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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Empereur romain</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> dirigeant de l'Empire romain </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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</ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roi_des_Romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roi des Romains">Roi des Romains</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_du_Saint-Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire">Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperator (titre)">Imperator (titre)</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article concerne la nature de la fonction impériale à travers l'histoire de l'Empire romain. Pour la liste détaillée des empereurs par époque, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des empereurs romains">Liste des empereurs romains</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>Un <b>empereur romain</b> est le principal dirigeant de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a>, depuis la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République romaine">République romaine</a> avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste">Auguste</a> (en <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0026" data-sort-value="U-0026">27 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>) jusqu'à la chute des empires et principautés issues de la décomposition de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">empire byzantin</a>.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:15em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #C0D1E2;"> <div> <small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_dans_la_Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politique dans la Rome antique">Politique dans la Rome antique</a></small> </div> </div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg&lang=fr&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image Roman SPQR banner.svg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/langfr-150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/langfr-225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/langfr-300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229"></a></span> </div> <table> <caption class="hidden" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> Données clés </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="position:relative; text-align:center; line-height:14px;"> <p><span style="font-size:0.95em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaut%C3%A9_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royauté romaine">Royauté romaine</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">753 – 509 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></span><br><span style="font-size:0.95em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République romaine">République romaine</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">509 – 27 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></span><br><span style="font-size:0.95em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">27 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> – 476</span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.85em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principat">Principat</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">27 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> – 285</span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.85em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominat">Dominat</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">285 – 476</span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%; vertical-align:middle;"> <span style="font-size:0.85em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain_d%27Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain d'Occident">Emp. d'Occident</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">395 – 476</span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%; vertical-align:middle;"> <span style="font-size:0.85em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">Emp. byzantin</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;">395 – 1453</span> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><br> <div style="border:1px solid #B2B2B2;"> <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magistrats_romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magistrats romains">Magistratures</a></b><br><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursus_honorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></span> </div> <p><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><i>Magistrats ordinaires</i></span><br><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribun_de_la_pl%C3%A8be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribun de la plèbe">Tribun de la plèbe</a></span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Questeur_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Questeur (Rome antique)">Questeur</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dile_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édile (Rome antique)">Édile</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9teur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préteur">Préteur</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribun_militaire_%C3%A0_pouvoir_consulaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribun militaire à pouvoir consulaire">Tr. consulaire</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consul_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consul (Rome antique)">Consul</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censeur_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Censeur (Rome antique)">Censeur</a></span> </div> <p><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><i>Promagistrats</i></span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propr%C3%A9teur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propréteur">Propréteur</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proconsul_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proconsul (Rome antique)">Proconsul</a></span> </div> <p><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><i>Magistrats extraordinaires</i></span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictateur_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictateur (Rome antique)">Dictateur</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_de_cavalerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maître de cavalerie">Maître de<br> cavalerie</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interroi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interroi">Interroi</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9cemvir_%C3%A0_pouvoir_consulaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décemvir à pouvoir consulaire">Décemvir</a><br><span class="page_h"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triumvirs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Triumvirs">Triumvir</a></span></span> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><br> <div style="border:1px solid #B2B2B2;"> <b>Assemblées</b> </div> <p><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat romain">Sénat romain</a></b></span><br><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comices">Comices</a></span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comices_curiates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comices curiates">Comices<br> curiates</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comices_centuriates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comices centuriates">Comices centuriates</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comices_tributes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comices tributes">Comices<br> tributes</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_pl%C3%A9b%C3%A9ien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile plébéien">Concile<br> plébéien</a></span> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><br> <div style="border:1px solid #B2B2B2;"> <b>Titres impériaux</b> </div> <p><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empereur romain</a></b></span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste (titre)">Auguste</a><br><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperator (titre)">Imperator</a></i><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="César (titre)">César</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pater_patriae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></i><br><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifex_maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex<br> maximus</a></i></span> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><br> <div style="border:1px solid #B2B2B2;"> <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonctionnaire_imp%C3%A9rial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonctionnaire impérial">Fonctionnaires impériaux</a></b> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curateur_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curateur (Rome antique)">Curateur</a></span> </div> <div style="float:right; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9gat_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Légat (Rome antique)">Légat</a></span> </div> <div style="float:center; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procurateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procurateur">Procurateur</a></span> </div> <p><span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><i>Préfectures</i></span></p> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_du_pr%C3%A9toire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet du prétoire">Préfet du prétoire</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_de_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet de Rome">Préfet de Rome</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left; width:50%;"> <span style="font-size:0.9em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_de_l%27annone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet de l'annone">Préfet de l'annone</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_des_vigiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet des vigiles">Préfet des vigiles</a></span> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#CEE0F2;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEmpereur_romain%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Politique/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <p>Dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">période antique</a>, le terme ne définit pas de fonction précise et légale mais plutôt un conglomérat de pouvoirs, initialement liés à des fonctions de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République romaine">période républicaine</a> ; cette accumulation de pouvoirs a évolué au fil des siècles. Le titre d'<span class="citation">« empereur »</span>, résultant d'un concept assez moderne, n'était pas utilisé par les Romains avec le même sens : si un homme était <span class="citation">« empereur proclamé »</span>, il était souvent appelé <span class="citation">« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste (titre)">Auguste</a> »</span>, <span class="citation">« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="César (titre)">César</a> »</span> ou <span class="citation">« <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperator (titre)">Imperator</a></span></i> »</span> pour les militaires (dont est dérivé le terme empereur), alors que le titre est aujourd'hui utilisé pour résumer la position tenue par les individus détenteurs du pouvoir dans l'Empire romain.</p> <p>Comme l'écrit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Veyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a> : <span class="citation">« Le rôle d'empereur romain était d'une ambiguïté à rendre fou […]. Un César devait avoir quatre langages : celui d'un chef dont le pouvoir civil est de type militaire et qui donne des ordres ; celui d'un être supérieur (mais sans être un dieu vivant) vers lequel monte un culte de la personnalité ; celui d'un membre du grand conseil d'Empire, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_l%27Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat de l'Empire romain">Sénat</a>, où il n'est que le premier parmi ses pairs, qui n'en tremblent pas moins pour leur tête ; celui du premier magistrat de l'Empire qui communique avec ses citoyens et s'explique devant eux »</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est un simple mandataire de la collectivité, chargé par elle de diriger la république<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les empereurs romains refusaient d'être considérés comme des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roi_des_Romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roi des Romains">rois</a>, préférant l'idée d'apparaître comme des représentants de la République. Le premier empereur, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste">Auguste</a>, évite toute association avec le terme de monarque, clamant que ses pouvoirs sont authentiquement républicains, et avec la période du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principat">principat</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0026" data-sort-value="U-0026">27 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>-<time datetime="0285" data-sort-value="0285">285</time>), les institutions républicaines (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat romain">sénat</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursus_honorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursus honorum">magistratures</a>) sont conservées, et l'empereur est considéré <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">primus inter pares</span></i>, « premier entre ses pairs », bien que les pouvoirs soient de fait concentrés dans leurs mains. Avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocl%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioclétien">Dioclétien</a>, qui amorce le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominat">dominat</a> (285-476), ces institutions sont abandonnées, et les empereurs deviennent des <span class="citation">« monarques »</span>, bien que le contraste avec les <span class="citation">« rois »</span> soit maintenu, et deviennent <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">dominus et deus</span></i>, « maître et dieu ». Au sein de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain_d%27Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire romain d'Orient">Empire romain d'Orient</a>, les empereurs à partir d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9raclius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héraclius">Héraclius</a> adoptent le titre de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basileus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> (<span class="citation">« roi »</span> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grec</a>), mais qui est réservé aux empereurs <span class="citation">« romains »</span>, alors que les autres rois sont appelés <i>Rigas</i>.</p> <p>En plus de leur fonction pontificale (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifex_maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></span></i>), les empereurs avaient un statut divin, initialement après leur mort, et, depuis le dominat, à partir de leur accession au pouvoir. Lorsque le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> prévaut sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paganisme">paganisme</a>, le statut religieux des empereurs change, pour devenir lieutenant du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Christ</a> sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Terre</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fonctions_et_pouvoirs_des_empereurs_romains"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Fonctions et pouvoirs des empereurs romains</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_origines_du_pouvoir_imp%C3%A9rial"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Les origines du pouvoir impérial</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperator"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Imperator</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Des_pouvoirs_immenses"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Des pouvoirs immenses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Un_personnage_%C2%AB_sacr%C3%A9_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Un personnage « sacré »</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'%C3%A9volution_du_pouvoir_imp%C3%A9rial"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">L'évolution du pouvoir impérial</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_principat"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Le principat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_dictature_militaire"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">La dictature militaire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_dominat"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Le dominat</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_successeurs_des_empereurs_romains"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Les successeurs des empereurs romains</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_basileus"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Le <i>basileus</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_r%C3%A9surgence_du_titre_imp%C3%A9rial_en_Occident"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">La résurgence du titre impérial en Occident</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_dynasties_imp%C3%A9riales_romaines"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Les dynasties impériales romaines</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Julio-Claudiens"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Julio-Claudiens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flaviens"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flaviens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antonins"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Antonins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#S%C3%A9v%C3%A8res"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sévères</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Constantiniens"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Constantiniens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Valentiniens"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Valentiniens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Th%C3%A9odosiens"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Théodosiens</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Titres_et_statuts"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Titres et statuts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Fonctions_et_pouvoirs_des_empereurs_romains">Fonctions et pouvoirs des empereurs romains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Fonctions et pouvoirs des empereurs romains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_origines_du_pouvoir_impérial"><span id="Les_origines_du_pouvoir_imp.C3.A9rial"></span>Les origines du pouvoir impérial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les origines du pouvoir impérial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Nero_1.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/180px-Nero_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2577" data-file-height="3436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/180px-Nero_1.JPG" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/270px-Nero_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/360px-Nero_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9ron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néron">Néron</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mus%C3%A9es_du_Capitole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musées du Capitole">musées du Capitole</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le pouvoir impérial est une délégation, une mission confiée à un individu théoriquement choisi ou accepté par le peuple romain et le Sénat. Les Césars successifs sont ainsi présentés comme <span class="citation">« une chaîne perpétuelle de délégations »</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Tout citoyen dévoué appartenant à la noblesse sénatoriale des « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clarissimat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clarissimat">clarissimes</a> » peut prétendre au pouvoir pour assurer le salut commun. Des lois non écrites écartent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grecs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grecs">Grecs</a> et plus tard les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germains">Germains</a>.</p> <p>Pour l'historien Jean Béranger, les empereurs romains sont de grands « patriotes » qui assument les affaires publiques, les transmettent tout naturellement à leur héritier présomptif, ou encore les conquièrent de haute lutte<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’empereur n’est donc pas un roi héréditaire. Parfois, les empereurs adoptent la personne destinée à leur succéder. Parfois, la succession est héréditaire. Mais dans ce cas, le nouvel empereur, ne succède à son père dans son poste que s’il en a reçu expressément l’investiture<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En cas de crise, un général porté en triomphe par ses soldats peut par les armes accéder au pouvoir suprême, c'est le cas pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_du_troisi%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise du troisième siècle">crise du troisième siècle</a>.</p> <p>Jusqu’à la fin de l’Empire byzantin, l'idée que le trône n’était la propriété de personne, ni d’un individu ni d’une dynastie, a survécu. La conséquence d'un tel système est le risque de guerre civile à chaque changement de règne. Les périodes où la succession s'est effectuée de manière paisible, comme sous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonins_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonins (Rome)">Antonins</a>, ont été des exceptions<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le Sénat et le peuple sont pénétrés par la crainte d’une guerre civile à chaque succession. Ils acceptent donc avec empressement l'idée qu’un descendant du prince régnant prenne la suite de son père. Un des devoirs de tout empereur est de préparer la transmission pacifique de son trône. Le choix le plus logique est, même aux yeux des Romains, de désigner son fils ou d’en adopter un. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle, après l'assassinat de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9ron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néron">Néron</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galba">Galba</a> adopte en hâte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_Licinianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus">Pison</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Othon_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Othon (empereur romain)">Othon</a> se prépare à adopter son neveu et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitellius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> présente son enfant à ses soldats. Quand l’empereur régnant parvient à transmettre sans problème son pouvoir à son successeur, cela est considéré comme l’achèvement d’un règne réussi<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En fait, l’hérédité du trône n’est pas un principe de droit public, mais une pratique aristocratique admise par l’opinion romaine.</p> <p>Aux <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles, les empereurs sont créés par un nouveau groupe, l’état-major d'une armée. Il choisit le nouvel empereur, ensuite avalisé par le Sénat. Le rang impérial est devenu, aux yeux des militaires, le grade le plus élevé dans la hiérarchie des officiers<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Imperator"><i>Imperator</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Imperator" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperator (titre)">Imperator (titre)</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le terme français <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empereur">empereur</a></i> provient du mot <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>imperator</i>, lequel appartient à la famille de <i>imperare</i> (commander) ou <i>imperium</i> (commandement, pouvoir). Le mot <i>imperator</i> désigne un général victorieux ayant été acclamé par ses troupes et ayant ainsi eu droit au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triomphe_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triomphe romain">triomphe</a>, accordé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_l%27Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat de l'Empire romain">Sénat</a>. Cependant, après le triomphe, en même temps que son <i>imperium</i> (pouvoir de commander les troupes), il devait déposer également son titre.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9sar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules César">Jules César</a> est le premier dirigeant romain à porter ce titre, suivi par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste">Auguste</a>, premier empereur. Le titre d'<i>imperator</i> tombe ensuite en désuétude avant de refaire surface sous le règne de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9ron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néron">Néron</a> ; il est ensuite porté comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nom_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prénom romain"><i>prænomen</i></a> par tous les empereurs romains. De là découle le fait que le titre <i>imperator</i> devient essentiellement porté par l'empereur. Les généraux victorieux, même acclamés par leurs soldats, voient souvent cette acclamation être ajoutée à la liste de celles de l'empereur.</p> <p>Les Romains abrégeaient le terme <i>imperator</i> en IMP, et ce terme apparaissait généralement deux fois dans la titulature d'un empereur. La première fois donc en tant que prénom (<i>prænomen</i>), et la seconde fois en tant que titre, suivi du nombre de fois où l'empereur avait été, personnellement ou par ses généraux, acclamé (l'accession à l'Empire comptant pour une acclamation).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Des_pouvoirs_immenses">Des pouvoirs immenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Des pouvoirs immenses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Grâce à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperium">imperium</a>, l'empereur, tout-puissant, exerce un pouvoir sans partage et en toute impunité. L’<i>imperium</i> est la puissance absolue et complète d’un officier sur le champ de bataille. Il a droit de vie et de mort sur ses hommes.</p> <p>Cette puissance, initialement divisée entre plusieurs magistrats, est placée durant la période impériale dans les mains d'un seul homme. L'empereur décide de la paix et de la guerre, lève les impôts et est le maître des dépenses publiques. En sa qualité de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifex_maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i>, il est le maître des cultes publics et du droit religieux. Aucun autre pouvoir ne limite le sien. Chaque nouvel empereur a un rôle aussi indéterminé qu’immense. L’empereur peut légiférer directement par un édit ou un simple rescrit ayant la valeur d'une loi votée par le Sénat, car tout ce que l'empereur décide est légal. Il ne consulte le Sénat qu’à sa propre convenance, pour valider ses choix<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'empereur a droit de vie et de mort sur tous ses sujets. Il peut même faire exécuter un sénateur sans jugement, car la vie de tout homme est à sa merci. L'empereur détient donc seul le pouvoir véritable, tout en affectant d’être un serviteur responsable de l’État. Cette ambivalence était l’essence même du césarisme<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. De fait, le cérémonial, le culte impérial et le caractère sacré des images impériales créent un fossé entre les empereurs et le reste des hommes. De plus, aux yeux du peuple, l'empereur n’est pas un mandataire, mais un maître, un être supérieur par nature à ses sujets<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Un_personnage_«_sacré_»"><span id="Un_personnage_.C2.AB_sacr.C3.A9_.C2.BB"></span>Un personnage « sacré »</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Un personnage « sacré »" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pour les Orientaux et une partie des populations hellénisées, l’empereur est un monarque, un <i>basileus</i>. Le lien de ce roi avec ses sujets se manifeste dans le serment d’attachement à la personne du souverain. Chaque année tous les habitants de l’Empire prêtent serment à l’empereur. Chaque sujet jure d’embrasser en toutes choses la cause du prince et de sa famille, de les défendre au prix de sa vie et de celle de ses enfants, d’être l’ennemi des ennemis de l'empereur et de dénoncer toute action, volonté ou parole qui leur seraient hostiles<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_imp%C3%A9rial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte impérial">culte impérial</a> renforce encore le sentiment monarchique et le caractère divin du prince.</p> <p>En plus de leur fonction pontificale (<i><span class="lang-la" lang="la"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifex_maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></span></i>), les empereurs ont un statut divin, initialement après leur mort, et, depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominat">dominat</a>, à partir de leur accession au pouvoir. Cette sacralisation ne leur évite pas d'être régulièrement exposés à des morts violentes par assassinat (souvent en lien avec les troubles politiques qui marquent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Guerre de Succession">guerres de succession</a>), par suicide ou lors d'un combat<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Empereur_romain_assassin%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Empereur romain assassiné">Catégorie:Empereur romain assassiné</a>. </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="L'évolution_du_pouvoir_impérial"><span id="L.27.C3.A9volution_du_pouvoir_imp.C3.A9rial"></span>L'évolution du pouvoir impérial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : L'évolution du pouvoir impérial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des empereurs romains">Liste des empereurs romains</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_(inv._2290).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/220px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 352px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/220px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="352" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/330px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/440px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_de_Prima_Porta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste de Prima Porta">Auguste de Prima Porta</a>, statue de l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste">Auguste</a> dit <b><u>Octave</u></b>; <b>1<sup>er</sup> empereur romain</b> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_principat">Le principat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le principat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principat">Principat</a>. </div> </div> <p>Une fois au pouvoir, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste">Octave</a> évite de prendre les titres de roi et de dictateur, fatals à César ; cependant, tout en conservant les apparences de la république, il concentre dans ses mains de plus en plus de fonctions républicaines : il fut treize fois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consul_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consul (Rome antique)">consul</a>, et reçoit les pouvoirs de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censeur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Censeur romain">censeur</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribun_de_la_pl%C3%A8be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribun de la plèbe">tribun de la plèbe</a> sans avoir exercé ces magistratures. De 31 à <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0026" data-sort-value="U-0026">27 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>, il prépare la stabilisation du régime nouveau dont il est le fondateur : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principat">principat</a>. Lors de la séance du Sénat de janvier <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0026" data-sort-value="U-0026">27 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>, la <i>res publica</i> est en apparence restaurée par ses soins et rendue au Sénat et au peuple. En fait, le Sénat ne conserve que l'administration de quelques provinces sans <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Légion romaine">légion</a>. Octave, qui reçoit peu après le titre d'Auguste, garde ses immenses pouvoirs et se voit confier l'administration des provinces frontières et donc le commandement des armées<sup id="cite_ref-pebo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pebo-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le nom d'Augustus souligne son caractère sacré et divin, et confère à ses décisions un poids considérable quoique sans fondement institutionnel. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0022" data-sort-value="U-0022">23 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>, il reçoit la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribun_de_la_pl%C3%A8be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribun de la plèbe">puissance tribunicienne</a> complète et à vie, base civile de son pouvoir, et un <i>imperium</i> proconsulaire <i>maius</i> (plus grand que celui des proconsuls des provinces sénatoriales). En <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0001" data-sort-value="U-0001">2 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>, il reçoit le titre de <i>Père de la patrie</i>, qui place sous sa protection l'ensemble du peuple romain. Partout il est le « premier », le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i>, donnant ainsi le nom du régime qu'il a fondé : le principat. Auguste intervient dans l'élection des magistrats grâce au droit de recommandation. Il peut choisir les nouveaux sénateurs et nommer à tous les échelons des fonctionnaires. Il dirige la diplomatie et la politique extérieure. Enfin, l'empereur dispose de moyens financiers considérables, grâce à sa fortune personnelle en partie héritée de César, aux revenus de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Égypte romaine">Égypte</a>, son domaine privé, et à certains impôts qui alimentent les caisses impériales<sup id="cite_ref-pebo_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pebo-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En même temps, il créa d’autres fonctions (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet (Rome antique)">préfets</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9gat_(Rome_antique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Légat (Rome antique)">légats</a> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Province_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Province romaine">provinces impériales</a>, …) dont les titulaires dépendaient entièrement de lui.</p> <p>De plus, Octave se fit décerner par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_l%27Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénat de l'Empire romain">Sénat romain</a> les titres d'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperator_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperator (titre)">Imperator</a></i>, d'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste (titre)">Auguste</a></i> et de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeps_senatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i> (le premier à parler au Sénat).</p> <p>Les premiers successeurs d’Auguste (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julio-Claudiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julio-Claudiens">Julio-Claudiens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flaviens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flaviens">Flaviens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonins_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonins (Rome)">Antonins</a>) reprirent cette fiction d’un gouvernement au nom du Sénat et du peuple romain (<b>SPQR</b> = <i><b>S</b>enatus <b>P</b>opulus<b>Q</b>ue <b>R</b>omanus</i>), tout en concentrant de plus en plus de pouvoir personnel. Les mots « <i>Imperator</i> » et « <i>Augustus</i> » devinrent des titres portés par chaque empereur.</p> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République romaine">République romaine</a> continuait fictivement, avec ses magistrats, mais ceux-ci étaient tous désignés par l’empereur avant d'être élus. Le Sénat, composé de membres eux aussi choisis par les empereurs, confirmait le titre des nouveaux empereurs, qui provenaient d’ailleurs de ses rangs, et accordait l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apoth%C3%A9ose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apothéose">apothéose</a> aux « bons » empereurs ; ces derniers accédaient alors au rang de dieu et devenaient l'objet d'un culte officiel. Inversement, le Sénat vouait à l'oubli les empereurs détestés, en décrétant leur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriæ</a></i>.</p> <p>Les empereurs gardaient un côté populaire, en s’immergeant parfois dans le peuple romain : Auguste interpellait des spectateurs du cirque depuis sa loge impériale ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9ron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néron">Néron</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrien">Hadrien</a> fréquentaient les bains publics, comme le note <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Su%C3%A9tone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suétone">Suétone</a>.</p> <p>Le principat connaît son apogée sous les règnes de Trajan et d'Hadrien. Cette période reste assimilée à un âge d'or, où règnent la paix et la prospérité, la fameuse <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pax_Romana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_dictature_militaire">La dictature militaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La dictature militaire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Cependant, cette paix est plus fragile qu'il n'y paraît : l'un des derniers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonins_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonins (Rome)">Antonins</a>, l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Aur%C3%A8le?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Aurèle">Marc Aurèle</a>, passe la plus grande partie de sa vie à guerroyer aux frontières. Son fils et successeur, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commode_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commode (empereur romain)">Commode</a>, se discrédite par ses excentricités et sa cruauté. Son assassinat en 192 provoque la crise qui couvait depuis longtemps déjà.</p> <p>À partir de 193, les légions, qui avaient déjà joué un rôle crucial lors de la première <i>année des quatre empereurs</i> (69), deviennent toutes-puissantes dans la désignation des empereurs. L’empereur prend toutefois soin de faire ratifier son élévation par le Sénat, et maintient ainsi la fiction du régime d’Auguste. Mais après cette crise, l'Empire est devenu un Empire militaire. Dans un célèbre portrait, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> n’a plus le visage serein d’un membre de la bonne société. On lit sur son visage une mission, celle d’un gardien aux aguets qui veille sur l’Empire. L’Empire comprend désormais un empereur, le berger, des soldats, les chiens de garde, et le troupeau, dont les deux précédents ont la garde. Le Sénat est lui oublié<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ces « empereurs-soldats » vivent, néanmoins, sous la coupe continuelle de leurs armées qui les éliminent au moindre facteur de mécontentement (défaite, baisse de soldes, autre compétiteur jugé plus attrayant). Ainsi, de tous les empereurs romains de 235 jusqu'à 285, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_II_le_Gothique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude II le Gothique">Claude <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> <i>le Gothique</i></a>, en succombant à une épidémie en 270, est l'unique empereur à ne pas mourir assassiné par ses soldats.</p> <p>Après 268, les empereurs n’appartiennent plus à l’ancien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordre_s%C3%A9natorial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordre sénatorial">ordre sénatorial</a> (à l’exception de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Claudius Tacite">Tacite</a> entre 275 et 276). Ils sont pour la plupart des militaires montés en grade (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereurs_illyriens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empereurs illyriens">empereurs illyriens</a>) qui n’ont pratiquement pas fréquenté la ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">Rome</a> et son Sénat. C'est nécessaire car ils sont toujours sur la brèche, toujours aux frontières pour réprimer un soulèvement ou une incursion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbare">barbare</a>. Ils sauvent l’Empire pendant la crise du troisième siècle. Les fonctions de général en chef et de chef de guerre victorieux que tient traditionnellement l'empereur sont renforcées dans ces périodes de guerres incessantes. À côté des qualificatifs habituels comme <i>felix</i>, on associe de plus en plus le terme <i>invictus</i>. En effet, un empereur vainqueur peut espérer la fidélité de ses sujets et de ses troupes. En cas de défaite militaire, des concurrents apparaissent parmi les autres généraux. Les empereurs essaient cependant de trouver une légitimité en transformant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_imp%C3%A9rial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte impérial">culte impérial</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurélien (empereur romain)">Aurélien</a> est considéré comme un dieu sur terre. Sur ses monnaies, on peut trouver l'inscription <i>deus et dominus natus</i>. L'empereur est donc divinisé de son vivant.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_dominat">Le dominat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le dominat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominat">Dominat</a>. </div> </div> <p>Pour faire face, l’Empire romain a besoin d’un pouvoir efficace, donc fort et démultiplié. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocl%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioclétien">Dioclétien</a> (qui règne de 284 à 305) achève de transformer le principat moribond en une monarchie à l’orientale. L’empereur se sacralise, prend les titres de <i>Dominus et Deus</i> (Seigneur et Dieu). Une construction idéologique a peu à peu assimilé les empereurs à des divinités vivantes et justifie ainsi leur pouvoir absolu. Ce régime impérial nouveau est appelé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominat">dominat</a>.</p> <p>Pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocl%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioclétien">Dioclétien</a>, l’autorité impériale est de nature divine<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocl%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioclétien">Dioclétien</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caius_Galerius_Valerius_Maximianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus">Galère</a>, son fils adoptif, se prétendent descendants de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_(mythologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jupiter (mythologie)">Jupiter</a>. Ils prennent le surnom de <i>Jovien</i>, son collègue Maximien ainsi que son co-césar Constance Chlore celui d'<i>Herculien</i>. Cette sacralisation du pouvoir impérial a aussi pour but d’enlever toute légitimité aux usurpateurs éventuels puisque seul l’empereur est élu des dieux, et que seul son successeur est légitime. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diocl%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioclétien">Dioclétien</a> conserve aussi la notion de pouvoir impérial collégial héritée des heures sombres de l'anarchie militaire, et la systématise sous le nom de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9trarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tétrarchie">Tétrarchie</a>. Dans ce régime, le pouvoir était partagé d'une part entre deux pôles géographiques, Orient et Occident, et d'autre part au sein de chaque pôle, entre un empereur titulaire dit <i>Auguste</i> et un adjoint et successeur désigné dit <i>César</i>. Cette organisation, trop théorique car elle supposait implicitement une bonne entente entre les différents co-empereurs, ne dura guère au-delà de Dioclétien lui-même (les autres tétrarques n'avaient pas son sens du devoir —- il est le seul empereur à avoir abdiqué volontairement).</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a> reprend le titre de <i>Dominus</i>. Du fait de sa conversion<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, il ne cherche pas à affirmer une filiation divine. Il prétend plutôt avoir été investi par le Dieu des chrétiens pour gouverner l’Empire. Constantin affirme qu’il est le représentant de Dieu sur la terre. En son intelligence se reflète l’intelligence suprême<sup id="cite_ref-Diehl_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Diehl-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il s’entoure d’un faste incroyable pour exalter la grandeur de la fonction impériale. Le principe dynastique mis en place par Constantin a pour conséquence un affaiblissement du pouvoir impérial. En effet, à plusieurs reprises, des enfants sont arrivés au pouvoir à la mort de leur père. C’est le cas de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gratien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gratien">Gratien</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinien_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinien II">Valentinien <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a>, d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Arcadius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Arcadius">Arcadius</a> et d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Honorius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavius Honorius">Honorius</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodose II">Théodose <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinien_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinien III">Valentinien <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a> en 423. Les mères de ces jeunes empereurs occupent alors un rôle politique important ainsi que certains <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_du_pr%C3%A9toire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfet du prétoire">préfets du prétoire</a>.</p> <p>En Occident, le pouvoir spirituel s’engage vers une autonomie plus grande face au pouvoir politique. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambroise_de_Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambroise de Milan">Ambroise</a> pose les bases de la théorie médiévale de la séparation des deux pouvoirs<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> esquissant même l’idée d’une subordination du pouvoir politique au pouvoir spirituel. Il contraint ainsi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodose Ier">Théodose</a> à faire pénitence et à marcher pieds nus dans la cendre pour expier le massacre de dix mille personnes après la révolte de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thessalonique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thessalonique">Thessalonique</a> en 390<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En Orient, les empereurs naviguent entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9saropapisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Césaropapisme">césaropapisme</a> et subordination au pouvoir spirituel. Ainsi, en 450, l’empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcien">Marcien</a> est couronné empereur par l’évêque de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolius">Anatolius</a>. Son successeur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Ier_(empereur_byzantin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léon Ier (empereur byzantin)">Léon</a> fait de même. C’est donc l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêque</a> qui au nom de Dieu fait le souverain.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_successeurs_des_empereurs_romains">Les successeurs des empereurs romains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les successeurs des empereurs romains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_basileus">Le <i>basileus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le basileus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basileus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basileus">Basileus</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_byzantins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des empereurs byzantins">Liste des empereurs byzantins</a>. </div> </div> <p>En 476, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odoacre">Odoacre</a>, roi des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9rules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hérules">Hérules</a>, dépose <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_Augustule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus Augustule">Romulus Augustule</a>, l'empereur de la partie occidentale de l'Empire. Mais loin de désirer s'emparer du trône impérial, il envoie au dirigeant byzantin <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_(empereur_byzantin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zénon (empereur byzantin)">Zénon</a> les insignes de la charge, ainsi qu'une soumission à l'autorité du seul <i>Auguste</i> restant. Cela témoigne de l'immense prestige que conservait encore l'Empire romain, même amputé de sa partie occidentale. Non seulement Odoacre se plaça sous l'autorité symbolique de Zénon, mais on retrouve ce phénomène ailleurs : chez les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francs">Francs</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clovis_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clovis Ier">Clovis</a> voulut aussi se rattacher au souvenir de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urbs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urbs">Urbs</a>, et fut ainsi très honoré de se voir confier les <i>insignes consulaires</i>, terme désuet recouvrant une fonction disparue, mais qui gardait par sa simple romanité un immense prestige.</p> <p>Dépositaire de l'autorité de Rome, et de son prestige, l'Empire romain dans sa partie orientale eut toujours un immense prestige au fil des siècles. Chez les Grecs, l'empereur a toujours été appelé <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basileus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>, c’est-à-dire <b>roi</b>, car pour les Grecs la royauté n'avait pas la connotation péjorative qu'elle revêtait chez les Romains. En 629, l’empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9raclius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héraclius">Héraclius</a> prit le titre de <i>basileus</i>, abandonnant les précédents titres latins, mais se considérant toujours comme empereur des Romains.</p> <p>Le titre de <i>basileus</i> disparaît définitivement avec la chute de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> en 1453, même si les Russes se sont parfois considérés comme héritiers de Byzance (Sophie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paléologue">Paléologue</a> épousa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_III_de_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan III de Russie">Ivan <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand-prince_de_Moscou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand-prince de Moscou">grand-prince de Moscou</a>, et quelques années plus tard <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_IV_de_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV de Russie">Ivan <abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr> de Russie</a> prend le titre de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></i>, ce qui marque clairement la filiation avec Constantinople).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_résurgence_du_titre_impérial_en_Occident"><span id="La_r.C3.A9surgence_du_titre_imp.C3.A9rial_en_Occident"></span>La résurgence du titre impérial en Occident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La résurgence du titre impérial en Occident" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Il fallut attendre plus de trois siècles avant qu’un prince en Occident ne reprenne le titre d'empereur : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> en l'an 800 fut couronné par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pape">pape</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9on_III_(pape)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léon III (pape)">Léon <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a>. Ce couronnement fut considéré comme une usurpation par le pouvoir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzance">Byzance</a>.</p> <p>Sa couronne se transmettra dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique">Saint-Empire romain germanique</a>, héritier de l'Empire. L'empereur des Français <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon Ier">Napoléon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a> s'inspire également de l'Empire romain. Si l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire allemand">Empire allemand</a> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenzollern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> se considérera un tant soit peu comme une entité originale, il n'en sera pas ainsi du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troisième Reich">Troisième Reich</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazisme">nazi</a> qui avait l'ambition de durer 1 000 ans comme l'Empire romain.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_dynasties_impériales_romaines"><span id="Les_dynasties_imp.C3.A9riales_romaines"></span>Les dynasties impériales romaines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les dynasties impériales romaines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Julio-Claudiens">Julio-Claudiens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Julio-Claudiens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julio-Claudiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julio-Claudiens">Julio-Claudiens</a>. </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r201193442">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:20px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li .lastline{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul{margin-left:-1px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caius_Julius_Caesar_(pr%C3%A9teur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caius Julius Caesar (préteur)">Caius Julius Caesar <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a> <ul> <li><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9sar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules César">Jules César</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Caesaris_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Caesaris Minor">Julie la Jeune</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atia_Balba_Caesonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atia Balba Caesonia">Atia</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octavie_la_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octavie la Jeune">Octavie</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonia_la_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonia la Jeune">Antonia la Jeune</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude (empereur romain)">Claude</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste">Auguste</a></b> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Caesaris_filia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Caesaris filia">Julie-Auguste</a> ⚭ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marc Agrippe</a> ; ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tib%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibère">Tibère</a></b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agrippine_l%27A%C3%AEn%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agrippine l'Aînée">Agrippine l'Aînée</a> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caligula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agrippine_la_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agrippine la Jeune">Agrippine la Jeune</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9ron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néron">Néron</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Vipsania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Vipsania">Julie Vipsanie</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%86milia_Lepida_(assassin%C3%A9e_en_53)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Æmilia Lepida (assassinée en 53)">Émilie Lépide</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Junia_Lepida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Junia Lepida">Junie Lépide</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassia_Longina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassia Longina">Cassia Longina</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitia_Longina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a> ⚭ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Lamia_Plautius_Aelianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus">Plautius</a> ; ⚭ <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitien">Domitien</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plautia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plautia">Plautia</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Fundanius_Lamia_Aelianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus">Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Flaviens">Flaviens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Flaviens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flaviens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flaviens">Flaviens</a>. </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r201193442"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vespasien">Vespasien</a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titus (empereur romain)">Titus</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitien">Domitien</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antonins">Antonins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Antonins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonins_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonins (Rome)">Antonins</a>. </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r201193442"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nerva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></b></li> <li>Ulpius <ul> <li>Ulpia <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrien">Hadrien</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulpia Marciana">Ulpia Marciana</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salonia_Matidia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plotine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plotine">Plotine</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrien">Hadrien</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Annius Verus">Marcus Annius Verus</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(pr%C3%A9teur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Annius Verus (préteur)">Marcus Annius Verus</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Aur%C3%A8le?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Aurèle">Marc Aurèle</a></b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucilla">Lucille</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Verus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Aurelius Verus">Vérus</a></b></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annia_Galeria_Aurelia_Faustina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina">Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Severus_Proculus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus">Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annia_Faustina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9liogabale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héliogabale">Héliogabale</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commode_(empereur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commode (empereur)">Commode</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faustine_l%27Ancienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faustine l'Ancienne">Faustine l'Ancienne</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonin_le_Pieux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonin le Pieux">Antonin le Pieux</a></b> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faustine_la_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faustine la Jeune">Faustine la Jeune</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Aur%C3%A8le?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Aurèle">Marc Aurèle</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <p><br></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sévères"><span id="S.C3.A9v.C3.A8res"></span>Sévères</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sévères" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9v%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sévères">Sévères</a>. </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r201193442"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Bassianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Domna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septime_S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septime Sévère">Septime Sévère</a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caracalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geta_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geta (empereur romain)">Geta</a></b></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Maesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Soaemias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soæmias</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9liogabale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héliogabale">Héliogabale</a></b></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julia_Mamaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julia Mamaea">Julia Mamæa</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re_Alexandre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sévère Alexandre">Alexandre</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Constantiniens">Constantiniens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Constantiniens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantiniens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantiniens">Constantiniens</a>. </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r201193442"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constance_Chlore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constance Chlore">Constance Chlore dit Constance <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_II_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin II (empereur romain)">Constantin <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constant_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constant Ier">Constant <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constance_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constance II">Constance <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></b></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Julius_Constantius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavius Julius Constantius">Flavius Julius Constantius</a> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julien_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julien (empereur romain)">Julien</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Valentiniens">Valentiniens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Valentiniens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentiniens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentiniens">Valentiniens</a>. </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r201193442"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gratianus_Funarius&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gratianus Funarius (page inexistante)">Gratianus Funarius</a> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinien_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinien Ier">Valentinien <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gratien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gratien">Gratien</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinien_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinien II">Valentinien <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></b></li> </ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valens">Valens</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Théodosiens"><span id="Th.C3.A9odosiens"></span>Théodosiens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Théodosiens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynastie_th%C3%A9odosienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastie théodosienne">Dynastie théodosienne</a>. </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r201193442"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Simple_gold_crown.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodose Ier">Théodose <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century,_square.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/15px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/15px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/23px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/30px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Arcadius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Arcadius">Flavius Arcadius</a></b> <ul> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century,_square.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/15px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/15px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/23px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/30px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodose II">Théodose <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulch%C3%A9rie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulchérie">Pulchérie</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century,_square.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/15px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/15px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/23px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/30px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcien">Marcien</a></b></li> </ul></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Labarum.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="656"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/23px-Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/30px-Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Honorius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavius Honorius">Flavius Honorius</a></b></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galla_Placidia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Labarum.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="656"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/23px-Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/30px-Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constance_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constance III">Constance <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a></b> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Labarum.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="656"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/23px-Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/30px-Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valentinien_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valentinien III">Valentinien <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a></b> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="lastline"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galla_Placidia_la_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galla Placidia la Jeune">Galla Placidia la Jeune</a> ⚭ <b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Labarum.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="656"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/15px-Labarum.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/23px-Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Labarum.svg/30px-Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Anicius_Olybrius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Anicius Olybrius">Flavius Anicius Olybrius</a></b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Titres_et_statuts">Titres et statuts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Titres et statuts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Bien que les titres et statuts suivants soient les plus communs, tous les empereurs romains ne les utilisaient pas, et tous n'ont pas été utilisés au cours de la même période de l'Histoire.</p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Titre latin</th> <th>Abréviation latine</th> <th>Autre typographie</th> <th>Traduction en français</th> <th>Signification</th> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste (titre)">Augustus</a></i></td> <td><small>AVG.</small></td> <td><span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Αὔγουστος</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>aúgoustos</i></span> ou <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Σεβαστός</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>sebastós</i></span></td> <td>Auguste, majestueux ou vénérable</td> <td><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognomen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></i> honorifique réservé à l'empereur</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autokrator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i></td> <td></td> <td><span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Αὐτοκράτωρ</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>autokrátôr</i></span></td> <td>Souverain</td> <td>Titre grec équivalent à celui d'empereur dans le sens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_en_chef?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant en chef">commandant en chef</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basileus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i></td> <td></td> <td><span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Βασιλεύς</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>basileús</i></span></td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roi">Roi</a></td> <td>Utilisé dans l'empire d'Orient à partir d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heraclius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="César (titre)">Cæsar</a></i></td> <td><small>CAES.</small></td> <td><i>Nobilissimus Cæsar</i> ou <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Καίσαρ</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>kaísar</i></span></td> <td>César</td> <td>Initialement équivalent à Auguste, désigne ensuite l'héritier présomptif de la couronne</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Veyne2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Veyne2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Veyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, <cite class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quand_notre_monde_est_devenu_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien">Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien (312-394)</a></cite>, Paris, Albin Michel, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Bibliothèque Albin Michel Idées », <time>2007</time>, 319 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-226-17609-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-226-17609-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-226-17609-7</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 24<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quand+notre+monde+est+devenu+chr%C3%A9tien+%28312-394%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.aulast=Veyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=24&rft.tpages=319&rft.isbn=978-2-226-17609-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Veyne2002-2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Veyne2002-2003"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Veyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Qu’était-ce qu’un empereur romain ? : Dieu parce qu’empereur</cite> », <i>Revue internationale des sciences humaines</i>, Presses universitaires de France, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 199,‎ 2002-2003, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">3-25</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130526728?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130526728"><span class="nowrap">9782130526728</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dio.199.0003">10.3917/dio.199.0003</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cairn.info/revue-diogene-2002-3-page-3.htm%2520Qu'est%2520ce%2520qu'un%2520empereur%2520romain?">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qu%E2%80%99%C3%A9tait-ce+qu%E2%80%99un+empereur+romain+%3F&rft.jtitle=Revue+internationale+des+sciences+humaines&rft.issue=199&rft.stitle=Dieu+parce+qu%E2%80%99empereur&rft.aulast=Veyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=3-25&rft.isbn=9782130526728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fdio.199.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dagron1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gilbert_Dagron1996">Gilbert Dagron, <cite class="italique">Empereur et prêtre, sur le « césaropapisme » byzantin</cite>, Paris, Gallimard, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_des_histoires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque des histoires">Bibliothèque des Histoires</a> », <time>1996</time>, 435 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-07-074204-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-07-074204-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-07-074204-2</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 72<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empereur+et+pr%C3%AAtre%2C+sur+le+%C2%AB+c%C3%A9saropapisme+%C2%BB+byzantin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Dagron&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=72&rft.tpages=435&rft.isbn=978-2-07-074204-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">J. Béranger, <i>Recherches sur l’aspect idéologique du principat</i>, Bâle, 1953, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 72.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dagron, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 70.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dagron, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">42-43</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wallace-Hadrill1982"><span class="ouvrage" id="Andrew_Wallace-Hadrill1982"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Wallace-Hadrill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Wallace-Hadrill">Andrew Wallace-Hadrill</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Civilis princeps : between citizen and king</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Journal of Roman Studies</span></i>, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 72,‎ <time>1982</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">32-48</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/299114">10.2307/299114</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/299114?seq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Civilis+princeps+%3A+between+citizen+and+king&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=32-48&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Scheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Scheid">John Scheid</a> relève, de <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0030" data-sort-value="U-0030">31 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> à 395, 30 morts de cause naturelle, 9 au combat, 40 assassinés le plus souvent au cours des premiers mois de leur règne. Cf <span class="ouvrage" id="Scheid,_Nicolas_Guillerat2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Scheid,_Nicolas_Guillerat2020">John Scheid, Nicolas Guillerat, <cite class="italique">Infographie de la Rome antique</cite>, Passés Composés, <time>2020</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 87<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infographie+de+la+Rome+antique&rft.pub=Pass%C3%A9s+Compos%C3%A9s&rft.au=John+Scheid%2C+Nicolas+Guillerat&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pebo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pebo_9-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pebo_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Paul Petit, Yann Le Bohec, « Le Haut Empire », <i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i>, DVD, 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Christol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Christol">Michel Christol</a> et Daniel Nony, <i>Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares</i>, Hachette, 1974, réédition 2003, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 212.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Modéran2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Modéran2014">Yves Modéran, « <cite style="font-style:normal">La conversion de Constantin et la christianisation de l’empire romain</cite> », <i>Historiens & Géographes</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 426,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-05" data-sort-value="2014-05">mai 2014</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">61-72</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://aphgcaen.free.fr/chronique/426/constantin/yvesmoderan.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+conversion+de+Constantin+et+la+christianisation+de+l%E2%80%99empire+romain&rft.jtitle=Historiens+%26+G%C3%A9ographes&rft.issue=426&rft.aulast=Mod%C3%A9ran&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.date=2014-05&rft.pages=61-72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Diehl-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Diehl_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Charles Diehl, <i>Histoire de l’Empire Byzantin</i>, P., Picard, 1920, 1;2 dans <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediterranee-antique.info/Auteurs/Fichiers/DEF/Diehl/Histoire_Byzance/HB_001.htm">[1]</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Christol et Nony, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 233.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empereur_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.fr/eleves/binets/xpassion/article.php?id%3D42%26page%3D3"><i>Christianisme et stoïcisme</i>, X-Passion, 2001</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dagron1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gilbert_Dagron1996">Gilbert Dagron, <cite class="italique">Empereur et prêtre, sur le « césaropapisme » byzantin</cite>, Paris, Gallimard, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Bibliothèque des Histoires », <time>1996</time>, 435 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-07-074204-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-07-074204-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-07-074204-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empereur+et+pr%C3%AAtre%2C+sur+le+%C2%AB+c%C3%A9saropapisme+%C2%BB+byzantin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Dagron&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=435&rft.isbn=978-2-07-074204-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Goudineau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Goudineau">Christian Goudineau</a>, <i>Les Empereurs de Rome d'Auguste à la Tétrarchie</i>, Errance, 2004.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fergus_Millar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fergus Millar">Fergus Millar</a>, <i>The Emperor in the Roman World (31 B.C. - 337 A.D.)</i>, Ithaca/New York, 1977.</li> <li>Jérôme Sella, <i>Tenir le loup par les oreilles. Prendre le pouvoir et le conserver dans la Rome impériale des premiers siècles</i>, Champ Vallon, 2020.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Paul_Thuillier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Paul Thuillier">Jean-Paul Thuillier</a>, <i>Les empereur de la Rome Antique</i>, éditions Errance, 1996.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Veyne2002-2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Veyne2002-2003"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Veyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Qu’était-ce qu’un empereur romain ? : Dieu parce qu’empereur</cite> », <i>Revue internationale des sciences humaines</i>, Presses universitaires de France, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 199,‎ 2002-2003, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">3-25</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130526728?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130526728"><span class="nowrap">9782130526728</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dio.199.0003">10.3917/dio.199.0003</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cairn.info/revue-diogene-2002-3-page-3.htm%2520Qu'est%2520ce%2520qu'un%2520empereur%2520romain?">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qu%E2%80%99%C3%A9tait-ce+qu%E2%80%99un+empereur+romain+%3F&rft.jtitle=Revue+internationale+des+sciences+humaines&rft.issue=199&rft.stitle=Dieu+parce+qu%E2%80%99empereur&rft.aulast=Veyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=3-25&rft.isbn=9782130526728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fdio.199.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEmpereur+romain"></span></span></span>.</li> <li>François Zosso, Christian Zingg, <i>Les Empereurs romains</i>, Éditions Errance, 2009.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_emperors?uselang%3Dfr">les empereurs romains</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des empereurs romains">Liste des empereurs romains</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">Rome antique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89pigraphie_latine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épigraphie latine">Épigraphie latine</a> pour la titulature impériale</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Empereur_romain&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notice dans un dictionnaire ou une encyclopédie généraliste<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842606?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48663"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842606?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119366028">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114924">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007543777505171">Israël</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Rome antique">Portail de la Rome antique</a></span> • <span class="bandeau-sous-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Rome antique/Empire romain">section <b>Empire romain</b></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Monarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la monarchie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/French_heraldic_crowns_-_King.svg/32px-French_heraldic_crowns_-_King.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="287" 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class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Cote d'Azur" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1736944378"> <span>Dernière modification le 15 janvier 2025, à 13:32</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C5%258Dm%25C4%2581nisc_C%25C4%2581sere" title="Rōmānisc Cāsere – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rōmānisc Cāsere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="إمبراطور روماني – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطور روماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_romanu" title="Emperador romanu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emperador romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imperatoru" title="Roma imperatoru – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma imperatoru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanong_Emperador" title="Romanong Emperador – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Romanong Emperador" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259F" title="রোমের সম্রাট – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমের সম্রাট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_rom%25C3%25A0" title="Emperador romà – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emperador romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_sa_Roma" title="Emperador sa Roma – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Emperador sa Roma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2598%25C3%25ADmsk%25C3%25BD_c%25C3%25ADsa%25C5%2599" title="Římský císař – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římský císař" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejser_(Rom)" title="Kejser (Rom) – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejser (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A1%25CF%2589%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582_%25CE%25B1%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25AC%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="Ρωμαίος αυτοκράτορας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαίος αυτοκράτορας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roman emperor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_imperiestro" title="Romia imperiestro – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia imperiestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_romano" title="Emperador romano – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperador romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_keiser" title="Rooma keiser – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma keiser" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="امپراتور روم – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_keisari" title="Rooman keisari – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman keisari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakunan_Romawa" title="Sarakunan Romawa – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sarakunan Romawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A8_%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2590" title="קיסר רומא – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסר רומא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_car" title="Rimski car – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Romawi" title="Kaisar Romawi – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25B3markeisari" title="Rómarkeisari – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómarkeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatore_romano" title="Imperatore romano – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperatore romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259E%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25B8%259D" title="ローマ皇帝 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ皇帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Romawi" title="Kaisar Romawi – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaisar Romawi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="რომის იმპერატორი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის იმპერატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor" title="Roman Emperor – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588_%25ED%2599%25A9%25EC%25A0%259C" title="로마 황제 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 황제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_Romanus" title="Imperator Romanus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperator Romanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperor_roman" title="Imperor roman – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Imperor roman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_imperatorius" title="Romos imperatorius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos imperatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Римски цар – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски цар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259F" title="रोमन सम्राट – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमन सम्राट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Rom" title="Maharaja Rom – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maharaja Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259F" title="रोमन सम्राट – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमन सम्राट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_keisar" title="Romersk keisar – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romersk keisar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empereu%2527_romain" title="Empereu' romain – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empereu' romain" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperaire_roman" title="Emperaire roman – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Emperaire roman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B4%25DB%2581%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581" title="رومی شہنشاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9" title="د روم سترواک – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روم سترواک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperador_romano" title="Imperador romano – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperador romano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Emp%25C4%2583rat_roman" title="Împărat roman – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împărat roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25ADmsky_cis%25C3%25A1r_(starovek%25C3%25BD_R%25C3%25ADm)" title="Rímsky cisár (staroveký Rím) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímsky cisár (staroveký Rím)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandori_romak" title="Perandori romak – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandori romak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Римски цар – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римски цар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2589%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258D" title="உரோமைப் பேரரசர்கள் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமைப் பேரரசர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599" title="จักรพรรดิโรมัน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanong_Emperador" title="Romanong Emperador – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romanong Emperador" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_imparatoru" title="Roma imparatoru – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma imparatoru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Імператор Стародавнього Риму – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператор Стародавнього Риму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B4%25DB%2581%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581" title="رومی شہنشاہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%25C3%25A0ng_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BA%25BF_La_M%25C3%25A3" title="Hoàng đế La Mã – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoàng đế La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25B8%259D" title="羅馬皇帝 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬皇帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B4-m%25C3%25A1_h%25C3%25B4ng-t%25C3%25A8" title="Lô-má hông-tè – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má hông-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 15 janvier 2025 à 13:32.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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