carega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%E1%BA%BF" title="Ghế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ghế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcheyire" title="Tcheyire – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tcheyire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einasee" title="Einasee – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Einasee" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoel" title="Stoel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stoel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkuran" title="Lingkuran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lingkuran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%85" title="椅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="椅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C" title="שטול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B3" title="凳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieslos" title="Krieslos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Krieslos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%85" title="椅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="椅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusi%27" title="Kerusi' – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Kerusi'" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsi" title="Korsi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Korsi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusi" title="Kerusi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kerusi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15026#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Piece of furniture for sitting on</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about furniture. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chair_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chair (disambiguation)">Chair (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg/220px-Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg/330px-Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg/440px-Set_of_fourteen_side_chairs_MET_DP110780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Chair, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1772</span>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, covered in modern red morocco leather, height: 97.2 cm, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>chair</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Seat" title="Seat">seat</a>, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. It may be made of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstered</a> in various colors and fabrics. </p><p>Chairs vary in design. An armchair has armrests fixed to the seat;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Recliner" title="Recliner">recliner</a> is upholstered and features a mechanism that lowers the chair's back and raises into place a <a href="/wiki/Footstool" title="Footstool">footrest</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Rocking_chair" title="Rocking chair">rocking chair</a> has legs fixed to two long curved slats; and a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> has wheels fixed to an axis under the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Chair</i> comes from the early 13th-century English word <i>chaere</i>, from Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">chaiere</i></span> ("chair, seat, throne"), from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cathedra</i></span> ("seat").<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_chair" title="History of the chair">History of the chair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_Chair_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1195395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Coronation_Chair_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1195395.jpg/220px-Coronation_Chair_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1195395.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Coronation_Chair_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1195395.jpg/330px-Coronation_Chair_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1195395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Coronation_Chair_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1195395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Chair" title="Coronation Chair">Coronation Chair</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_Tuinstoel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plastic_Tuinstoel.jpg/220px-Plastic_Tuinstoel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plastic_Tuinstoel.jpg/330px-Plastic_Tuinstoel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Plastic_Tuinstoel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Monobloc</a> chair is a lightweight stackable <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> chair, usually <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> in colour, often described as the world's most common <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> chair.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The chair has been used since antiquity, although for many centuries it was a symbolic article of state and dignity rather than an article for ordinary use. "The chair" is still used as the emblem of authority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in many other settings. In keeping with this historical connotation of the "chair" as the symbol of authority, committees, boards of directors, and academic departments all have a 'chairman' or 'chair'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endowed professorships are referred to as chairs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 16th century that chairs became common.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, people sat on <a href="/wiki/Chest_(furniture)" title="Chest (furniture)">chests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bench_(furniture)" title="Bench (furniture)">benches</a>, and stools, which were the ordinary seats of everyday life. The number of chairs which have survived from an earlier date is exceedingly limited; most examples are of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">seigneurial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chairs were in existence since at least the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period of Egypt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100 BC</span>). They were covered with cloth or <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, were made of carved wood, and were much lower than today's chairs – chair seats were sometimes only 10 inches (25 cm) high.<sup id="cite_ref-reshafim_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reshafim-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, chairs appear to have been of great richness and splendor. Fashioned of <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, or of carved and <a href="/wiki/Gilded" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilded">gilded</a> <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, they were covered with costly materials, magnificent patterns and supported upon representations of the legs of beasts or the figures of captives. Generally speaking, the higher ranked an individual was, the taller and more sumptuous was the chair he sat on and the greater the honor. On state occasions, the pharaoh sat on a <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>, often with a little footstool in front of it.<sup id="cite_ref-reshafim_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reshafim-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average Egyptian family seldom had chairs, and if they did, it was usually only the master of the household who sat on a chair. Among the better off, the chairs might be painted to look like the ornate inlaid and carved chairs of the rich, but the craftsmanship was usually poor.<sup id="cite_ref-reshafim_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reshafim-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest images of chairs in China are from 6th-century Buddhist murals and <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a>, but the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sitting" title="Sitting">sitting</a> in chairs at that time was rare. It was not until the 12th century that chairs became widespread in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Scholars disagree on the reasons for the adoption of the chair. The most common theories are that the chair was an outgrowth of indigenous Chinese furniture, that it evolved from a camp stool imported from Central Asia, that it was introduced to China by Christian missionaries in the 7th century, and that the chair came to China from India as a form of Buddhist monastic furniture. In modern China, unlike <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, it is no longer common to sit at floor level.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, it was owing in great measure to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> that the chair ceased to be a privilege of state and became a standard item of furniture for anyone who could afford to buy it. Once the idea of privilege faded the chair speedily came into general use. Almost at once the chair began to change every few years to reflect the fashions of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Random_History_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_History-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Bowdich" title="Thomas Edward Bowdich">Thomas Edward Bowdich</a> visited the main Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> in 1819, and observed chairs engrossed with gold in the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1800s, chairs became more common in American households and usually there was a chair provided for every family member to sit down to dinner. By the 1830s, factory-manufactured “fancy chairs” like those by <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>, Roebuck, and Co. allowed families to purchase machined sets. With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, chairs became much more available.<sup id="cite_ref-Random_History_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_History-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th century saw an increasing use of technology in chair construction with such things as all-metal folding chairs, metal-legged chairs, the Slumber Chair,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> moulded plastic chairs and ergonomic chairs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recliner became a popular form, at least in part due to radio and television. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Stair_lift" title="Stair lift">stair lifts</a> were commercially available to help people suffering from <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> and other diseases to navigate stairs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern movement of the 1960s produced new forms of chairs: the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_chair" title="Butterfly chair">butterfly chair</a> (originally called the Hardoy chair), <a href="/wiki/Bean_bag_chair" title="Bean bag chair">bean bags</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Egg_(chair)" title="Egg (chair)">egg-shaped pod chair</a> that turns. It also introduced the first mass-produced plastic chairs such as the Bofinger chair in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological advances led to molded <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> and wood <a href="/wiki/Laminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminate">laminate</a> chairs, as well as chairs made of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>. Mechanical technology incorporated into the chair enabled adjustable chairs, especially for <a href="/wiki/Office_chair" title="Office chair">office</a> use. Motors embedded in the chair resulted in <a href="/wiki/Massage_chair" title="Massage chair">massage chairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg/220px-Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg/330px-Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg/440px-Paris_Chaises_jardin_des_Tuileries_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>Metal chairs in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Chairs can be made from wood, metal, or other strong materials, like stone or acrylic. In some cases, multiple materials are used to construct a chair; for example, the legs and frame may be made from metal and the seat and back may be made from plastic. Chairs may have hard surfaces of wood, metal, plastic, or other materials, or some or all of these hard surfaces may be covered with upholstery or padding. The design may be made of <a href="/wiki/Porous" class="mw-redirect" title="Porous">porous</a> materials, or be <a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">drilled</a> with holes for decoration; a low back or gaps can provide <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>. The back may extend above the height of the occupant's head, which can optionally contain a headrest. Chairs can also be made from more creative materials, such as recycled materials like cutlery and wooden play bricks, pencils, plumbing tubes, rope, <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_cardboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated cardboard">corrugated cardboard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PVC_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC pipe">PVC pipe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rare cases, chairs are made out of unusual materials, especially as a form of art or experimentation. Raimonds Cirulis, a Latvian interior designer, created a volcanic hanging chair that is handmade out of volcanic rock.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Brenner, a Dutch-born German designer, has created a chair made from lollipop sugar – 60 pounds (27 kg) of confectioners' sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_ergonomics">Design and ergonomics</h2></div> <p>Chair design considers intended usage, <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">ergonomics</a> (how comfortable it is for the occupant),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as non-ergonomic functional requirements such as size, stacking ability, folding ability, weight, <a href="/wiki/Durability" title="Durability">durability</a>, stain resistance, and artistic design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seat_height">Seat height</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Stools_(49907001456).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bar_Stools_%2849907001456%29.jpg/220px-Bar_Stools_%2849907001456%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bar_Stools_%2849907001456%29.jpg/330px-Bar_Stools_%2849907001456%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bar_Stools_%2849907001456%29.jpg/440px-Bar_Stools_%2849907001456%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Seats with adjustable height</figcaption></figure> <p>Ergonomic design distributes the weight of the occupant to various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>. This is done by having an easily adjustable seat height.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seat that is higher results in dangling feet and increased pressure on the underside of the knees ("<a href="/wiki/Popliteal_fossa" title="Popliteal fossa">popliteal fold</a>"). It may also result in no weight on the feet which means more weight elsewhere. A lower seat may shift too much weight to the "seat bones" ("<a href="/wiki/Ischial_tuberosities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischial tuberosities">ischial tuberosities</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Gas_spring" title="Gas spring">Gas springs</a> are attached to the body of the chair in order to give height adjustment and more comfort to the user. </p><p>Some chairs have foot rests. Around 15% of women and 2% of men need foot rests, even at the 16-inch (41 cm) chair height.<sup id="cite_ref-Work2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Work2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bar_stool" title="Bar stool">stool</a> or other simple chair may have a simple straight or curved bar near the bottom for the sitter to place their feet on. </p><p>Actual chair dimensions are determined by measurements of the human body or <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometric</a> measurements. The two most relevant anthropometric measurement for chair design is the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_height" title="Popliteal height">popliteal height</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buttock_popliteal" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttock popliteal">buttock popliteal</a> length. </p><p>For someone seated, the popliteal height is the distance from the underside of the foot to the underside of the thigh at the knees. It is sometimes called the "stool height". The term "sitting height" is reserved for the height to the top of the head when seated. For American men, the median popliteal height is 16.3 inches (41 cm) and for American women it is 15.0 inches (38 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popliteal height, after adjusting for heels, clothing and other issues, is used to determine the height of the chair seat. Mass-produced chairs are typically 17 inches (43 cm) high.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Blade" title="Mary Blade">Mary Blade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galen_Cranz" title="Galen Cranz">Galen Cranz</a> found that sitting on the edge of a high stool with feet on the floor is less harmful for the lower back than sitting up straight on a conventional chair.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclining_angle">Reclining angle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town,_Xingshan_County,_Hubei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town%2C_Xingshan_County%2C_Hubei.jpg/220px-VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town%2C_Xingshan_County%2C_Hubei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town%2C_Xingshan_County%2C_Hubei.jpg/330px-VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town%2C_Xingshan_County%2C_Hubei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town%2C_Xingshan_County%2C_Hubei.jpg/440px-VM_5091_in_a_small_hotel_in_Gaoqiao_Town%2C_Xingshan_County%2C_Hubei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The type of chair popular in western <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, China: with a fairly low seat and the back inclined at about 45 degrees from the vertical</figcaption></figure> <p>Different types of chairs can have a variety of seating positions, depending on the intended task. Typically, chairs intended for people completing work or dining can only recline very slightly (otherwise the occupant is too far away from the desk or table). <a href="/wiki/Dental_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental chair">Dental chairs</a> are necessarily reclined. Research has shown that the best seated posture is a reclined posture of 100°–110°.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to recline, the back-rest may be independently adjustable. A reclining seat and back will reduce the load on the occupant's back muscles. In general, if the occupant is supposed to sit for a long time, weight needs to be taken off the seat area and thus "easy" chairs intended for long periods of sitting are generally at least slightly reclined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_and_head_support">Back and head support</h3></div> <p>The back of the chair will support some of the weight of the occupant, reducing the weight on other parts of the body. Some back-rests support only the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a> region, while shoulder height back-rests support the entire back and <a href="/wiki/Shoulders" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulders">shoulders</a>. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/headrest" class="extiw" title="wikt:headrest">Headrests</a> support the head as well and are important in vehicles for preventing "<a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(medicine)" title="Whiplash (medicine)">whiplash</a>" neck injuries in rear-end collisions where the head is jerked back suddenly. <a href="/wiki/Recliner" title="Recliner">Reclining chairs</a> typically have at least shoulder-height back-rests to shift weight to the shoulders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padding">Padding</h3></div> <p>There may be cases where padding is not desirable, such as chairs that are intended primarily for outdoor use. Where padding is not desirable, contouring may be used instead. A contoured seat pan attempts to distribute weight without padding. By matching the shape of the occupant's <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">buttocks</a>, weight is distributed and maximum pressure is reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armrests">Armrests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armrest" title="Armrest">Armrest</a></div> <p>A chair may or may not have armrests; chairs with armrests are termed "armchairs". In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, a distinction is made between <i>fauteuil</i> and <i>chaise</i>, the terms for chairs with and without armrests, respectively. In Germany, an armchair was once called a <i><span dir="ltr" lang="de">Krankensessel</span></i>, or sick-chair, because it was intended for people who were too ill to stand or sit without extra support.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If present, armrests will support part of the body weight through the arms if the arms are resting on the armrests. <a href="/wiki/Elbow-joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow-joint">Elbow</a> rest height is used to determine the height of the armrests. Armrests should support the forearm and not the sensitive elbow area. Hence in some chair designs, the armrest is not continuous to the chair back, but is missing in the elbow area. Armrests further have the function of making entry and exit from the chair easier (but from the side it becomes more difficult). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seat_size_and_legroom">Seat size and legroom</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF/220px-Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF/330px-Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF/440px-Plane_Leg_Room_Diagram.GIF 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The difference between leg room and seat pitch</figcaption></figure> <p>For someone seated, the buttock popliteal length is the horizontal distance from the back most part of the buttocks to the back of the lower leg. This anthropometric measurement is used to determine the seat depth. Mass-produced chairs are typically 15–17 inches (38–43 cm) deep.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additional anthropometric measurements may be relevant to designing a chair. Hip breadth is used for chair width and armrest width. The buttock-knee length is used to determine "leg room" between rows of chairs. "Seat pitch" is the distance between rows of seats. In some airplanes and stadiums the leg room (the seat pitch less the thickness of the seat at thigh level) is so small that it is sometimes insufficient for the average person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_chairs">Types of chairs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocking_Chair_(32443140351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rocking_Chair_%2832443140351%29.jpg/170px-Rocking_Chair_%2832443140351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rocking_Chair_%2832443140351%29.jpg/255px-Rocking_Chair_%2832443140351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rocking_Chair_%2832443140351%29.jpg/340px-Rocking_Chair_%2832443140351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A rocking chair</figcaption></figure> <p>A wide variety of chairs have emerged throughout the ages, some based on formal usages, and others based on domestic needs, and some based on needs within the workplace or various professions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_chair">Office chair</h3></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Office_chair" title="Office chair">office chair</a> is one used by employees within an office. Modern office chairs are usually adjustable and wheeled. <a href="/wiki/Caster" title="Caster">Caster wheels</a> are attached to the feet of chairs to give more mobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dining_room_chair">Dining room chair</h3></div> <p>A dining room chair is a specific type of design, used around a dining room table. It can be found in most ordinary residential homes, and also may appear in formal settings, such as any formal event or reception that includes a formal meal or banquet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_chair">Work chair</h3></div> <p>A work chair is a specialized chair, adapted to the needs of a particular profession or setting. For example, a designing chair will be used for designers who sit at high easels; it will usually have added height. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocking_chair">Rocking chair</h3></div> <p>Some chairs have two curved bands of wood (also known as rockers) attached to the bottom of the legs. They are called <a href="/wiki/Rocking_chair" title="Rocking chair">rocking chairs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kneeling_chair">Kneeling chair</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_chair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kneeling_chair.jpg/220px-Kneeling_chair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kneeling_chair.jpg/330px-Kneeling_chair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kneeling_chair.jpg/440px-Kneeling_chair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Kneeling chair</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Kneeling_chair" title="Kneeling chair">kneeling chair</a> adds an additional body part, the knees, to support the weight of the body. A sit-stand chair distributes most of the weight of the occupant to the feet. Many chairs are padded or have <a href="/wiki/Cushion" title="Cushion">cushions</a>. Padding can be on the seat of the chair only, on the seat and back, or also on any arm rests or foot rest the chair may have. Padding will not shift the weight to different parts of the body (unless the chair is so soft that the shape is altered). However, padding does distribute the weight by increasing the area of contact between the chair and the body, and thus reducing the amount of pressure at any given point. By contrast, a hard wood chair feels hard because the contact point between the occupant and the chair is small. In lieu of padding, flexible materials, such as wicker, may be used instead with similar effects of distributing the weight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seats">Seats</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chair" title="Special:EditPage/Chair">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chair%22">"Chair"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chair%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chair%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chair%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chair%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chair%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadeira_Palmetal_-_Modelo_I_-_Preta_-_Simples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cadeira_Palmetal_-_Modelo_I_-_Preta_-_Simples.jpg/170px-Cadeira_Palmetal_-_Modelo_I_-_Preta_-_Simples.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cadeira_Palmetal_-_Modelo_I_-_Preta_-_Simples.jpg/255px-Cadeira_Palmetal_-_Modelo_I_-_Preta_-_Simples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Cadeira_Palmetal_-_Modelo_I_-_Preta_-_Simples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Polypropylene (molded plastic) seats and stainless steel legs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This type of material is very useful in seaside areas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chair seats vary widely in construction and may or may not match construction of the chair's back (back-rest). </p><p><b>Some systems include:</b> </p> <ul><li>Center seats where a solid material forms the chair seat <ul><li>Solid wood, may or may not be shaped to human contours</li> <li>Wood slats, often seen on outdoor chairs</li> <li>Padded leather, generally a flat wood base covered in padding and contained in soft leather</li> <li>Stuffed fabric, similar to padded leather</li> <li>Metal seats of solid or open design</li> <li>Molded plastic</li> <li>Stone, often <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a></li></ul></li> <li>Open center seats where a soft material is attached to the tops of chair legs or between stretchers to form the seat <ul><li>Wicker, woven to provide a surface with give to it</li> <li>Leather, may be tooled with a design</li> <li>Fabric, simple covering without support</li> <li>Tape, wide fabric tape woven into seat, seen in lawn chairs and some old chairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a>,</li> <li>Rush, wrapped from <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rush</a>, heavy paper, strong grasses, or hand twisted while wrapped with <a href="/wiki/Cattail" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattail">cattails</a> to form the seat, usually in a pattern of four trapezoids meeting in the center, and on rare occasions, in elaborate patterns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">Reed</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawhide (textile)">Rawhide</a></li> <li>Splint, <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> strips are woven</li> <li>Metal, Metal mesh or wire woven to form seat</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_specifications">Standards and specifications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MexicanChairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MexicanChairs.jpg/220px-MexicanChairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MexicanChairs.jpg/330px-MexicanChairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MexicanChairs.jpg/440px-MexicanChairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Highly decorated carved-back chairs in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Design considerations for chairs have been codified into standards. <a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">ISO 9241</a>, "Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) – Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements", is the most common one for modern chair design. </p><p>There are multiple specific standards for different types of chairs. <a href="/wiki/Dental_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental chair">Dental chairs</a> are specified by ISO 6875. <a href="/wiki/Bean_bag_chair" title="Bean bag chair">Bean bag chairs</a> are specified by <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> standard ASTM F1912-98. ISO 7174 specifies stability of rocking and tilting chairs. ASTM F1858-98 specifies plastic lawn chairs. ASTM E1822-02b defines the combustibility of chairs when they are stacked. </p><p>The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association (BIFMA)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines ANSI/BIFMA X5.1 (titled: General-Purpose Office Chairs – Tests) for testing of commercial-grade chairs. It requires: </p> <ul><li>chair back strength of 150 pounds (68 kg)</li> <li>chair stability if weight is transferred completely to the front or back legs</li> <li>leg strength of 75 pounds (34 kg) applied one inch (25 mm) from the bottom of the leg</li> <li>seat strength of 225 pounds (102 kg) dropped from six inches (150 mm) above the seat</li> <li>seat cycle strength of 100,000 repetitions of 125 pounds (57 kg) dropped from 2 inches (51 mm) above the seat</li></ul> <p>The specification further defines heavier "proof" loads that chairs must withstand. Under these higher loads, the chair may be damaged, but it must not fail catastrophically. </p><p>Large institutions that make bulk purchases will reference these standards within their own even more detailed criteria for purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments will often issue standards for purchases by government agencies (e.g. Canada's Canadian General Standards Board CAN/CGSB 44.15M<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on "Straight Stacking Chair, Steel" or CAN/CGSB 44.232-2002 on "Task Chairs for Office Work with Visual Display Terminal"). </p><p>Chairs may be rated by the length of time that they may be used comfortably – an 8-hour chair, a 24-hour chair, and so on. Such chairs are specified for tasks which require extended periods of sitting, such as for receptionists or supervisors of a control panel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessories">Accessories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chair" title="Special:EditPage/Chair">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chair%22">"Chair"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chair%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chair%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chair%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chair%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chair%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eameslounch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eameslounch.jpg/220px-Eameslounch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eameslounch.jpg/330px-Eameslounch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Eameslounch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eames" title="Charles Eames">Eames</a> <a href="/wiki/Eames_Lounge_Chair" title="Eames Lounge Chair">Lounge chair and ottoman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In place of a built-in footrest, some chairs come with a matching <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(furniture)" title="Ottoman (furniture)">ottoman</a></b>. An ottoman is a short stool that is intended to be used as a footrest but can sometimes be used as a stool. If matched to a glider chair, the ottoman may be mounted on swing arms so that the ottoman rocks back and forth with the main glider. </p><p>A <b>chair cover</b> is a temporary fabric cover for a side chair. They are typically rented for formal events such as wedding receptions to increase the attractiveness of the chairs and decor. The chair covers may come with decorative chair ties, a ribbon to be tied as a bow behind the chair. Covers for sofas and couches are also available for homes with small children and pets. In the second half of the 20th century, some people used custom clear plastic covers for expensive sofas and chairs to protect them. </p><p><b>Chair pads</b> are cushions for chairs. They contain cotton or foam for padding. Some are decorative. In cars, they may be used to increase the height of the driver. Orthopedic back-rests provide support for the back. Car seats sometimes have built-in and adjustable lumbar supports. These can also be used on kitchen chairs. </p><p><b>Chair mats</b> are mats meant to cover different types of flooring. They are usually made from plastic. This allows chairs on wheels to roll easily over the carpet and protects the carpet or floor. They come in various shapes, some specifically sized to fit partially under a desk. </p><p><b>Remote control bags</b> can be draped over the arm of easy chairs or sofas and used to hold remote controls for <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home cinemas</a>. They are counter-weighted so as to not slide off the arms under the weight of the remote controls. </p><p><b>Chair glides</b> are attached to the feet of chairs to prevent them from scratching or snagging on the floor. </p><p>An <b><a href="/wiki/Antimacassar" title="Antimacassar">antimacassar</a></b> is a cloth covering for a headrest to protect the fabric and enable easy washing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_sculptural_and_art_forms">As sculptural and art forms</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude" title="Christo and Jeanne-Claude">Christo</a> created <i>Wrapped Chair</i> in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found objects</a> (chairs), lacquer, canvas, rope, and paint. It is an early work showing his and his wife Jeanne Claude’s iconic style of partially or wholly hiding objects within wrapped cloth and ropes. Their work developed into large-scale public site-specific artworks and environmental art, which the pair are most well known for. For <i>Wrapped Chair</i>, Christo plays with the identity of the object by concealing parts and revealing others. There are multiple variations of this work and similar ones involving chairs displayed at museums around the world, including a similar work titled <i>Two Wrapped Chairs</i> from 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year that Christo created <i>Wrapped Chair</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> also created <i>La</i> <i>Chaise</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Made of painted sheet metal, Picasso’s sculptural chair exemplifies what many artists love about the chair as a subject: the contrast of form and function. </p> <p><i><a href="/wiki/One_and_Three_Chairs" title="One and Three Chairs">One and Three Chairs</a></i>, 1965, is a conceptual artwork created by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosuth" title="Joseph Kosuth">Joseph Kosuth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is an assemblage of a manufactured chair, the photo of said chair, and the dictionary definition of the word chair. This work changes each time it is installed, since the location selects and photographs the chair for installation. A dominating part of Kosuth’s work is the impersonal aspect of all the parts since his artistic hand is not easily seen in the pre-made objects presented.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg/170px-Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg/255px-Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg/340px-Pay2sit_SteveMann_SanFranciscoArtInstitute_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Chair sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a>, exhibited at San Francisco Art Institute, 2001, comprises spikes that retract when a credit card is inserted to download a seating license.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Chair" title="Broken Chair">Broken Chair</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> in wood, constructed of 5.5 tons of wood, 12 metres (39 ft) high standing across the street from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Nations, Geneva">Palace of Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. It has broken leg symbolizing opposition to <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a> exhibited a chair sculpture at San Francisco Art Institute. The chair had spikes that retracted when a credit card was inserted to download a seating license. Later other museums and galleries were equipped with the "Pay to Sit" chair, with a global central seating <a href="/wiki/License_server" class="mw-redirect" title="License server">license server</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. The first sitting session was free, with a database of persons who had already used their free session. </p><p>In a performance piece at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> addressed an empty chair, as if it represented President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (meant to be construed as <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing in Action">MIA</a> or ineffectual). The address was controversial, with critics describing it as bizarre and supporters describing it as poignant.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese designer <a href="/wiki/Tokujin_Yoshioka" title="Tokujin Yoshioka">Tokujin Yoshioka</a> has created several chairs as art forms such as "Honey-pop": honey-comb paper chair (2001), "Pane chair": natural fiber chair (2006), and "Venus": natural crystal chair (2007). </p><p>New York <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial designer</a> Ian Stell creates steel and wood <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic Sculpture">kinetic sculptures</a> that transform into chairs, including <i>Roll Bottom Chair</i> (2016) that turns into a <a href="/wiki/Writing_desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing desk">secretariat</a> desk and Loop that transforms into two interlocking chairs when expanded (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_language">In language</h2></div> <ul><li>If someone "nearly fell off their chair" after being informed about something, it was because they were very shocked or surprised.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> awards the best player in a particular section a "chair" or "principal seat" based on ability. The first chair of the section plays the solos, and in string sections, determines the bowings. In professional orchestras, the first chair player receives higher pay. It is also common for this position to be known as "first stand" or "first desk", a reference to the portable lectern on which the musicians put their sheet music. However, the person who is first chair in the first violin section is usually referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">concertmaster</a> in the US or <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">leader</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>.</li> <li>In academia, an <a href="/wiki/Endowed_chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Endowed chair">endowed chair</a> is a prestigious appointment for a professor, paid for by a dedicated funding source.</li> <li>A chair is the highest officer of an organized group, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the board">chair of the board</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Directors">Board of Directors</a> in a company or non-profit organization.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Musical_chairs" title="Musical chairs">Musical chairs</a>" is a common <a href="/wiki/Party_game" title="Party game">party game</a>, and a colloquial expression to describe people shuffling from seat to seat, around different locations, or from one job title to another.</li> <li>In American slang, to say someone will "get the chair" is to say that they will be executed by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it can be a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for other harsh punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairs" title="List of chairs">List of chairs</a> for an extended list of types, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lift_chair" title="Lift chair">lift chair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papasan_chair" title="Papasan chair">papasan chair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">swivel chair</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_pose" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair pose">Chair pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair squat">Chair squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding-like_sitting" title="Riding-like sitting">Riding-like sitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seating_assignment" title="Seating assignment">Seating assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splat_(furniture)" title="Splat (furniture)">Splat (furniture)</a>, the central vertical element of a wooden chair back</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956825-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956825-3"><bdi>978-0-19-956825-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+conceptual+art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956825-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTina_Daunt2012" class="citation web cs1">Tina Daunt (5 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/obama-mitt-romney-clint-eastwood-trouble-with-curve-367979">"Invisible Obama: The Backlash for Mitt Romney and Clint Eastwood"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Invisible+Obama%3A+The+Backlash+for+Mitt+Romney+and+Clint+Eastwood&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.au=Tina+Daunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fobama-mitt-romney-clint-eastwood-trouble-with-curve-367979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord_(aldenta.com)2020" class="citation web cs1">Ford (aldenta.com), Designed by Tina Roth Eisenberg (swiss-miss com) and built by John (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swiss-miss.com/2020/09/roll-bottom.html">"Roll Bottom"</a>. <i>swissmiss</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swissmiss&rft.atitle=Roll+Bottom&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Ford+%28aldenta.com%29&rft.aufirst=Designed+by+Tina+Roth+Eisenberg+%28swiss-miss+com%29+and+built+by+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swiss-miss.com%2F2020%2F09%2Froll-bottom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pamono.com/designers/ian-stell">"Ian Stell Online Shop | Shop Design at Pamono"</a>. <i>pamono.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pamono.com&rft.atitle=Ian+Stell+Online+Shop+%7C+Shop+Design+at+Pamono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamono.com%2Fdesigners%2Fian-stell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.netnull/">"Collection #2 "Progressland" Curated by Andrew Zuckerman | Chamber | Artsy"</a>. <i>www.artsy.netnull</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artsy.netnull&rft.atitle=Collection+%232+%22Progressland%22+Curated+by+Andrew+Zuckerman+%7C+Chamber+%7C+Artsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.netnull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nearly-almost-fall-off-your-chair">"Nearly/Almost Fall off your Chair"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Nearly%2FAlmost+Fall+off+your+Chair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fnearly-almost-fall-off-your-chair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/chair">"Chair"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Chair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fchair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chairs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chairs">Chairs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chair" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chair"><i>chair</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chair"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chair">"Chair" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chair&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de Dampierre, F. (2006). Chairs: A History. Harry N. Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-5484-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-5484-2">0-8109-5484-2</a></li> <li>Fiell, C. (2005). 1000 Chairs. (25th ed.). Taschen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-4103-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-4103-X">3-8228-4103-X</a></li> <li>Miller, J. (2009). Chairs. Conran. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84091-523-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84091-523-4">1-84091-523-4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15026#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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