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<span>Brussels Conference and slavery in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brussels_Conference_and_slavery_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Slavery in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/220px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/330px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/440px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Abolition of slavery in the various states of the US over time:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#84c6c9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7be3de; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> The Northwest Ordinance, 1787</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64e5c5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799, completed 1827) and New Jersey (starting 1804, completed by Thirteenth Amendment, 1865)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7ab377; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> The Missouri Compromise, 1821</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5f9b4a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97cf2d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c7dd47; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe86d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, 1 Jan 1863</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f1c84e; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d39c59; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7b360; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f6a89a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d3595f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, 18 Dec 1865</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bca4b1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment</div></figcaption></figure> <p>From the late 18th to the mid-19th century, various <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">states</a> of the United States allowed the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslavement of human beings</a>, most of whom had been transported from Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> or were their descendants. The institution of <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> was established in North America in the 16th century under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization">Spanish colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonization">French colonization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch colonization">Dutch colonization</a>. </p><p>After the United States was founded in 1776, the country split into <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">slave states</a> (states permitting slavery) and free states (states prohibiting slavery). Slavery became concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a> in 1807 banned the Atlantic slave trade, but not the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">domestic slave trade</a> or slavery itself. Slavery was finally ended throughout the entire country after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), in which the U.S. government defeated a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">confederation of rebelling slave states</a> that attempted to secede from the U.S. in order to preserve the institution of slavery. During the war, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which ordered the liberation of all slaves in rebelling states. In December 1865, the <a href="/wiki/13th_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> was ratified, abolishing chattel slavery nationwide. <a href="/wiki/Native_American_slave_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slave ownership">Native American slave ownership</a> also persisted until 1866, when the federal government negotiated new treaties with the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>" in which they agreed to end slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a>, a day that commemorates the end of slavery in the U.S., became a federal holiday. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></div> <p>Chattel slavery was established throughout the Western Hemisphere ("<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>") during the era of European colonization. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775-1783), the rebelling states, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, limited or banned the importation of new slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Slave Trade">Atlantic Slave Trade</a> and states split into <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">slave and free states</a>, when some of the rebelling states began to abolish the institution. Slavery became an ever more contentious institution in the 19th century, leading to major controversies and compromises in the United States, especially in the admission of new states, whether slave or free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from 1861 until 1865 was between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">"the Union"</a> or "the North") and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> that voted to <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secede</a>: "the Confederacy" or "the South").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">cause of the war</a> was the status of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, especially the expansion of slavery into newly acquired land after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, four million of the 32 million Americans (nearly 13 percent) were <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> enslaved people, mainly in the southern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a> was one of the key political issues of the 19th century; decades of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">political unrest</a> over slavery led up to the war. At the start of the Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which permitted slavery. Before Lincoln took office, seven of these slave states, after conventions devoted to the topic, issued declarations of secession from the United States and created the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. Four more joined them after the war began, and all eleven were represented in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave states that stayed in the Union — Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky (called <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>) — continued to be represented in the U.S. Congress. Because the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which was issued on January 1, 1863, applied only to states "in rebellion", it did not apply in the border states, nor in Tennessee, because Tennessee was already under Union control.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, the abolition of slavery was required by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> for the readmission of Confederate states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, after the departure of the powerful Southern contingent in 1861, was generally anti-slavery. In a plan endorsed by Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, which the Southern contingent had protected, was abolished in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union-occupied territories of Louisiana<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eastern Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, also abolished slavery through state constitutions drafted in 1864. The State of Arkansas, which was not exempt but came partly under Union control by 1864, adopted an anti-slavery constitution in March of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border states of Maryland (November 1864)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Missouri (January 1865),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Union-occupied Confederate state, Tennessee (January 1865),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all abolished slavery prior to the end of the Civil War, as did the new state of West Virginia (February 1865),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had separated from Virginia in 1863 over the issue of slavery. However, slavery persisted in Delaware,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kentucky,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (to a very limited extent) in New Jersey<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — and on the books in 7 of 11 of the former Confederate states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emancipation_Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emancipation Proclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></div> <p>The Emancipation Proclamation was a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation" title="Presidential proclamation">presidential proclamation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> issued by United States President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> on January 1, 1863, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln preceded it with the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, which read: </p> <dl><dd>That on the first day of January in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>On January 1, 1863, the Proclamation changed the legal status under federal law of more than 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved African Americans</a> in the secessionist <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states from enslaved to free. As soon as an enslaved person escaped the control of his or her master, either by running away across Union lines or through the advance of federal troops, the person was permanently free. Ultimately, the Union victory <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Civil_War_and_final_emancipation" title="Abolitionism">brought the proclamation into effect in all of the former Confederacy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Juneteenth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></div> <p>On June 19, 1865 — <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> — U.S. Army general Gordon Granger arrived in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Galveston,_Texas" title="History of Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, and announced <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3">General Order No. 3</a>, proclaiming freedom for slaves in Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-gates_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the last state of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> with slavery. Juneteenth has been celebrated annually on June 19 ever since in various parts of the United States. It became a <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">federal holiday</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on June 17, 2021, when <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is observed not only to commemorate the emancipation of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> but also to celebrate <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times to different places in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called <a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee">Jubilees</a> (recalling the biblical <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(biblical)" title="Jubilee (biblical)">Jubilee</a> in which enslaved people were freed) occurred on September 22, January 1, July 4, August 1, April 6, and November 1, among other dates. Although June 19, 1865, was not the actual end of slavery even in Texas (like the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, General Gordon's <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3">military order</a> had to be acted upon), and although it has competed with other dates for emancipation's celebration,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ordinary African Americans created, preserved, and spread a shared commemoration of slavery's wartime demise across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-gates_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></div> <p>The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary servitude</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">as punishment for a crime</a>. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by the 27th of the then 36 <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">states</a>, fulfilling the constitutional requirement of ratification by 3/4 of states, on December 6, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> announced the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 18, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thirteenth Amendment was the first of the three <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> adopted following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other two being the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Padrone_Act_of_1874">Padrone Act of 1874</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Padrone Act of 1874"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Padrone_Act_of_1874" title="Padrone Act of 1874">Padrone Act of 1874</a></div> <p>The end of slavery effectively occurred with the federal <a href="/wiki/Padrone_Act_of_1874" title="Padrone Act of 1874">Padrone Act of 1874</a> (18 Stat. 251), which was enacted on June 23, 1874, "in response to exploitation of immigrant children in forced begging and street crime by criminalizing the practice of enslaving, buying, selling, or holding any person in <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary servitude</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brussels_Conference_and_slavery_in_the_20th_century">Brussels Conference and slavery in the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brussels Conference and slavery in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the abolition of slavery in the United States in 1865, efforts have been made to eliminate other forms of slavery. In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act</a> adopted a collection of anti-slavery measures to end the slave trade on land and sea. In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_for_the_suppression_of_the_White_Slave_Traffic" title="International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic">International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic</a> was signed. In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery</a> was ratified. </p><p>Even after slavery became illegal more than a century ago, many criminal organizations continued to engage in <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Trade">slave trading</a>. For this reason, human trafficking was made a federal crime. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000</a> was signed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_in_the_21st_century">Slavery in the 21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slavery in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Slavery in the 21st century</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Labor trafficking in the United States">Labor trafficking in the United States</a></div> <p>In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Trafficking_Prevention_Act" title="Human Trafficking Prevention Act">Human Trafficking Prevention Act</a> was created. It amended the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000</a> to require training for federal government personnel related to <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficking in persons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4449sum_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4449sum-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 Dec 2000 the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children</a> was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> was put in charge of implementing the protocol. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Project" title="Polaris Project">Polaris Project</a> was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polaris is one of the few organizations working on all forms of trafficking, including both <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">sex trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Labor trafficking in the United States">labor trafficking</a>. It furnishes support for survivors, whether male, female, transgender, or children, and whether U.S. citizens or foreign nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-Uspolicy.be_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uspolicy.be-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/13th_(film)" title="13th (film)">13th</a></i>, explores the "intersection of race, justice, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass incarceration">mass incarceration</a> in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-dargis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dargis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its title alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as a punishment for a crime. The film asserts that slavery has since been silently perpetuated by criminalizing behavior and enabling police to arrest poor black people and forcing them to work for the state. In addition, "carceral states" are managed by <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">for-profit prison corporations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traces_of_the_Trade:_A_Story_from_the_Deep_North" title="Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North">Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North</a></i>, is a 2008 documentary film that focuses on the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/DeWolf_family" title="DeWolf family">DeWolf family</a>, a prominent slave-trading family who settled in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and trafficked Africans from 1769 to 1820, and on the legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> in the North of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">History of civil rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_unfree_labor_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of unfree labor in the United States">History of unfree labor in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Abolitionism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_for_the_suppression_of_the_White_Slave_Traffic" title="International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic">International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Slavery in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">Penal labor in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A formal <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">declaration of war by the United States</a> was never issued by either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress of the Confederate States</a>, as their legal positions made it unnecessary.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeil_P._Chatelain2018" class="citation web cs1">Neil P. Chatelain (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2018/07/10/beyond-the-13th-amendment-ending-slavery-in-the-indian-territory/">"Beyond the 13th Amendment: Ending Slavery in the Indian Territory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407220257/https://emergingcivilwar.com/2018/07/10/beyond-the-13th-amendment-ending-slavery-in-the-indian-territory/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+13th+Amendment%3A+Ending+Slavery+in+the+Indian+Territory&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.au=Neil+P.+Chatelain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femergingcivilwar.com%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Fbeyond-the-13th-amendment-ending-slavery-in-the-indian-territory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503863-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311161402/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503863-7&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3nX48n4oeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="martis" class="citation book cs1">Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). <i>The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-920170-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-920170-5"><bdi>0-02-920170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Congresses+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-02-920170-5&rft.aulast=Martis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only Virginia, Tennessee and Texas held referendums to ratify their <a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eater</a> declarations of secession, and Virginia's excluded Unionist county votes and included Confederate troops in Richmond voting as regiments <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">viva voce</a></i>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="freehling" class="citation book cs1">Dabney, Virginius. (1983). <i>Virginia: The New Dominion, a History from 1607 to the Present</i>. Doubleday. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813910154" title="Special:BookSources/9780813910154"><bdi>9780813910154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virginia%3A+The+New+Dominion%2C+a+History+from+1607+to+the+Present&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780813910154&rft.aulast=Dabney&rft.aufirst=Virginius.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/johnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm#:~:text=On%20January%201%2C%201863%2C%20Abraham,was%20serving%20as%20Military%20Governor.">"Eleven states had seceded, but Tennessee was under Union control"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625133927/https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/johnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm#:~:text=On%20January%201%2C%201863%2C%20Abraham,was%20serving%20as%20Military%20Governor.">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eleven+states+had+seceded%2C+but+Tennessee+was+under+Union+control.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fanjo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fjohnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520January%25201%252C%25201863%252C%2520Abraham%2Cwas%2520serving%2520as%2520Military%2520Governor.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Guelzo, Allen C.</a> (2018). <i>Reconstruction: A Concise History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086569-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086569-6"><bdi>978-0-19-086569-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/999309004">999309004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F999309004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086569-6&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Memory "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr16.html">Abolition in the District of Columbia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821055650/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr16.html">Archived</a> 2016-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Today in History, Library of Congress, viewed December 15, 2014. On April 16, 1862, Lincoln signed a bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia and providing compensation for enslavers, five months before the victory at Antietam led to the Emancipation Proclamation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/online-exhibits/the-cabildo/reconstruction-a-state-divided/index">"Reconstruction: A State Divided"</a>. 23 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929060831/https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/online-exhibits/the-cabildo/reconstruction-a-state-divided/index">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+A+State+Divided&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crt.state.la.us%2Flouisiana-state-museum%2Fonline-exhibits%2Fthe-cabildo%2Freconstruction-a-state-divided%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062222/http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/convention">"Education from LVA: Convention Resolved to Abolish Slavery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/convention">the original</a> on 2016-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+from+LVA%3A+Convention+Resolved+to+Abolish+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.lva.virginia.gov%2Fonline_classroom%2Fshaping_the_constitution%2Fdoc%2Fconvention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/chronol.htm">"Freedmen and Southern Society Project: Chronology of Emancipation"</a>. <i>www.freedmen.umd.edu</i>. University of Maryland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521065925/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freedmen.umd.edu&rft.atitle=Freedmen+and+Southern+Society+Project%3A+Chronology+of+Emancipation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedmen.umd.edu%2Fchronol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220000817/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/conv1864.html">"Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864"</a>. November 1, 1864. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/conv1864.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives+of+Maryland+Historical+List%3A+Constitutional+Convention%2C+1864&rft.date=1864-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msa.md.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2600%2Fsc2685%2Fhtml%2Fconv1864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132518/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/event/missouri-abolishes-slavery">"Missouri abolishes slavery"</a>. January 11, 1865. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/event/missouri-abolishes-slavery">the original</a> on April 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri+abolishes+slavery&rft.date=1865-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwaronthewesternborder.org%2Fevent%2Fmissouri-abolishes-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/01/15/news/tennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished-parson-brownlow.html">"Tennessee State Convention: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 14, 1865. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308164043/https://www.nytimes.com/1865/01/15/archives/tennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tennessee+State+Convention%3A+Slavery+Declared+Forever+Abolished&rft.date=1865-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1865%2F01%2F15%2Fnews%2Ftennessee-state-convention-slavery-declared-forever-abolished-parson-brownlow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/thisdayinwvhistory/february.html">"On this day: 1865-FEB-03"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128130806/http://www.wvculture.org/history/thisdayinwvhistory/february.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+this+day%3A+1865-FEB-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fthisdayinwvhistory%2Ffebruary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavenorth.com/delaware.htm">"Slavery in Delaware"</a>. <i>Slavenorth.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016062740/http://slavenorth.com/delaware.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slavenorth.com&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavenorth.com%2Fdelaware.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonKlotter1997" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Lowell H.; Klotter, James C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&q=kentucky+abolishes+slavery&pg=PA174"><i>A New History of Kentucky</i></a>. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813126215" title="Special:BookSources/0813126215"><bdi>0813126215</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311161336/https://books.google.com/books?id=FdTIIEZ1k2QC&q=kentucky+abolishes+slavery&pg=PA174#v=snippet&q=kentucky%20abolishes%20slavery&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Kentucky&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky.&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0813126215&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lowell+H.&rft.au=Klotter%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdTIIEZ1k2QC%26q%3Dkentucky%2Babolishes%2Bslavery%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-middle-states-nj-ny-pa">"Slavery in the Middle States (NJ, NY, PA)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. July 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814132532/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-middle-states-nj-ny-pa">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+the+Middle+States+%28NJ%2C+NY%2C+PA%29&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fapplied-and-social-sciences-magazines%2Fslavery-middle-states-nj-ny-pa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Geneva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/legislating-slavery-in-new-jersey">"Legislating Slavery in New Jersey"</a>. <i>Princeton & Slavery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625194916/https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/legislating-slavery-in-new-jersey">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+%26+Slavery&rft.atitle=Legislating+Slavery+in+New+Jersey&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Geneva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslavery.princeton.edu%2Fstories%2Flegislating-slavery-in-new-jersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation/transcript.html">"Text of Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. 6 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122657/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation/transcript.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Emancipation+Proclamation&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ffeatured-documents%2Femancipation-proclamation%2Ftranscript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/transcript_preliminary_emancipation.html">"Text of Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205150008/https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/transcript_preliminary_emancipation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Preliminary+Emancipation+Proclamation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Famerican_originals_iv%2Fsections%2Ftranscript_preliminary_emancipation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gates-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gates_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gates_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates_Jr.2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates, Jr.">Gates Jr., Henry Louis</a> (January 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/">"What Is Juneteenth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620200202/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Juneteenth%3F&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Gates+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fafrican-americans-many-rivers-to-cross%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-is-juneteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathey2021" class="citation web cs1">Cathey, Libby (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sign-bill-making-juneteenth-federal-holiday-commemorating/story?id=78335485">"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617195148/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sign-bill-making-juneteenth-federal-holiday-commemorating/story?id=78335485">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biden+signs+bill+making+Juneteenth%2C+marking+the+end+of+slavery%2C+a+federal+holiday&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Cathey&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fbiden-sign-bill-making-juneteenth-federal-holiday-commemorating%2Fstory%3Fid%3D78335485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresident_Biden2021" class="citation web cs1">President Biden [@POTUS] (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/POTUS/status/1405621303256698880">"Juneteenth is officially a federal holiday"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juneteenth+is+officially+a+federal+holiday.&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.au=President+Biden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FPOTUS%2Fstatus%2F1405621303256698880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/juneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation/">"Juneteenth and the Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i>. June 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001848/https://daily.jstor.org/juneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation/">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+and+the+Emancipation+Proclamation&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fjuneteenth-and-the-emancipation-proclamation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/13th-amendment-constitution-united-states#:~:text=On%20December%2018%2C%201865%2C%20Secretary,13th%20Amendment%20had%20been%20ratified.">"National Museum of African American History & Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015211624/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/13th-amendment-constitution-united-states#:~:text=On%20December%2018%2C%201865%2C%20Secretary,13th%20Amendment%20had%20been%20ratified.">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fexplore%2Fstories%2F13th-amendment-constitution-united-states%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520December%252018%252C%25201865%252C%2520Secretary%2C13th%2520Amendment%2520had%2520been%2520ratified.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocher2013" class="citation web cs1">Kocher, Greg (February 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150756/https://www.kentucky.com/news/hot-topics/article44405460.html">"Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery — 111 years late | Lexington Herald-Leader"</a>. <i>Kentucky.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Underground+Railroad+Freedom+Center+-+Faces+of+Modern+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F201606.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4449sum-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4449sum_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4449">"H.R. 4449 - Summary"</a>. United States Congress. 24 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728060437/https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4449">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+4449+-+Summary&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F4449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/05/battling-the-modern-slave-trade/">"Fighting modern slave trade | Harvard Gazette"</a>. News.harvard.edu. 27 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031024403/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/05/battling-the-modern-slave-trade/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+modern+slave+trade+%26%23124%3B+Harvard+Gazette&rft.pub=News.harvard.edu&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2010%2F05%2Fbattling-the-modern-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uspolicy.be-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uspolicy.be_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspolicy.be/headline/katherine-chon-and-derek-ellerman-fighting-human-trafficking">"Katherine Chon and Derek Ellerman: Fighting Human Trafficking | USPolicy"</a>. Uspolicy.be. 2009-03-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415012005/http://www.uspolicy.be/headline/katherine-chon-and-derek-ellerman-fighting-human-trafficking">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katherine+Chon+and+Derek+Ellerman%3A+Fighting+Human+Trafficking+%26%23124%3B+USPolicy&rft.pub=Uspolicy.be&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspolicy.be%2Fheadline%2Fkatherine-chon-and-derek-ellerman-fighting-human-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dargis-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dargis_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html">Manohla Dargis, "Review: '13TH,' the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023125607/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html">Archived</a> 2021-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, September 29, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copied from the article <a href="/wiki/13th_(film)" title="13th (film)">13th (film)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tracesofthetrade.org/synopsis/">"Synopsis"</a>. <i>Traces of the Trade</i>. 2008-06-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607091048/http://www.tracesofthetrade.org/synopsis/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+the+Trade&rft.atitle=Synopsis&rft.date=2008-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tracesofthetrade.org%2Fsynopsis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+of+slavery+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copied from the article <a href="/wiki/Traces_of_the_Trade:_A_Story_from_the_Deep_North" title="Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North">Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&oldid=1274462078">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States&oldid=1274462078</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Human rights in the United States">Human rights in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:19th century in the United States">19th century in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 February 2025, at 13:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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