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id="toc-Successional_polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successional_polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Successional polyandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successional_polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Associated polyandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraternal_polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraternal_polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fraternal polyandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraternal_polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partible_paternity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partible_paternity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Partible paternity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partible_paternity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Known cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Known_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Known cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Known_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious attitudes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_attitudes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious attitudes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter-Day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter-Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Latter-Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter-Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyandry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="تعدد الأزواج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعدد الأزواج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="বহুপতি প্ৰথা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বহুপতি প্ৰথা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandriya" title="Poliandriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Poliandriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বহুপতিত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুপতিত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Паліандрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паліандрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polyandry" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полиандрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полиандрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesozhac%27hiezh" title="Liesozhac'hiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liesozhac'hiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli%C3%A0ndria" title="Poliàndria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poliàndria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandrie" title="Polyandrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyandrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandrie" title="Polyandrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polyandrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCandria" title="Polüandria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüandria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandrio" title="Poliandrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poliandrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چندشوهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندشوهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandrie" title="Polyandrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polyandrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polyandry" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandras" title="Polandras – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polandras" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%B2%98%EB%8B%A4%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%9C" title="일처다부제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일처다부제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բազմայրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազմայրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="बहुपतित्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुपतित्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandrija" title="Poliandrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poliandrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandri" title="Poliandri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Poliandri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lveri" title="Fjölveri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölveri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פוליאנדריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליאנדריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandri" title="Poliandri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Poliandri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полиандрия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полиандрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandria" title="Polyandria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polyandria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandrija" title="Poliandrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Poliandrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandrija" title="Poliandrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poliandrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ബഹുഭർതൃത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹുഭർതൃത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بولياندريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولياندريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandrie_(sociologie)" title="Polyandrie (sociologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polyandrie (sociologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%88%B6" title="一妻多夫制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一妻多夫制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandri" title="Polyandri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyandri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandri" title="Polyandri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polyandri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandriya" title="Poliandriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poliandriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تعدد شوہری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تعدد شوہری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Многомужество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Многомужество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полиандрия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Полиандрия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandria" title="Poliandria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poliandria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnohomu%C5%BEstvo" title="Mnohomužstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mnohomužstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полиандрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полиандрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandria" title="Polyandria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polyandria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பலகணவர் மணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலகணவர் மணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99" title="การมีสามีหลายคน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การมีสามีหลายคน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandri" title="Poliandri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Poliandri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Поліандрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліандрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کثیر شوہری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کثیر شوہری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_phu" title="Đa phu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa phu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliandriye" title="Poliandriye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Poliandriye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E5%88%B6" title="一妻多夫制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="一妻多夫制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2102979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mating system in which the female partner may have multiple partners</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about polyandrous marriage practices. For polyandrous animal mating, see <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandry in nature">Polyandry in nature</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of Draupadi, a princess and queen in the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata", with her five brother husbands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg/260px-Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg/390px-Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg/520px-Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a> and her five brother husbands, the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a>. Top down, from left to right: the twins <a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a> stand either side of the throne on which <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> and Draupadi sit between <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-heading{background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian <i>(debated)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polyandry</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πολύ">πολύ</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>polú</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">many</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀνήρ">ἀνήρ</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>anḗr</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">man</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Polyandry is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>, involving one male and two or more females. If a marriage involves a plural number of "husbands and wives" participants of each gender, then it can be called polygamy,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">group or conjoint marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitzen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its broadest use, polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple males within or without marriage. </p><p>Of the 1,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous, 453 had occasional polygyny, 588 had more frequent polygyny, and four had polyandry.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyandry is less rare than this figure suggests, as it considered only those examples found in the Himalayan mountain region (eight societies). More recent studies have found at least four other societies practicing polyandry.<sup id="cite_ref-Starkweather/Hames_2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starkweather/Hames_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraternal polyandry is practiced among <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, in which two or more brothers are married to the same wife, with the wife having equal sexual access to them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gielen1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is associated with <i><a href="/wiki/Partible_paternity" title="Partible paternity">partible paternity</a></i>, the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father.<sup id="cite_ref-Starkweather/Hames_2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starkweather/Hames_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several ethnic groups practicing <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">polyandry in India</a> identify their customs with their descent from <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a>, a central character of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharta">Mahabharata</a> who was married to five brothers, although local practices may not be fraternal themselves. </p><p>Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources. It is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gielen1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among peasant families but also among elite families.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, polyandry in the Himalayan mountains is related to the scarcity of land. The marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided. If every brother married separately and had children, family land would be split into unsustainable small plots. In contrast, very poor persons not owning land were less likely to practice polyandry in Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gielen1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Isn't Zanskar a place within Ladakh? (September 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Europe, the splitting up of land was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance. With most siblings disinherited, many of them became celibate monks and priests.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successional_polyandry">Successional polyandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Successional polyandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike in fraternal polyandry (where a woman will receive a number of husbands simultaneously), in successional polyandry, a woman will acquire one husband after another in sequence. </p><p>This form is flexible. These men may or may not be related. And it may or may not incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical system</a>, where one husband is considered primary and may be allotted certain rights or privileges not awarded to secondary husbands, such as biologically fathering a child. </p><p>In cases where one husband has a primary role, the secondary husbands have the power to succeed the primary if he were to become severely ill or be away from the home for a long period of time or is otherwise rendered incapable of fulfilling his husbandly duties. </p><p>Successional polyandry can likewise be <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>, where all husbands are equal in status and receive the same rights and privileges. In this system, each husband will have a wedding ceremony and share the paternity of whatever children she may bear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_polyandry">Associated polyandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Associated polyandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another form of polyandry is a combination of polyandry and polygyny; whereas women are married to several men simultaneously and the same men may marry other women. It is found in some tribes of Africa such as villages in northern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. Usually, one of the woman's husbands will be chosen to be the husband of a woman from another tribe who would also have many husbands; this double-polyandrous union serves to form a marital alliance between tribes. </p><p><i>Other Classifications: Equal polygamy, <a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">Polygynandry</a></i> </p><p>The system results in less land fragmentation, and a diversification of domestic activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraternal_polyandry">Fraternal polyandry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fraternal polyandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a></div> <p>Fraternal polyandry (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>frater</i>—brother), also called <b>adelphic polyandry</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀδελφός</span></span></i>—brother), is a form of polyandry in which a woman is married to two or more men who are brothers. Fraternal polyandry was (and sometimes still is) found in certain areas of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and Northern India, as well as some central African cultures<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where polyandry was accepted as a social practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gielen1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine,_Nancy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine,_Nancy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Toda people</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> practice fraternal polyandry, but monogamy has become prevalent recently.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary Hindu society, polyandrous marriages in <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian societies">agrarian societies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> seem to occur to avoid division of farming land.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraternal polyandry achieves a similar goal to that of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> in 19th-century England. Primogeniture dictated that the eldest son inherited the family estate, while younger sons had to leave home and seek their own employment. Primogeniture maintained family estates intact over generations by permitting only one heir per generation. Fraternal polyandry also accomplishes this, but does so by keeping all the brothers together with just one wife so that there is only one set of heirs per generation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy appears less successful the larger the fraternal sibling group is.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some forms of polyandry appear to be associated with a perceived need to retain <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> titles or <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Real_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Property">lands</a> within kin groups, and/or because of the frequent absence, for long periods, of a man from the household. In Tibet the practice was particularly popular among the priestly <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakya</a> class. </p><p>The female equivalent of fraternal polyandry is <a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">sororate marriage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partible_paternity">Partible paternity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Partible paternity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropologist Stephen Beckerman points out that at least 20 tribal societies accept that a child could, and ideally should, have more than one father, referring to it as "<a href="/wiki/Partible_paternity" title="Partible paternity">partible paternity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-beckerman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckerman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often results in the shared nurture of a child by multiple fathers in a form of polyandric relation to the mother, although this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most well known examples is that of <a href="/wiki/Trobriand" class="mw-redirect" title="Trobriand">Trobriand</a> "virgin birth". The matrilineal Trobriand Islanders recognize the importance of sex in reproduction but do not believe the male makes a contribution to the constitution of the child, who therefore remains attached to their mother's lineage alone. The mother's non-resident husbands are not recognized as fathers, although the mother's co-resident brothers are, since they are part of the mother's lineage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to inscriptions describing the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300 BC</span>), the earlier custom of polyandry in his country was abolished, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with stones upon which her crime was written.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extreme <a href="/wiki/Gender_imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender imbalance">gender imbalance</a> has been suggested as a justification for polyandry. For example, the selective abortion of female children in India has led to a significant margin in <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> and, it has been suggested, results in related men "sharing" a wife.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_cases">Known cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Known cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> was a common practice and continues to a lesser extent today. A survey of 753 Tibetan families by <a href="/wiki/Tibet_University" title="Tibet University">Tibet University</a> in 1988 found that 13% practiced polyandry.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry in India</a> still exists among minorities, and also in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, and the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Polyandry has been practised in several parts of India, such as <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Jaunsar-Bawar" title="Jaunsar-Bawar">Jaunsar-Bawar</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Toda_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toda (tribe)">Toda</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gielen1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palm_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also occurs or has occurred in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the Nymba,<sup id="cite_ref-Palm_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="see Talk:Polyandry#Nymba (November 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Irigwe<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> societies,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though probably only among higher caste women.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also encountered in some regions of Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China, among the <a href="/wiki/Mosuo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo people">Mosuo people</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (who also practice polygyny as well), and among some sub-Saharan Africans such as the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American indigenous communities. The <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>, the first known inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, practiced polyandry until Spanish colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zoe_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe (tribe)">Zo'e tribe</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cuminapanema_River" title="Cuminapanema River">Cuminapanema River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, also practice polyandry.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyandry_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/220px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/330px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/440px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Polyandry</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the Lake Region of Central Africa, "Polygyny ... was uncommon. Polyandry, on the other hand, was quite common."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Among the Irigwe of Northern Nigeria, women have traditionally acquired numerous spouses called "co-husbands".</li> <li>In August 2013, two <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> men entered into an agreement to marry a woman with whom they had both been having an affair. Kenyan law does not explicitly forbid polyandry, although it is not a common custom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a></div> <ul><li>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> of Lagash, "Dyandry, the marriage of one woman to two men, is abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>M. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Notovitch" title="Nicolas Notovitch">Notovitck</a> mentioned polyandry in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> or Little 'Tibet' in his record of his journey to Tibet. ("<a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Issa" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life of Issa">The Unknown life of Jesus Christ</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a>.)</li> <li>Polyandry was widely (and to some extent still is) practised in Lahaul-Spiti situated in isolation in the high Himalayas in India.</li> <li>Prior to Islam, in Arabia (southern) "All the kindred have their property in common ...; all have one wife" whom they share.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hoa-tun (<a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalites</a>, White Huns) "living to the north of the Great Wall ... practiced polyandry."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Hephthalites, "the practice of several husbands to one wife, or polyandry, was always the rule, which is agreed on by all commentators. That this was plain was evidenced by the custom among the women of wearing a hat containing a number of horns, one for each of the subsequent husbands, all of whom were also brothers to the husband. Indeed, if a husband had no natural brothers, he would adopt another man to be his brother so that he would be allowed to marry."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Polyandry is very widespread among the <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpas</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Bhutan in 1914, polyandry was "the prevailing domestic custom".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays polyandry is rare, but still found for instance among the Brokpas of the Merak-Sakten region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In several villages in <a href="/wiki/Nyarixung" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyarixung">Nyarixung</a> Township, <a href="/wiki/Xigaze_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Xigaze Prefecture">Xigaze</a>, Tibet, up to 90% of families practiced polyandry in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Among the <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Gilyaks</a> of Sakhalin Island "polyandry is also practiced."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fraternal polyandry was permitted in Sri Lanka under Kandyan Marriage law, often described using the euphemism <i>eka-ge-kama</i> (literally "eating in one house").<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (September 2019)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Associated Polyandry, or polyandry that begins as monogamy, with the second husband entering the relationship later, is also practiced<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is sometimes initiated by the wife.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polyandry was common in Sri Lanka, until it was banned by the British in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_(1st%E2%80%934th_century_CE)_-_200505.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_%281st%E2%80%934th_century_CE%29_-_200505.jpg/220px-Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_%281st%E2%80%934th_century_CE%29_-_200505.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_%281st%E2%80%934th_century_CE%29_-_200505.jpg/330px-Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_%281st%E2%80%934th_century_CE%29_-_200505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_%281st%E2%80%934th_century_CE%29_-_200505.jpg/440px-Sepulchral_inscription_of_Allia_Potestas_%281st%E2%80%934th_century_CE%29_-_200505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Sepulchral inscription for Allia Potestas, <i>Museo Epigrafico</i>, <i>Terme di Diocleziano</i>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Reporting on the mating patterns in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> writes: "Thus if an older man with a young wife should take a liking to one of the well-bred young men and approve of him, he might well introduce him to her so as to fill her with noble sperm and then adopt the child as his own. Conversely a respectable man who admired someone else’s wife noted for her lovely children and her good sense, might gain the husband’s permission to sleep with her thereby planting in fruitful soil, so to speak, and producing fine children who would be linked to fine ancestors by blood and family."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"According to Julius Caesar, it was customary among the ancient Britons for brothers, and sometimes for fathers and sons, to have their wives in common."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Polyandry prevailed among the Lacedaemonians according to Polybius."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Polybius vii.7.732, following Timæus)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The matrons of Rome flocked in great crowds to the Senate, begging with tears and entreaties that one woman should be married to two men."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The gravestone of <a href="/wiki/Allia_Potestas" title="Allia Potestas">Allia Potestas</a>, a woman from <a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a>, describes how she lived peacefully with two lovers, one of whom immortalized her in his famous epigraphic eulogy, dating (probably) from the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-horsfall85_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horsfall85-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleut people</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Among the <a href="/wiki/Kanak_people" title="Kanak people">Kanak</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, "every woman is the property of several husbands. It is this collection of husbands, having one wife in common, that...live together in a hut, with their common wife."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesan">Marquesans</a> had "a society in which households were polyandrous".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> in <i>The History of Mankind</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported in 1896 that in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> there was a kind of convention in cases of widowhood, that two widowers shall live with one widow.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The <a href="/wiki/Bororo" title="Bororo">Bororos</a> ... among them...there are also cases of polyandry."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Tupi-Kawahib also practice fraternal polyandry."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"...up to 70 percent of Amazonian cultures may have believed in the principle of multiple paternity"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche polygamy">Mapuche polyandry</a> is rare but not unheard of.<sup id="cite_ref-Milla2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milla2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men are often brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Milla2018_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milla2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_attitudes">Religious attitudes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Religious_text_primary plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a></b> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit">improve this article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg/250px-Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg/375px-Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg/500px-Pandavas_with_Draupadi_OR_ayudhapurushas_facing_Madhu_Kaitabha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a> with her five husbands – the <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a>. The central figure is <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>; the two to his left are <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a>, the twins, are to his right. Their wife, at far right, is Draupadi. <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh">Deogarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" title="Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Hindu Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is at least one reference to polyandry in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a> married the five <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> brothers, as this is what she chose in a previous life. This ancient text remains largely neutral to the concept of polyandry, accepting this as her way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the same epic, when questioned by <a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a> to give an example of polyandry, <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> cites Jatila of the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Maharishi" title="Gautama Maharishi">Gautama</a> (married to the seven <a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">Saptarishi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hiranyaksha" title="Hiranyaksha">Hiranyaksha</a>'s sister Pracheti (married to ten brothers), thereby implying a more open attitude toward polyandry in <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred-texts_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-texts-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hebrew Bible contains no examples of women married to more than one man,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its description of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> clearly implies that polyandry is unacceptable<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the practice is unknown in Jewish tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the children from other than the first husband are considered illegitimate (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzers</a>), unless he has already divorced her or died,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being a product of an adulterous relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> strongly advocate <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> marriage, and a passage from the Pauline epistles<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be interpreted as forbidding polyandry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter-Day_Saints">Latter-Day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Latter-Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, and other early Latter-day Saints, practiced <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">polygamous marriages</a> with several women who were already married to other men. The practice was officially ended with the <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a>. Polyandrous marriages did exist, albeit in significantly fewer numbers, in early LDS history.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic marital law">Islamic marital law</a>, polyandry is forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-Rehman2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rehman2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wing_2008_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wing_2008-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_biology">In biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandry in nature">Polyandry in nature</a></div> <p>Polyandrous behaviour <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandry in nature">exists in the animal kingdom</a>, occurring for example in certain insects, fish, birds, and mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygyny in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">Sexual conflict</a></li></ul> <p>Types of mating, marriage and lifestyle: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">Cuckold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckquean" title="Cuckquean">Cuckquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">Polygynandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_hunting" title="Unicorn hunting">Unicorn hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threesome" title="Threesome">Threesome</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough,_DerekHall,_David_S.2003" class="citation journal cs1">McCullough, Derek; Hall, David S. (27 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm">"Polyamory – What it is and what it isn't"</a>. <i>Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality</i>. <b>6</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210093927/http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Polyamory+%E2%80%93+What+it+is+and+what+it+isn%27t.&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2003-02-27&rft.au=McCullough%2C+Derek&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejhs.org%2Fvolume6%2Fpolyamory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitzen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeitzen_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3"><i>Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis</i></a>. Berg. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0"><bdi>978-1-84520-220-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115116/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+a+cross-cultural+analysis&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-220-0&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIzHjpTJgdQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf"><i>Ethnographic Atlas Codebook</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232413/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> derived from George P. Murdock's <i>Ethnographic Atlas</i> recording the marital composition of 1,231 societies from 1960 to 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starkweather/Hames_2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starkweather/Hames_2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starkweather/Hames_2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkweatherHames2012" class="citation journal cs1">Starkweather, Katherine; Hames, Raymond (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub">"A survey of non-classical polyandry"</a>. <i>Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x">10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22688804">22688804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2008559">2008559</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204020235/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature+%28Hawthorne%2C+N.Y.%29&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+non-classical+polyandry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2008559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22688804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x&rft.aulast=Starkweather&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Hames%2C+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1049%26context%3Danthropologyfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDreger2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Dreger, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/02/when-taking-multiple-husbands-makes-sense/272726/">"When Taking Multiple Husbands Makes Sense"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183141/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/02/when-taking-multiple-husbands-makes-sense/272726/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=When+Taking+Multiple+Husbands+Makes+Sense&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dreger&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2013%2F02%2Fwhen-taking-multiple-husbands-makes-sense%2F272726%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gielen1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gielen1993_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gielen, U. P. (1993). 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Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Linda Stone, <i>Kinship and Gender</i>, 2006, Westview, 3rd ed., ch. 6) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm">The Center for Research on Tibet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072233/http://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm">Archived</a> 2018-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Papers on Tibetan Marriage and Polyandry (accessed October 1, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, "Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited" in <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnology_(journal)" title="Ethnology (journal)">Ethnology</a></i> 17(3): 325–327 (1978) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm">The Center for Research on Tibet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072233/http://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm">Archived</a> 2018-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; accessed October 1, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1988" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Nancy (1988). <i>The Dynamics of polyandry: kinship, domesticity, and population on the Tibetan border</i>. 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(August 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSidner" class="citation news cs1">Sidner, Sara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/polygamy.investigation/index.html">"Brothers Share Wife to Secure Family Land"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210132/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/polygamy.investigation/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brothers+Share+Wife+to+Secure+Family+Land&rft.aulast=Sidner&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F10%2F24%2Fpolygamy.investigation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modern-draupadis-exist-in-mansa-villages/articleshow/7847515.cms">"Modern Draupadis exist in Mansa villages | India News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 2 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Modern+Draupadis+exist+in+Mansa+villages+%26%23124%3B+India+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2011-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fmodern-draupadis-exist-in-mansa-villages%2Farticleshow%2F7847515.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1987" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Melvyn (1987). <i>Natural History</i>. 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"Why Polyandry Fails: Sources of Instability in Polyandrous marriages". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F204624">10.1086/204624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17048791">17048791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Why+Polyandry+Fails%3A+Sources+of+Instability+in+Polyandrous+marriages&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F204624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17048791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Silk%2C+Joan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beckerman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beckerman_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckerman, S., Valentine, P., <i>(eds)</i> (2002) <i>The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in South America,</i> University Press of Florida</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkweather,_Katie2009" class="citation journal cs1">Starkweather, Katie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/50">"A Preliminary Survey of Lesser-Known Polyandrous Societies"</a>. <i>Nebraska Anthropologist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170847/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/50/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Survey+of+Lesser-Known+Polyandrous+Societies&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Starkweather%2C+Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fnebanthro%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWink2017" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Walter (October 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8G43DwAAQBAJ&q=stoned"><i>Engaging the Powers: 25th Anniversary Edition</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506438542" title="Special:BookSources/9781506438542"><bdi>9781506438542</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+the+Powers%3A+25th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2017-10-15&rft.isbn=9781506438542&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8G43DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstoned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2011" class="citation news cs1">Arsenault, Chris (24 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/10/201110415385524923.html">"Millions of aborted girls imbalance India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109041205/http://english.aljazeera.net//indepth/features/2011/10/201110415385524923.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>While prospects for conflict are unclear, other problems including human trafficking, prostitution and polyandry—men (usually relatives) sharing a wife—are certain to get worse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Millions+of+aborted+girls+imbalance+India&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F10%2F201110415385524923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMa2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ma, Rong (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mzb.com.cn/res/Home/0904/1/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB.pdf">"试论藏族的"一妻多夫"婚姻"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>《民族学报》</i> (in Chinese) (6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153518/http://www.mzb.com.cn/res/Home/0904/1/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&rft.atitle=%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%BA%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%22%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%22%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Rong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzb.com.cn%2Fres%2FHome%2F0904%2F1%2F%25E8%2597%258F%25E6%2597%258F%25E5%25A9%259A%25E5%25A7%25BB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palm-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palm_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palm_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittington1976" class="citation news cs1">Whittington, Dee (December 12, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=blc0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2638,6668094&dq=polyandry+sri+lanka&hl=en">"Polyandry Practice Fascinates Prince"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post" title="The Palm Beach Post">The Palm Beach Post</a></i>. p. 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Polyandry+Practice+Fascinates+Prince&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1976-12-12&rft.aulast=Whittington&rft.aufirst=Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dblc0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2638%2C6668094%26dq%3Dpolyandry%2Bsri%2Blanka%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sangree, W. H. (1980). The persistence of polyandry in lrigwe, Nigeria. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 11(3), 335–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman I., 1970, <i>Ancient Polynesian Society</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1987" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, N. (1987). "Complementarity and History Misrecognizing Gender in the Pacific". <i>Oceania</i>. <b>57</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1987.tb02221.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.1987.tb02221.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40332354">40332354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceania&rft.atitle=Complementarity+and+History+Misrecognizing+Gender+in+the+Pacific&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1987.tb02221.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40332354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Last of the Maasai</i>. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pp. 86–87. Camerapix Publishers International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874041-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-874041-32-6">1-874041-32-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CEDAAAAMBAJ&q=polyandry+Guanches&pg=PA801">"On Polyandry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>. <b>39</b> (52). Bonnier Corporation: 804. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=anthrotheses"><i><span></span></i>Exploration into Human Polyandry: An Evolutionary Examination of the Non-Classical Cases<i><span></span></i></a> (Master's thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611172207/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=anthrotheses">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Exploration+into+Human+Polyandry%3A+An+Evolutionary+Examination+of+the+Non-Classical+Cases&rft.degree=Master%27s&rft.inst=University+of+Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Starkweather&rft.aufirst=Kathrine+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1005%26context%3Danthrotheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren R. Dawson (ed.): <i>The Frazer Lectures, 1922–1932</i>. Macmillan & Co, 1932. p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23840824">"Kenyan trio in 'wife-sharing' deal"</a>. BBC. 26 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811224427/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23840824">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kenyan+trio+in+%27wife-sharing%27+deal&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-23840824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Bottero, E. Cassin & J. Vercoutter (eds.) (translated by R. F. Tannenbaum): <i>The Near East: the Early Civilizations</i>. New York, 1967. p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabōn : <i>Geographia</i> 16:4:25, C 783. Translated in Robertson Smith: <i>Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia</i>, p. 158; quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWAbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=">Edward Westermarck: <i>The History of Human Marriage</i>. New York: Allerton Books Co., 1922. vol. 3, p. 154.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018042907/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWAbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=">Archived</a> 2015-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwandna.com/ChineseXinjiangPage.html">Xinjiang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529002250/http://www.taiwandna.com/ChineseXinjiangPage.html">Archived</a> May 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310060957/http://www.rick-heli.info/silkroad/eph.html">"The Hephthalites of Central Asia"</a>. <i>Rick-heli.info</i>. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rick-heli.info&rft.atitle=The+Hephthalites+of+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rick-heli.info%2Fsilkroad%2Feph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René von Nebesky-Wojkowitz (translated by Michael Bullock) :one research done by one organization about Fraternal Polyandry in Nepal and its detail data find <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volunteercharitywork.org/polyandry_research.php">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803141335/http://volunteercharitywork.org/polyandry_research.php">Archived</a> 2011-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Where the Gods are Mountains</i>. 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Santiago de Chile: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711025315/http://repositorio.conicyt.cl/bitstream/handle/10533/220808/TesisDocAnaMillaleoCONICYT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Poligamia+mapuche+%2F+Pu+domo+%C3%B1i+Duam+%28un+asunto+de+mujeres%29%3A+Politizaci%C3%B3n+y+despolitizaci%C3%B3n+de+una+pr%C3%A1ctica+en+relaci%C3%B3n+a+la+posici%C3%B3n+de+las+mujeres+al+interior+de+la+sociedad+mapuche&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Chile&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Millaleo+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Ana+Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.conicyt.cl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10533%2F220808%2FTesisDocAnaMillaleoCONICYT.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltekar1959" class="citation book cs1">Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC&pg=PA112"><i>The position of women in Hindu civilization, from prehistoric times to the present day</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0324-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0324-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0324-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921050741/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+position+of+women+in+Hindu+civilization%2C+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+present+day&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0324-4&rft.aulast=Altekar&rft.aufirst=Anant+Sadashiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYG4K0yYHQgC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacred-texts-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sacred-texts_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01199.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLVIII"</a>. <i>Sacred-texts.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419174401/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01199.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+1%3A+Adi+Parva%3A+Vaivahika+Parva%3A+Section+CLXLVIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm01%2Fm01199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coogan, Michael D., <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 264, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102034034/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 2015-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromiley, Geoffrey W., <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>, Volume 1, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1980, p. 262, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205165035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC">Archived</a> 2015-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuchs, Esther, <i>Sexual Politics in the Biblical Narrative: Reading the Hebrew Bible as a Woman</i>, Continuum International, 2000, p. 122, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyvZT6PRsP0C">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030103524/https://books.google.com/books?id=xyvZT6PRsP0C">Archived</a> 2015-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satlow, Michael L., <i>Jewish Marriage in Antiquity</i>, Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 189, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tCwHpLFKTYC">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witte, John & Ellison, Eliza; <i>Covenant Marriage In Comparative Perspective</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005, p. 56, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zY2vQ7NPPoC">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015182548/https://books.google.com/books?id=9zY2vQ7NPPoC">Archived</a> 2015-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Marriage, Sex And Family in Judaism</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 90, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFny1k_bv5cC">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123175340/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFny1k_bv5cC">Archived</a> 2015-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1991" class="citation book cs1">Murray, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phoqAAaGMpUC&pg=PA250"><i>Principles of Conduct: Aspects of Biblical Ethics</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">250–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1144-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921050741/https://books.google.com/books?id=phoqAAaGMpUC&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Conduct%3A+Aspects+of+Biblical+Ethics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1144-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphoqAAaGMpUC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%207&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Van_Wagoner1989" class="citation book cs1">Richard S. Van Wagoner (1989). <i>Mormon Polygamy: A History</i> (Second ed.). Signature Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>49, 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0941214796" title="Special:BookSources/0941214796"><bdi>0941214796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Polygamy%3A+A+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E49%2C+242&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0941214796&rft.au=Richard+S.+Van+Wagoner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Van_Wagoner1985" class="citation journal cs1">Richard S. Van Wagoner (Fall 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V18N03_69.pdf">"Mormon Polyandry in Nauvoo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120422/https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V18N03_69.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Mormon+Polyandry+in+Nauvoo&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Richard+S.+Van+Wagoner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V18N03_69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehman2007-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rehman2007_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRehman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rehman, J. (2007). "The Sharia, Islamic Family Laws and International Human Rights Law: Examining the Theory and Practice of Polygamy and Talaq". <i>International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flawfam%2Febl023">10.1093/lawfam/ebl023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-9939">1360-9939</a>. <q>Polyandry is not permitted, so that Muslim women cannot have more than one husband at the same time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Policy+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=The+Sharia%2C+Islamic+Family+Laws+and+International+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Examining+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Polygamy+and+Talaq&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flawfam%2Febl023&rft.issn=1360-9939&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wing_2008-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wing_2008_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWing2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wing, AK (2008). "Twenty-First Century Loving: Nationality, Gender, and Religion in the Muslim World". <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>76</b> (6): 2900. <q>Muslim women can only marry one man; no polyandry is allowed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Twenty-First+Century+Loving%3A+Nationality%2C+Gender%2C+and+Religion+in+the+Muslim+World&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2900&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wing&rft.aufirst=AK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2005" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Mufti M. Mukarram (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkrQ8AbgD1sC&pg=PA383"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2339-1"><bdi>978-81-261-2339-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2339-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Mufti+M.+Mukarram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkrQ8AbgD1sC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Levine, Nancy, <i>The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, domesticity and population on the Tibetan border</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-47569-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-47569-7">0-226-47569-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47569-1">978-0-226-47569-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Peter_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark">Peter, Prince of Greece</a>, <i>A Study of Polyandry,</i> The Hague, Mouton, 1963.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeallGoldstein1981" class="citation journal cs1">Beall, Cynthia M.; Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1982.84.4.02a00170">"Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Test of Sociobiological Theory"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>83</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">898–</span>901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1982.84.4.02a00170">10.1525/aa.1982.84.4.02a00170</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Fraternal+Polyandry%3A+A+Test+of+Sociobiological+Theory&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E898-%3C%2Fspan%3E901&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1982.84.4.02a00170&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+M.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Melvyn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1982.84.4.02a00170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gielen, U. P. (1993). Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures. In L. L. Adler (Ed.), <i>International handbook on gender roles</i> (pp. 413–437). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1971" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, M. C. (1971). "Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet". <i>Southwestern Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.27.1.3629185">10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629185">3629185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146900571">146900571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Stratification%2C+Polyandry%2C+and+Family+Structure+in+Central+Tibet&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146900571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3629185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.27.1.3629185&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crook, J., & Crook, S. 1994. "Explaining Tibetan polyandry: Socio-cultural, demographic, and biological perspectives". In J. Crook, & H. Osmaston (Eds.), <i>Himayalan Buddhist Villages</i> (pp. 735–786). Bristol, UK: University of Bristol.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1971" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, M. C. (1971). "Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet". <i>Southwestern Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.27.1.3629185">10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629185">3629185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146900571">146900571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Stratification%2C+Polyandry%2C+and+Family+Structure+in+Central+Tibet&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146900571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3629185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.27.1.3629185&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1976" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, M. C. (1976). "Fraternal Polyandry and Fertility in a High Himalayan Valley in Northwest Nepal". <i>Human Ecology</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01534287">10.1007/bf01534287</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602366">4602366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153817518">153817518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Ecology&rft.atitle=Fraternal+Polyandry+and+Fertility+in+a+High+Himalayan+Valley+in+Northwest+Nepal&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153817518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4602366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01534287&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Lod%C3%A9" title="Thierry Lodé">Lodé, Thierry</a> (2006) <i>La Guerre des sexes chez les animaux</i>. Paris: Eds O. Jacob. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7381-1901-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7381-1901-8">2-7381-1901-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Eric Alden (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/easmith/Polyandry-HN1998.pdf">"Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Nature</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-998-1004-3">10.1007/s12110-998-1004-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26197483">26197483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3022928">3022928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature&rft.atitle=Is+Tibetan+polyandry+adaptive%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3022928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26197483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-998-1004-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Eric+Alden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Feasmith%2FPolyandry-HN1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevithick1997" class="citation journal cs1">Trevithick, Alan (1997). "On a Panhuman Preference for Monandry: Is Polyandry an Exception?". <i>Journal of Comparative Family Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Family+Studies&rft.atitle=On+a+Panhuman+Preference+for+Monandry%3A+Is+Polyandry+an+Exception%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trevithick&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/polyandry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/polyandry">polyandry</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Polyandry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Polyandry">"Polyandry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polyandry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anecdotesofananth.blogspot.in/2014/03/bharathi-kanda-puthumai-pen.html">Another example for polyandry in India</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Close_plural_relationships155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_plural_relationships" title="Template:Close plural relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_plural_relationships" title="Template talk:Close plural relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_plural_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close plural relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Close_plural_relationships155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Close plural relationships</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">Polygynandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_marriage" title="Combined marriage">Combined marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny in Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">LDS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of practitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_wifery" title="Spiritual wifery">Spiritual wifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_czar" title="Polygamy czar">Polygamy czar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polycule" title="Polycule">Polycule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory#Compersion" title="Polyamory">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_relationship_energy" title="New relationship energy">New relationship energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_(polyamory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary and secondary (polyamory)">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_within_polyamory" title="Terminology within polyamory">Terminology within polyamory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Mixed-orientation marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial<br />basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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