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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Emotional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invulnerability"> <div 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تعرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilid%C3%A1" title="Vulnerabilidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vulnerabilidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="আক্রান্তপ্রবণতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আক্রান্তপ্রবণতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilitat" title="Vulnerabilitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vulnerabilitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilit%C3%A4t" title="Vulnerabilität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulnerabilität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilidad" title="Vulnerabilidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vulnerabilidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آسیب‌پذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیب‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuln%C3%A9rabilit%C3%A9_(s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9)" title="Vulnérabilité (sécurité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vulnérabilité (sécurité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilidade" title="Vulnerabilidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vulnerabilidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B7%A8%EC%95%BD%EC%84%B1" title="취약성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="취약성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अरक्षितता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरक्षितता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פגיעות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פגיעות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebezhet%C5%91s%C3%A9g" title="Sebezhetőség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sebezhetőség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vulnerability" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5rbarhet" title="Sårbarhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sårbarhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Уразливість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уразливість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%86%E5%BC%B1%E9%BB%9E" title="脆弱點 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脆弱點" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1178984#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For vulnerabilities in the computing field and cyber space (such as security holes), see <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability (computing)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vulnerability (disambiguation)">Vulnerability (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vulnerability" title="Special:EditPage/Vulnerability">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vulnerability%22">"Vulnerability"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vulnerability%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vulnerability%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vulnerability%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vulnerability%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vulnerability%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vulnerability</b> refers to "the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The understanding of social and environmental vulnerability, as a <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> approach, involves the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Risks">risks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Assets">assets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">disadvantaged groups</a>, such as the elderly. The approach of vulnerability in itself brings great expectations of <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerontological_planning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerontological planning (page does not exist)">gerontological planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types of vulnerability include social, cognitive, environmental, emotional or military. </p><p>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a>, vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship that people have with their <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. "The concept of vulnerability expresses the multi-dimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the extent to which changes could harm a system, or to which the community can be affected by the impact of a hazard or exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. </p><p>Within the body of literature related to vulnerability, one major research stream includes the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> behind said research, namely measuring and assessing indicators of vulnerability. These include external—sudden shocks and continued stresses—and internal indicators, such as defenselessness or inability to cope with incapacities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulnerability research covers a complex, <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a> field including <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> studies, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">climate studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">security studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster risk management">disaster risk management</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research is of importance and interest for organizations trying to reduce vulnerability<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – especially as related to poverty and other <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>. Many institutions are conducting interdisciplinary research on vulnerability. A forum that brings many of the current researchers on vulnerability together is the Expert Working Group (EWG). Researchers are currently working to refine definitions of "vulnerability", measurement and assessment methods, and effective communication of research to decision makers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">Social vulnerability</a></div> <p>Social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability that responds to multiple <a href="/wiki/Stressor" title="Stressor">stressors</a> (agent responsible for stress) and <a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">shocks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazards">natural hazards</a>. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that marital status, employment, and income have an impact on the level of vulnerability presented in individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, there is a need to place an increased emphasis on assets and entitlements for understanding 'catastrophe' as opposed to solely the strength or severity of shocks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capacity of individuals, communities and systems to survive, adapt, transform, and grow in the face of stress and shocks increase when conditions require it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building resilience is about making people, communities, and systems better prepared to withstand catastrophic events—both natural and man-made—and able to bounce back more quickly and emerge stronger from these shocks and stresses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>window of vulnerability (WOV)</i> is a time frame within which defensive measures are diminished, compromised, or lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive">Cognitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cognitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_vulnerability" title="Cognitive vulnerability">Cognitive vulnerability</a></div> <p>A cognitive vulnerability, in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, is an erroneous belief, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>, or pattern of thought that is believed to predispose the individual to psychological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-black_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive vulnerability is in place before the symptoms of psychological disorders start to appear, such as high neuroticism.<sup id="cite_ref-NeuroticismMA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeuroticismMA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the individual encounters a stressful experience, the cognitive vulnerability shapes a <a href="/wiki/Maladaptation" title="Maladaptation">maladaptive</a> response that may lead to a psychological disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-black_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a>, cognitive vulnerability is constructed from schema models, hopelessness models, and attachment theory.<sup id="cite_ref-rick_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rick-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attachment theory states that humans need to develop a close bond with their caregivers. When there is a disruption in the child-parent bonding relationship it may be associated with cognitive vulnerability and depression<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional bias</a> is a form of cognitive bias that can lead to cognitive vulnerability. Allocating a danger level to a threat depends on the urgency or intensity of the threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anxiety is not associated with selective orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-emo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_or_climate_change">Environmental or climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental or climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Climate change vulnerability</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_vulnerability&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Climate change vulnerability</a> is a concept that describes how strongly people or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> are likely to be affected by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Its formal definition is the "<a href="/wiki/Propensity_probability" title="Propensity probability">propensity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Predispositioning_theory" title="Predispositioning theory">predisposition</a> to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems (or ecosystems).<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_vulnerability_:34_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_vulnerability_:34-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Issues around the capacity to cope and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt</a> are also part of this concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_vulnerability_:34_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_vulnerability_:34-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Vulnerability is a component of <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">climate risk</a>. It differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can increase or decrease over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_vulnerability_:34_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_vulnerability_:34-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Vulnerability is generally a bigger problem for people in <a href="/wiki/Low-income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income countries">low-income countries</a> than for those in high-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_vulnerability_:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_vulnerability_:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional">Emotional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emotional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Bren%C3%A9_Brown" title="Brené Brown">Brené Brown</a> defines vulnerability as "uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure." Brown goes on to suggest that vulnerability is our most accurate measure of courage; we allow ourselves to be seen when we are vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brené Brown teaches her followers that vulnerability is typically thought of as the center of emotions, such as grief, shame, fear, and disappointment, but it is also the center and birthplace of love, belonging, authenticity, creativity, courage, and accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective reinforcement and modeling has been used to help children learn from a young age how to regulate and take accountability for their emotions. Unpleasant emotional states are managed by their subjective discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotional vulnerability is also impacted by respondents that express feelings of sadness about the uncertainty of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing awareness and impact leads to heightened emotional responses. Along with this, emotional vulnerability can affect the physical well-being of older adults when they suppress their emotions in highly distressing situations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When these vulnerabilities are supported through conversation with an emotionally safe "other," this vulnerability can lead to resilience and the capacity to support others.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Paul Nitze</a></div> <p>In military terminology, vulnerability is a subset of <a href="/wiki/Survivability" title="Survivability">survivability</a>, the others being susceptibility and recoverability. Vulnerability is defined in various ways depending on the nation and service arm concerned, but in general it refers to the near-instantaneous effects of a weapon attack. In aviation it is defined as the inability of an aircraft to withstand the damage caused by the man-made hostile environment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some definitions, recoverability (damage control, firefighting, restoration of capability) is included in vulnerability. Some military services develop their own concept of vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political vulnerability can be understood as "the weakness of the democratic system, with its negative effects on the efficiency of public policies, the legitimacy of the government action, limited participation of citizens and the private sector in national efforts, linkage with local governments and civil organizations, the handling and management of emergencies, processing of citizen's demands and needs, and the capacity to meet them."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a> is a direct result of political vulnerability, and has been documented across the globe throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political vulnerability can also refer to elected officials' or political candidates' chances of election, with municipal and local elections often signifying a shift one way or the other on a national scale.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invulnerability">Invulnerability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invulnerability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Invulnerability</b> is a common feature found in science fiction and fantasy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">superhero fiction</a>, as depicted in novels, <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. In such stories, it is a quality that makes a character impervious to pain, damage or loss of health to a significant degree. There are many levels of invulnerability, just like there are many level of immortality (the highest level is absolute immortality), the attribute often coming with limitations leaving characters to be considered only "nigh-invulnerable". Many superheroes and supervillains in comic books have some degree of invulnerability, but it is often superhuman invulnerability (aka Strength-Based Invulnerability). </p><p>These kinds of characters possess a form of relative invulnerability, being practically impossible to harm by beings or forces less powerful than themselves. They are immune to most kinds of threats, but they can still be damaged or even killed by stronger characters or forces that specifically negate their invulnerability. Other characters may possess a form of selective or conditional invulnerability, being immune or highly resistant to certain harmful effects or other such phenomena while being vulnerable to others. These specific weaknesses are often enough to kill them as well as harm them, if not the only means to kill them. This can also come in the form of partial invulnerability, making a character highly resistant or immune to harm save for specific areas, such as internal organs. </p><p>In video games, it can be found in the form of "<a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">power-ups</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Cheats#In_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheats">cheats</a>; when activated via cheats, it is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms#God_mode" title="Glossary of video game terms">god mode</a>". Generally, it does not protect the player from certain instant-death hazards, most notably "bottomless" pits from which, even if the player were to survive the fall, they would be unable to escape. As a rule, invulnerability granted by power-ups is temporary, and wears off after a set amount of time, while invulnerability cheats, once activated, remain in effect until deactivated, or the end of the level is reached. "Depending on the game in question, invulnerability to damage may or may not protect the player from non-damage effects, such as being immobilized or sent flying."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mythology, talismans, charms, and amulets were created by magic users for the purpose of making the wearer immune to injury from both mystic and mundane weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolescents">Adolescents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adolescents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hill, Duggan, and Lapsley state in their article that it is commonly accepted that teenagers have no regard for physical danger, which might indicate that they have a sense of danger invulnerability. Additionally, they predicted that the teenagers might have a sense of psychological invulnerability, or a sense of being able to remain unaffected by negative thoughts and emotions. In order to test the effects of both types of invulnerability, the researchers used the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale created by Lapsley and Hill in 2010, which includes twenty statements assessing to what extent the adolescents felt invulnerable psychologically and in danger situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hill et. al found that having a sense of psychological invulnerability benefitted adolescents in combatting negative emotions such as depression. Adolescents who rated themselves as more psychologically invulnerable demonstrated more effective coping mechanisms during times of stress or depression. This lead the researchers to believe that psychological invulnerability during adolescence is beneficial for identity formation. </p><p>Danger invulnerability highly correlated with illegal or criminal activity but had no correlation with mental health. However, danger invulnerability was able to effectively predict "delinquency, lifetime drug use, and drug use frequency." Gender differences in the data showed that adolescent males were more likely to feel invulnerable to danger and psychological effects. The researchers did not observe any difference between the ages of participants.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_adults">Emerging adults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emerging adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this study, Lapsley and Hill (2010) created the AIS for the purpose of studying the invulnerability of college students in Barnett's emerging adulthood (hyperlink) stage of life. Researchers predicted a positive correlation between the adolescents' and emerging adults' scores and subsequently found said correlation. They observed no significant differences in negative and positive optimism biases, which were other elements of the same study. But, as predicted, male participants scored higher on both areas of invulnerability. </p><p>High danger invulnerability strongly correlated with social issues, such as risk behavior and substance use. Both types of invulnerability, psychological and danger invulnerability, proved to be high predictors of self-esteem problems in emerging adulthood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullibility" title="Gullibility">Gullibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional insecurity">Emotional insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic" title="Representativeness heuristic">Representativeness heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerabilities_exploited_by_manipulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators">Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_care_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability and care theory of love">Vulnerability and care theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_index" title="Vulnerability index">Vulnerability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_adult" title="Vulnerable adult">Vulnerable adult</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulnerability&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118111731/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/vulnerability">"VULNERABILITY - English Definition and Meaning"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries - English</i>. 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Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">345–</span>368. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCC....19..345W">2015JCC....19..345W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11852-015-0396-6">10.1007/s11852-015-0396-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1400-0350">1400-0350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127950375">127950375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Coastal+Conservation&rft.atitle=Vulnerability+Assessments+of+Coastal+River+Deltas+%E2%80%93+Categorization+and+Review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11852-015-0396-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127950375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1400-0350&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JCC....19..345W&rft.aulast=Wolters&rft.aufirst=Michel+L.&rft.au=Kuenzer%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulnerability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis Flores Ballesteros. "What determines a disaster?" 54 Pesos May. 2008:54 Pesos 11 Sep 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://54pesos.org/2008/09/11/what-determines-a-disaster/">http://54pesos.org/2008/09/11/what-determines-a-disaster/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211421/http://54pesos.org/2008/09/11/what-determines-a-disaster/">Archived</a> 2012-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Daniel R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Early+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Subjective+Invulnerability%2C+Risk+Behavior%2C+and+Adjustment+in+Early+Adolescence.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E501&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0272431611400304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145688280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Patrick+L.&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Lapsley%2C+Daniel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0272431611400304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulnerability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.stefankienberger.at/vulmoz/">Community based vulnerability mapping in Búzi, Mozambique (GIS and Remote Sensing)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munichre-foundation.org">MunichRe Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/eprint/at_sp.htm">Satellite Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arl.army.mil/www/default.cfm?page=33">Survivability/Lethality Analysis</a> – US Army</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tno.nl/content.cfm?context=thema&content=prop_case&laag1=893&laag2=909&laag3=90&item_id=1560&Taal=2">RESIST</a> RESIST Vulnerability Assessment Code</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sans.org/top20/?ref=27974">Top Computer Vulnerabilities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehs.unu.edu">United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulnerability-lab.com">VULNERABILITY LABORATORY </a> (Verified Vulnerability Research Project)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulners.com">Vulners</a> vulnerability database with API</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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risk">Health risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_risk" title="Natural risk">Natural risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk" title="Political risk">Political risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_hazards" title="Category:Technology hazards">Technology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IT_risk" title="IT risk">IT risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_risk" title="Macro risk">Macro risk</a> / <a href="/wiki/External_risk" title="External risk">External risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_risk" title="Extreme risk">Extreme risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety hazard">Safety hazard</a></li> <li><b>Security risk</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">Accident</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution risk">Execution risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_risk" title="Model risk">Model risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputational_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Reputational risk">Reputational risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_risk" title="Country risk">Country risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_risk" title="Legal risk">Legal risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_risk" title="Interest rate risk">Interest rate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange rate risk">Exchange rate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_risk" title="Profit risk">Profit risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_risk" title="Strategic risk">Strategic risk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_risk" title="Residual risk">Residual risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulnerability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">Countermeasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">Regulatory compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">GRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_control" title="Internal control">Internal control</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Personal risk management</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_management_(health)" title="Disease management (health)">Disease management</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk_management" title="Operational risk management">Operational risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_risk_management" title="Supply chain risk management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_risk_management" title="Project risk management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_access_management" title="Identity and access management">Identity and access management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_management" title="Vulnerability management">Vulnerability management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity_planning" title="Business continuity planning">Business continuity planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warning_system" title="Warning system">Warning system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster management">Disaster management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_model" title="Swiss cheese model">Swiss cheese model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">Scenario planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Structured or semi-structured interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">Delphi method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Preliminary hazard analysis</a> (PHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" title="Hazard and operability study">Hazard and operability study</a> (HAZOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a> (HACCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_What_If_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured What If Technique">Structured What If Technique</a> (SWIFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenario analysis">Scenario analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_impact_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Business impact analysis">Business impact analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">Root cause analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis" title="Failure mode and effects analysis">Failure mode and effects analysis</a> (FMEA) / <a href="/wiki/Failure_mode,_effects,_and_criticality_analysis" title="Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis">FMECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis" title="Fault tree analysis">Fault tree analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_tree_analysis" title="Event tree analysis">Event tree analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cause_and_consequence_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cause and consequence analysis (page does not exist)">Cause and consequence analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause-and-effect_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause-and-effect analysis">Cause-and-effect analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Layer_protection_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layer protection analysis (page does not exist)">Layer 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