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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Antropologiens_opprinnelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antropologiens_opprinnelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Antropologiens opprinnelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antropologiens_opprinnelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Den_moderne_antropologien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Den_moderne_antropologien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Den moderne antropologien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Den_moderne_antropologien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antropologiske_begreper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antropologiske_begreper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Antropologiske begreper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antropologiske_begreper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotnoter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotnoter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fotnoter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotnoter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sosialantropologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 42 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialantropologi" title="Sosialantropologi – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialantropologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialantropologi" title="Socialantropologi – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialantropologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialantropologi" title="Socialantropologi – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialantropologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="علم الإنسان الاجتماعي – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الإنسان الاجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa_social" title="Antropoloxía social – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antropoloxía social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_antropologiya" title="Sosial antropologiya – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সামাজিক নৃবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক নৃবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социална антропология – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална антропология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_antropologija" title="Socijalna antropologija – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Socijalna antropologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_social" title="Antropologia social – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antropologia social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_suciale" title="Antropologia suciale – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Antropologia suciale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialanthropologie" title="Sozialanthropologie – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialanthropologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Social anthropology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolog%C3%ADa_social" title="Antropología social – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antropología social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_antropologio" title="Socia antropologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia antropologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte-antropologia" title="Gizarte-antropologia – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte-antropologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="انسان‌شناسی اجتماعی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌شناسی اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie_sociale_et_culturelle" title="Anthropologie sociale et culturelle – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthropologie sociale et culturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa_social" title="Antropoloxía social – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antropoloxía social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="사회인류학 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회인류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सामाजिक नृविज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक नृविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi_sosial" title="Antropologi sosial – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antropologi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_sociale" title="Antropologia sociale – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antropologia sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנתרופולוגיה חברתית – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנתרופולוגיה חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Әлеуметтік антропология – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтік антропология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologia_socialis" title="Anthropologia socialis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anthropologia socialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81l%C4%81_antropolo%C4%A3ija" title="Sociālā antropoloģija – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālā antropoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Општествена антропологија – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општествена антропологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="ټولنيزه انسان پېژندنه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنيزه انسان پېژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_social" title="Antropologia social – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antropologia social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социальная антропология – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальная антропология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सामाजिक मानवशास्त्र – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सामाजिक मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social anthropology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјална антропологија – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјална антропологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaaliantropologia" title="Sosiaaliantropologia – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaaliantropologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiyang_panlipunan" title="Antropolohiyang panlipunan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antropolohiyang panlipunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூக மானிடவியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூக மானிடவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="มานุษยวิทยาสังคม – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มานุษยวิทยาสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціальна антропологія – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна антропологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Nhân học xã hội – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân học xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24553676">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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.mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Refforbedre plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Denne artikkelen <b>trenger flere eller bedre <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bruk_av_kilder" title="Wikipedia:Bruk av kilder">referanser</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet">verifikasjon</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Du kan <a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit">forbedre denne artikkelen</a> ved å legge inn <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bruk_av_kilder#Fotnoter" title="Wikipedia:Bruk av kilder">referanser</a> til <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gode_kilder" title="Wikipedia:Gode kilder">gode kilder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hvem_skriver_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Hvem skriver Wikipedia">Hvem som helst</a> kan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet#Bevisbyrden" title="Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet">fjerne</a> kildeløst materiale <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet#Bevisbyrden" title="Wikipedia:Verifiserbarhet">uten forvarsel</a>, men den foretrukne tilnærmingen er i første omgang å markere de setningene/påstandene som trenger kildebelegg ved å tilføye <i>{{<a href="/wiki/Mal:Trenger_referanse" title="Mal:Trenger referanse">Trenger referanse</a>|dato=2024-12}}</i> etter påstanden. <i><small>2013-12</small></i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sosialantropologi</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er et fag innen <a href="/wiki/Samfunnsvitenskap" title="Samfunnsvitenskap">samfunnsvitenskapen</a> som studerer de sosiale og kulturelle sidene ved menneskelige samfunn. Sentralt i antropologien står begrepene <a href="/wiki/Samfunn" title="Samfunn">samfunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur">kultur</a> og <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol"> symboler</a>. Til forskjell fra for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> baserer faget seg i stor grad på <a href="/wiki/Kvalitativ_metode" title="Kvalitativ metode">kvalitativ metode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feltarbeid" title="Feltarbeid">feltarbeid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltakende_observasjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltakende observasjon (ikke skrevet ennå)">deltakende observasjon</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnisk_perspektiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnisk perspektiv (ikke skrevet ennå)">etnisk perspektiv</a>. </p><p>Betegnelsen <i>sosialantropolog</i> kan enten brukes om personer som er aktive innen sosialantropologisk forskning, eller om personer som minst har <a href="/wiki/Eksamen_av_h%C3%B8yere_grad" title="Eksamen av høyere grad">høyere grads eksamen</a> i sosialantropologi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antropologiens_opprinnelse">Antropologiens opprinnelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Antropologiens opprinnelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Antropologiens opprinnelse"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aallerede de gamle grekere kan ha bedrevet antropologisk forskning.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodot" title="Herodot">Herodot</a> (ca. <a href="/wiki/484_f.Kr." title="484 f.Kr.">484</a>–<a href="/wiki/420_f.Kr." title="420 f.Kr.">420 f.Kr.</a>) skrev ned detaljerte skildringer av fremmede folkeslag. I takt med <a href="/wiki/Opplysningstiden" title="Opplysningstiden">opplysningstiden</a>, vokste nye fag frem, som <a href="/wiki/Historie" title="Historie">historie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">filologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a>, fag som antropologien kan sies å være en del av. </p><p>Den moderne antropologi som fag oppsto i midten av det nittende århundre. Sammen med utbredelsen av de store vestlige imperier og kolonier i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> og <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, ble det interessant med detaljerte beskrivelser av den innfødte befolkningen på samme måte som man studerte flora og fauna. I <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> var situasjonen en annen, man ønsket å beskrive restene av den indianerkulturen man bare tiår tidligere var i ferd med å ødelegge. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgans</a> <i>Ancient society</i> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Maine (ikke skrevet ennå)">Henry Maines</a> <i>Ancient Law</i> regnes blant de første avhandlinger innen faget. Begge forfatterne utvikler teorier om primitive samfunn, og skaper dermed skillet mellom tradisjonelle og moderne samfunn. Morgan mener at man i utviklingen av samfunn kan se en <i>sosial evolusjon</i>. Med dette mener han at alle samfunn gjennomgår ulike stadier i utvikling, fra den ville tilstand, via barbariet til sivilisasjon. Sett i et slikt lys, ville ikke-vestlige samfunn være levende fossiler, modeller man kunne studere for å forstå egen fortid. Evolusjonistiske teorier var utbredte på <a href="/wiki/1800-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1800-tallet">1800-tallet</a>, og den kanskje mest kjente er <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>' teori om samfunnsmessig utvikling gjennom <a href="/wiki/Klassekamp" title="Klassekamp">klassekamp</a>. Dessuten hadde <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> stor innflytelse med sin biologiske utviklingsteori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Den_moderne_antropologien">Den moderne antropologien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Den moderne antropologien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Den moderne antropologien"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> hadde stor innflytelse mot slutten av 1800-tallet, særlig teorien om <a href="/wiki/Kulturrelativisme" title="Kulturrelativisme">kulturrelativisme</a> regnes som sentral. Denne teorien går ut på at kulturer og samfunn bare kan forstås ut ifra sin egen logikk, og at de derfor ikke kan studeres evolusjonistisk. Dessuten hevder han at ethvert samfunn har sin egen historie og at det ikke finnes utviklingsfaser. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski" title="Bronislaw Malinowski">Bronislaw Malinowski</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884" title="1884">1884</a>–<a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>) regnes gjerne som den som introduserte feltarbeidet i antropologien. Malinowski mente at for å forstå den indre sammenheng mellom de ulike delene av samfunnet måtte man lære seg det lokale språket og observere hvordan folk levde over flere måneder. Malinowskis tilnærming ble senere betegnet som <a href="/wiki/Funksjonalisme_(sosiologi)" title="Funksjonalisme (sosiologi)">funksjonalistisk</a>. Med dette menes at et aspekt ved samfunnet, for eksempel religion, må ses i sammenheng med den funksjon det har i samspill med de andre sidene ved samfunnet, som økonomi og politikk. Malinowski vektla slik sett holisme, et perspektiv som stod sterkt i faget en tid, men nå bare er av faghistorisk interesse. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a>–<a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>) regnes som utvikleren av <a href="/wiki/Strukturfunksjonalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Strukturfunksjonalisme">strukturfunksjonalismen</a>, et perspektiv som går ut på at man tror et aspekt ved samfunnet, for eksempel religion, kan forklares ved dets rolle i å skape stabilitet og integrasjon i samfunnet som helhet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> utviklet teorien om <a href="/wiki/Strukturalismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Strukturalismen">strukturalismen</a>. Denne teorien tar utgangspunkt i troen på at den menneskelige bevissthet organiserer virkeligheten ut fra kontraster som han kalte binære opposisjoner. Han mener dette er felles for alle mennesker, men at organisasjonen av samfunnet er forskjellig ut ifra hvilke teknologiske forutsetninger man har. </p><p>Etter andre verdenskrig, og fram til midten av 80-tallet, utviklet antropologien seg i en mer naturvitenskapelig retning. Prosessorienterte studier ble utviklet av <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a> og Clifford Geertz, som prøvde å finne prosesser for hvordan nylig uavhengige stater kunne utvikles. <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi">Økologi</a> ble et sentralt tema, og Julian Steward undersøkte hvordan samfunn tilpasset seg lokale økologiske forutsetninger. Økonomisk antropologi ble videreutviklet av <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a>, som fokuserte på hvordan økonomisk vitenskap ignorerte kulturelle og sosiale faktorer. Marxisme fikk økt innflytelse i antropologien på 1960- og 1970- tallet. </p><p>I likhet med de andre samfunnsfagene ble antropologien preget av 60-tallets motkulturelle strømninger, og særlig protestene i Europa og Nord-Amerika mot <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">Amerikas forente staters</a> krigføring i Vietnam. Her bør særlig nevnes en debatt som hadde utspring i et problem som kort sagt dreier seg om i hvor stor grad man skal ta stilling som forsker. I en artikkel fra <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> beskriver den amerikanske antropologen Gerald Berreman hvordan den amerikanske antropologforeningen, AAA, håndterte denne debatten på et av sine møter, og hvorfor han selv støttet de som mente at antropologer har en plikt til å gripe inn mot urett.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et beslektet problem er det som ofte kalles universalisme-kulturrelativisme-debatten. Et ekstremt kulturrelativistisk standpunkt betyr at man tror en kultur bare kan forstås på sine egne premisser, mens universalisme innebærer at man tror det skal gå an å gjenfinne universelt sammenlignbare størrelser i alle kulturer. Denne debatten har blusset opp de seneste årene. Det som særlig har blitt heftig debattert, er om man skal gripe inn i mot for eksempel kjønnsdiskriminerende praksiser i muslimske land, eller om man skal anse slike praksiser som en naturlig del av den lokale kultur som bør godtas når de kvinnene som rammes ser ut til å trives under slike forhold. </p><p>På 1980- tallet ble studiet av <a href="/wiki/Makt" title="Makt">makt</a> sentralt i faget, sett i lys av tidligere vestlige koloniforhold, såkalte postkoloniale studier. Mange slike studier har vist hvordan koloniserte folk ofte har brukt metoder som likner på maktapparatets for å etablere en viss selvstendighet, såkalt mothegemoni. Seksualitet og kjønn blir stadig studert mer inngående. De seneste årene har mye av fokus vært rettet mot emner som <a href="/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering">globalisering</a>, bioteknologi og urbefolkningenes rettigheter. Faget huser forøvrig et bredt spekter av temaer. </p><p>Utviklingen av <a href="/wiki/Norsk_sosialantropologi" title="Norsk sosialantropologi">norsk sosialantropologi</a> har i stor grad vært dominert av en ruvende skikkelse, nemlig professor <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a>. I og med hans internasjonalt sterke posisjon og at han selv bygde opp fagmiljøet selv i Norge, har Barths innflytelse vært nærmest enerådende i mange år. Også fagdebatten i etterkant har vært preget av en stillingtagen til Barth, dog da i motsetning til hans tanker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antropologiske_begreper">Antropologiske begreper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Antropologiske begreper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Antropologiske begreper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etnosentrisme" title="Etnosentrisme">Etnosentrisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturrelativisme" title="Kulturrelativisme">Kulturrelativisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalisme" title="Universalisme">Universalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etnisitet" title="Etnisitet">Etnisitet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slektskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Slektskap">Slektskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8nn" title="Kjønn">Kjønn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98konomi" title="Økonomi">Økonomi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">Sosiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psykologi" title="Psykologi">Psykologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fotnoter">Fotnoter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fotnoter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fotnoter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18775549">.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+ol li{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+ol 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following-list-style-type-lower-alpha"><b>Type nummerering</b></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">fra <a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">gresk</a> <i>anthropos</i> = menneske, og <i>logos</i> = fornuft, og fra <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>societas</i> = samfunn</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Berreman, Gerald D., <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>, Is Anthropology Alive? Social Responsibility in Social Anthropology, <i>Current Anthropology</i>, Vol. 9, No. 5</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialantropologi&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Utdanning.no sin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utdanning.no/yrker/beskrivelse/sosialantropolog">yrkesbeskrivelse av sosialantropolog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idunn.no/ts/nat">Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718151659/http://www.idunn.no/ts/nat">Arkivert</a> 18. juli 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319727745">Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24790658">.mw-parser-output .spire{clear:both;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-radius:2px;padding:0.325rem;padding-left:3rem;margin:0.5rem 0;font-size:0.8125rem;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Stub_W.svg"),url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Emojione_1F331.svg"),url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Grass_compartment.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0.5rem center,bottom right 0.5rem,bottom -2.1rem right -4rem;background-size:2rem,1.8rem,10rem;padding-right:3rem;text-align:start}</style> <div class="spire plainlinks">Denne artikkelen er en <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spire" title="Wikipedia:Spire">spire</a></b>. 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