CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.pcmag.com",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '926b06bd795bfd95',cH: 'D7QRVSKeLUQN_Jc.IBk6YUGbk6PQnMWWBZEyuPouGUE-1743038018-1.2.1.1-KkLoB4BnbfDWyB93vZz5j8PU6_RI2PCwZXNZnd79Nzmbb76crvCDSh_tfP.BO81v',cUPMDTk: "\/encyclopedia\/term\/48076\/northbridge?__cf_chl_tk=e1t4eV5ErAkYo7kOTro9mKPylchL4w9sQ8LXLn5ygnU-1743038018-1.0.1.1-f.a6R0Yx5W55Ey6BA6WiStosQmgiXcJn4oLjDf8sFj8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743038018',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/encyclopedia\/term\/48076\/northbridge?__cf_chl_f_tk=e1t4eV5ErAkYo7kOTro9mKPylchL4w9sQ8LXLn5ygnU-1743038018-1.0.1.1-f.a6R0Yx5W55Ey6BA6WiStosQmgiXcJn4oLjDf8sFj8",md: "Xnv4nEBEWaABn3iBvroTMyi5iktn6Uc7deHLIdBXvoo-1743038018-1.2.1.1-H0BjBSwHG3g63Uf4eVBtgSCq9RJ.qI24SmAD8DNUbJw7FKdWOK7tsC5RdxgjNTQY1chRl4egZK0PxCJmh_SRSMdstPDPr0P4yUC49FpRK5ceqrWNk6s2le2nJbpffZr20WRAedgIexUx8NCkiE4GP9G1Cy7Y_iM0geZae0gpL0_.wg9TI8UNV7eySQ1GbcQfmmMjl8VHiImecZW9Hya5DfBL7A2fXnXqEkwjGTx0Qbp.ZUl89qWRiCszE9rqwfHDRgltwgPOcQPuIcvlGxn2gfVP3AWIZrE973hG.cGiLFvfxLoGI._Tnd1sjrYvJuzSuArS0MbFR3tVmohVdMQwEzLMQ87n.5iHI7yqvLgGvK81rMdwh6FkBw5OMT2jg0EKBcFZeZU8sR3TQ08M1h2vVoi.tyAVKEjp7uqZ4wrC7jeCPBg7NSoSDr5I4XcMEgWwSjj13TCaIADKS5s0V8VXCQpgC_2Plr8y3iKk4bZXuR1GHhjRLsuuTmBzmaSU4ZfQerBBvN0zBM_.MYqSTHjs_y0G3KgTW.3ziXEPry5VkLunHwKuv2bQnZyiJvLKpgcTUOg4uGffF8nCpGDGJ5IUJO6SV1Q0oBh4MOmNMcD.xOsUL1FIq9gCXNHfadccoD5C5Cjr8WXLeaKP5HPXV5gzTSf6qeTJ2cT4vam4H9KENJZ9d_unX9Z8b0wmpDSrSq6ivtGuVYJUYexeL.YoblQCVVUkc9deGUy2GX5XNO.OYcHHGE40KdNBf60lupdFbxZmFP5fVlS.K38QPk.jGSTGeIJ4q7N1.NbP0t6rjwDnhrYXbz.jot9bCqEczNxPRL0vG9AYYY_1pgpZVGQS02bNfGa3ywpCvCsSquf7k6utsGvejno5MmRWSq9NqEvRPIk08Jrea5bcWcf4YPAwSv8DJIZdSYzgefKn2TYguGpGNZ0U.PxC.Pbw8s84LeJHqivfWr0i._66yEkXCHS.yHb2E8jWAj1VKmQTQgOfVsas0zaQMgdNAKoTnQ2s0B4auKI6e2qIi6i0mmHcrewO_AMbENpSD3mLMUIurR6LN0vSsRKgVmv9HibV3BtU3cDeQxtQK1.TTwPpRzhA6aRrp_lmLSApXUBCLgwrT1Jb_cfXZXzYB_IsqWluQxuvubvBuvCE4E0fOePtopnytMblP1vMMvNxNf3BhXKUVHXpkoCVG4jTze6DdPhrIiKg2EuX7Rw_865sdCHsldaknfPUKQLqI7ZORrF1Sye6xwH1qYL3fOLv6M8f9iXgIKMccWaXxTgVwuYUil27iiVdxGitZjd3Dw",mdrd: "Iuj9Nx0D74RTIw21cGBQqZTMvjSDkpZPpPBjMAgltWM-1743038018-1.2.1.1-8_1IjCIH1AxX3N_eHwmhFnN2r.tNSG0UflFteEKXvAQCbFE7IoG7aCceRm4oN_11uQUlBo1cGsBWef98wWd.3vDdSyQvrAuC8QQR73.cKy1rwnH2ovSgSclF4IthKd6A9bwvXTZWbWMADO2YUxDWybKMpE5tgLilrXkZ.Ei487OeTToBOIQ5WGEYL6UmONKMP4o.hGiLcAZ_LvMPEAXWAVO78FgluP9_CMx4H671dYyTqpZNt_B14YpkdGL0_twqBfct7cSJpD7zj5Kzif4BNCNKjzK4m5PBUJqK2i0kyTS0wQdLStFXByBligPPT75YyvHMQZTZqWeGzjXhA2jNuIf8GHohVu86SV3lbunkcVzt62BOLuuSH.N16as0A1xjJdwiZrW.BsMeEgOrU_w1PEm4qpavPNG3TSHKL58KaTYwnhRlL14TVMm_bBnLcIaqpvjN8ZveTR1XLkfK3w_NNWdglNDBncD_GsSqlmQ3XaSHFFYrEfsFs7sy0m2SsPEJcadr4bA5T6gBfecLAN48yiI1AGUKpP_5kKG6oORVdZIhw3b8WOAASrOPygfLYeMMy2hvkKWn.klWy7EVZj1jSI68layHKbRfyQzoDoBqnr09TbDmFkTsXvC4nI.rx2rJHhLrMalEgwUlqIvc4xd0rfqp8HdzzrKH_Cr2MBWji3UKEljj4RqSZ59BFg.cgYVLYlID7eZcvAYoN9A9Yu6ith4cvnAezRJKqTnxDJ..Te7JergPDfGSEcwPrAh1oQug9SxBxJ7c0mUSj5G.bxwMdLwmnoQ7m47KxO.D1N6VTrMl5x3KTxOUnS0B231rzeSW26o.l2MDfVLJrLlXUuOGq1sYKaFhpZ9nCg3VAKTHvqTQhD7jFoCMVdQ6aUdazw4DxQeqCXWfRT6L8UIw3v67HveBIzxjChQFv3yQLzUbP2Kvauc5JabcYuCCcC35F_wAFgo3HwMxChzlc15WgiE7vpa1UoJRWcQk0dW5U71ySdfdSUZ6zCx829ypRdQCmybtRWHV6qHbYGgLap5HPEazKfoBY2J7oZo.gKzP5BP8BeEcSNXdKUSuoJNGK22XBB6TzOaTF7IeLxIxr0NgO.GkCFT1_Oruy.dFlrrg54ms.37XE5GR4b21EHzJ3ptZuNAqZQupkaLch04GzmgWHQmQOCXrjXHqBEuVKaHPZfMaU0TLfsHtHjgqY.S20uVE56b3FxampE.AQZDeIOY.icSk3UE9QQc15l_mqejRC47VoVXkRVJO_oXHbcbtad2mzDXRMMCZmhXiiABi8aDutNC0.cmv0kZJd8tTo02xAkH2MjjPGt8vObLlaZn.K4IFKBYQdY77taY0SA8HF3hoMWAzq6DBfQZ4he2zPEDDAH8dEO2LuHs4dX9B3nQciPRQnteo5BeA7EfRubaq1pIlGgOfgoAaQd2D53VTmJe.IXAK2.fUWk56THIRQFyHfHaDsC3gxq3TPolo_91ouL7L9ZMSGYJ064RIwO_D.rXJxb7Fp1Xgcb3E5dGmB1rRKfcLuwWJluJ6IRhQEndWbT6dya_vt_vuFh90voQaLm7W_WkNKwPh1Pwr8Fr117H25yXxedN3hA0GNWLDA_TNxd77getvZLbQluHCybnvGQv21ZUAKmlAsTPu4tB6lDLsV_gYwElkVfT4kjgZW0uLqdjicoWNWjrmVjl2LoIPvYXkDrrUk8cWoG.YCPPGtTA3AabG4XE5.OG.vSqttU30GZxZLBzF9PV_LucuCaU0aysbExfznbu2I5ixmO8_piKoSQSm.zc.qjaxNiG046P0DbEX7YD72wnKoS.GjQBQ8xLOUzau4nyGO4ILIMiGA3of8gnvKrpSg5PsxFWZIHZlK8PEmUsPESKlKyKK1zWsfnKfk_L3vH3rzukAcWlN.HutevsNo2GRCn_WQ4g3uFufOGvUP.bXW4.ot519.6b255hQHdwGvxDz_SailOMIdzNfHNJxOFnrBXCogvsQUxNI_aynbHyrjg1M_YHHhibh8KZ2jD7vPbY2UIbdLPg.aqjLA14hCd4S51Fxm8_G9t3G7iI53pWJ8P2SBLTJcSALFAqMvh7u_rE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=926b06bd795bfd95';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/encyclopedia\/term\/48076\/northbridge?__cf_chl_rt_tk=e1t4eV5ErAkYo7kOTro9mKPylchL4w9sQ8LXLn5ygnU-1743038018-1.0.1.1-f.a6R0Yx5W55Ey6BA6WiStosQmgiXcJn4oLjDf8sFj8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>