CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9177d82428ef4a83',cH: 'ajFknRmnzaAKs.NTS9VAmQKPUPgULNKx5BAhPt.l.cM-1740488069-1.2.1.1-y11eZd8rvDjLplXSGQ68.AkEEVbktKBeuhNOLN2cvzRNw7hkvxavvH6OmJWABiHt',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=nanoscience%20and%20nanotechnology%20education&__cf_chl_tk=WJU_kT.i8TL3cqF_uKKpwhc_sB2Yh8blyJRMzbMTUk8-1740488069-1.0.1.1-dpmyyfgmHCgNg7d5f4RUZkB2g5f.BFLCbV1V4q.pWUM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740488069',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=nanoscience%20and%20nanotechnology%20education&__cf_chl_f_tk=WJU_kT.i8TL3cqF_uKKpwhc_sB2Yh8blyJRMzbMTUk8-1740488069-1.0.1.1-dpmyyfgmHCgNg7d5f4RUZkB2g5f.BFLCbV1V4q.pWUM",md: "r9w9x9VLvhBDBoVriQ_D4Yqf77UxJSeHM4l2Tq5vcC0-1740488069-1.2.1.1-XyO0IUOwuowmAORtH34sOmnPH3qin8K0Fx0AXZcPSbTGuZ9J1txc0BXSXwXh85VC9eQEv35tQVqiQ.R9YY96ZVErI4dkjz_G80fVLtLV_.K7Vcci_vGc1xIpH5ZXB5MRR.QyPweiQOrqpyvmzi4CqEIUNj.yTKkbFAOAtLDIQIZ7PzWb1bCBxbKhNRaI8Y165YmhL6aTgp0QJAoxUZKz4ss5_Jsux3B266h.mzVRJ29sQ5JEyVAD9j7pUDfk4HkNX.BBwqVDsmaE8JPHtVPGdst.SHYtDG8E3yYi92MuOd1FuDAOFcD3TFvKkrnTcgJ5iLhdfyMDD85F.3aZb6xThA.1n3hX2_e0L5j2HGQG0HU1WUCQayqTY4lFs4GMiAogKPzcKJMzoQRVnklta0eaRPY7VNplgVorNuq62oW2ZexeBXy3a.P0NihRKtvtXoz3F.eL9vm0tveTEBheQs3PoVN5M_GLbpdOLm7azpBXrKUxTqWH4gLRRGXv_0iA7EtlKjgmPzVd90gThtzh3xs8N1JqB6e6NznrcBRX4dJyKjA.bBVSGZfctJDbPRhZm81HJh1qvz8EGrVQ.WQOqlp4EAgeHPjk.hgPvM4_86facXixZyFZQqYgJUkl6tkHB9BoudOHsG4goyZsehup1NBW4LVIprYDjI8zNV5xUAn2zQ03jAtFaSvYsXTabLaP8FyCJXp8NBJkAVQRv9OtVRz3y9o7lZNSKKAZTkn2OSrgIZe4eU..RqKzCcboms7uChSI7rC6eAMJmTVvDlp86sXzN17NY7702yowUERokaC3KtSZU8QKu_035UOIhfLdzT13KKeTayegpqptiSI4zPy_CGuqh7WNKIMAg1ci6VmDfD.zPWYPpZsE5V4A3aas3rfEn5S3kAlGQHOkHOajwzoTFaxAKY2q77QGkYNXv9I_ZIaRiJ3Z.5vEkDv9pfiMYWzdYoJTyF0U6lp9qIdXw8Rp_lGpG0.xuddRVQ8eiqKzFLyji4TQBMqe9omrIjPop26Zm7V8J28macJii7PgvB_OgQkbK1LDCdi2WX9jrYxDPtb95xNiCq4Hu51Xb.ZmvXO6WQYvlH2.lhfek0.pTC3mPVEYABqT10eMuwWszOjHygR1zbBTsdyze.EEuDS.s62WIghN1Zga7UEGPfcYrrJaqV.OTQlPsVlt3v8d8U7q7fz4OpWBHf98HahMiVZ9sRXHE9SfW2uPyB.2pRD8k21qnkpKbATnrqAfqhmXP.RDl2UecyQovatj979namFOhT_9KkUSztiaELniQJ3kWk0dC30LB7eFqTJfBsE7jQQ6VhhnLTHVPhK.l8aPbVz6jQy4HYxt61TMiqTOR7ZjJWbP5LEAP1FJeoasgdqtjf.pwGKL3IhhM6K1.JYza_zakCERab1bzKXgt4.6m2PXD1uLLEjm_cMtkI0G.GDTJXx1CKuIEnsm4gU7b7qORKZ0C6QPqkW8jujwaSmC7FjOrGE3Pin1POsGrh_2vwuiGxHmNq1AXI_KGxvoMw6ANEOniZYHF89V2h7aMGRHeiX0iUFMvxm.3Dfm9Qf_Si0nUZ7zbo.ILaBcdjBW8FMwfn9O7SChWMMaoH9UjYadhX7hlyCn4z9NvpiGAYukZmqpOWVZNwkUA9xrzHREfDeTzx2Une648JSrxGkHlO1xcdiOCi4Sn2a39He_V4ViuHiPPu71fhcuBMVDt5IrV71MP6TqBfnkGsNjkIMzZtN7Mv5Rku5qb_X.4hR16Lpkxg10v79vWr4ks355z4T7BTtFsPZ0cf0MCTJmHyroEqIJRyiaxKlbJy2WrbumMX9hPi22V0wKORKR0LpwgdyAmmuIWno43ujXKFz0OLLR2uN7PpYDG.SxXUoqjLiyJBkjjuF8JHoBS03YaxywVqqCP1Uwh5mG93unfQFY8GQDVKzw4tsVRRtL4die1UeVbb3pBBqNgWzCgoz7ERAsLKxX8bLwV80JBXy3PUQgZyG61r7ssEMg7buxy1.g4_ZzFlP0QRcTFj0e0xnE2zu7MKTxGM47M_pNACJd",mdrd: "jvH8HlSy3ZgY4M6kil90y0_67PZSi2f.f5CINNC4Efg-1740488069-1.2.1.1-2x9QsHrgFcA5X81Svf6mVTD_BO8o.iP75hY0_DxbpyP1q0YvIZWZn5k4ZyiqNREjLUo8iowy27Pogya.KDn.1mciYYCO4fI5ZEIrETdy1V2_oy.tuH6z4krLZSESLr8c_dPQImY8mOizCMgh.NP24r.epvIzWKLSKBFX66tTkPfSWDjACSke0Bu8nE_LSmfQPQP.UWSjIxvn3MBu0JpCVIwoe7ZxvLHWFyjPJqk.feUalcrxKo1DR6mVv2xtxKZRsH5tmLcfbXCEdebkrvuGAsJkRFHYIosualDHJWM3BgSKGT83kXmulxAkmEEqhvVZ35TjnttIo6Ngx0qNFpGBIi1air.HMjO1xuv_.us0hxWAh66MCrpJmxtCVNRC.zvueynDFbQuM3aoRUqJ0bDFy5h7V.8KMxrYtJo_F_N.up6hTq6aVcsJNUST0EszWDPH7AWGDBLZDlOyCS6kvNbqb3.CA4VGg8K3ZDPyr4HCBh4hPgqj6hCUAC6J8dZZ.q2nzjc3DHrmFtk2PAunulsgaRIqG3TZi.LKbFmV_ctkCS6AuIZd2Oq425AUBLrGRUOznNbz8PoB1eAGYu38.2m6cL9bk7mNnt83HsgqnxCSUBUlRwqhjGj75L9qXc4riC1bsmskZrIRqIjD7ijIOODHMkAXAGm7j8Bals.6ugGsa5bvoEHE9E8LjjPwd7Uvrd0N4ovAdnR_dG6UbOX8xOmT2W84LSdFrXp62EAxicZTL2xn.FDiTA_lNfh4nDoS4gcOJfJ7WG5Jp2Kp5qlLbtOoj.1ko35N3Dya4BFnINz1g4loYweFfhK2JdwEIsguAKN1a2dToaC6GxDwbec8DORXCHw0d_4HWupaGGG0Mde_sGbrnNX3StFgwqB5JuhodIXe98IYY6lXP2SplzBdwGf2isfb3fLKWK32NtqHPheKL8jE_oig5PrMLQCu.ER5jqB1E98BSgqRQnqQEC1FpeMyxkGLL9uc5tT8QO4vutJa8Kv5Gs1ATZ0WuYFx9daf8DXokSGr05vOv.A5R_1t28qu2HhvCargxQGfPYS3JSSrMWVw4uS_AmrD_.Nh6JuIHvR.qp0mxsX3px3ymhIZuzXHHpzSn2OkKNnWnmxK1lICRgmlnuN.kTrgbDMDocjYLZk.ZnbNwmKIw6PbAHTdOtQIXU2Of2Fmhbz.RzBDR2DViGFHESd7KYqHIHxPg4i9QM6e_whYtZldErlx7xc.Oibpb91GxEnffQMV7aoVQ.d5dFe5K8i0CvEqCuaTeQB7EebLWa6IuBY.wc9d6pa7FDwwuULZIAfBeDGdbReA.UIJPjc8Sf3ZnwU3poY2uERziGC6kCq..m3KQEN2eR.2ZXGfPd2OYL4LEDbZuoBPGmgfRiMPnQd5N0KK8oTU5I0oYOYIoCRl8KV4fWWqTxNLB_0lMH4ugjalHEJSdaqQkJqIuj0Q8x2Ilhg7ch0QiH8rdN9hF2Y3SCenfb01hc2Gbl5bO6Sn1bYtUsima.qIR1_7zYqbrYTZSUwJpP4YWRmCv7NYTNsCasy2HUtHuVRY4XYCndQaCEI_4I1Re61tGY9KxvIH8BGOUyZ9LUxRL.SEl4HGFWxQykczJyezyBssoKBk9izTMnMr6CTZhpGcl2hgxZy0.nn0lnddHjpjeiR_lXHU6cU6V0.a8ho6_YIdnhYRjR4QfHQvNjAJiUgYFCcfINyHQQ5ThUjgFud9NWUpaz3IrWi7OHZaxcBaVpEccyyciL998soo3lPMD.RB0Z4kYZPREFcnkIWx1aokHOns6cFQvtPgI0qwNZP730k9hbtoGhuaBvU404eESFGmBHmJHoDmdk6Sh9qJDwgBYkKnqTHXt5cY2IKLjJkZv1VjWU8kByd9uKrJ8zobKZBdHGNU7o21Ix4NuGidmvG0aCjFRLdzvqFOH1mkFWv.V04D6kIiuJUyTSS4mQXo5oS4BMsxci8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9177d82428ef4a83';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=nanoscience%20and%20nanotechnology%20education&__cf_chl_rt_tk=WJU_kT.i8TL3cqF_uKKpwhc_sB2Yh8blyJRMzbMTUk8-1740488069-1.0.1.1-dpmyyfgmHCgNg7d5f4RUZkB2g5f.BFLCbV1V4q.pWUM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>