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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Performance history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cairo_premiere_and_initial_success_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_premiere_and_initial_success_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cairo premiere and initial success in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_premiere_and_initial_success_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_19th-century_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_19th-century_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other 19th-century performances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_19th-century_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Act_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Act 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Act 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Act 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Act 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Aida</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="أوبرا عايدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبرا عايدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(Verdi)" title="Aida (Verdi) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aida (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(Oper)" title="Aida (Oper) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aida (Oper)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%90%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αΐντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αΐντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="آیدا (اپرا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیدا (اپرا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Aida (ópera) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aida (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4" title="아이다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1_(%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Աիդա (օպերա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աիդա (օպերա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="אאידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90)" title="აიდა (ოპერა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აიდა (ოპერა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Аида (опера) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аида (опера)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%ABda_(opera)" title="Aīda (opera) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aīda (opera)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87" title="اوبرا عايده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوبرا عايده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аида – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аида" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(Verdi)" title="Aida (Verdi) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aida (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="アイーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFda" title="Aïda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aïda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFda" title="Aïda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aïda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida_(opera)" title="Aida (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aida (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida" title="Aida – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aida" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1871 tragic opera by Giuseppe Verdi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the opera. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aida_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aida (disambiguation)">Aida (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Aida</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Verdi,_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg/290px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg/435px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg/580px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_c._1872_Aida_vocal_score_cover_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3358" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of a very early vocal score, c. 1872</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ghislanzoni" title="Antonio Ghislanzoni">Antonio Ghislanzoni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">24 December 1871<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1871-12-24</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera House">Khedivial Opera House</a> in Cairo</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Aida</b></i> (or <i><b>Aïda</b></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[aˈiːda]</a></span>) is a tragic <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in four acts by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> to an Italian <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ghislanzoni" title="Antonio Ghislanzoni">Antonio Ghislanzoni</a>. Set in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a>, it was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera House">Khedivial Opera House</a> and had its première there on 24 December 1871, in a performance conducted by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bottesini" title="Giovanni Bottesini">Giovanni Bottesini</a>. Today the work holds a central place in the operatic canon, receiving performances every year around the world. At New York's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> alone, <i>Aida</i> has been sung more than 1,100 times since 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghislanzoni's scheme follows a scenario often attributed to the French Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" title="Auguste Mariette">Auguste Mariette</a>, but Verdi biographer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Mary Jane Phillips-Matz</a> argues that the source is actually <a href="/wiki/Temistocle_Solera" title="Temistocle Solera">Temistocle Solera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993570–573_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993570–573-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_the_opera's_genesis_and_sources"><span id="Elements_of_the_opera.27s_genesis_and_sources"></span>Elements of the opera's genesis and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elements of the opera's genesis and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt, commissioned Verdi to write an opera to celebrate the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, but Verdi declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" title="Auguste Mariette">Auguste Mariette</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptologist</a>, proposed to Khedive Pasha a plot for a celebratory opera set in ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khedive Pasha referred Mariette to theatre manager <a href="/wiki/Camille_du_Locle" title="Camille du Locle">Camille du Locle</a>, who sent Mariette's story idea to Verdi. Eventually, Verdi agreed to compose an opera based on that story, for 150,000 francs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the scenery and costumes were stuck in the French capital during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">Siege of Paris (1870–71)</a> of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the premiere was delayed and Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> was performed instead. The first opera performed at the <a href="/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House" title="Khedivial Opera House">Khedivial Opera House</a>, <i>Aida</i> eventually premiered in Cairo on Christmas Eve of 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo_premiere_and_initial_success_in_Italy">Cairo premiere and initial success in Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cairo premiere and initial success in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg/220px-Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg/330px-Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg/440px-Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_-_Aida-_Act_IV_Scene_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Radamès (Giuseppe Fancelli) and Aida (<a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stolz" title="Teresa Stolz">Teresa Stolz</a>) in act 4, scene 2 of the 1872 <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> European première (drawing by <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz" title="Leopoldo Metlicovitz">Leopoldo Metlicovitz</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Verdi originally chose to write a brief orchestral prelude instead of a full overture for the opera. He then composed an overture of the "<a href="/wiki/Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">potpourri</a>" variety to replace the original prelude. However, in the end he decided not to have the overture performed because of its—his own words—"pretentious silliness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToscanini2002366_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToscanini2002366-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This overture, never used today, was given a rare broadcast performance by <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NBC Symphony Orchestra">NBC Symphony Orchestra</a> on 30 March 1940, but was never commercially issued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200255_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200255-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Aida</i> met with great acclaim when it finally opened in Cairo on 24 December 1871. The costumes and accessories for the première were designed by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" title="Auguste Mariette">Auguste Mariette</a>, who also oversaw the design and construction of the sets, which were made in Paris by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Opéra</a>'s scene painters Auguste-Alfred Rubé and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chaperon" title="Philippe Chaperon">Philippe Chaperon</a> (acts 1 and 4) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Desplechin" title="Édouard Desplechin">Édouard Desplechin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lavastre" title="Jean-Baptiste Lavastre">Jean-Baptiste Lavastre</a> (acts 2 and 3), and shipped to Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Verdi did not attend the premiere in Cairo, he was most dissatisfied with the fact that the audience consisted of invited dignitaries, politicians and critics, but no members of the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He therefore considered the Italian (and European) première, held at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 8 February 1872, and a performance in which he was heavily involved at every stage, to be its <i>real</i> première. </p><p>Verdi had also written the role of Aida for the voice of <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stolz" title="Teresa Stolz">Teresa Stolz</a>, who sang it for the first time at the Milan première. Verdi had asked her fiancé, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Mariani_(conductor)" title="Angelo Mariani (conductor)">Angelo Mariani</a>, to conduct the Cairo première, but he declined, so <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bottesini" title="Giovanni Bottesini">Giovanni Bottesini</a> filled the gap. The Milan <a href="#Amneris">Amneris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Waldmann" title="Maria Waldmann">Maria Waldmann</a>, was his favourite in the role and she repeated it a number of times at his request.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Aida</i> was received with great enthusiasm at its Milan première. The opera was soon mounted at major opera houses throughout Italy, including the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Regio_(Parma)" title="Teatro Regio (Parma)">Teatro Regio di Parma</a> (20 April 1872), the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo" title="Teatro di San Carlo">Teatro di San Carlo</a> (30 March 1873), <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> (11 June 1873), the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Regio_(Turin)" title="Teatro Regio (Turin)">Teatro Regio di Torino</a> (26 December 1874), the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_di_Bologna" title="Teatro Comunale di Bologna">Teatro Comunale di Bologna</a> (30 September 1877, with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppina_Pasqua" title="Giuseppina Pasqua">Giuseppina Pasqua</a> as Amneris and Franco Novara as the King), and the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma">Teatro Costanzi</a> (8 October 1881, with <a href="/wiki/Theresia_Singer" title="Theresia Singer">Theresia Singer</a> as Aida and <a href="/wiki/Giulia_Novelli" title="Giulia Novelli">Giulia Novelli</a> as Amneris) among others.<sup id="cite_ref-amadeus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amadeus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_19th-century_performances">Other 19th-century performances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other 19th-century performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Verdi_conducting_Aida_in_Paris_1880_-_Gallica_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="4157" /></a><figcaption>Verdi conducting the 1880 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a> premiere</figcaption></figure> <p>Details of important national and other premières of <i>Aida</i> follow: </p> <ul><li>Argentina: 4 October 1873, at the original <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n" title="Teatro Colón">Teatro Colón</a>, Buenos Aires, located at Rivadavia and Reconquista, then replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Bank_of_the_Argentine_Nation" title="Headquarters of the Bank of the Argentine Nation">headquarters of the Bank of the Argentine Nation</a>.</li> <li>United States: 26 November 1873, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)" title="Academy of Music (New York City)">Academy of Music</a> in New York City, with Ostava Torriani in the title role, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Louise_Cary" title="Annie Louise Cary">Annie Louise Cary</a> as Amneris, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Campanini" title="Italo Campanini">Italo Campanini</a> as Radamès, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Maurel" title="Victor Maurel">Victor Maurel</a> as Amonasro, and Evasio Scolara as the King<sup id="cite_ref-McCants_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCants-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Germany: 20 April 1874, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Mallinger" title="Mathilde Mallinger">Mathilde Mallinger</a> as Aida, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Niemann_(tenor)" title="Albert Niemann (tenor)">Albert Niemann</a> as Radamès, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Betz" title="Franz Betz">Franz Betz</a> as Amonasro<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Austria: 29 April 1874, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Amalie_Materna" title="Amalie Materna">Amalie Materna</a> as Amneris</li> <li>Hungary: 10 April 1875, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Opera_House" title="Hungarian State Opera House">Hungarian State Opera House</a>, Budapest<sup id="cite_ref-amadeus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amadeus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>France: 22 April 1876, <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Théâtre-Lyrique Italien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salle_Ventadour" title="Salle Ventadour">Salle Ventadour</a>, Paris, with almost the same cast as the Milan premiere,<sup id="cite_ref-amadeus_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amadeus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_Reszke" title="Édouard de Reszke">Édouard de Reszke</a> making his debut as the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993628_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993628-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This performance was conducted by Verdi.</li> <li>United Kingdom: 22 June 1876, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, Covent Garden, with <a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a> as Aida, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Nicolini" title="Ernesto Nicolini">Ernesto Nicolini</a> as Radamès, and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Graziani_(baritone)" title="Francesco Graziani (baritone)">Francesco Graziani</a> as Amonasro<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001983_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001983-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Australia: 6 September 1877, Royal Theatre, Melbourne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvin1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2018)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvin1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2018)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Munich: 1877, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Schefsky" title="Josephine Schefsky">Josephine Schefsky</a> as Amneris<sup id="cite_ref-theatre_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stockholm: 16 February 1880, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera" title="Royal Swedish Opera">Royal Swedish Opera</a> in Swedish, with <a href="/wiki/Selma_Ek" title="Selma Ek">Selma Ek</a> in the title role<sup id="cite_ref-oper_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenberg1978col._1019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenberg1978col._1019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, Paris: 22 March 1880, sung in French, with <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Krauss" title="Gabrielle Krauss">Gabrielle Krauss</a> as Aida, <a href="/wiki/Rosine_Bloch" title="Rosine Bloch">Rosine Bloch</a> as Amnéris, Henri Sellier as Radamès, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Maurel" title="Victor Maurel">Victor Maurel</a> as Amonasro, Georges-François Menu as the King, and Auguste Boudouresque as Ramphis.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, New York: 12 November 1886, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Seidl" title="Anton Seidl">Anton Seidl</a>, with Therese Herbert-Förster (the wife of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Victor Herbert</a>) in the title role, Carl Zobel as Radamès, <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Brandt_(contralto)" title="Marianne Brandt (contralto)">Marianne Brandt</a> as Amneris, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Robinson" title="Adolf Robinson">Adolf Robinson</a> as Amonasro, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer_(bass)" title="Emil Fischer (bass)">Emil Fischer</a> as Ramfis, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Sieglitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Sieglitz (page does not exist)">Georg Sieglitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Sieglitz" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Sieglitz">de</a>]</span> as the King.<sup id="cite_ref-amadeus_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amadeus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rio de Janeiro: 30 June 1886, <a href="/wiki/Theatro_D._Pedro_II" title="Theatro D. Pedro II"><b>Theatro D</b>. <b>Pedro II</b></a>. During rehearsals, the performers of the Italian touring opera company had disagreements with the local conductor <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Miguez" title="Leopoldo Miguez">Leopoldo Miguez</a>, described as "inept". After the failure of two replacement conductors, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, at the time a 19-year-old cellist who was assistant chorus master, was persuaded to conduct the performance. He conducted the entire opera from memory with great success—the start of a great career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarozzi197736_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi197736-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_beyond">20th century and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_13773_AIDA_AT_MASADA_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Opera" title="Israeli Opera">Israeli Opera</a> production performed at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A complete concert version of the opera was given in New York City in 1949. Conducted by Toscanini with <a href="/wiki/Herva_Nelli" title="Herva Nelli">Herva Nelli</a> as Aida and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tucker_(tenor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Tucker (tenor)">Richard Tucker</a> as Radamès, it was televised on the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> television network. Due to the length of the opera, it was divided into two telecasts, preserved on <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescopes</a>, and later released on video by <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> and Testament. The audio portion of the broadcast, including some remakes in June 1954, was released on LP and CD by RCA Victor. Other notable performances from this period include a 1955 performance conducted by Tullio Serafin with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> as Aida and Richard Tucker as Radamès and a 1959 performance conducted by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a> as Aida and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bergonzi_(tenor)" title="Carlo Bergonzi (tenor)">Carlo Bergonzi</a> as Radamès.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> mounted a lavish new production of <i>Aida</i> designed by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> for the opening night of its 2006/2007 season. The production starred <a href="/wiki/Violeta_Urmana" title="Violeta Urmana">Violeta Urmana</a> in the title role and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alagna" title="Roberto Alagna">Roberto Alagna</a> as Radamès. Alagna subsequently made the headlines when he was booed for his rendition of "Celeste Aida" during the second performance, walked off the stage, and was dismissed from the remainder of the run. The production continued to cause controversy in 2014 when Zeffirelli protested La Scala's rental of the production to the <a href="/wiki/Astana_Opera" title="Astana Opera">Astana Opera House</a> in Kazakhstan without his permission. According to Zeffirelli, the move had doomed his production to an "infamous and brutal" fate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aida</i> continues to be a staple of the standard operatic repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is frequently performed in the <a href="/wiki/Verona_Arena" title="Verona Arena">Verona Arena</a>, and is a staple of its renowned <a href="/wiki/Arena_di_Verona_Festival" title="Arena di Verona Festival">opera festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verona_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verona-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premier cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> </th> <th>Premiere cast,<br />24 December 1871<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984160_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984160-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Cairo<br /><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bottesini" title="Giovanni Bottesini">Giovanni Bottesini</a> </th> <th>European premiere<br />8 February 1872<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />La Scala, Milan<br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Faccio" title="Franco Faccio">Franco Faccio</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aida, <i>an Ethiopian princess</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td>Antonietta Anastasi-Pozzoni </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stolz" title="Teresa Stolz">Teresa Stolz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The King of Egypt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td>Tommaso Costa </td> <td>Paride Pavoleri </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Amneris"></span>Amneris, <i>daughter of the Pharaoh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td>Eleonora Grossi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Waldmann" title="Maria Waldmann">Maria Waldmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radamès, <i>Captain of the Guard</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td>Pietro Mongini </td> <td>Giuseppe Fancelli </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amonasro, <i>King of Ethiopia</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td>Francesco Steller </td> <td>Francesco Pandolfini </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramfis, <i>High Priest</i> </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Paolo Medini </td> <td>Ormоndo Maini </td></tr> <tr> <td>A messenger </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Luigi Stecchi-Bottardi </td> <td>Luigi Vistarini </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voice of the High Priestess<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>soprano </td> <td>Marietta Allievi </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>Priests, priestesses, ministers, captains, soldiers, officials, Ethiopians, slaves and prisoners, Egyptians, animals and chorus</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (3rd also <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>), 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="English horn">English horn</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horns</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimbasso" title="Cimbasso">cimbasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a>; on-stage <a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">banda</a>: 6 Egyptian trumpets ("Aida trumpets"), military band, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg/300px-Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg/450px-Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg/600px-Aida_poster_colors_fixed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4780" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Poster for a 1908 production in Cleveland, showing the triumphal scene in act 2, scene 2</figcaption></figure> <p>The libretto does not specify a precise time period, so it is difficult to place the opera more specifically than the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-met_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first production, Mariette went to great efforts to make the sets and costumes authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisgall1999_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisgall1999-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the consistent artistic styles throughout the 3000-year history of ancient Egypt, a given production does not particularly need to choose a specific time period within the larger frame of ancient Egyptian history.<sup id="cite_ref-met_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Backstory</b>: The Egyptians have captured and enslaved Aida, an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> princess. An Egyptian military commander, Radamès, struggles to choose between his love for her and his loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">King of Egypt</a>. To complicate the story further, the King's daughter Amneris is in love with Radamès, although he does not return her feelings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: A hall in the King's palace; through the rear gate the pyramids and temples of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> are visible</i> </p><p>Ramfis, the high priest of Egypt, tells Radamès, the young warrior, that war with the Ethiopians seems inevitable, and Radamès hopes that he will be chosen as the Egyptian commander (Ramfis, Radamès: "Sì, corre voce l'Etiope ardisca" / Yes, it is rumored that Ethiopia dares once again to threaten our power). </p><p>Radamès dreams both of gaining victory on the battlefield and of Aida, an Ethiopian slave, with whom he is secretly in love (Radamès: "<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Aida" title="Celeste Aida">Se quel guerrier io fossi! ... Celeste Aida</a>" / Heavenly Aida). Aida, who is also secretly in love with Radamès, is the captured daughter of the Ethiopian King Amonasro, but her Egyptian captors are unaware of her true identity. Her father has invaded Egypt to deliver her from servitude. </p><p>Amneris, the daughter of the Egyptian King, enters the hall. She too loves Radamès, but fears that his heart belongs to someone else (Radamès, Amneris: "Quale insolita gioia nel tuo sguardo" / In your looks I trace an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unwonted" class="extiw" title="wikt:unwonted">unwonted</a> joy). </p><p>Aida appears and, when Radamès sees her, Amneris notices that he looks disturbed. She suspects that Aida could be her rival, but is able to hide her jealousy and approach Aida (Amneris, Aida, Radamès: "Vieni, o diletta, appressati" / Come, O delight, come closer). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg/300px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg/450px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg/600px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act1_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica_-_Restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2636" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Set design by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chaperon" title="Philippe Chaperon">Philippe Chaperon</a> for act 1, scene 2 at the Cairo première</figcaption></figure> <p>The King enters, along with the High Priest, Ramfis, and the whole palace court. A messenger announces that the Ethiopians, led by King Amonasro, are marching towards <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. The King declares war and proclaims that Radamès is the man chosen by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> to be the leader of the army (The King, Messenger, Radamès, Aida, Amneris, Ramfis, chorus: "Alta cagion v'aduna .. Guerra, guerra, guerra!" / Oh fate o'er Egypt looming .. War, war, war!). Upon receiving this mandate from the King, Radamès proceeds to the temple of Vulcan to take up the sacred arms (The King, Radamès, Aida, Amneris, chorus: "Su! del Nilo al sacro lido" .. (reprise) "Guerra, guerra, guerra!" / On! Of Nilus' sacred river, guard the shores .. (reprise) War, war, war!). </p><p>Alone in the hall, Aida feels torn between her love for her father, her country, and Radamès (Aida: "Ritorna vincitor!" / Return a conqueror!). </p><p><i>Scene 2: Inside the Temple of Ptah</i> </p><p>Solemn ceremonies and dances by the priestesses take place (High Priestess, chorus, Radamès: "Possente Ftha ... Tu che dal nulla" / O mighty <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>). This is followed by the installation of Radamès to the office of commander-in-chief (High Priestess, chorus, Ramfis, Radamès: "Immenso Ftha .. Mortal, diletto ai Numi" / O mighty one, guard and protect!). All present in the temple pray fervently for the victory of Egypt and protection for their warriors ("Nume, custode e vindice"/ Hear us, O guardian deity). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: The chamber of Amneris</i> </p><p>Dances and music to celebrate Radamès' victory take place (Chorus, Amneris: "Chi mai fra gli inni e i plausi" / Our songs his glory praising). However, Amneris is still in doubt about Radamès' love and wonders whether Aida is in love with him. She tries to forget her doubt, entertaining her worried heart with the dance of <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> slaves (Chorus, Amneris: "Vieni: sul crin ti piovano" / Come bind your flowing tresses). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg/300px-Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg/450px-Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg/600px-Set_design_by_Edouard_Despl%C3%A9chin_for_Act2_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1871_Cairo_-_Gallica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7663" data-file-height="5996" /></a><figcaption>Act 2, scene 2, set design for the Cairo premiere by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Desplechin" title="Édouard Desplechin">Édouard Desplechin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Aida enters the chamber, Amneris asks everyone to leave. By falsely telling Aida that Radamès has died in the battle, she tricks her into professing her love for him. In grief, and shocked by the news, Aida confesses that her heart belongs to Radamès eternally (Amneris, Aida: "Fu la sorte dell'armi a' tuoi funesta" / The battle's outcome was cruel for your people). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Triumphal_March_from_Aida.ogg" title="File:Triumphal March from Aida.ogg">Grand March from act 2, scene 2</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="308" data-mwtitle="Triumphal_March_from_Aida.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Triumphal_March_from_Aida.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Triumphal_March_from_Aida.ogg/Triumphal_March_from_Aida.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recorded in 2002 by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Band">U.S. Marine Band</a> (5:08) (The ballet music (≈ 5 mins) has been cut out, and the ending has been extended with the act 2 finale.)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>This confession fires Amneris with rage, and she plans on taking revenge on Aida. Ignoring Aida's pleadings (Amneris, Aida, chorus: "Su! del Nilo al sacro lido" / Up! at the sacred shores of the Nile), Amneris leaves her alone in the chamber. </p><p><i>Scene 2: The grand gate of the city of Thebes</i> </p><p>Radamès returns victorious and the troops <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_march" title="Triumphal march">march</a> into the city (Chorus, Ramfis: "Gloria all'Egitto, ad Iside" / Glory to Egypt, [and] to Isis!). </p><p>The Egyptian king decrees that on this day the triumphant Radamès may have anything he wishes. The Ethiopian captives are led onstage in chains, Amonasro among them. Aida immediately rushes to her father, who whispers to her to conceal his true identity as King of Ethiopia from the Egyptians. Amonasro deceptively proclaims to the Egyptians that the Ethiopian king (referring to himself) has been slain in battle. Aida, Amonasro, and the captured Ethiopians plead with the Egyptian King for mercy, but Ramfis and the Egyptian priests call for their death (Aida, Amneris, Radamès, The King, Amonasro, chorus: "Che veggo! .. Egli? .. Mio padre! .. Anch'io pugnai .. Struggi, o Re, queste ciurme feroci" / What do I see?.. Is it he? My father? .. Destroy, O King, these ferocious creatures). </p><p>Claiming the reward promised by the King of Egypt, Radamès pleads with him to spare the lives of the prisoners and to set them free. The King grants Radamès' wish, and declares that he (Radamès) will be his (the King's) successor and will marry the King's daughter (Amneris). (Aida, Amneris, Radamès, Ramfis, The King, Amonasro, chorus: "O Re: pei sacri Numi! .. Gloria all'Egitto" / O King, by the sacred gods ... Glory to Egypt!). At Ramfis' suggestion to the King, Aida and Amonasro remain as hostages to ensure that the Ethiopians do not avenge their defeat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg" title="File:Marie Rappold performing O Patria Mia from Aida.ogg">"O patria mia"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="262" data-mwtitle="Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg/Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Sung by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Rappold" title="Marie Rappold">Marie Rappold</a>, 1916</div></div></div></div> </div> <p><i>On the banks of the Nile, near the Temple of Isis</i> </p><p>Prayers are said (Chorus, High Priestess, Ramfis, Amneris: "O tu che sei d'Osiride" / O thou who to Osiris art) on the eve of Amneris and Radamès' wedding in the Temple of Isis. Outside, Aida waits to meet with Radamès as they had planned (Aida: "Qui Radamès verra .. O patria mia" / Oh, my dear country!). </p><p>Amonasro appears and orders Aida to find out the location of the Egyptian army from Radamès. Aida, torn between her love for Radamès and her loyalty to her native land and to her father, reluctantly agrees. (Aida, Amonasro: "Ciel, mio padre! .. Rivedrai le foreste imbalsamate" / Once again shalt thou gaze). When Radamès arrives, Amonasro hides behind a rock and listens to their conversation. </p><p>Radamès affirms that he will marry Aida ("Pur ti riveggo, mia dolce Aida .. Nel fiero anelito"; "Fuggiam gli ardori inospiti .. Là, tra foreste vergini" / I see you again, my sweet Aida!), and Aida convinces him to flee to the desert with her. </p><p>To facilitate their escape, Radamès suggests using a secure route free from the risk of discovery and discloses the location his army plans to attack. Upon hearing this, Amonasro emerges from hiding and reveals his true identity. Radamès, horrified, realizes he has inadvertently divulged a critical military secret to the enemy. Meanwhile, Amneris and Ramfis leave the temple, spot Radamès in conference with the enemy, and summon the imperial guards. Amonasro, armed with a dagger, intends to kill Amneris and Ramfis before they can alert the guards, but Radamès disarms him. He swiftly instructs Amonasro to flee with Aida and surrenders himself to the guards, who arrest him as a traitor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_4">Act 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Act 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo,_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_(1872)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo%2C_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_%281872%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg/300px-Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo%2C_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_%281872%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo%2C_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_%281872%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg/450px-Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo%2C_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_%281872%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo%2C_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_%281872%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg/600px-Tempio_di_Vulcano_e_sotterraneo%2C_bozzetto_di_Girolamo_Magnani_per_Aida_%281872%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON000142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4369" data-file-height="3523" /></a><figcaption>Set design for act 4 scene 2 (1872)</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 244px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 242px; height: 215px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -22px; left: -22px; width: 286px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Philippe Chaperon's act 4, scene 2 set design for the 1880 Palais Garnier performance in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg/286px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg/429px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg/572px-Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4472" data-file-height="4048" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_design_by_Philippe_Chaperon_for_Act4_sc2_of_Aida_by_Verdi_1880_Paris.jpg" title="File:Set design by Philippe Chaperon for Act4 sc2 of Aida by Verdi 1880 Paris.jpg"> </a></div>Philippe Chaperon's act 4, scene 2 set design for the 1880 <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> performance in Paris </div> </div> </div> <p><i>Scene 1: A hall in the Temple of Justice. To one side is the door leading to Radamès' prison cell</i> </p><p>Amneris desires to save Radamès ("L'aborrita rivale a me sfuggia" / My hated rival has escaped me). She calls for the guard to bring him to her. </p><p>She asks Radamès to deny the accusations, but Radamès, who does not wish to live without Aida, refuses. He is relieved to know Aida is still alive and hopes she has reached her own country (Amneris, Radamès: "Già i Sacerdoti adunansi" / Already the priests are assembling). </p><p>Offstage, Ramfis recites the charges against Radamès and calls on him to defend himself, but he stands mute, and is condemned to death as a traitor. Amneris, who remains onstage, protests that Radamès is innocent, and pleads with the priests to show mercy. The priests sentence him to be buried alive; Amneris weeps and curses the priests as he is taken away (Judgment scene, Amneris, Ramfis, and chorus: "Ahimè! .. morir mi sento .. Radamès, è deciso il tuo fato" / Alas .. I feel death .. Radamès, your fate is decided). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicola_Zerola,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_La_fatal_pietra_(Aida).ogg" title="File:Nicola Zerola, Giuseppe Verdi, La fatal pietra (Aida).ogg">"La fatal pietra"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="212" data-mwtitle="Nicola_Zerola,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_La_fatal_pietra_(Aida).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Nicola_Zerola%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_La_fatal_pietra_%28Aida%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Nicola_Zerola%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_La_fatal_pietra_%28Aida%29.ogg/Nicola_Zerola%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_La_fatal_pietra_%28Aida%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Opening and close of act 4, scene 2, "La fatal pietra" and "Morir! Sì pura e bella", with some cuts in the middle, sung by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Zerola" title="Nicola Zerola">Nicola Zerola</a> in 1909</div></div></div></div> </div></div></div> <p><i>Scene 2: The lower portion of the stage shows the vault in the Temple of Ptah; the upper portion represents the temple itself</i> </p><p>Radamès has been taken into the lower floor of the temple and sealed up in a dark vault, where he thinks that he is alone. As he hopes that Aida is in a safer place, he hears a sigh and then sees Aida. She has hidden herself in the vault in order to die with Radamès (Radamès: "La fatal pietra sovra me si chiuse" / The fatal stone now closes over me). They accept their terrible fate (Radamès: "Morir! Sì pura e bella" / To die! So pure and lovely!) and bid farewell to Earth and its sorrows (duet "Invan! Tutto è finito ... O terra addio").<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the vault in the temple of Ptah, Amneris weeps and prays to the goddess Isis. In the vault below, Aida dies in Radamès' arms as the priests, offstage, pray to the god Ptah. (Chorus, Aida, Radamès, Amneris: "Immenso Ftha" / Almighty Ptah). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1952 <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical <i><a href="/wiki/My_Darlin%27_Aida" title="My Darlin' Aida">My Darlin' Aida</a></i>, set on a plantation in Tennessee in the first year of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, is based on the opera and uses Verdi's music.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opera has been adapted for motion pictures on several occasions, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Aida_(1953_film)" title="Aida (1953 film)">a 1953 production</a> which starred <a href="/wiki/Lois_Maxwell" title="Lois Maxwell">Lois Maxwell</a> as Amneris and <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> as Aida, and a <a href="/wiki/Aida_(1987_film)" title="Aida (1987 film)">1987 Swedish production</a>. In both cases, the lead actors <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip-synched</a> to recordings by actual opera singers. In the case of the 1953 film, <a href="/wiki/Ebe_Stignani" title="Ebe Stignani">Ebe Stignani</a> sang as Amneris, while <a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a> sang as Aida. </p><p>The opera's story, but not its music, was used as the basis for a 1998 <a href="/wiki/Aida_(musical)" title="Aida (musical)">musical of the same name</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rice" title="Tim Rice">Tim Rice</a>. </p><p>The opera has been portrayed in the 2001 Italian animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Aida_of_the_Trees" title="Aida of the Trees">Aida of the Trees</a></i> (<i>Aida degli alberi</i>). The characters are seen as anthropomorphic creatures between the fictional kingdoms of Alborea and Petra as the star-crossed lovers must find a way to unify their worlds while facing off against the evil high priest Ramfis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aida_discography" title="Aida discography"><i>Aida</i> discography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metopera.org/globalassets/discover/education/educator-guides/aida/aida.12-13.guide.pdf">"What to Expect from Aida"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>metopera.org</i>. Met Opera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.metopera.org/globalassets/discover/education/educator-guides/aida/aida.12-13.guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metopera.org&rft.atitle=What+to+Expect+from+Aida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metopera.org%2Fglobalassets%2Fdiscover%2Feducation%2Feducator-guides%2Faida%2Faida.12-13.guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993570–573-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993570–573_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, pp. 570–573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene1985622_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene1985">Greene 1985</a>, p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadieMacy20069_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadieMacy2006">Sadie & Macy 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1977" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathbetweenseas00davi"><i>The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870-1914</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathbetweenseas00davi/page/54/mode/2up?q=aida">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-6213-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-6213-1"><bdi>0-7432-6213-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+Between+the+Seas%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Panama+Canal+1870-1914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7432-6213-1&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathbetweenseas00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToscanini2002366-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToscanini2002366_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToscanini2002">Toscanini 2002</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200255-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200255_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank2002">Frank 2002</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auguste Mariette to Paul Draneht (General Manager of the Cairo Opera House), Paris, 28 September 1871. (Translated and annotated), <a href="#CITEREFBusch1978">Busch 1978</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cairo Opera House could only hold 850 spectators (<a href="#CITEREFPittHassan1992">Pitt & Hassan 1992</a>, p. 682).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322202127/http://questia-online-library.com/">"Verdi's <i>Falstaff</i> in Letters and Contemporary Reviews"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia-online-library.com/read/98196653?title=Notes">the original</a> on 2020-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verdi%27s+Falstaff+in+Letters+and+Contemporary+Reviews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia-online-library.com%2Fread%2F98196653%3Ftitle%3DNotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amadeus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amadeus_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amadeus_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amadeus_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amadeus_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Aida&Parola=Stringa"> "Aida performance history"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCants-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCants_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCants2005" class="citation book cs1">McCants, Clyde (2005). <i>Verdi's Aida: A Record of the Life of the Opera On and Off the Stage</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786423286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786423286"><bdi>978-0786423286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%27s+Aida%3A+A+Record+of+the+Life+of+the+Opera+On+and+Off+the+Stage&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0786423286&rft.aulast=McCants&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusch1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusch1978">Busch 1978</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993628-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Matz1993628_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001983-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001983_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimbell2001">Kimbell 2001</a>, p. 983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvin1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2018)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvin1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2018]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2018)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrvin1985">Irvin 1985</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theatre-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theatre_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227081833/http://www.theaterspielen.ch/Besetzungsliste%20Ur76.pdf">"Biography of Josephine Schefsky at theaterspielen.ch (in German)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaterspielen.ch/Besetzungsliste%20Ur76.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Josephine+Schefsky+at+theaterspielen.ch+%28in+German%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaterspielen.ch%2FBesetzungsliste%2520Ur76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oper-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oper_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosting.triboni.com/triboni/exec?method=com.operissimo.artist.webDisplay&id=ffcyoieagxaaaaabbhrc&xsl=webDisplay&searchStr=Selma">Ek Biography at operissimo.com (in German)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111143450/http://hosting.triboni.com/triboni/exec?method=com.operissimo.artist.webDisplay&id=ffcyoieagxaaaaabbhrc&xsl=webDisplay&searchStr=Selma">Archived</a> 2012-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenberg1978col._1019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenberg1978col._1019_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewenberg1978">Loewenberg 1978</a>, col. 1019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1962">Wolff 1962</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, pp. 652–653</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi197736-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarozzi197736_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarozzi1977">Tarozzi 1977</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pittsburghopera.org/files/file/Study%20Guide%20for%20Aida%202013.pdf">"Interesting bits about <i>Aida</i>"</a> by Jill Leahy, via <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Opera" title="Pittsburgh Opera">Pittsburgh Opera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Liat (4 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/My-Word-Conquering-Masada">"Conquering Masada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/807743126">807743126</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65964014">65964014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Christiansen" title="Rupert Christiansen">Christiansen, Rupert</a> (9 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1536440/Zeffirellis-triumphant-Aida-at-La-Scala.html">"Zeffirelli's triumphant <i>Aida</i> at La Scala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6169177.stm">"Booed tenor quits La Scala's <i>Aida</i>"</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day, Michael (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/news/franco-zeffirelli-takes-on-la-scala-legendary-opera-director-in-battle-with-theatre-over-sale-of-one-9826810.html">"Franco Zeffirelli takes on La Scala: Legendary opera director in battle with theatre over sale of one of his 'greatest' productions to Kazakhstan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Operabase" title="Operabase">Operabase</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en#opera">Performances during the 2008/09 to 2012/13 seasons</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verona-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verona_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veronaeconomia.it/2018/08/23/leggi-notizia/argomenti/economia-veronese/articolo/aida-alla-recita-14-per-lopera-festival-2018-giovedi-23-agosto-2018-ore-2045.html">"Aida alla recita 14 per l'opera Festival 2018"</a> (in Italian). Economic Veronese. 23 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aida+alla+recita+14+per+l%27opera+Festival+2018&rft.pub=Economic+Veronese&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veronaeconomia.it%2F2018%2F08%2F23%2Fleggi-notizia%2Fargomenti%2Feconomia-veronese%2Farticolo%2Faida-alla-recita-14-per-lopera-festival-2018-giovedi-23-agosto-2018-ore-2045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984160-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984160_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=08&Mese=02&Anno=1872&Testo=Aida&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>Aida</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>8 February 1872"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The High Priestess's name was <i>Termuthis</i> in early documentation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utahopera.org/explore/2016/03/the-music-of-aida/">The music of <i>Aida</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Opera" title="Utah Opera">Utah Opera</a>, 7 March 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030503145932/http://archive.operainfo.org/broadcast/operaBackground.cgi?id=33&language=1">"Aida and Ancient Egyptian History on the Met Opera website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.operainfo.org/broadcast/operaBackground.cgi?id=33&language=1">the original</a> on 2003-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aida+and+Ancient+Egyptian+History+on+the+Met+Opera+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.operainfo.org%2Fbroadcast%2FoperaBackground.cgi%3Fid%3D33%26language%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisgall1999-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisgall1999_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeisgall1999">Weisgall 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original draft included a speech by Aida (excised from the final version) that explained her presence beneath the Temple: "My heart knew your sentence. For three days I have waited here." The line most familiar to audiences translates as: "My heart forewarned me of your condemnation. In this tomb that was opened for you I entered secretly. Here, away from human sight, in your arms I wish to die."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/2348"><i>My Darlin' Aida</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudden1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, Julian</a> (1984). <i>The Operas of Verdi, Volume 3: From Don Carlos to Falstaff</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-30740-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-30740-8"><bdi>0-304-30740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operas+of+Verdi%2C+Volume+3%3A+From+Don+Carlos+to+Falstaff&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-304-30740-8&rft.aulast=Budden&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch1978" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Hans (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verdisaidahistor0000unse"><i>Verdi's Aida. The History of an Opera in Letters and Documents</i></a></span>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0798-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-0798-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%27s+Aida.+The+History+of+an+Opera+in+Letters+and+Documents&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0798-3&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fverdisaidahistor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span> (hardcover); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5715-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5715-5">978-0-8166-5715-5</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Morton H. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arturotoscanini00mort"><i>Arturo Toscanini: The NBC Years</i></a></span>. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57467-069-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57467-069-7"><bdi>1-57467-069-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arturo+Toscanini%3A+The+NBC+Years&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57467-069-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Morton+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farturotoscanini00mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1985" class="citation book cs1">Greene, David Mason (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3S7PIxe0mwC"><i>Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers</i></a>. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-14278-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-14278-1"><bdi>0-385-14278-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greene%27s+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Composers&rft.pub=Reproducing+Piano+Roll+Fnd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-385-14278-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=David+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3S7PIxe0mwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin1985" class="citation book cs1">Irvin, Eric (1985). <i>Dictionary of the Australian Theatre, 1788–1914</i>. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86806-127-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86806-127-1"><bdi>0-86806-127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Australian+Theatre%2C+1788%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Hale+%26+Iremonger&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86806-127-1&rft.aulast=Irvin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Kimbell, David (2001). <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (ed.). <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>. New York: Penguin Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4"><bdi>0-14-029312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Putnam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-029312-4&rft.aulast=Kimbell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Loewenberg, Alfred (1978). <i>Annals of Opera 1597–1940</i> (3rd, revised ed.). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-851-5"><bdi>978-0-87471-851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Opera+1597%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Totowa%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=3rd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87471-851-5&rft.aulast=Loewenberg&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane</a> (1993). <i>Verdi: A Biography</i>. London & New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4"><bdi>0-19-313204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-313204-4&rft.aulast=Phillips-Matz&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittHassan1992" class="citation book cs1">Pitt, Charles; Hassan, Tarek H. A. (1992). "Cairo". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cairo&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Tarek+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadieMacy2006" class="citation book cs1">Sadie, Stanley; Macy, Laura, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mt8XBGub1WsC"><i>The Grove Book of Operas</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538711-7"><bdi>978-0-19-538711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Book+of+Operas&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538711-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmt8XBGub1WsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarozzi1977" class="citation book cs1">Tarozzi, Giuseppe (1977). <i>Non muore la musica – La vita e l'opera di Arturo Toscanini</i>. Sugarco Edizioni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non+muore+la+musica+%E2%80%93+La+vita+e+l%27opera+di+Arturo+Toscanini&rft.pub=Sugarco+Edizioni&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Tarozzi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToscanini2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Toscanini, Arturo</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sachs" title="Harvey Sachs">Harvey Sachs</a> (ed.). <i>The Letters of Arturo Toscanini</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375404054" title="Special:BookSources/9780375404054"><bdi>9780375404054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Arturo+Toscanini&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375404054&rft.aulast=Toscanini&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisgall1999" class="citation news cs1">Weisgall, Deborah (14 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/14/movies/art-architecture-looking-at-ancient-egypt-seeing-modern-america.html">"Looking at Ancient Egypt, Seeing Modern America"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Looking+at+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Seeing+Modern+America&rft.date=1999-11-14&rft.aulast=Weisgall&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F14%2Fmovies%2Fart-architecture-looking-at-ancient-egypt-seeing-modern-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1962" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Stéphane (1962). <i>L'Opéra au Palais Garnier (1875–1962)</i>. Paris: L'Entr'acte. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7068320">7068320</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460748195">460748195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Op%C3%A9ra+au+Palais+Garnier+%281875%E2%80%931962%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Entr%27acte&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span> Paris: Slatkine (1983 reprint) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-05-000214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-05-000214-2">978-2-05-000214-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998). <i>Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4">0-226-14369-4</a> (hardback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8">0-226-14370-8</a> (paperback)</li> <li>Forment, Bruno (2015). "Staging Verdi in the Provinces: The <i>Aida</i> Scenery of Albert Dubosq", in <i>Staging Verdi and Wagner</i>, ed. Naomi Matsumoto (pp. 263–286). Turnhout: Brepols.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gossett" title="Philip Gossett">Gossett, Philip</a> (2006). <i>Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5">0-226-30482-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e176">"<i>Aida</i>"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Music Online">The Oxford Dictionary of Music</a></i>, (ed.) <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Michael Kennedy</a>. 2nd ed. rev., (Accessed 19 September 2010) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>Martin, George Whitney (1963).<i> Verdi: His Music, Life and Times.</i> New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7">0-396-08196-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Melitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Melitz (page does not exist)">Melitz, Leo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Melitz" class="extiw" title="de:Leo Melitz">de</a>]</span>, translated by Richard Salinger (1921). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operagoerscomple00meli/">The Opera Goer's Complete Guide</a></i>, pp. 7–9. Dodd, Mead and Company. (Source of synopsis with updating to its language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (1969). <i>The Complete Operas of Verdi</i>, New York: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1">0-306-80072-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (1998). "<i>Aida</i>", in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, vol. 1. London: Macmillan, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a></li> <li>Parker, Roger (2007). <i>The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas</i>, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7">978-0-19-531314-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone" title="Danièle Pistone">Pistone, Danièle</a> (1995). <i>Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini</i>, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9">0-931340-82-9</a></li> <li>Rous, Samual Holland (1924). <i>The Victrola Book of the Opera: Stories of One Hundred and Twenty Operas with Seven-Hundred Illustrations and Descriptions of Twelve-Hundred Victor Opera Records</i>. Victor Talking Machine Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Simon, Henry W. (1946). <i>A Treasury of Grand Opera</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treasury+of+Grand+Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Toye" title="Francis Toye">Toye, Francis</a> (1931). <i>Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works</i>, New York: Knopf.</li> <li>Walker, Frank (1982). <i>The Man Verdi.</i> New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0">0-226-87132-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (2009). "<i>Aida</i>". <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i>. Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8117-3"><bdi>978-1-4058-8117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aida&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8117-3&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John</a> and West, Ewan (1992). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i> New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Werfel, Franz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Stefan, Paul</a> (1973). <i>Verdi: The Man and His Letters</i>, New York, Vienna House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8">0-8443-0088-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aida_(opera)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aida (opera)">Aida (opera)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aida" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Aida"><i>Aida</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Aida_(Verdi,_Giuseppe)" class="extiw" title="scores:Aida (Verdi, Giuseppe)"><i>Aida</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adaoperainfourac00verd">Aïda : an opera in four acts</a>, 1900 publication, English, digitized by <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a> on archive.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opera-guide.ch/en/operas/aida/">Opera Guide</a>, Synopsis – libretto – highlights</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxos.com/education/opera_libretti.asp?char=all&composer=verdi&opera=aida&libretto_file=00_Synopsis.htm">"Synopsis, libretto"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128211006/https://www.naxos.com/education/opera_libretti.asp?char=ALL&composer=Verdi&opera=Aida&libretto_file=00_Synopsis.htm">Archived</a> 2021-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos Records</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602203404/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/opere/libretti/aida/index.html">Complete libretto of the opera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhr1116/">Piano reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_and_Gayle_Cook_Music_Library" title="William and Gayle Cook Music Library">William and Gayle Cook Music Library</a>, Indiana University School of Music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?opera=Aida&a">Aria Database list of arias</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVEAIDA.HTM">Further <i>Aida</i> discography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/henderson-aida-by-antonio-ghislanzoni-music-by-giuseppe-verdi">Libretto in Italian and English</a>, Online Library of Liberty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opera-inside.com/aida-by-giuseppe-verdi/">Synopsis, commentary, music analysis, anecdotes</a>, opera-inside.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template talk:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giuseppe_Verdi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_(opera)" title="Oberto (opera)">Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio</a></i> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_giorno_di_regno" title="Un giorno di regno">Un giorno di regno</a></i> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi_alla_prima_crociata" title="I Lombardi alla prima crociata">I Lombardi alla prima crociata</a></i> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_due_Foscari" title="I due Foscari">I due Foscari</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco">Giovanna d'Arco</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera)">Alzira</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Attila_(opera)" title="Attila (opera)">Attila</a></i> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> (1847/65) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_corsaro" title="Il corsaro">Il corsaro</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stiffelio" title="Stiffelio">Stiffelio</a></i> (1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (1851) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Les vêpres siciliennes">Les vêpres siciliennes</a></i> (June 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_vespri_siciliani" title="I vespri siciliani">I vespri siciliani</a></i> (December 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></i> (1857/81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aroldo" title="Aroldo">Aroldo</a></i> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> (1859) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></i> (1862/69) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> (1867/84) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aida</a></i> (1871) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> (1887) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> (1893)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Anvil_Chorus" title="Anvil Chorus">Anvil Chorus</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bella_figlia_dell%27amore" title="Bella figlia dell'amore">Bella figlia dell'amore</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Aida" title="Celeste Aida">Celeste Aida</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Di_quella_pira" title="Di quella pira">Di quella pira</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile" title="La donna è mobile">La donna è mobile</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Libiamo_ne%27_lieti_calici" title="Libiamo ne' lieti calici">Libiamo ne' lieti calici</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Un_d%C3%AC,_felice,_eterea" title="Un dì, felice, eterea">Un dì, felice, eterea</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Va,_pensiero" title="Va, pensiero">Va, pensiero</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">Opera discographies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_discography" title="Aida discography"><i>Aida</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_discography" title="Don Carlos discography"><i>Don Carlos</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_discography" title="Falstaff discography"><i>Falstaff</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino_discography" title="La forza del destino discography"><i>La forza del destino</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography"><i>Macbeth</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_discography" title="Otello discography"><i>Otello</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto_discography" title="Rigoletto discography"><i>Rigoletto</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore_discography" title="Il trovatore discography"><i>Il trovatore</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_traviata_discography" title="La traviata discography"><i>La traviata</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera_discography" title="Un ballo in maschera discography"><i>Un ballo in maschera</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Suona_la_tromba" title="Suona la tromba">Suona la tromba</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Inno_delle_nazioni" title="Inno delle nazioni">Inno delle nazioni</a></i> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Verdi)" title="String Quartet (Verdi)">String Quartet in E minor</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Messa da Requiem</a> (1874) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Requiem_discography" title="Verdi Requiem discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Quattro_pezzi_sacri" title="Quattro pezzi sacri">Quattro pezzi sacri</a></i> (1889–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi">Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Theatres named after Verdi (<a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Brindisi)" title="Teatro Verdi (Brindisi)">Brindisi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Giuseppe Verdi">Busseto</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Florence)" title="Teatro Verdi (Florence)">Florence</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Lirico_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi">Trieste</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Conservatory" title="Milan Conservatory">Milan Conservatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_Monument" title="Giuseppe Verdi Monument">Giuseppe Verdi Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Sinfonica_di_Milano_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi">Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_(crater)" title="Verdi (crater)">Verdi (crater)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Inlet" title="Verdi Inlet">Verdi Inlet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Range" title="Verdi Range">Verdi Range</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3975_Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="3975 Verdi">3975 Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_California" title="Verdi, California">Verdi, California</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Kansas" title="Verdi, Kansas">Verdi, Kansas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Nevada" title="Verdi, Nevada">Verdi, Nevada</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi">Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_(film)" title="Giuseppe Verdi (film)">Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1938 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_the_King_of_Melody" title="Verdi, the King of Melody">Verdi, the King of Melody</a></i> (1953 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Verdi_(miniseries)" title="The Life of Verdi (miniseries)">The Life of Verdi</a></i> (1982 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/After_Aida" title="After Aida">After Aida</a></i> (1985 play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento!" title="Risorgimento!">Risorgimento!</a></i> (2011 opera)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1906_film)" title="Otello (1906 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1953_film)" title="Aida (1953 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_Traviata_(1983_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Traviata (1983 film)"><i>La Traviata</i></a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1986_film)" title="Otello (1986 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1987_film)" title="Macbeth (1987 film)"><i>Macbeth</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1987_film)" title="Aida (1987 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Rigoletto_Story" title="Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story"><i>Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story</i></a> (2005)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Riposo_per_Musicisti" title="Casa di Riposo per Musicisti">Casa di Riposo per Musicisti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Transcriptions_(Finnissy)" title="Verdi Transcriptions (Finnissy)"><i>Verdi Transcriptions</i> (Finnissy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Verdi" title="Villa Verdi">Villa Verdi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Category:Giuseppe Verdi">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giuseppe_Verdi&#039;s_Aida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aida" title="Template:Aida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aida" title="Template talk:Aida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giuseppe_Verdi&#039;s_Aida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aida</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1953_film)" title="Aida (1953 film)">Aida</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1987_film)" title="Aida (1987 film)">Aida</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aida_of_the_Trees" title="Aida of the Trees">Aida of the Trees</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Aida" title="Celeste Aida">Celeste Aida</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aida_(musical)" title="Aida (musical)">Aida</a></i> (musical) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_and_Tim_Rice%27s_Aida" title="Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida">Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Written_in_the_Stars_(Elton_John_and_LeAnn_Rimes_song)" title="Written in the Stars (Elton John and LeAnn Rimes song)">Written in the Stars</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aida_discography" title="Aida discography"><i>Aida</i> discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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