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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tonga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>French Polynesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami_memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami_memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbeben_bei_den_Samoainseln_2009" title="Erdbeben bei den Samoainseln 2009 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdbeben bei den Samoainseln 2009" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto_de_Samoa_de_2009" title="Terremoto de Samoa de 2009 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terremoto de Samoa de 2009" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009ko_Samoako_lurrikara" title="2009ko Samoako lurrikara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="2009ko Samoako lurrikara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A2" title="زمین‌لرزه ۲۰۰۹ ساموآ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌لرزه ۲۰۰۹ ساموآ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9isme_de_2009_aux_Samoa" title="Séisme de 2009 aux Samoa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séisme de 2009 aux Samoa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%EB%85%84_%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84" title="2009년 사모아 지진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2009년 사모아 지진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_Samoa_2009" title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samoa 2009 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samoa 2009" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto_delle_Samoa_del_2009" title="Terremoto delle Samoa del 2009 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terremoto delle Samoa del 2009" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_Samoa_2009" title="Tsunami Samoa 2009 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tsunami Samoa 2009" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardbeving_Samoa-eilanden_2009" title="Aardbeving Samoa-eilanden 2009 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardbeving Samoa-eilanden 2009" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A2%E6%B2%96%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87_(2009%E5%B9%B4)" title="サモア沖地震 (2009年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サモア沖地震 (2009年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskjelvet_og_tsunamien_ved_Samoa_2009" title="Jordskjelvet og tsunamien ved Samoa 2009 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordskjelvet og tsunamien ved Samoa 2009" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trz%C4%99sienie_ziemi_na_Wyspach_Samoa_(2009)" title="Trzęsienie ziemi na Wyspach Samoa (2009) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzęsienie ziemi na Wyspach Samoa (2009)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismo_de_Samoa_de_2009" title="Sismo de Samoa de 2009 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sismo de Samoa de 2009" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutremurul_din_Samoa_(2009)" title="Cutremurul din Samoa (2009) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cutremurul din Samoa (2009)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_maanj%C3%A4ristys_2009" title="Samoan maanjäristys 2009 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samoan maanjäristys 2009" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordb%C3%A4vningen_vid_Samoa_2009" title="Jordbävningen vid Samoa 2009 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordbävningen vid Samoa 2009" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2552" title="แผ่นดินไหวในหมู่เกาะซามัว พ.ศ. 2552 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นดินไหวในหมู่เกาะซามัว พ.ศ. 2552" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="2009年萨摩亚地震 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2009年萨摩亚地震" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&params=15.53_S_171.87_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°32′S</span> <span class="longitude">171°52′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.53°S 171.87°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.53; -171.87</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural disaster in the southern Pacific Ocean</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami is located in Oceania"><img alt="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami is located in Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Oceania_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.61%;left:65.503%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami"><img alt="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/40px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/60px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/80px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> time</th><td class="infobox-data">2009-09-29 17:48:10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre" title="International Seismological Centre">ISC</a> event</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=15162203">15162203</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">USGS-<a href="/wiki/Advanced_National_Seismic_System" title="Advanced National Seismic System">ANSS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000h1ys">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local date</th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009-09-29</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local time</th><td class="infobox-data">06:48:10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magnitude</th><td class="infobox-data">8.1 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000004-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depth</th><td class="infobox-data">15 km (9.3 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Epicenter</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&params=15.53_S_171.87_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°32′S</span> <span class="longitude">171°52′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.53°S 171.87°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.53; -171.87</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">First subevent <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Dip-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">Normal</a> Second and third subevent <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lay_et_al._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay_et_al.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Maximum">Max.</abbr> intensity</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 0); padding:4px; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#mmi-6" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale"><span style="color:black;">MMI VI (<i>Strong</i>)</span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tsunami</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data">at least 189 fatalities<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />hundreds injured<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami</b> took place on 29 September 2009 in the southern Pacific Ocean adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec-Tonga_subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone">Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">submarine earthquake</a> occurred in an <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extensional</a> environment and had a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> of 8.1 and a maximum <a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of VI (<i>Strong</i>). It was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_21st-century_earthquakes#2009" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 21st-century earthquakes">largest</a> earthquake of 2009. The earthquake initiated with a normal-faulting event with a magnitude of 8.1.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay_et_al._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay_et_al.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two minutes of the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_rupture" title="Earthquake rupture">earthquake rupture</a>, two large magnitude 7.8 earthquakes occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone interface. The two magnitude 7.8 earthquakes had a combined magnitude equivalent to 8.0.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay_et_al._2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay_et_al.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">doublet earthquake</a>. </p><p>Normal and thrust faulting triggered a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> which caused substantial damage and loss of life in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center" title="Pacific Tsunami Warning Center">Pacific Tsunami Warning Center</a> recorded a 3-inch (76 mm) rise in sea levels near the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a>, and New Zealand scientists determined that the waves measured 14 metres (46 ft) at their highest on the Samoan coast.<sup id="cite_ref-NIWA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIWA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quake occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">outer rise</a> of the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone. This is part of the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a> in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> meet and earthquakes and <a href="/wiki/Vulcanology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanology">volcanic</a> activity are common. </p><p>Countries affected by the <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, in the areas that were hit are American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga (Niuatoputapu) where more than 189 people were killed, especially children, most of them in Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large waves with no major damage were reported on the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, the northern coast of New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rarotonga" title="Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>. People took precautions in the low-lying atolls of <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> and moved to higher ground. <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> was reported as reasonably safe because it is high. There were no reports of high waves from <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_2917659_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2917659-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Samoa">American Samoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: American Samoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg/200px-Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg/300px-Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg/400px-Crews_Damage_from_Tsunami_American_Samoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Crews working near the damage from the tsunami in American Samoa</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, quoting a source at the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_of_American_Samoa" title="National Park of American Samoa">National Park of American Samoa</a>, reported that "four tsunami waves, 15 to 20 ft (4.6 to 6 m) high", and "reaching up to a mile (1.6 km) inland" hit American Samoa shortly after the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water flowed inland about 100 yd (100 m) before receding, leaving some cars stuck in the mud.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_of_American_Samoa" title="National Park of American Samoa">National Park's</a> natural reserves and the destruction of its <a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">visitor center</a> and main offices have been reported, while only 20% of the park's 40 to 50 employees and volunteers had been found.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A beach village was reported to have been "wiped out", killing at least 14 people after the earthquake had sent residents fleeing for higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of American Samoans were said to have been left injured or homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confirmed death tolls rose to 22 people, with many people still missing in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Leone,_American_Samoa" title="Leone, American Samoa">Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a> <a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">correspondent</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>, the largest city in American Samoa, had sustained heavy damage in the tsunami, with its <a href="/wiki/Main_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Main street">main street</a> flooded, cars overturned, and shoreline businesses damaged. He "also witnessed <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> in one of the stores".<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="American Samoa Governor">American Samoa Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Togiola_Tulafono" title="Togiola Tulafono">Togiola Tulafono</a> was in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii for an ocean policy conference at the time of the tsunami struck.<sup id="cite_ref-sb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulafono was monitoring events in American Samoa, but was having difficulties reaching the territory because of communications failures.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told reporters that because of the tight knit communities and strong family bonds, "I don't think anybody is going to be spared this disaster."<sup id="cite_ref-sb_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulafono departed Hawaii for American Samoa on a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> supply flight from Honolulu on the evening of 29 September. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv/220px--FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="189" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="396" data-height="340" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="396" data-height="340" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="168" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv/FBI_tsunami_video_-_Pago_Pago_parking_lot_-_end.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="280" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Security camera footage of the tsunami surging through a parking lot in Pago Pago.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_American_Samoa" title="Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipulasi_Aitofele_Sunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia">Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia</a> announced that the earthquake had caused severe damage to American Samoa's electrical infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main electricity generator in <a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a> had been damaged, which knocked out power from the central village of <a href="/wiki/Faga%27alu" class="mw-redirect" title="Faga'alu">Faga'alu</a> across <a href="/wiki/Tutuila" title="Tutuila">Tutuila</a> to the eastern village of <a href="/wiki/Onenoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Onenoa">Onenoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Satala electrical plant may be out of service for a month or more until repairs can be made, with the <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Power_Authority" title="American Samoa Power Authority">American Samoa Power Authority</a> (ASPA) stating that power would be out indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new power plant at Satala was expected to be commissioned on 25 May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electricity was also out on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Ofu-Olosega" title="Ofu-Olosega">Ofu-Olosega</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Manu%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu'a">Manu'a Islands Group</a>, and a government plane has been sent to assess damage on Ofu.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The water system was also damaged in the earthquake, and the supply of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> to eastern parts of American Samoa has been disrupted due to broken water lines.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water division of the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) announced that it will bring water in tanker trucks to affected villages.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents were warned to conserve and boil water until safe drinking water supplies can be restored, which could take some time.<sup id="cite_ref-samoanews_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samoanews-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/Disaster_area" title="Disaster area">major disaster</a> in American Samoa, allowing federal funds to be used for rescues, life support, and public health and safety measures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the initial U.S. government response was a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) logistics team and staff from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>. Also, <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a> and basic commodities, including <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generators" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generators">electrical generators</a>, medical supplies, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drugs</a> were sent out, and multiple planes are being prepared for more cargo and personnel, including FEMA, HHS, and Coast Guard staff and experts from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/USS_Ingraham_(FFG-61)" title="USS Ingraham (FFG-61)">USS <i>Ingraham</i> (FFG-61)</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> on 30 September and assisted recovery efforts with its two Seahawk helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samoa">Samoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Samoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samoa evacuated people from the entire city of <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>, the country's capital city on the island of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a> and moving thousands of residents to higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-nzh_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Cherelle Jackson reported that the city quickly emptied in the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami, "All the schools, workplaces everyone has walked up – it's like a ghost town."<sup id="cite_ref-nzh_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty villages on Upolu south side were reportedly destroyed, including <a href="/wiki/Lep%C4%81,_Samoa" title="Lepā, Samoa">Lepā</a>, the home of Samoa's Prime Minister<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tuila%27epa_Sa%27ilele_Malielegaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi">Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi</a>. In Lepā, only the church and the village's welcome sign remained standing following the tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-dt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hardest hit areas in Samoa appear to be <a href="/wiki/Fagaloa_Bay" title="Fagaloa Bay">Fagaloa Bay</a> on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalomanu" title="Lalomanu">Lalomanu</a> on the south east coast, and along the rest of the southern coast of the island,<sup id="cite_ref-nzh_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one hospital in Apia reporting it had received 79 bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-theage_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of <a href="/wiki/Poutasi" title="Poutasi">Poutasi</a> on the south west coast of Upolu was reported with extensive damage in a <a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a> news item, along with its neighbouring Villages of Satalo and Salani being completely wiped out.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mother at the Taufua Beach Fales in Lalomanu watched her three young children swept away by the tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere there were reports of landslides near <a href="/wiki/Solosolo" title="Solosolo">Solosolo</a> and damage to <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a> near Apia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of tourist resorts are located on Upolu's south coast. These include Coconuts Beach Resort<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sinalei Reef Resort and Spa<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Siumu" title="Siumu">Siumu</a>. Both resorts published tsunami updates on their websites. The Sa'Moana Resort is in the village of <a href="/wiki/Salamumu" title="Salamumu">Salamumu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern part of the island remains without power or water supplies after the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-theage_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Red Cross worker reported to <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a> that waves 10 feet (3 m) high had flattened beachside resorts on Upolu,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that residents told him the tourist zone of Lalomanu had been crushed by a wall of water about 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cliffs above Lalomanu were scoured out to a height of 10–15 m (33–49 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Power outages were reported, and phone lines were jammed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samoan officials confirmed the runway at <a href="/wiki/Faleolo_International_Airport" title="Faleolo International Airport">Faleolo International Airport</a> on Upolu was safe by early afternoon (30 September 2009). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Samoan Prime Minister</a> Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi, and his Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Misa_Telefoni_Retzlaff" title="Misa Telefoni Retzlaff">Misa Telefoni Retzlaff</a> were in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand, at the time of the earthquake. Both political leaders immediately returned to Samoa. Prime Minister Malielegaoi lost two relatives in the tsunami, including the daughter of one of his nieces.<sup id="cite_ref-so_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-so-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prime Minister made his first address to the nation, after the tsunami, on 1 October.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10600881_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10600881-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of Samoa estimates the damage at US$147.25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-reliefweb.int_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb.int-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 October 2009, an estimated 3,000 people were homeless and seeking refuge in shelters set up around the worst-affected villages.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand's Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Murray_McCully" title="Murray McCully">Murray McCully</a> visited Apia to co-ordinate New Zealand's emergency relief effort. New Zealand Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> arrived in Samoa on 3 October and visited some of the most damaged areas on Upolu including the villages of Poutasi and Lalolamu.<sup id="cite_ref-TVNZ_3046015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVNZ_3046015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Samoa government and the people of Samoa held a national funeral at Apia Park for tsunami victims on 8 October 2009 (Samoa local time).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tonga">Tonga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tonga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv/220px--Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv/Samoa_tsunami_animation_20090929_samoa_a.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Animation of the tsunami's propagation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_(Before).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28Before%29.jpg/220px-Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28Before%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28Before%29.jpg/330px-Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28Before%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28Before%29.jpg/440px-Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28Before%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Niuatoputapu before the tsunami. (Vegetation is red, bare ground is pale blue-grey, clouds and breaking <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> are white or cyan.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_(After).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28After%29.jpg/220px-Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28After%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28After%29.jpg/330px-Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28After%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28After%29.jpg/440px-Earthquake_off_Samoa_Generates_Tsunami_%28After%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Niuatoputapu after the tsunami.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main impact in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> was in the northern part of the island kingdom where there were deaths, injuries and extensive damage<sup id="cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_2919218_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2919218-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu" title="Niuatoputapu">Niuatoputapu</a>, a flat coral island<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 500 km north of the main island <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, and reportedly closest to the epicentre of the earthquake. The death toll on the island has risen to nine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Tongan government spokesman Alfred Soakai said 90% of homes had been destroyed as well as serious damage to the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adviser to the prime minister, Lopeti Senituli, later said the amount of damage to buildings has been downgraded to 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main villages on Niuatoputapu: <a href="/wiki/Hihifo" title="Hihifo">Hihifo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falehau" title="Falehau">Falehau</a>, which were hit by three waves, some 6m high, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Vaipoa" title="Vaipoa">Vaipoa</a>, which received less damage.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new school building remained standing and provided some shelter. The island is isolated with a population of around 1,000 people. Approximately 192 families were left homeless and the homes of 143 additional families were damaged in the tsunami in the villages of Hihifo, Falehau and Vaipoa.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzitonga_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzitonga-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 289 families lived in residences which escaped damage in the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzitonga_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzitonga-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reports outlined coastal damage from a 13-foot (4.0 m) wave on the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other media had earlier reported 10 people killed in Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three people are missing and four sustained serious injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, a government plane sent to the island could not land due to tsunami damage at <a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_Airport" title="Niuatoputapu Airport">Niuatoputapu Airport</a>, which had been forced to close.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonga's acting Prime Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Tuita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Tuita (page does not exist)">Lord Tuita</a> said the government is sending a second plane to Niuatoputapu, but that communication links have been damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi2_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government appealed for clothing and bedding donations for residents in Niuatoputapu.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi2_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relief efforts undertaken by the Tongan government and Red Cross focused on Niuatoputapu, with support from Australia, New Zealand and France. A United Nations coordinator was scheduled to travel to Tonga to support early recovery initiatives in areas such as 'health, sanitation, water, infrastructure, psychological support, agriculture and fishing'.<sup id="cite_ref-reliefweb.int_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb.int-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were no reports of any damage to <a href="/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu" title="Vavaʻu">Vavaʻu</a> island group or to the main island of <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, where the capital, <a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a>, is.<sup id="cite_ref-rnzi2_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnzi2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Polynesia">French Polynesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French Polynesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> escaped much of the damage inflicted against other Polynesian countries and territories by the earthquake. Concern centered on the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, the northernmost archipelago in French Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the other islands of French Polynesia, the Marquesas have no protective <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a> which would absorb the impact of a potential tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Republic_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia">French High Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Colrat" title="Adolphe Colrat">Adolphe Colrat</a> warned residents of the Marquesas to seek shelter at an elevation of at least 10 m (33 ft) above sea level. Residents across French Polynesia were advised to avoid <a href="/wiki/Valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Valleys">valleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bays">bays</a>, tie up watercraft and listen to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_France_Outre-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseau France Outre-mer">Réseau France Outre-mer</a> (RFO) for further instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Marquesas Islands, some bays were nearly emptied of their water before a wave crashed back in and refilled the area.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boats in the region immediately left port once the warning was issued. The cargo and passenger ship <i><a href="/wiki/Aranui_3" title="Aranui 3">Aranui 3</a></i>, which had been docked in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiohae_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiohae Bay (page does not exist)">Taiohae Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a> in the Marquesas, the area most impacted by a small tsunami wave, immediately evacuated the bay for open water.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the Marquesas, the threat of a tsunami largely passed without much incidence. The government had initially feared a wave of approximately 90 cm (35 in), with the ability to strike all parts of the sprawling territory.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five small tsunami waves, measuring 25–70 cm (10–28 in) were recorded off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a>, Tahiti, between 11:10 am and 12 noon local time on Tuesday.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tsunami wave at 11:10 am measured 25 cm (10 in), while the second recorded wave was measured at 35 cm (14 in) at 11:23 am<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waves gradually increased in size, with the fifth, and last wave, being recorded at 70 cm (28 in) tall at 12:03 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian National Armada">Colombian Navy</a> training ship <a href="/wiki/ARC_Gloria" title="ARC Gloria"><i>Gloria</i></a>, also left <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papeete_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papeete Harbor (page does not exist)">Papeete Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> once the warning was issued as a precaution.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, which include the tourist resort areas of Tahiti and <a href="/wiki/Moorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorea">Moorea</a>, were advised to move above 5 m (16 ft) above sea level, for safety.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High Commissioner Adolphe Colrat cancelled the tsunami red alert at 12:03 pm on Tuesday for all areas of French Polynesia except the Marquesas.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alert for the Marquesas Islands was extended 2:50 pm until the threat had passed.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_47-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="French Polynesian President">French Polynesian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Temaru" title="Oscar Temaru">Oscar Temaru</a> wrote to the heads of American Samoa, Samoa and Tonga offering support following the tsunami,<sup id="cite_ref-tp2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "On behalf of the people and the government of French Polynesia, I would like to convey our most sincere expression of condolence and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solidarity" class="extiw" title="wikt:solidarity">solidarity</a> in the wake of the Tsunami that just hit your people...We have, within the <a href="/w/index.php?title=FRANZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FRANZ (page does not exist)">FRANZ</a> framework decided to send both human and material help. 1 doctor, 2 nurses and one logistics expert, all members of our emergency medical staff will carry a total of 600 kg [sic] of medical material that will be dispatched locally by the FRANZ authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-tp2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FRANZ stands for France, Australia and New Zealand, three large countries who traditionally provide aid in Oceania following natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-tp2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported 189 deaths; 149 in Samoa, 31 American Samoa, 9 Tonga (2 October 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tsunami_memorial">Tsunami memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tsunami memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1st anniversary of February <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">2011 earthquake memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, a memorial dedicated to the tsunami victims was erected in the village of <a href="/wiki/Leone,_American_Samoa" title="Leone, American Samoa">Leone, American Samoa</a> on 25 February 2012. Leone, a small village on a bay was, particularly hard-hit. The monument is called the <a href="/wiki/Leone_Healing_Garden" title="Leone Healing Garden">Healing Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_aid">International aid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governments">Governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_42046_-_Emergency_Generators_being_unloaded_from_a_C-17_in_American_Samoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption>FEMA generators being unloaded.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa5_(10718914923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Samoa5_%2810718914923%29.jpg/220px-Samoa5_%2810718914923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Samoa5_%2810718914923%29.jpg/330px-Samoa5_%2810718914923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Samoa5_%2810718914923%29.jpg/440px-Samoa5_%2810718914923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A fire truck for the Samoa Fire and Emergency Services Authority.</figcaption></figure> <p>New Zealand dispatched <a href="/wiki/RNZAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZAF">RNZAF</a> <a href="/wiki/P-3_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="P-3 Orion">P-3 Orions</a> to assess the damage and search for bodies. An RNZAF <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> with medical staff and supplies, makeshift morgues, stretchers, tents and food was sent on the 30th. A further 7 RNZAF and 2 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> Hercules flights were made, and a RAAF <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster">C-17 Globemaster</a> also provided airlift support to ferry relief supplies. These were distributed within the islands by RNZAF <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1H" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell UH-1H">Bell UH-1H</a> helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> arranged for larger <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> aircraft to carry in relief workers and evacuate tourists to <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, and fly the Samoan Prime Minister back to his country. The New Zealand helicopter carrying ship <a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Canterbury_(L421)" title="HMNZS Canterbury (L421)">HMNZS <i>Canterbury</i></a> was sent to Samoa (also offloading aid and personnel in Tonga).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuff.co.nz_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff.co.nz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Zealand government also pledged over NZ$12 million for relief efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States sent the US Navy frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Ingraham_(FFG-61)" title="USS Ingraham (FFG-61)">USS <i>Ingraham</i></a>, two US Air Force <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/154th_Wing" title="154th Wing">154th Wing</a>, and 90 members of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_National_Guard" title="Hawaii National Guard">Hawaii National Guard</a> to American Samoa to assist in the relief efforts there.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center, prepared an emergency webpage for geological, hydrological and trafficability information for relief engineering and humanitarian aid. </p><p>Australia sent teams of paramedics, doctors, nurses and search and rescue specialists with essential supplies like tents and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other aid came from concerned individuals and groups throughout the world, namely New Zealand, Australia, the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aid_agencies">Aid agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aid agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> announced it was setting up a scheme for a humanitarian fund with an initial amount of €150,000. The fund was channelled to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> through the Disaster Response Emergency Fund (DREF) "to assist with primary emergency needs in Samoa depending upon the first 'on the ground' assessments."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> International said it was ready to respond to the disaster with staff and supplies on standby. Oxfam's New Zealand branch launched a fund for donations.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Samoa and American Samoa have local <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> offices. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Red_Cross" title="New Zealand Red Cross">New Zealand Red Cross</a> humanitarian aid workers were also on stand-by to travel to Samoa, and had started a fund for donations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Red Cross built 76 ten-foot by twenty foot single room homes and 23 twenty foot by twenty foot multi room homes in Nuiatoputapu to replace homes destroyed there by the tsunami.</li> <li>Aid funds were also organised by the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary Club">Rotary Club</a> of NZ and <a href="/wiki/ANZ_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZ Bank">ANZ Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stuff.co.nz_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff.co.nz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United States said federal aid would be made available to combat the devastation. <a href="/wiki/Craig_Fugate" title="Craig Fugate">Craig Fugate</a>, head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, said FEMA sent an incident management assistance team and a planning and response team "to provide support and on the ground assessment" in along with assistance from the US Coast Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> organized humanitarian aid from members of the church in the USA, New Zealand, Samoa and Tonga to be delivered to those in need. On Tonga's main island of Tongatapu, 12 LDS stake presidents asked church members on the radio to donate food, clothing, cooking equipment, pillows, blankets and other necessities, and LDS church buildings in American Samoa housed the displaced victims of the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Next_of_kin" title="Next of kin">Next of Kin</a> Registry (<a href="/wiki/NOKR" class="mw-redirect" title="NOKR">NOKR</a>) was a vital resource used for family reunification post the tsunami, according to the Deputy Director of the Territorial Emergency Management Coordinating Office (TEMCO).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADRA" class="mw-redirect" title="ADRA">ADRA</a> (Adventist Development and Relief Agency) deployed a coordinator on the ground in Samoa to provide emergency management support to the response efforts. Mr Eager has taken initial aid with him, and by Friday 2 October had visited the devastated areas on the south coast of Upolu. He is coordinating ADRA's response with the Samoan Disaster Management Council and other responding agencies to compile findings and plan coordinated relief.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ADRA launched a Pacific Disaster Appeal in both Australia and New Zealand.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_relief_funds_for_donations">Emergency relief funds for donations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emergency relief funds for donations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The New Zealand Red Cross appeal raised donations amounting to almost NZ$3.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oxfam New Zealand set up a rapid response emergency fund at their website.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>UNICEF (NZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADRA" class="mw-redirect" title="ADRA">ADRA</a> Australia has set up a Pacific Disasters Appeal donation website,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hotline (1800 242 372).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADRA" class="mw-redirect" title="ADRA">ADRA</a> New Zealand has a donation website<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and call centre (0800 4 999 111).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tsunami_warnings">Tsunami warnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tsunami warnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg/250px-Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg/375px-Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg/500px-Samoa_tsunami_travel_times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Tsunami travel times from <a href="/wiki/Epicentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicentre">epicentre</a> (in hrs)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunami warning">tsunami warning</a> was initially issued for American Samoa, Samoa, Niue, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, Tokelau, the Cook Islands, Tonga, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, Kiribati, the Kermadec Islands, Fiji, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, New Zealand, French Polynesia, Palmyra Island, Vanuatu, Nauru, Marshall Islands, and Solomon Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-st_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the warnings were called off once it was clear that the tsunami threat had passed.<sup id="cite_ref-st_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials in the Cook Islands, which hosted the <a href="/wiki/2009_Pacific_Mini_Games" title="2009 Pacific Mini Games">2009 Pacific Mini Games</a>, noted that the tsunami passed without any damage to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-st_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tsunami warning remained in effect for the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia, as five main waves were expected to strike that <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-st_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warnings also remained in Tuvalu, one of the lowest lying countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-st_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local radio stations in Tonga broadcast warnings that a tsunami was possible and that people should move away from coastal villages. </p><p>A tsunami watch was issued for islands farther from the epicenter, including Hawaii and Papua New Guinea, but not for California, USA.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials were determining whether the tsunami could reach Hawaii, the center said. It was possible that a strongly decreased wave could reach Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tsunami advisory was issued for coastal California and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> beginning at 9:00 pm local time as a precaution.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftershocks">Aftershocks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftershocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were more than 40 total aftershocks with a magnitude greater than 5.0 in the 48 hours after the mainshock.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2009" title="List of earthquakes in 2009">List of earthquakes in 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">List of earthquakes in Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tsunamis" title="List of tsunamis">List of tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%CA%BBapai_eruption_and_tsunami" title="2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami">2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sulawesi_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami">2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISC-GEM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISC-GEM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC-GEM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC-GEM_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFISC2015" class="citation cs2">ISC (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php"><i>ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)</i></a>, Version 2.0, <a href="/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre" title="International Seismological Centre">International Seismological Centre</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISC-GEM+Global+Instrumental+Earthquake+Catalogue+%281900%E2%80%932009%29&rft.series=Version+2.0&rft.pub=International+Seismological+Centre&rft.date=2015&rft.au=ISC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isc.ac.uk%2Fiscgem%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samoa%3A+Samoa%2FTonga%3A+Tsunami+OCHA+Situation+Report+No.+5&rft.pub=ReliefWeb&rft.date=2009-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reliefweb.int%2Frw%2Frwb.nsf%2Fdb900SID%2FRMOI-7WHMXB%3FOpenDocument%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10600889">"Up to six NZers feared dead in tsunami"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. 2 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021110321/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10600889">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Up+to+six+NZers+feared+dead+in+tsunami&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10600889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVNZ_3046015-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TVNZ_3046015_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005185724/http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/john-key-arrives-in-samoa-3046015">"John Key arrives in Samoa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Television_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Television New Zealand">Television New Zealand</a></i>. 3 October 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Television+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=John+Key+arrives+in+Samoa&rft.date=2009-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnz.co.nz%2Fpolitics-news%2Fjohn-key-arrives-in-samoa-3046015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314214226/http://pacificeyewitness.org/2009/10/09/samoa-stands-still-for-national-funeral-at-apia-park/">"pacificeyewitness.org"</a>. pacificeyewitness.org. 27 January 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pacificeyewitness.org&rft.pub=pacificeyewitness.org&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacificeyewitness.org%2F2009%2F10%2F09%2Fsamoa-stands-still-for-national-funeral-at-apia-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2919218-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_2919218_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/2919218/Ten-killed-in-Tonga-following-tsunami">"Ten killed in Tonga following tsunami"</a>. New Zealand: Stuff. 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tongaairports.com/niuatoputapu.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga+Airports+Limited+%E2%80%93+Airport+Info+%3E+Niuatoputapu+%E2%80%93+Mata%27aho+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tongaairports.com%2Fniuatoputapu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/pacbeat/stories/200910/s2702855.htm">"Teams arrive on Tonga's Niuatoputapu at epicentre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005032319/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/pacbeat/stories/200910/s2702855.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teams+arrive+on+Tonga%27s+Niuatoputapu+at+epicentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioaustralia.net.au%2Fpacbeat%2Fstories%2F200910%2Fs2702855.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/multimedia/tv/world/27592.html">"The death toll on a remote Tongan island has risen to nine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009121529/http://www.scoop.co.nz/multimedia/tv/world/27592.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+death+toll+on+a+remote+Tongan+island+has+risen+to+nine.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fmultimedia%2Ftv%2Fworld%2F27592.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/stories/2009/10/02/1245cd0aa6c3">"Title Unknown"</a>. 2 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003212525/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/stories/2009/10/02/1245cd0aa6c3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+Unknown&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2009%2F10%2F02%2F1245cd0aa6c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahana2009" class="citation news cs1">Tahana, Yvonne (2 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844&objectid=10600831">"Teams reach Tongan victims – Samoa tsunami – NZ Herald News"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021110401/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844&objectid=10600831">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Teams+reach+Tongan+victims+%E2%80%93+Samoa+tsunami+%E2%80%93+NZ+Herald+News&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.aulast=Tahana&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fsamoa-tsunami%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1502844%26objectid%3D10600831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rnzitonga-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rnzitonga_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnzitonga_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=49502">"Service held in Tonga for tsunami victims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a></i>. 5 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Service+held+in+Tonga+for+tsunami+victims&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D49502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/30/2700632.htm?section=justin">"Tonga reports tsunami deaths"</a>. Australia: ABC. 29 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004192129/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/30/2700632.htm?section=justin">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga+reports+tsunami+deaths&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2009%2F09%2F30%2F2700632.htm%3Fsection%3Djustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rnzi2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rnzi2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnzi2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnzi2_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnzi2_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnzi2_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=49421">"Seven confirmed dead from tsunami in Tonga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seven+confirmed+dead+from+tsunami+in+Tonga&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D49421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tp-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_47-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091003145955/http://en.tahitipresse.pf/print.cfm?presse=28105">"Papeete measures 5 small waves during tsunami red alert"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahitipress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahitipress (page does not exist)">Tahitipress</a></i>. 29 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tahitipresse.pf/print.cfm?presse=28105">the original</a> on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tahitipress&rft.atitle=Papeete+measures+5+small+waves+during+tsunami+red+alert&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tahitipresse.pf%2Fprint.cfm%3Fpresse%3D28105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tp2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp2_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091008154406/http://en.tahitipresse.pf/print.cfm?presse=28108">"French Polynesia will help islands hit by tsunami"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahitipress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahitipress (page does not exist)">Tahitipress</a></i>. 30 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tahitipresse.pf/print.cfm?presse=28108">the original</a> on 8 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tahitipress&rft.atitle=French+Polynesia+will+help+islands+hit+by+tsunami&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tahitipresse.pf%2Fprint.cfm%3Fpresse%3D28108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2009+Samoa+earthquake+and+tsunami" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToni_O'Loughlin2009" class="citation news cs1">Toni O'Loughlin (2 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/02/surfer-rode-samoa-tsunami-waves">"Surfer survived Samoa tsunami by riding out the waves"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2009_Samoan_Islands_tsunami" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:2009 Samoan Islands tsunami">2009 Samoan Islands tsunami</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8281616.stm">Deadly tsunami strikes in Pacific</a> – <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc108?OpenForm&emid=TS-2009-000209-ASM&rc=5">South Pacific: Tsunami – Sep 2009</a> – <a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083545/http://www.3news.co.nz/A-family-devastated-by-the-tsunami---full-interview/tabid/417/articleID/123606/cat/1032/Default.aspx/">A family devastated by the tsunami – full interview</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/3_News" class="mw-redirect" title="3 News">3 News</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929131304/http://www.3news.co.nz/Tsunami-stories-of-luck-and-sorrow-at-airport/tabid/209/articleID/123574/cat/87/Default.aspx/">Tsunami stories of luck and sorrow at airport</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/3_News" class="mw-redirect" title="3 News">3 News</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004191648/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/2009_Samoa_earthquake">2009 Samoa earthquake</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fotopedia" title="Fotopedia">Fotopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/nz-samoans-head-home-loved-ones-3042027/video">NZ Samoans head home to loved ones</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/One_News_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="One News (New Zealand)">One News</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disasterscharter.org/web/charter/activation_details?p_r_p_1415474252_assetId=ACT-273">Tsunami in Samoa Islands</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Charter_on_Space_and_Major_Disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter on Space and Major Disasters">Disasters Charter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP-fuEChn2Y">Tsunami Animation: Samoan Islands, 29 September 2009</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center" title="Pacific Tsunami Warning Center">Pacific Tsunami Warning Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Qi9gApr7x68&t=109s">Moment the tsunami hit a parking lot in American Samoa</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/">International Seismological Centre</a> has a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=15162203">bibliography</a> and/or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=15162203&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE">authoritative data</a> for this event.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ts-2009-000209-asm">main page</a> for this event.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes_in_2009" title="Template:Earthquakes in 2009"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes_in_2009" title="Template talk:Earthquakes in 2009"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes_in_2009" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes in 2009"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_Earthquakes_in_2009_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2008" title="List of earthquakes in 2008">←</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2009" title="List of earthquakes in 2009">Earthquakes in 2009</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2010" title="List of earthquakes in 2010">→</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_West_Papua_earthquakes" title="2009 West Papua earthquakes"> West Papua</a> (7.7 & 7.4, Jan 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Cinchona_earthquake" title="2009 Cinchona earthquake">Costa Rica</a> (6.2, Jan 8)<b>†</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Talaud_Islands_earthquake" title="2009 Talaud Islands earthquake">Talaud Islands</a> (7.2, Feb 11)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_L%27Aquila_earthquake" title="2009 L'Aquila earthquake">L'Aquila</a> (6.3, Apr 6)<b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_Afghanistan_earthquake" title="April 2009 Afghanistan earthquake">1st Afghanistan</a> (5.2, Apr 17)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swan_Islands_earthquake" title="2009 Swan Islands earthquake">Swan Islands</a> (7.3, May 23)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Yunnan_earthquake" title="2009 Yunnan earthquake">Yunnan</a> (5.7, Jul 9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Fiordland_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Fiordland earthquake">Fiordland</a> (7.8, Jul 15)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Shizuoka_earthquake" title="2009 Shizuoka earthquake">Shizuoka</a> (6.4, Aug 10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Andaman_Islands_earthquake" title="2009 Andaman Islands earthquake">Andaman Islands</a> (7.5, Aug 11)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_West_Java_earthquake" title="2009 West Java earthquake">West Java</a> (7.0, Sep 2)<b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bhutan_earthquake" title="2009 Bhutan earthquake">Bhutan</a> (6.1, Sep 21)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samoa</a> (8.1, Sep 29)<b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes" title="2009 Sumatra earthquakes">2nd Sumatra</a> (7.6, Sep 30)<b>†‡ </b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2009_Afghanistan_earthquake" title="October 2009 Afghanistan earthquake">2nd Afghanistan</a> (6.2, Oct 22)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Karonga_earthquakes" title="2009 Karonga earthquakes">Karonga</a> (~6.0, December)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hualien_earthquake" title="2009 Hualien earthquake">Hualien</a> (6.4, Dec 19)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>†</b> indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths<br /> <b>‡ </b> indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samoa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samoa_topics" title="Template talk:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samoa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Samoa" title="Archaeology of Samoa">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">First Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_crisis" title="Samoan crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Apia_cyclone" title="1889 Apia cyclone">1889 Apia cyclone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Samoa" title="List of colonial governors of Samoa">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">New Zealand occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Upolu" title="Naval Base Upolu">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Western_Samoa" title="Territory of Western Samoa">Trust Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2009 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Samoan_constitutional_crisis" title="2021 Samoan constitutional crisis">2021 constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Samoa" title="Geography of Samoa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Samoa" title="List of bays in Samoa">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Samoa" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Samoa">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Samoa" title="Districts of Samoa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Samoa" title="Category:Fauna of Samoa">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Samoan_plant_common_names" title="List of Samoan plant common names">Samoan plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_hotspot" title="Samoa hotspot">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa" title="List of protected areas of Samoa">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Samoa" title="List of rivers of Samoa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili" title="Silisili">Silisili (mountain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Samoa" title="Cabinet of Samoa">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Samoa" title="Elections in Samoa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBamatai" title="Faʻamatai"><i>Faʻamatai</i> (chiefly system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Samoa" title="Foreign relations of Samoa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service" title="Samoa Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Samoa" title="Military of Samoa">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Samoa" title="Government ministries of Samoa">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo"><i>O le Ao o le Malo</i> (head of state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Samoa" title="List of political parties in Samoa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_t%C4%81l%C4%81" title="Samoan tālā">Tālā (currency)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoan_pound" title="Western Samoan pound">Western Samoan pound</a> (historic)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Samoa" title="Transport in Samoa">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Samoa" title="Category:Society of Samoa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Banner_of_Freedom" title="The Banner of Freedom">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa" title="Coat of arms of Samoa">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoan_dances" title="Category:Samoan dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_S%C4%81moa" title="Faʻa Sāmoa">Faʻa Sāmoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_literature" title="Samoan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Samoa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_proverbs" title="Samoan proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Samoa" title="Public holidays in Samoa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAva_ceremony" title="ʻAva ceremony">ʻAva ceremony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Samoa" title="Outline of Samoa">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa" title="Category:Samoa">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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