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Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" > 150 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1557 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1557 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B5%DB%B7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۵۵۷ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۵۵۷ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD" title="১৫৫৭ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৫৫৭" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_n%C3%AE" title="1557 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1557 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557." title="1557. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1557." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B5%DB%B7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۵۵۷ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۵۵۷ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%E5%B9%B4" title="1557年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1557年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%EB%85%84" title="1557년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1557년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१५५७ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१५५७" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557." title="1557. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1557." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD" title="মারি ১৫৫৭ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৫৫৭" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1557-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1557-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1557 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1557 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1557 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1557 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_(almanak_jilyen)" title="1557 (almanak jilyen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1557 (almanak jilyen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%D0%B8" title="1557 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1557 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557._gads" title="1557. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1557. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_m." title="1557 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1557 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१५५७ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१५५७" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="इ.स. १५५७ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १५५७" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B5%DB%B7" title="۱۵۵۷ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۵۵۷" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1557 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1557 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%85%E1%81%85%E1%81%87" title="၁၅၅၇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၅၅၇" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="सन् १५५७ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १५५७" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%E5%B9%B4" title="1557年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1557年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1557 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1557 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AB%E0%AD%AB%E0%AD%AD" title="୧୫୫୭ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୫୫୭" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१५५७ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१५५७" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1557" title="Joohr 1557 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1557" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1557 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1557 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="१५५७ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१५५७" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%D8%B9" title="1557ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1557ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A5%D9%A5%D9%A7" title="١٥٥٧ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٥٥٧" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557." title="1557. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1557." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1557 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1557 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2100" title="พ.ศ. 2100 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2100" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1557" title="Соли 1557 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1557" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%D8%A1" title="1557ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1557ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%E5%B9%B4" title="1557年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1557年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%E5%B9%B4" title="1557年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1557年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1557" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557%E5%B9%B4" title="1557年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1557年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557" title="1557 – Talysh" lang="tly" 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1530s" title="1530s">1530s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1540s" title="1540s">1540s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1550s" title="1550s">1550s</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/1560s" title="1560s">1560s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1570s" title="1570s">1570s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1554" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1555" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1556">1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1557" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1557">1557</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1558" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1559" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1559">1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1560" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1560">1560</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Quintin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/San_Quintin.png/250px-San_Quintin.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/San_Quintin.png/330px-San_Quintin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/San_Quintin.png/500px-San_Quintin.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of St. Quentin</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1557" title="Category:1557">1557 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Arts and science</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1550s_in_architecture" title="1550s in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_in_art" title="1557 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_in_literature" title="1557 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_in_music" title="1557 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_in_science" title="1557 in science">Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_in_1557&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sovereign states in 1557 (page does not exist)">Political entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1557" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1557">State leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_16th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 16th century">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_16th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 16th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1557_births" title="Category:1557 births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1557_deaths" title="Category:1557 deaths">Deaths</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:1557_establishments" title="Category:1557 establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:1557_disestablishments" title="Category:1557 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1557_works" title="Category:1557 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C11%E2%80%9317_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C11–17 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%">1557 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1557 MDLVII</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2310</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1006 ԹՎ ՌԶ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6307</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1478–1479</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>963–964</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2507</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English Regnal year</a></td><td>3 <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Ph.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">M.</a> – 4 <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Ph.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">M.</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2101</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>919</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7065–7066</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">丙辰</a>年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>) 4254 or 4047     — to — 丁巳年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>) 4255 or 4048</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1273–1274</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>2723</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1549–1550</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5317–5318</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></td><td>1613–1614</td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></td><td>1478–1479</td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></td><td>4657–4658</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11557</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>557–558</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>935–936</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>964–965</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji</a> 3 (弘治３年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1476–1477</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>1557 MDLVII</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>3890</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>355 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a> 民前355年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2099–2100</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳火龙年 (male Fire-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>) 1683 or 1302 or 530     — to — 阴火蛇年 (female Fire-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>) 1684 or 1303 or 531</td></tr></tbody></table> Year 1557 (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDLVII</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday" title="Common year starting on Friday">common year starting on Friday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Equation_Ever.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/First_Equation_Ever.png/220px-First_Equation_Ever.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/First_Equation_Ever.png/330px-First_Equation_Ever.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/First_Equation_Ever.png/440px-First_Equation_Ever.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption>The first known equation, equivalent to 14x+15=71 in modern syntax.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March">January–March</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Giovanni_Chiavica_Cibo" title="Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo">Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> for a term of 2 years as the term of the Doge <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Pinelli_Ardimenti" title="Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti">Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti</a> comes to an end.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a>, the French governor of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> (in northern France), launches surprise attacks on <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> and captures both cities for France.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, issues an edict against Protestants, at the urging of the Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Dzierzgowski" title="Mikołaj Dzierzgowski">Mikołaj Dzierzgowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Gniezno_and_primates_of_Poland" title="List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland">Primate of Poland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>, King of Burma and head of the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a>, conquers two the <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ng_Mit_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Möng Mit State">Möng Mit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hsipaw_State" title="Hsipaw State">Hsipaw</a> in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The event is later commemorated with an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Shwezigon_Pagoda_Bell" title="Shwezigon Pagoda Bell">Shwezigon Pagoda Bell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> creates the metropolitan archdiocese of Portuguese India (based in Goa) separating the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – Delegates from Sweden, Finland and Russia arrive at <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> to negotiate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1557)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1557)">a treaty to end</a> the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">war between the two empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heininen-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – The Burmese conquest of the Shan States continues as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mongkawng" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongkawng">Mongkawng</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Mogaung" title="Mogaung">Mong Kawng</a>, falls to the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> invaders, five days after the March 6 surrender of the town of <a href="/wiki/Mohnyin" title="Mohnyin">Mong Yang</a>. The event is later commemorated on the Shwezigon Pagoda Bell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Takeda_clan" title="Takeda clan">Takeda clan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Katsurayama" title="Siege of Katsurayama">besiege Katsurayama Castle</a> in eastern Japan.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The siege ends with the <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a> of the castle garrison, and the complete destruction of Katsurayama, allowing the Takeda to further expand in <a href="/wiki/Shinano_Province" title="Shinano Province">Shinano Province</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June">April–June</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1557)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1557)">Treaty of Novgorod</a> between Sweden and Russia is put into effect as delegates kiss the cross, as demanded by the Tsar Ivan IV.<a href="#cite_note-Heininen-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> settlement of <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca, Ecuador</a>, is founded.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – English aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stafford_(rebel)" title="Thomas Stafford (rebel)">Thomas Stafford</a> attempts a rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>, landing at <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough, North Yorkshire</a> with two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel from <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself "Protector of the Realm".<a href="#cite_note-odnb-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland">Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland</a>, arrives in Scarborough and ends the Stafford rebellion, arresting Stafford and the small rebel force.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Battle of Mataquito</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> forces of Governor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Villagra" title="Francisco de Villagra">Francisco de Villagra</a> launch a dawn surprise attack against the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> (headed by their <a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">toqui</a> <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>), in present-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers">Stationers' Company</a>, officially the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers, is granted a royal charter and a monopoly on the English publishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> For the next 150 years, the Stationers will regulate and censor the printing industry until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne" title="Statute of Anne">Copyright Act 1710</a> on April 10, 1710.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Shwezigon_Pagoda_Bell" title="Shwezigon Pagoda Bell">Shwezigon Pagoda Bell</a>, weighing 7,560 pounds (3,430 kg), is dedicated. The Bell, commissioned by King Bayinnaung and located in the Myanmar city of <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, bears a detailed inscription of the 16th century Burmese conquest of the Shan States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – English rebel Thomas Stafford and 32 of his followers are beheaded at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> after being convicted of treason.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – King Philip II of Spain signs a treaty in London with Iacopo VI being restored to rule of the Principality of Piombino a bargain with Cosimo I de' Medici.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> joins her husband <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, in his war against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">Bible translation into English</a> (produced under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/William_Whittingham" title="William Whittingham">William Whittingham</a>, and printed in <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a>), is published in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">Sebastião I</a> is crowned as the new <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a>, five days after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">King João III</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">Mass executions by burning at the stake</a> resume in England for Protestants convicted of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> under the law of England's Catholic ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>. On the first day, four women and three men are put to death at <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. The next day, at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Martyrs" title="Canterbury Martyrs">another seven prisoners are burned</a>. On June 22, <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Martyrs" title="Lewes Martyrs">ten more people</a> (six men and four women) burn at the stake at <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. In all, 24 people (12 men and 12 women) are killed in a five-day period<a href="#cite_note-Foxe-14">[14]</a></li> <li>By <a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">1557 influenza pandemic</a>, probably originating in China, spreads to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September">July–September</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – The small <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">Stato dei Presidi</a>, a 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi) section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, is created by a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a> and the future <a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Tuscany" title="List of grand dukes of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Felipe II of Spain</a>. In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Edict of Compiègne">Edict of Compiègne</a> is issued by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henri II of France</a>, providing for the death penalty to be applied to Protestants for a variety of crimes, including a relapse after having renounced Protestantism; unauthorized travel to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>; publication of Protestant books; possessing graven images; and unauthorized participation in Protestant religious gatherings, whether public or private.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Suri" title="Sikandar Shah Suri">Sikandar Shah Suri</a>, Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> in Punjab, surrenders the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Mau,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Mau, Uttar Pradesh">Mau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nurpur_kingdom" title="Nurpur kingdom">Nurpur kingdom</a> (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal General <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a> allows Sikandar to live in exile in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bakht_Mal" title="Bakht Mal">Bakht Mal</a>, Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and later beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of St. Quentin</a>: French forces under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a> are decisively defeated by the Spanish and English under <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a>, after a 17-day battle. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a>– The <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms</a> convenes in Germany as a dialog on religious issues between clerics of the German Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church.<a href="#cite_note-Wormer-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a>– The Spanish occupation of the Papal States is confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> signs a separate peace treaty, the Peace of Cave-Palestrina, with Spain's <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a>, who has massed troops outside of Rome in preparationfor an attack.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December">October–December</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms</a> is adjourned with no resolution on reconciling the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, after the parties are unable to agree on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">theological justification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wormer-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Shaykh" title="Mohammed al-Shaykh">Mohammed al-Shaykh</a>, Sultan of Morocco since 1549, is assassinated by Ottoman soldiers who had infiltrated the Moroccan army. The assassination comes on orders of the Ottoman sultan after Mohammed makes plans for an alliance with Spain against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Mohammed is succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> (27th day of the 10th month of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji 3</a>) – Prince Michihito of Japan becomes the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Emperor Ōgimachi</a> almost two months after the September 27 death of his father, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Shepherd" title="Mircea the Shepherd">Mircea the Shepherd</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia" title="List of princes of Wallachia"> Prince of Wallachia</a> for the third time, succeeding <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good" title="Pătrașcu the Good">Pătrașcu the Good</a>, who has died suddenly.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henri II of France</a>, through his ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cavenac_de_la_Vigne" title="Jean Cavenac de la Vigne">Jean Cavenac de la Vigne</a> sends a letter to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> for the dispatch of 150 Ottoman Navy ships to protect the French coast.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Özdemir Pasha conquers the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>With the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a>, and for the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> settle in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (retroceded in <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Direct Sino-Portuguese trade has existed since <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>, but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil, that will form a long-term Western settlement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a>, throwing the German banking houses into chaos.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, is refounded by <a href="/wiki/John_Caius" title="John Caius">John Caius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>The following schools are founded in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_School_(Brentwood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood School (Brentwood)">Brentwood School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, by Sir Antony Browne.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_School" title="Hampton School">Hampton School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_London" title="Hampton, London">Hampton, London</a>, by Robert Hammond.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repton_School" title="Repton School">Repton School</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Port_(the_younger)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Port (the younger)">Sir John Port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a>-born mathematician <a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a> publishes <a href="/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte" title="The Whetstone of Witte">The Whetstone of Witte</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, containing the first recorded use of the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a>, and the first use in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">German</a> adventurer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Staden" title="Hans Staden">Hans Staden</a> publishes a widely translated account of his detention by the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tupí people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen ("True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America").<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iimatyas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iimatyas.jpg/120px-Iimatyas.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iimatyas.jpg/250px-Iimatyas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskay" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Bocskay">Stephen Bocskay</a>, Prince of Transylvania (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wtenbogaert" title="Johannes Wtenbogaert">Johannes Wtenbogaert</a>, Leader of the Remonstrants (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Accoramboni" title="Vittoria Accoramboni">Vittoria Accoramboni</a>, Italian noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mathias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor">Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Howard,_Countess_of_Arundel" title="Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel">Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel</a>, English countess and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Casimir_VI,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania">Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania</a> and Lutheran Administrator of Cammin Prince-Bishopric (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lew_Sapieha" title="Lew Sapieha">Lew Sapieha</a>, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein" title="Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein">Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Philibert_de_Lalaing" title="Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing">Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing</a>, Belgian noble and army commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1590" title="1590">1590</a>)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – Tsar <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I of Russia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1598" title="1598">1598</a>)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Howard,_20th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel">Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1595" title="1595">1595</a>)<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> in England, 10 convicted Protestant heretics are burned at the stake.<a href="#cite_note-Foxe-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Carracci" title="Agostino Carracci">Agostino Carracci</a>, Italian painter and graphical artist (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sibylle_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Margravine of Burgau (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow" title="Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow">Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow</a>, Danish-Norwegian royal consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Calasanz" title="Joseph Calasanz">Joseph Calasanz</a>, Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mauduit" title="Jacques Mauduit">Jacques Mauduit</a>, French composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Favre" title="Antoine Favre">Antoine Favre</a>, Savoisian lawyer, first President of the Sovereign Senate of Savoy (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Croce" title="Giovanni Croce">Giovanni Croce</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard" title="Balthasar Gérard">Balthasar Gérard</a>, assassin of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_Katsushige" title="Toda Katsushige">Toda Katsushige</a>, Japanese warlord (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Martini" title="Olaus Martini">Olaus Martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Uppsala" title="Archbishop of Uppsala">Archbishop of Uppsala</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a>, English composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobutada" title="Oda Nobutada">Oda Nobutada</a>, Japanese general (d. <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li>probable – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>, Italian composer and organist (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deaths">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_iii_REI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/120px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/250px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/110px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/165px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/220px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="5805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/110px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/165px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/220px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Go-Nara of Japan">Emperor Go-Nara of Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" title="Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg">Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg</a>, (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach</a> ("Albert the Warlike"), Prince of Bayreuth (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bourbon_de_Vend%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme">Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme</a>, French cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, Finnish scholar (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>, Mapuche warrior (b. <a href="/wiki/1534" title="1534">1534</a>)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern" title="John II, Count Palatine of Simmern">John II, Count Palatine of Simmern</a>, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Bassano" title="Leandro Bassano">Leandro Bassano</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio" title="Giovanni Battista Ramusio">Giovanni Battista Ramusio</a>, Italian geographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, fourth queen of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a>, Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_la_Sengle" title="Claude de la Sengle">Claude de la Sengle</a>, 48th Grandmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, French explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a>, English classical scholar and statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo" title="Juan Álvarez de Toledo">Juan Álvarez de Toledo</a>, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara of Japan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> or <a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a>, Mughal prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Salmon_Macrin" title="Jean Salmon Macrin">Jean Salmon Macrin</a>, French poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish_(courtier)" title="William Cavendish (courtier)">William Cavendish</a>, English courtier (b. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I of Poland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_de%27_Medici_(1540%E2%80%931557)" title="Maria de' Medici (1540–1557)">Maria de' Medici</a>, Italian noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hesse,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Saxony" title="Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony">Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a>, Italian mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Dangyeong" title="Queen Dangyeong">Queen Dangyeong</a>, Korean royal consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>, Spanish historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Guillard" title="Charlotte Guillard">Charlotte Guillard</a>, French printer<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Herberay_des_Essarts" title="Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts">Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts</a>, French translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Glyn" title="Geoffrey Glyn">Geoffrey Glyn</a>, English lawyer<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a>, Italian-born English explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a>, Flemish composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLevati" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Levati, Luigi Maria. Dogi biennali di Genova dal 1528 al 1699 (in Italian). Tip. Marchese & Campora.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogi+biennali+di+Genova+dal+1528+al+1699&rft.pub=Tip.+Marchese+%26+Campora&rft.aulast=Levati&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaan2010" class="citation book cs1">Haan, Bertrand (2010). Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis. 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Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. pp. 37–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+paix+pour+l%27%C3%A9ternit%C3%A9%3A+La+n%C3%A9gociation+du+trait%C3%A9+du+Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Haan&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1976" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Jerome Bruce (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5apWAAAAYAAJ&q=Mohammed+al-Shaykh+assassinated+%2223+october+1557%22">Fitna, Corsairs, and Diplomacy: Morocco and the Maritime States of Western Europe, 1603-1672</a>. Columbia University. p. 30. 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Excelsior Art. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-592-162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-592-162-0"><bdi>978-973-592-162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voievozi+%C8%99i+domnitori+rom%C3%A2ni&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Excelsior+Art&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-973-592-162-0&rft.au=Tiberiu+Ciobanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-OgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Kenneth M. Setton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC&pg=PA698">The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571)</a> (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984), p. 698 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgot1992" class="citation book cs1">Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dj9RRrvYjkC&dq=%C3%96zdemir+Pasha+Massawa+%221557%22&pg=PA145">Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century</a>. University of California Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-94811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-94811-5"><bdi>978-0-435-94811-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-435-94811-5&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dj9RRrvYjkC%26dq%3D%25C3%2596zdemir%2BPasha%2BMassawa%2B%25221557%2522%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiran2009" class="citation book cs1">Miran, Jonathan (July 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=%C3%96zdemir+Pasha+Massawa+%221557%22&pg=PA38">Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22079-0"><bdi>978-0-253-22079-0</bdi></a>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-59850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-59850-8"><bdi>978-0-674-59850-8</bdi></a>. 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Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/251">251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4423-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4423-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-4423-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+Warfare&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Christon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistoryofwa00arch%2Fpage%2F251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/history">"History – Gonville & Caius"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37988-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37988-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Books+and+Readers+1475+to+1557%3A+Being+a+Study+in+the+History+of+the+Book+Trade+from+Caxton+to+the+Incorporation+of+the+Stationers%27+Company&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37988-5&rft.au=H.+S.+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_EIgDPqXGcC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSá2004" class="citation book cs1">Sá, Lúcia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSss5qWjLt4C&dq=hans+staden+tupi+Warhaftige+Historia+und+beschreibung+eyner+Landtschafft+%221557%22&pg=PA93">Rain Forest Literatures: Amazonian Texts and Latin American Culture</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0677-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-0677-5</bdi></a>. 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Etényi; Szabó, Péter; Horn, Ildikó (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQgiAQAAIAAJ&q=Bocskai+Istv%C3%A1n+%221557.+janu%C3%A1r+1.%22">Koronás fejedelem: Bocskai István és kora</a> (in Hungarian). General Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9648-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9648-27-2"><bdi>978-963-9648-27-2</bdi></a>. 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Wolters. p. 157. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+Hervorming+en+de+Hervormde+Kerk+der+Nederlanden&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Wolters&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Reitsma&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWUNAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DJohannes%2BWtenbogaert%2B%252211%2Bfebruari%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalilei1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galilei, Galileo (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLlBAQAAMAAJ&dq=Alfonso+Fontanelli+%2215+febbraio+1557%22&pg=PA443">Le opere di Galileo Galilei</a> (in Italian). Tip. di G. Barbèra. p. 443. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+opere+di+Galileo+Galilei&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Tip.+di+G.+Barb%C3%A8ra&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Galilei&rft.aufirst=Galileo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLlBAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DAlfonso%2BFontanelli%2B%252215%2Bfebbraio%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGnoli1870" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gnoli, Domenico (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmefH8WuaqcC&dq=Vittoria+Accoramboni+%2215+febbraio+1557%22&pg=PA18">Vittoria Accoramboni</a> (in Italian). Successori Le Monnier. p. 18. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vittoria+Accoramboni&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Successori+Le+Monnier&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmefH8WuaqcC%26dq%3DVittoria%2BAccoramboni%2B%252215%2Bfebbraio%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daniels, Alexander von (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWFGAAAAYAAJ&dq=Matthias+kaiser+%2224+februar+1557%22&pg=PA505">Handbuch der deutschen Reichs und Staatenrechsgeschichte</a> (in German). Laupp & Siebeck. p. 505. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+deutschen+Reichs+und+Staatenrechsgeschichte&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Laupp+%26+Siebeck&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Alexander+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWFGAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DMatthias%2Bkaiser%2B%252224%2Bfebruar%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-1007870">"Howard [Dacre], Anne, countess of Arundel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Howard+%5BDacre%5D%2C+Anne%2C+countess+of+Arundel&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-1007870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWUTSTRACK1793" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">WUTSTRACK, Christian Friedrich (1793). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q7PvyAgEC4C&dq=Kasimir+VI+22+marz+1557&pg=PA134">Kurze historisch-geographisch-statische Beschreibung von dem königlichpreussischen Herzogthume Vor- und Hinter-Pommern, etc</a> (in German). Johann Samuel Leich. p. 134. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurze+historisch-geographisch-statische+Beschreibung+von+dem+k%C3%B6niglichpreussischen+Herzogthume+Vor-+und+Hinter-Pommern%2C+etc&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Johann+Samuel+Leich&rft.date=1793&rft.aulast=WUTSTRACK&rft.aufirst=Christian+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6q7PvyAgEC4C%26dq%3DKasimir%2BVI%2B22%2Bmarz%2B1557%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpórna2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spórna, Marcin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7TeAAAAMAAJ&q=%20%224%20kwietnia%201557%22">Słownik najsłynniejszych wodzów i dowódców polskich</a> (in Polish). Zielona Sowa. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7435-094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7435-094-5"><bdi>978-83-7435-094-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+najs%C5%82ynniejszych+wodz%C3%B3w+i+dow%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+polskich&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Zielona+Sowa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-7435-094-5&rft.aulast=Sp%C3%B3rna&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7TeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2520%25224%2520kwietnia%25201557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeitelrock1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beitelrock, Johann Michael (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmRFAAAAcAAJ&dq=Friedrich+pfalz+%2211+april+1557%22&pg=PA15">Geschichte des Herzogthums Neuburg oder der jungen Pfalz</a> (in German). Wailandt. p. 15. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Herzogthums+Neuburg+oder+der+jungen+Pfalz&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Wailandt&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Beitelrock&rft.aufirst=Johann+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmRFAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DFriedrich%2Bpfalz%2B%252211%2Bapril%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VOUSJdtqXsC&dq=Emanuel+Filibert+van+Lalaing+%225+mei+1557%22&pg=RA2-PA156">Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires: Collection in-8°. ...</a> (in Dutch). Hayez. 1882. p. 156. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+couronn%C3%A9s+et+autres+m%C3%A9moires%3A+Collection+in-8%C2%B0.+...&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Hayez&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VOUSJdtqXsC%26dq%3DEmanuel%2BFilibert%2Bvan%2BLalaing%2B%25225%2Bmei%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DRA2-PA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFМорозова2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Морозова, Л. Е. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8YiAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80+I+%C2%AB31+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+1557+%D0%B3.%C2%BB">Два царя: Федор и Борис</a> (in Russian). Русское слово. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8253-0160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8253-0160-0"><bdi>978-5-8253-0160-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%3A+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-5-8253-0160-0&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B.+%D0%95.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8YiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%2BI%2B%25C2%25AB31%2B%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B1557%2B%25D0%25B3.%25C2%25BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJr2019" class="citation book cs1">Jr, James D. Taylor (May 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=br2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=Philip+Howard+%2228+june+1557%22&pg=PA397">Complete State Trials of the Tudor Era</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-377-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-377-1"><bdi>978-1-62894-377-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+State+Trials+of+the+Tudor+Era&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62894-377-1&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=James+D.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbr2XDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPhilip%2BHoward%2B%252228%2Bjune%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmksAQAAIAAJ&q=%2216%20agosto%201557%22">Il Seicento europeo: Realismo, classicismo, barocco</a> (in Italian). De Luca. 1968. p. 87. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Seicento+europeo%3A+Realismo%2C+classicismo%2C+barocco&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=De+Luca&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmksAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%252216%2520agosto%25201557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandtag1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landtag, Württemberg (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npAUAQAAIAAJ&dq=Friedrich+I+W%C3%BCrttemberg+%2219+august+1557%22&pg=PA1">Württemberg Landtagsakten</a> (in German). Kolhammer. p. 1. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%BCrttemberg+Landtagsakten&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Kolhammer&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Landtag&rft.aufirst=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpAUAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DFriedrich%2BI%2BW%25C3%25BCrttemberg%2B%252219%2Baugust%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt1881" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kleinschmidt, Arthur (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3fLvM_nYawC&dq=Sibylle+von+J%C3%BClich+%2226+august+1557%22&pg=PA170">Augsburg, Nürnberg und ihre Handelsfürsten im fünfzehnten und sechzehnten Jahrhunderte</a> (in German). Kay. p. 170. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augsburg%2C+N%C3%BCrnberg+und+ihre+Handelsf%C3%BCrsten+im+f%C3%BCnfzehnten+und+sechzehnten+Jahrhunderte&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Kay&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3fLvM_nYawC%26dq%3DSibylle%2Bvon%2BJ%25C3%25BClich%2B%252226%2Baugust%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuth2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stuth, Steffen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhBoAAAAMAAJ&q=Sophie+af+Mecklenburg+%224+september+1557%22">Höfe und Residenzen: Untersuchungen zu den Höfen der Herzöge von Mecklenburg im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert</a> (in German). Edition Temmen. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86108-778-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86108-778-6"><bdi>978-3-86108-778-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%B6fe+und+Residenzen%3A+Untersuchungen+zu+den+H%C3%B6fen+der+Herz%C3%B6ge+von+Mecklenburg+im+16.+und+17.+Jahrhundert&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Edition+Temmen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-86108-778-6&rft.aulast=Stuth&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhBoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSophie%2Baf%2BMecklenburg%2B%25224%2Bseptember%2B1557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFkzAQAAMAAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Calasanz+%2211+de+septiembre+de+1557%22&pg=PA11">Escolapios insignes por su piedad religiosa desde el origen</a> (in Spanish). San Francisco de Sales. 1899. p. 11. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escolapios+insignes+por+su+piedad+religiosa+desde+el+origen&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=San+Francisco+de+Sales&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFkzAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DJos%25C3%25A9%2BCalasanz%2B%252211%2Bde%2Bseptiembre%2Bde%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwgVAAAAQAAJ&dq=Jacques+Mauduit+%2216+september+1557%22&pg=PA73">Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung</a> (in German). Breitkopf und Härtel. 1842. p. 74. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+musikalische+Zeitung&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Breitkopf+und+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwgVAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DJacques%2BMauduit%2B%252216%2Bseptember%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDufayard1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dufayard, Charles (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gji5V75DymcC&dq=Antoine+Favre+%225+octobre+1557%22&pg=PA186">Histoire de Savoie</a> (in French). Boivin. p. 186. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Savoie&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Boivin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Dufayard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgji5V75DymcC%26dq%3DAntoine%2BFavre%2B%25225%2Boctobre%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrennan2023" class="citation book cs1">Drennan, Jonathan R. J. (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Of7XEAAAQBAJ&dq=Giovanni+Croce+%221557%22+Chioggia&pg=PR11">Requiems by Giovanni Croce and Giovanni Rovetta: The Requiem Mass at St. Mark's, Venice, in the Seventeenth Century</a>. A-R Editions, Inc. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9872-0865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9872-0865-8"><bdi>978-1-9872-0865-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requiems+by+Giovanni+Croce+and+Giovanni+Rovetta%3A+The+Requiem+Mass+at+St.+Mark%27s%2C+Venice%2C+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=A-R+Editions%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2023-09&rft.isbn=978-1-9872-0865-8&rft.aulast=Drennan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOf7XEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGiovanni%2BCroce%2B%25221557%2522%2BChioggia%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sN8-hLzdn9sC&dq=Balthasar+G%C3%A9rard+%221557%22+Vuillafans&pg=PR90">Correspondance de Guillaume le taciturne, prince d'Orange, publiée pour la première fois, suivie de pièces inédits sur l'assassinat de ce prince et sur les récompenses accordées par Philippe 2. à la famille de Balthazar Gérard par m. Gachard: Tome 6</a> (in French). C. Muquard. 1857. p. xc. 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Hft. 1-7</a> (in Swedish). Wahlstrom & Lastbom. p. 19. Retrieved October 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upsala+Arkestifts+Herdaminne.+Hft.+1-7&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Wahlstrom+%26+Lastbom&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Fnat&rft.aufirst=Johan+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YldAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DOlaus%2BMartini%2B%25221557%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2014" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Tessa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzQ3BAAAQBAJ&q=1557">Thomas Morley: Elizabethan Music Publisher</a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-960-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-960-6</bdi></a>. 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February 2, 2015. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-37740-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-37740-6"><bdi>978-0-692-37740-6</bdi></a>. 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Indiana University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30683-8"><bdi>978-0-253-30683-8</bdi></a>. 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Pagliai. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-564-0036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-564-0036-6"><bdi>978-88-564-0036-6</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved October 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=CARUCCI%2C+Iacopo%2C+detto+il+Pontormo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcarucci-iacopo-detto-il-pontormo_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpengler1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spengler, Ludwig (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35fyz-6stc8C&dq=Philipp,+Herzog+zu+Mecklenburg+%224+januar+1557%22&pg=PA24">Die Geisteskrankheit des Herzogs Philipp von Mecklenburg</a> (in German). Heuser. p. 24. 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Retrieved March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Albert+II+Alcibiades+%7C+margrave+of+Brandenburg-Kulmbach+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlbert-II-Alcibiades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1517-ii.htm#Bourbon">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of July 1, 1517"</a>. cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved October 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cardinals.fiu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+-+Biographical+Dictionary+-+Consistory+of+July+1%2C+1517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fbios1517-ii.htm%23Bourbon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHäkkinen2015" class="citation book cs1">Häkkinen, Kaisa (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cP1vEAAAQBAJ&q=%20%229%20april%201557%22">Spreading the Written Word: Mikael Agricola and the Birth of Literary Finnish</a>. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-755-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-222-755-3"><bdi>978-952-222-755-3</bdi></a>. 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Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-374-03659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-374-03659-2"><bdi>978-3-374-03659-2</bdi></a>. 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Ghedina & Tassotti. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7691-101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7691-101-9"><bdi>978-88-7691-101-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+Ponte+%3A+a+dynasty+of+painters&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Ghedina+%26+Tassotti&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-88-7691-101-9&rft.aulast=Sesso&rft.aufirst=Livia+Alberton+Vinco+Da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQozAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2520%252210%2520giugno%25201557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivermore1966" class="citation book cs1">Livermore, H. V. 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Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-8077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-8077-0"><bdi>978-1-5275-8077-0</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maths+History&rft.atitle=Tartaglia+-+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FTartaglia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGlynnBartlett2014" class="citation book cs1">McGlynn, Margaret; Bartlett, Kenneth R. (October 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-I7BQAAQBAJ&dq=Oviedo+%221557%22+Valladolid&pg=PA191">The Renaissance and Reformation in Northern Europe</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0716-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0716-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-0716-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+and+Reformation+in+Northern+Europe&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0716-3&rft.aulast=McGlynn&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-I7BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOviedo%2B%25221557%2522%2BValladolid%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeech1983" class="citation journal cs1">Beech, Beatrice (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renaissance-quarterly/article/abs/charlotte-guillard-a-sixteenthcentury-business-woman/253616D18F2ED8EB7495C6167DFB2221">"Charlotte Guillard: A Sixteenth-Century Business Woman*"</a>. Renaissance Quarterly. 36 (3): 345–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2862159">10.2307/2862159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862159">2862159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163711144">163711144</a>. 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University of Wales Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rft.au=Academi+Gymreig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZEUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4290">"Cabot, Sebastian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cabot%2C+Sebastian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-4290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1557" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandel1996" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEGpMqRcQjIC&dq=Thomas+Crecquillon+%221557%22+B%C3%A9thune&pg=PA185">The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music</a>. 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