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Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Service availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.2</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books,_films,_television,_music_and_modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rickshaws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rickshaws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_human_powered_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_human_powered_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other human powered transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_human_powered_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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rickshaw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw_con_tracci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Rickshaw con tracción humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rickshaw con tracción humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pousse-pousse_(transport_de_personnes)" title="Pousse-pousse (transport de personnes) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pousse-pousse (transport de personnes)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%A0%A5%EA%B1%B0" title="인력거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인력거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" 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decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/JapaneseRickshaw.jpg/450px-JapaneseRickshaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/JapaneseRickshaw.jpg/600px-JapaneseRickshaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Japanese rickshaws <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1897</span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Pulled rickshaw</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">人力車</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">人力车</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">rénlìchē</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jên<sup>2</sup>-li<sup>4</sup>-chʻê<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">力車</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">りきしゃ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">rikisha</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg/220px-Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg/330px-Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg/440px-Maiko-costume_tourists_on_a_rickshaw_by_andr%C3%A9smh_in_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tourists dressed as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maiko" title="Maiko">maiko</a></i></span> on a rickshaw in Kyoto, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pulled rickshaw</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinrikisha</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人力車</span></span>) 'person/human-powered vehicle'</span>) is a mode of <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">human-powered transport</a> by which a runner draws a two-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">cart</a> which seats one or two people. </p><p>In recent times the use of human-powered <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">rickshaws</a> has been discouraged or outlawed in many countries due to concern for the welfare of rickshaw workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin104_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulled rickshaws have been replaced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">cycle rickshaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto rickshaws">auto rickshaws</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">Rickshaw</a></div> <p>Rickshaws are commonly believed to have been invented in Japan in the 1860s, at the beginning of a period of rapid technical advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_p._14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diefendorf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diefendorf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, rickshaw pulling became an inexpensive, popular mode of transportation across Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_p._14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peasants who migrated to large Asian cities often worked first as a rickshaw runner.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Mente_p._95_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Mente_p._95-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryadinata_p._37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "the deadliest occupation in the East, [and] the most degrading for human beings to pursue."<sup id="cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryadinata_p._37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rickshaw's popularity in Japan declined by the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation, like automobiles and trains. In China, the rickshaw's popularity began to decline in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Mente_p._95_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Mente_p._95-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powerhouse_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powerhouse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Singapore, the rickshaw's popularity increased into the 20th century. There were approximately 50,000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number doubled by 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_p._348_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_p._348-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial rickshaws rode on iron-shod wooden wheels and the passenger sat on hard, flat seats. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> rubber <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upholstery_coil_springs" title="Upholstery coil springs">spring cushions</a>, and backrests improved the passenger's comfort. Other features, such as lights, were also added.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_p._69_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_p._69-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the city of Shanghai, public rickshaws were painted yellow to differentiate from the private vehicles of the wealthy citizens, which were described as: </p> <blockquote><p>... always shiny, were carefully maintained, and sported 'a spotless white upholstered double seat, a clean <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">plaid</a> for one's lap, and a wide protective tarpaulin to protect the passenger (or passengers, since sometimes up to three people rode together) against the rain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The rickshaws were a convenient means of travel, able to traverse winding, narrow city streets. During <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon season">monsoon season</a>, passengers might be carried out of the carriage, above the flooded streets, to the door of their arrival. They offered door-to-door travel, unlike scheduled public bus and tram service.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_p._69_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_p._69-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_overview">Country overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Country overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, it was used in <a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania"> Tanga</a> in Tanzania, and other areas of East Africa for short distances.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madagascar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg/250px-Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg/375px-Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg/500px-Pousse-pousse_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Pousse-pousse in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rickshaws, known as <i>pousse-pousse</i>, were introduced by British <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>. The intention was to eliminate the slavery-associated <a href="/wiki/Palanquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanquin">palanquin</a>. Its name pousse-pousse, meaning <i>push-push</i>, is reportedly gained from the need to have a second person to push the back of the rickshaw on Madagascar's hilly roads. They are a common form of transport in a number of Malagasy cities, especially <a href="/wiki/Antsirabe" title="Antsirabe">Antsirabe</a>, but are not found in the towns or cities with very hilly roads.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are similar to Chinese rickshaws and are often brightly decorated.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nairobi">Nairobi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nairobi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rickshaws operated in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> in the beginning of the 20th century; pullers went on strike there in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> is famous for its iconic <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> rickshaw pullers navigating throughout the city. These colorful characters are famous for their giant, vibrant hats and costumes. They were introduced into Natal by Sir <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Campbell" title="Marshall Campbell">Marshall Campbell</a> in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 299">: 299 </span></sup> There were about 2,000 registered men who pulled rickshaws in Durban in 1904; Since displaced by motorised transport, there are approximately 25 rickshaws left who mostly cater to tourists today.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/220px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/330px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/440px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (transported in a wheeled cart) and children, as imagined by a 17th-century Chinese artist; presumably, the design is similar to the vehicles used at the time. (Illustration from a children's book, <i>Xiao er lun</i>, printed in 1680)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China, from the ancient times and until the 19th century, rich and important people, when traveling overland, were commonly transported in <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)#China" title="Litter (vehicle)">sedan chairs</a> carried by bearers, rather than in wheeled vehicles. This was at least partly explained by road conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that it was from China (or East Asia in general) that sedan chair (a.k.a. "palanquin") designs were introduced into Western Europe in the 17th century. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wheeled carts for one or two passengers, pushed (rather than pulled, like a proper rikshaw) by human servant, were attested as well. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg/220px-Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg/330px-Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg/440px-Tsingtau_Taxameter_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Rickshaw and driver in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, c. 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, wheelbarrow is the most popular transportation for commoners. In the spring of 1873, the French merchant Menard introduced rickshaw from Japan. The original name is "Jinrikisha", meaning "man-power-vehicle" in Japanese. Most of the rickshaws were owned by foreign investors at the beginning, but in around the 1900s, rickshaws were owned mostly by Chinese companies. The official name for rickshaw is "renliche", meaning "man-power-vehicle" in Chinese, but it is more commonly called "dongyangche", meaning "east-foreign-vehicle", or "huangbaoche" in Shanghai, meaning "yellow carriage for rent".<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_p._15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_p._15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rickshaw transportation was an important element in urban development in 20th century China, as a mode of transportation, source of employment and facilitation of migration for workers. According to author David Strand: </p> <blockquote><p>Sixty thousand men took as many as a half million fares a day in a city of slightly more than one million. Sociologist Li Jinghan estimated that one out of six males in the city between the ages of sixteen and fifty was a puller. Rickshaw men and their dependents made up almost 20 percent of Beijing's population.<sup id="cite_ref-Strand_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strand-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most manual rickshaws – seen by many <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoists</a> as a symbol of oppression of the working class<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – were eliminated in China after the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China#History" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">founding of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shanghai">Shanghai</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shanghai's rickshaw industry began in 1874 with 1,000 rickshaws imported from Japan. By 1914 there were 9,718 vehicles. The pullers were a large group of the city's working poor: 100,000 men pulled rickshaws by the early 1940s, up from 62,000 in the mid-1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrary to coolies in Beijing, those in Shanghai mostly come from rural areas out of the city. With the destitution of their land, they poured into the city with their family. As the number of coolies rose up sharply, however, the number of rickshaw remained at 20,000 in Shanghai. Except private coolies, those for public work had to take turns, and thus their average income diminished to $9 per month. Therefore, many coolies worked in the factory and ran the rickshaw after work. However, many coolies were optimistic about life. They were satisfied about their income and dreamed of purchasing their own rickshaws and sending their kids to schools.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this low income, many coolies would not give customers a clear idea of standard price and thus charge higher at any chance they had. In response to this phenomenon, hotels would provide the distance to various streets and the price charged.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/220px-The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/330px-The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/440px-The_final_rickshaw_ride_in_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Outside the Lion Pavilion Lookout in 2011 on <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Peak" title="Victoria Peak">The Peak</a>, Hong Kong, can find this last licensed rickshaw ride in this ex-British colony.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rickshaws were first imported to Hong Kong from Japan in 1880. They were a popular form of transport for many years, peaking at more than 3,000 in the 1920s. However, their popularity waned after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. No new licenses for rickshaws have been issued since 1975, and only a few old men—three as of 2017<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—still hold a license. It is reported that only one of them still offer rickshaw rides on <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Peak" title="Victoria Peak">The Peak</a>, mainly for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg/350px-Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg/525px-Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg/700px-Calcutta_rickshaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> rickshaw, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1880, rickshaws appeared in India, first in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the turn of the century it was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (Calcutta), India and in 1914 was a conveyance for hire.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_p._14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Service_availability">Service availability</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Service availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though most cities offer <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaw</a> service, hand-pulled rickshaws do exist in some areas, such as Kolkata,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the last bastion of human powered <i>tana</i> rickshaws".<sup id="cite_ref-Bindloss_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bindloss-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Trillin, most Kolkata rickshaws serve people "just a notch above poor" who tend to travel short distances. However, in a recent article by Hyrapiet and Greiner,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the authors found that rickshaws also transport middle-class residents who use their services out of convenience and for short-distance trips to the local marketplace. Rickshaws are used to transport goods, shoppers, and school children.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used as a "24-hour ambulance service."<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin100_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also according to Hyrapiet and Greiner, rickshaw pullers have acted as peer-educators for the Calcutta Samaritans providing critical information on HIV/AIDS because of their access to marginalized groups within Kolkata's red light districts. </p><p>Rickshaws are the most effective means of transportation through the flooded streets of the monsoon season.<sup id="cite_ref-Bindloss_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bindloss-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Kolkata floods rickshaw business increases and prices rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin101_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin101-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pullers live a life of poverty and many sleep under rickshaws.<sup id="cite_ref-Bindloss_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bindloss-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rudrangshu_Mukerjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudrangshu Mukerjee">Rudrangshu Mukerjee</a>, an academic, stated many people's ambivalent feelings about riding a rickshaw: he does not like being carried about in a rickshaw but does not like the idea of "taking away their livelihood".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Motor vehicles are banned in the <a href="/wiki/Eco-Sensitive_Zone" title="Eco-Sensitive Zone">Eco-sensitive zone</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Matheran" title="Matheran">Matheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, a tourist hill station near <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> so man-pulled rickshaws are still one of the major forms of transport there.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legislation">Legislation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2005, the Communist government of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> announced plans to completely ban pulled rickshaws, resulting in protests and strikes of the pullers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the chief minister of West Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadeb Bhattacharya">Buddhadeb Bhattacharya</a>, announced that pulled rickshaws would be banned and that rickshaw pullers would be rehabilitated.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin97_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin97-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese man posing next to his rickshaw, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, Indonesia 1936</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulled rickshaws used to be in Indonesia a long time ago. Nowadays, they are replaced by <i>Delman</i> (the horse-drawn carriage) and <i>Becak</i> (cycle rickshaw/pedicab). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg/220px-Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg/330px-Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg/440px-Edward_VIII_wearing_Happi_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> disguising himself as Jinrikishafu (Japanese rickshaw men) at a party in 1922.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several theories about the <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">invention of the rickshaw</a>. Japan historian Seidensticker wrote of the theories: </p> <blockquote><p>Though the origins of the rickshaw are not entirely clear, they seem to be Japanese, and of Tokyo specifically. The most widely accepted theory offers the name of three inventors, and gives 1869 as the date of invention.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_p._348_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_p._348-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued a permission for Izumi Yosuke, Takayama Kosuke, and Suzuki Tokujiro to build and sell rickshaws.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Mente_p._94_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Mente_p._94-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1872, they became the main mode of transportation in Japan, with about 40,000 rickshaws in service.<sup id="cite_ref-Powerhouse_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powerhouse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rickshaw's popularity in Japan declined by the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation, like automobiles and trains. After World War II, when gasoline and automobiles were scarce, they made a temporary come-back. The rickshaw tradition has stayed alive in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> districts<sup id="cite_ref-De_Mente_p._95_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Mente_p._95-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powerhouse_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powerhouse-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only for tourists as well as in other tourist places. The tradition completely disappeared once, but a few people revived jinrikisha (human-powered rickshaws) for tourists in the 1970s-1980s<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rickshaws became popular as a tourism resource in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern rickshaw men are a kind of tourist guide, who take their clients to some tourist spots and explain about them.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them are part-time working students and athletes who like running or exchanging cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rickshaws were a common mode of transport in urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> in the 19th and early 20th centuries until gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">cycle rickshaws</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulled and cycle rickshaw (<i>qinqi</i>) have been banned in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> since April 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a> in cities, horse-drawn carriages (<i><a href="/wiki/Tanga_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (carriage)">tongas</a></i>) were a main source of public transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pulled rickshaw never gained acceptance in the Philippines. Americans tried to introduce it to <a href="/wiki/Manila_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila City">Manila</a> in the early 20th century, but it was strongly opposed by local Filipinos who viewed it as an undignified mode of transport that turned humans into "beasts". The main mode of public and private transportation in the Philippines from the 18th to the early 20th centuries was the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">kalesa</a></i>, a two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Pante_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pante-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore had received its first rickshaws in 1880 and soon after they were prolific, making a "noticeable change in the traffic on Singapore's streets."<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_p._14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bullock_cart" title="Bullock cart">Bullock carts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gharry" title="Gharry">gharries</a> were used prior to the introduction of rickshaws.<sup id="cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryadinata_p._37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the poorest individuals in Singapore in the late nineteenth century were poor, unskilled people of Chinese ancestry. Sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a>, the hardworking men found pulling rickshaws was a new means of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_p._15_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_p._15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rickshaw pullers experienced "very poor" <a href="/wiki/Habitability" title="Habitability">living conditions</a>, poverty and long hours of hard work. Income remained unchanged from 1876 to 1926, about $.60 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._39_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryadinata_p._39-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_p._435_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_p._435-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rickshaws popularity increased into the 20th century. There were approximately 50,000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number doubled by 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_p._348_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_p._348-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In or after the 1920s a union was formed, called the Rickshaw Association, to protect the welfare of rickshaw workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._45_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryadinata_p._45-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RicshaRide25c..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RicshaRide25c..jpg/220px-RicshaRide25c..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RicshaRide25c..jpg/330px-RicshaRide25c..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RicshaRide25c..jpg/440px-RicshaRide25c..jpg 2x" data-file-width="5397" data-file-height="4219" /></a><figcaption>A tourist "Ricsha" ride in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Chinatown, Los Angeles</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>From <i>A History of the Los Angeles City Market (1930-1950)</i>, pulled rickshaws were operated in Los Angeles by high school teenagers during that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foot-driven rickshaws have enjoyed several decades of popularity in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, Nova Scotia; in addition to providing tours of the historic Waterfront, rickshaws are also occasionally used for transportation by local residents. The city is home to the oldest rickshaw company in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation in downtown <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, providing tours of historical <a href="/wiki/Byward_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Byward Market">Byward Market</a>, in the summer. Ottawa's rickshaws stay true to the traditional foot-driven rickshaw model, but feature modern sound-systems.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books,_films,_television,_music_and_modern_art"><span id="Books.2C_films.2C_television.2C_music_and_modern_art"></span>Books, films, television, music and modern art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Books, films, television, music and modern art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rickshaw_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rickshaw_01.jpg/250px-Rickshaw_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rickshaw_01.jpg/375px-Rickshaw_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rickshaw_01.jpg/500px-Rickshaw_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Rickshaw in a museum in Japan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>An early <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> story has the title <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_%27Rickshaw_and_other_Eerie_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phantom 'Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales">The Phantom Rickshaw</a></i> (1885). In it a young Englishman has a romance aboard a ship bound for India. He ends the affair and becomes engaged to another woman, causing his original love to die of a broken heart. After that, on excursions around the city of <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>, he frequently sees the ghost of the deceased driving around in her yellow-panelled rickshaw, though nobody else seems to notice the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1936 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Rickshaw_Boy" title="Rickshaw Boy">Rickshaw Boy</a></i> is a novel by the Chinese author <a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a> about the life of a fictional Beijing rickshaw man. The English version <i>Rickshaw Boy</i> became a U.S. bestseller in 1945. It was an unauthorized translation that added a <a href="/wiki/Happy_ending" title="Happy ending">happy ending</a> to the story. In 1982, the original version was made into a film of the same title.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Howard" title="Eddy Howard">Eddy Howard</a> recorded a song called <i>The Rickety Rickshaw Man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1958 Japanese movie <i>Muhomatsu no issho</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rickshaw_Man" title="Rickshaw Man">Rickshaw Man</a></i>) by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Inagaki" title="Hiroshi Inagaki">Hiroshi Inagaki</a> tells the story of a Matsugoro, a rickshaw man who becomes a surrogate father to the child of a recently widowed woman.</li> <li>The 1953 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Bigha_Zameen" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Bigha Zameen">Do Bigha Zameen</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>, describes the fate of an impoverished farmer who becomes a rickshaw puller in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</li> <li>In the 1992 film <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Joy_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Joy (film)">City of Joy</a></i> (whose title refers to Kolkata), <a href="/wiki/Om_Puri" title="Om Puri">Om Puri</a> plays a rickshaw puller, revealing the economic and emotional hardship that these underpaid workers face on a day-to-day basis.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a>'s 1931 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a></i>, hero Wang Lung leaves his land to travel southward during a drought. He ends up in the city of Kiangsu (<a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), where he becomes a rickshaw puller in order to support his family.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1998 <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Bookstore" title="The Bookstore">The Bookstore</a>", Kramer and Newman decide to start a rickshaw business with homeless people being trained to carry passengers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a></li></ul><table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rickshaws">Rickshaws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rickshaws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_rickshaw" title="Electric rickshaw">Electric rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">Rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickshaw_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickshaw art">Rickshaw art</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_human_powered_transport">Other human powered transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other human powered transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda-boda" class="mw-redirect" title="Boda-boda">Boda-boda</a> (bicycle taxi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">Carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">Handcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_push_car_railways" title="Taiwanese push car railways">Taiwanese push car railways</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In China, <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a> performed rickshaw pulling. Other hard or demeaning jobs included being <a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">night soil cleaners</a> and dock workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryadinata_p._37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several major streets have been closed to rickshaw traffic since 1972, and in 1982 the city seized over 12,000 rickshaws and destroyed them. In 1992, it was estimated that over 30,000 rickshaws were operating in the city, all but 6,000 of them illegally, lacking a license (no new licenses have been issued since 1945). The large majority of rickshaw pullers rent their rickshaws for a few dollars per shift. They live cheaply in hostels, trying to save money to send home. (Eide, 1993) Each <i>dera</i>, a mixture of a garage, repair shop, and dormitory, has a <i>sardar</i> that manages it. Pullers often pay around 100 <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">rupees</a> (around $2.50 United States dollars) per month to live in a <i>dera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin101to104_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin101to104-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> pullers often share housing.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin100_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pullers sleep in the streets in their rickshaws. As of 2008, many of the Kolkata rickshaw pullers originate from <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, considered to be one of the poorest states in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin100_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trillin added that pullers told him that children enrolled in schools were the "steadiest" customers. Many middle-class families contract with rickshaw pullers to transport their children; a rickshaw puller who transports children becomes a "family retainer".<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin100_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Kolkata writer told Trillin, "When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws."<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin101_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin101-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin Trillin of <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> stated in a 2008 article that the city government has not decided how rickshaw drivers would be rehabilitated, nor has it settled on a date regarding when the government would decide. Trillin added that many high West Bengal officials made statements saying that rickshaws would be banned from 1976 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Trillin104_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillin104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">80% of rickshaw pullers were addicted to opium and many gambled and purchased the services of whores. These activities locked them into a state of poverty, but the remaining group of pullers might be able to improve their lot over time and "strike into new lines of business as the opportunities arose". Rickshaw pullers could become repairers or owners of rickshaws or bicycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_p._435_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_p._435-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Trillin104-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin104_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin104_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrillin2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Trillin, Calvin (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319154322/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">"Last Days of the Rickshaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 213, no. 4. p. 104. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Rickshaw&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren_p._14-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_p._14_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Francis_Warren2003" class="citation book cs1">James Francis Warren (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rickshawcooliepe0000warr/page/14"><i>Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940</i></a>. NUS Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rickshawcooliepe0000warr/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/997169266X" title="Special:BookSources/997169266X"><bdi>997169266X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickshaw+Coolie%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+Singapore%2C+1880-1940&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=997169266X&rft.au=James+Francis+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frickshawcooliepe0000warr%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diefendorf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diefendorf_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Diefendorf2007" class="citation book cs1">David Diefendorf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amazingbutfalseh0000dief/page/223"><i>Amazing . . . But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amazingbutfalseh0000dief/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402737916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402737916"><bdi>978-1402737916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+.+.+.+But+False%21%3A+Hundreds+of+%22Facts%22+You+Thought+Were+True%2C+But+Aren%27t&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1402737916&rft.au=David+Diefendorf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famazingbutfalseh0000dief%2Fpage%2F223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Mente_p._95-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Mente_p._95_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Mente_p._95_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Mente_p._95_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoye_De_Mente2010" class="citation book cs1">Boye De Mente (2010). Demetra De Ment (ed.). <i>The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun!</i>. Cultural-Insight Books. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1456424756" title="Special:BookSources/978-1456424756"><bdi>978-1456424756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bizarre+and+the+Wondrous+from+the+Land+of+the+Rising+Sun%21&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cultural-Insight+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1456424756&rft.au=Boye+De+Mente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suryadinata_p._37-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._37_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Suryadinata1992" class="citation book cs1">Leo Suryadinata (1992). <i>Chinese Adaptation and Diversity: Essays on Society and Literature in Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore</i>. National University of Singapore. Centre for Advanced Studies. NUS Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971691868" title="Special:BookSources/9971691868"><bdi>9971691868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Adaptation+and+Diversity%3A+Essays+on+Society+and+Literature+in+Indonesia%2C+Malaysia+%26+Singapore&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9971691868&rft.au=Leo+Suryadinata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powerhouse-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powerhouse_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powerhouse_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powerhouse_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/insidethecollection/tag/jinrikisha/">"Japanese rickshaw"</a>. Powerhouse Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+rickshaw&rft.pub=Powerhouse+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerhousemuseum.com%2Finsidethecollection%2Ftag%2Fjinrikisha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu_p._348-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_p._348_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_p._348_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_p._348_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/348">348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu_p._69-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_p._69_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_p._69_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/69">69–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Voigt1995" class="citation book cs1">Werner Voigt (1995). <i>60 Years in East Africa: The Life of a Settler</i>. GeneralStore Publishing House. pp. 32, 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1896182399" title="Special:BookSources/1896182399"><bdi>1896182399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=60+Years+in+East+Africa%3A+The+Life+of+a+Settler&rft.pages=32%2C+34-35&rft.pub=GeneralStore+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1896182399&rft.au=Werner+Voigt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary_Bradt2011" class="citation book cs1">Hilary Bradt (2011). <i>Madagascar</i> (10 ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841623412" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841623412"><bdi>978-1841623412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1841623412&rft.au=Hilary+Bradt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_HealeZawiah_Abdul_Latif2008" class="citation book cs1">Jay Heale; Zawiah Abdul Latif (2008). <i>Madagascar, Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World - Group 15</i> (2 ed.). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761430360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761430360"><bdi>978-0761430360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar%2C+Volume+15+of+Cultures+of+the+World+Cultures+of+the+World+-+Group+15&rft.pages=75-76&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0761430360&rft.au=Jay+Heale&rft.au=Zawiah+Abdul+Latif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNax15GoPIkC&q=pousse-pousse&pg=PT59"><i>Madagascar Travel Guide</i></a> (7 ed.). Lonely Planet. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1743213018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1743213018"><bdi>978-1743213018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar+Travel+Guide&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1743213018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNax15GoPIkC%26q%3Dpousse-pousse%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Adu_Boahen,_Unesco._International_Scientific_Committee_for_the_Drafting_of_a_General_History_of_Africa1985" class="citation book cs1">A. Adu Boahen, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, ed. (1985). <i>Africa under colonial domination 1880–1935: 7</i>. UNESCO. p. 666. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231017136" title="Special:BookSources/9231017136"><bdi>9231017136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+under+colonial+domination+1880%E2%80%931935%3A+7&rft.pages=666&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9231017136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1989" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Peter (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southafricanfami0000joyc"><i>The South African family encyclopaedia</i></a>. Internet Archive. Cape Town : Struik Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86977-887-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86977-887-6"><bdi>978-0-86977-887-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+African+family+encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Cape+Town+%3A+Struik+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-86977-887-6&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthafricanfami0000joyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomita_Hanuman" class="citation web cs1">Romita Hanuman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519145024/http://www.durban.gov.za/durban/discover/history/our-town/rickshaws">"Zulu Rickshaws"</a>. Durban.gov.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durban.gov.za/durban/discover/history/our-town/rickshaws">the original</a> on 19 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zulu+Rickshaws&rft.pub=Durban.gov.za&rft.au=Romita+Hanuman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durban.gov.za%2Fdurban%2Fdiscover%2Fhistory%2Four-town%2Frickshaws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_FitzpatrickKate_Armstrong2006" class="citation book cs1">Mary Fitzpatrick; Kate Armstrong (2006). <i>South Africa: Lesotho & Swaziland</i> (7 ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740599705" title="Special:BookSources/1740599705"><bdi>1740599705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Lesotho+%26+Swaziland&rft.pages=308&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1740599705&rft.au=Mary+Fitzpatrick&rft.au=Kate+Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1836" class="citation cs2">Murray, Hugh (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UYgG0afqLYC&pg=PA345"><i>An Historical and Descriptive Account of China: Its Ancient and Modern History ...</i></a>, vol. 1, Oliver & Boyd, pp. 344–345</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+and+Descriptive+Account+of+China%3A+Its+Ancient+and+Modern+History+...&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UYgG0afqLYC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaunton1797" class="citation cs2">Staunton, Sir George (1797), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frc2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA279"><i>An Historical Account of the Embassy to the Emperor of China, Undertaken by Order of the King of Great Britain: Including the Manners & Customs of the Inhabitants & Preceded by an Account of the Causes of the Embassy & Voyage to China. Abridged Principally from the Papers of Earl Macartney...</i></a>, J. Stockdale, pp. 279–280</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Account+of+the+Embassy+to+the+Emperor+of+China%2C+Undertaken+by+Order+of+the+King+of+Great+Britain%3A+Including+the+Manners+%26+Customs+of+the+Inhabitants+%26+Preceded+by+an+Account+of+the+Causes+of+the+Embassy+%26+Voyage+to+China.+Abridged+Principally+from+the+Papers+of+Earl+Macartney...&rft.pages=279-280&rft.pub=J.+Stockdale&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Staunton&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfrc2AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichwein2013" class="citation cs2">Reichwein, A. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBtsA_9v1gcC&pg=PA35"><i>China and Europe</i></a>, Routledge, p. 35, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136204623" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136204623"><bdi>978-1136204623</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Europe&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136204623&rft.aulast=Reichwein&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBtsA_9v1gcC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColby1888" class="citation cs2">Colby, Fred Myron (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1wSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64">"Locomotion in the Olden Time"</a>, <i>Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine</i>, <b>11</b>: 64</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Granite+Monthly%3A+A+New+Hampshire+Magazine&rft.atitle=Locomotion+in+the+Olden+Time&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=Fred+Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1wSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren_p._15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_p._15_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_p._15_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Francis_Warren2003" class="citation book cs1">James Francis Warren (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rickshawcooliepe0000warr/page/15"><i>Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940</i></a>. NUS Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rickshawcooliepe0000warr/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/997169266X" title="Special:BookSources/997169266X"><bdi>997169266X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickshaw+Coolie%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+Singapore%2C+1880-1940&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=997169266X&rft.au=James+Francis+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frickshawcooliepe0000warr%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/68">68–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=68-81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strand-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strand_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Strand" class="citation book cs1">David Strand. <i>Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics in the 1920</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickshaw+Beijing%3A+City+People+and+Politics+in+the+1920&rft.pages=21&rft.au=David+Strand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/66">66</a>, 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=66%2C+73&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2005" class="citation news cs1">Chu, Henry (4 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-04-fg-rickshaw4-story.html">"India Rickshaws Feeling the Pull of Modern Ways"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>After all, the Communists in China eliminated this mode of transport soon after assuming power more than half a century ago, criticizing it as primitive and demeaning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=India+Rickshaws+Feeling+the+Pull+of+Modern+Ways&rft.date=2005-11-04&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-nov-04-fg-rickshaw4-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCernetig1999" class="citation news cs1">Cernetig, Miro (20 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/20/style/chinas-rickshaws-bring-back-bad-memories.html">"China's Rickshaws Bring Back Bad Memories"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>But this test-run of rickshaws in China's capital, after a ban of more than 40 years, is widely seen as retrograde. For many Chinese, the rickshaw remains a symbol of feudalism's "coolie culture" and one of the evils of capitalism that was supposed to have been expunged forever from Communist China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Rickshaws+Bring+Back+Bad+Memories&rft.date=1999-10-20&rft.aulast=Cernetig&rft.aufirst=Miro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F10%2F20%2Fstyle%2Fchinas-rickshaws-bring-back-bad-memories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/65"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/65">65–66, 68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=65-66%2C+68&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha%2Fpage%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanchao_Lu1999" class="citation book cs1">Hanchao Lu (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha"><i>Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondneonlights0000luha/page/68">68–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520215648" title="Special:BookSources/0520215648"><bdi>0520215648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Neon+Lights%3A+Everyday+Shanghai+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=68-81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0520215648&rft.au=Hanchao+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondneonlights0000luha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwent, Charles Ewart. Shanghai; a handbook for travellers and residents to the chief objects of interest in and around the foreign settlements and native city. Shanghai, Hongkong: Kelly and Walsh [date of publication not identified].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hongs & Homes, 1928: A complete directory of Shanghai. Shanghai: Millington, Ltd., 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.td.gov.hk/mini_site/atd/2018/en/section3_t_10.html">[1]</a> Vehicle Licensing during - 2008-2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forgotten-transport.blogspot.com/2011/09/does-rickshaw-still-exist-in-hong-kong.html">被遺忘的公交 The Forgotten Transportation: Rickshaw ride in Hong Kong</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_Kanwar2003" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Kanwar (2003). <i>Imperial Simla: the political culture of the Raj</i> (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195667212" title="Special:BookSources/0195667212"><bdi>0195667212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Simla%3A+the+political+culture+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=176&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195667212&rft.au=Pamela+Kanwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPippa_de_BruynKeith_BainDavid_AllardiceShonar_Joshi2010" class="citation book cs1">Pippa de Bruyn; Keith Bain; David Allardice; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010). <i>Frommer's India</i> (Fourth ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 15, 57, 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470645802" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470645802"><bdi>978-0470645802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+India&rft.pages=15%2C+57%2C+156&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.isbn=978-0470645802&rft.au=Pippa+de+Bruyn&rft.au=Keith+Bain&rft.au=David+Allardice&rft.au=Shonar+Joshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bindloss-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bindloss_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bindloss_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bindloss_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Bindloss2009" class="citation book cs1">Joe Bindloss (2009). <i>India</i> (2 ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1741793192" title="Special:BookSources/978-1741793192"><bdi>978-1741793192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1741793192&rft.au=Joe+Bindloss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trillin101to104-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trillin101to104_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillin2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Trillin, Calvin (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319154322/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">"Last Days of the Rickshaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 213, no. 4. pp. 101–104. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Rickshaw&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trillin100-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin100_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin100_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin100_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin100_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillin2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Trillin, Calvin (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319154322/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">"Last Days of the Rickshaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 213, no. 4. p. 100. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Rickshaw&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillin2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Trillin, Calvin (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319154322/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">"Last Days of the Rickshaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 213, no. 4. p. 96. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Rickshaw&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyrapietGreiner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hyrapiet, Shireen; Greiner, Alyson L. (October 2012). "Calcutta's Hand–Pulled Rickshaws: Cultural Politics and Place Making in a Globalizing City". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>102</b> (4): 407–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.2012.00167.x">10.1111/j.1931-0846.2012.00167.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143034771">143034771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Calcutta%27s+Hand%E2%80%93Pulled+Rickshaws%3A+Cultural+Politics+and+Place+Making+in+a+Globalizing+City&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=407-426&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.2012.00167.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143034771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hyrapiet&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rft.au=Greiner%2C+Alyson+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trillin101-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin101_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trillin101_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillin2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Trillin, Calvin (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319154322/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">"Last Days of the Rickshaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Rickshaw&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin" class="citation news cs1">Admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiapost.com/matheran-smallest-peaceful-vehicle-free-hill-station/">"Matheran: Smallest, peaceful & vehicle-free hill station"</a>. <i>India Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Post&rft.atitle=Matheran%3A+Smallest%2C+peaceful+%26+vehicle-free+hill+station&rft.au=Admin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiapost.com%2Fmatheran-smallest-peaceful-vehicle-free-hill-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WebIndia, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trillin97-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trillin97_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillin2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Trillin, Calvin (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319154322/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">"Last Days of the Rickshaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 213, no. 4. p. 97. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Rickshaw&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Trillin&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fkolkata-rickshaws%2Fcalvin-trillin-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Mente_p._94-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Mente_p._94_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoye_De_Mente2010" class="citation book cs1">Boye De Mente (2010). Demetra De Ment (ed.). <i>The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun!</i>. Cultural-Insight Books. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1456424756" title="Special:BookSources/978-1456424756"><bdi>978-1456424756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bizarre+and+the+Wondrous+from+the+Land+of+the+Rising+Sun%21&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Cultural-Insight+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1456424756&rft.au=Boye+De+Mente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuufuutei.main.jp/kamakura/?page_id=2128">Jinrikisha in Kamakura</a> Youfuu-tei</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://39hida.com/jinriki/">Jinrikisha in Hidatakayama</a> Gokurak-sha</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/location/routes/rtp/northern_tohoku/day1.html">3-Day Model Trip Day1 / Kakunodate - Lake Tazawa-ko - Morioka</a> Japan National Tourism Organization, 31 January 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfj.net/ronbun_backup/2009/k05.pdf">京都観光</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616073707/http://www.isfj.net/ronbun_backup/2009/k05.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ISFJ政策フォーラム2009発表論文 12 – 13 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_9E9tHpDts">Rickshaw</a> TV Show "Sekai Tsukai Densetsu" 2002-2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvX48c9TKK8">Hataraku Ikemen</a> JoshiFuji Channel 2013/04/29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradsheer1959" class="citation news cs1">Bradsheer, Harry S. (4 November 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19591104&id=e1pYAAAAIBAJ&pg=2852,691451">"Pakistan To Ban Rickshaws"</a>. <i>Lakeland Ledger</i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lakeland+Ledger&rft.atitle=Pakistan+To+Ban+Rickshaws&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1959-11-04&rft.aulast=Bradsheer&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1346%26dat%3D19591104%26id%3De1pYAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2852%2C691451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pante-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pante_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPante2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pante, Michael D. (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859014000315">"Rickshaws and Filipinos: Transnational Meanings of Technology and Labor in American-Occupied Manila"</a>. <i>International Review of Social History</i>. <b>59</b> (S22): 133–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859014000315">10.1017/S0020859014000315</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Rickshaws+and+Filipinos%3A+Transnational+Meanings+of+Technology+and+Labor+in+American-Occupied+Manila&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=S22&rft.pages=133-159&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020859014000315&rft.aulast=Pante&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020859014000315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suryadinata_p._39-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._39_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suryadinata (1992). p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_p._435-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_p._435_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_p._435_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Alexander2006" class="citation book cs1">James Alexander (2006). <i>Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore</i>. New Holland Publishers. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860113095" title="Special:BookSources/1860113095"><bdi>1860113095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%2C+Brunei+and+Singapore&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1860113095&rft.au=James+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Suryadinata1992" class="citation book cs1">Leo Suryadinata (1992). <i>(same)</i>. pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28same%29&rft.pages=39-40&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Leo+Suryadinata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suryadinata_p._45-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suryadinata_p._45_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suryadinata (1992). p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTara_Fickle" class="citation web cs1">Tara Fickle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220032301/http://www.chinatownremembered.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=112">"A History of The Los Angeles City Market: 1930-1950"</a>. Chinese Historical Society of Southern California (previously published: Gum Saan Journal, Volume 32, No. 1, 2010). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatownremembered.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=112">the original</a> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+The+Los+Angeles+City+Market%3A+1930-1950&rft.pub=Chinese+Historical+Society+of+Southern+California+%28previously+published%3A+Gum+Saan+Journal%2C+Volume+32%2C+No.+1%2C+2010%29&rft.au=Tara+Fickle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatownremembered.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D78%26Itemid%3D112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIris_Chang2004" class="citation book cs1">Iris Chang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1a7gXiXnKF0C&pg=PT155"><i>The Chinese in America: A Narrative History</i></a>. Penguin. p. PT155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1101126876" title="Special:BookSources/1101126876"><bdi>1101126876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+America%3A+A+Narrative+History&rft.pages=PT155&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1101126876&rft.au=Iris+Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1a7gXiXnKF0C%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811215936/http://hfxrickshawtours.com/aboutus/">"Halifax Rickshaw Tours"</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hfxrickshawtours.com/aboutus/">the original</a> on 11 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halifax+Rickshaw+Tours&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhfxrickshawtours.com%2Faboutus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary_DavidsonPaul_KarrHerbert_Bailey_LiveseyBill_McRae2006" class="citation book cs1">Hilary Davidson; Paul Karr; Herbert Bailey Livesey; Bill McRae; Donald Olson (2006). <i>Frommer's Canada: With the best hiking & outdoor adventures</i> (14 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470044578" title="Special:BookSources/0470044578"><bdi>0470044578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Canada%3A+With+the+best+hiking+%26+outdoor+adventures&rft.edition=14&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0470044578&rft.au=Hilary+Davidson&rft.au=Paul+Karr&rft.au=Herbert+Bailey+Livesey&rft.au=Bill+McRae&rft.au=Donald+Olson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419002430/http://ottawarickshaws.ca/tours-and-services/downtown-rickshaw-tours/">"Downtown Ottawa Rickshaw Tours"</a>. Ottawa Rickshaws. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawarickshaws.ca/tours-and-services/downtown-rickshaw-tours/">the original</a> on 19 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Downtown+Ottawa+Rickshaw+Tours&rft.pub=Ottawa+Rickshaws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fottawarickshaws.ca%2Ftours-and-services%2Fdowntown-rickshaw-tours%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/keats/3790/">"The Phantom Rickshaw"</a>. Online Literature<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Rickshaw&rft.pub=Online+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fkeats%2F3790%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Rickshaw Boy: A Novel</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Goldblatt" title="Howard Goldblatt">Goldblatt, Howard</a>. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Chinese Classics. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061436925" title="Special:BookSources/9780061436925"><bdi>9780061436925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickshaw+Boy%3A+A+Novel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Chinese+Classics&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780061436925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Most Played Juke Box Records". <i>The Billboard</i>. Vol. 59, no. 4. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 25 January 1947. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billboard&rft.atitle=Most+Played+Juke+Box+Records&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1947-01-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl_S._Buck2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearl S. Buck (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodearthoprahsb00pear"><i>The Good Earth</i></a> (reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743272935" title="Special:BookSources/0743272935"><bdi>0743272935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Earth&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0743272935&rft.au=Pearl+S.+Buck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoodearthoprahsb00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay,_Subir1990" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Subir (1990). <i>Calcutta cycle-rickshaw pullers: a sociological study</i>. Minerva Associates Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185195277" title="Special:BookSources/8185195277"><bdi>8185195277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+cycle-rickshaw+pullers%3A+a+sociological+study&rft.pub=Minerva+Associates+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=8185195277&rft.au=Bandyopadhyay%2C+Subir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung,_Chi_Ming2005" class="citation book cs1">Fung, Chi Ming (2005). <i>Reluctant Heroes: Richshaw Pullers in Hong Kong And Canton, 1874-1954</i>. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9622097340" title="Special:BookSources/9622097340"><bdi>9622097340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Heroes%3A+Richshaw+Pullers+in+Hong+Kong+And+Canton%2C+1874-1954&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9622097340&rft.au=Fung%2C+Chi+Ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Institute_of_Economics1962" class="citation book cs1">Indian Institute of Economics (1962). <i>A socio-economic survey of rickshaw drivers in Hyderabad City area</i>. A.P.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+socio-economic+survey+of+rickshaw+drivers+in+Hyderabad+City+area&rft.pub=A.P.&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Indian+Institute+of+Economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhall,_Priscilla2010" class="citation book cs1">Mulhall, Priscilla (2010). <i>Solar-assisted Electric Auto Rickshaw Three Wheeler</i>. Illinois Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solar-assisted+Electric+Auto+Rickshaw+Three+Wheeler&rft.pub=Illinois+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mulhall%2C+Priscilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren,_James_Francis2003" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rickshawcooliepe0000warr"><i>Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940</i></a>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/997169266X" title="Special:BookSources/997169266X"><bdi>997169266X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rickshaw+Coolie%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+Singapore%2C+1880-1940&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=997169266X&rft.au=Warren%2C+James+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frickshawcooliepe0000warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulled_rickshaw&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hand-pulled_rickshaws" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hand-pulled rickshaws">Hand-pulled rickshaws</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Jin-Riki-Sha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Jin-Riki-Sha">"Jin-Riki-Sha" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jin-Riki-Sha&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulled+rickshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human-powered_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template talk:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human-powered_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pedal power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/29er_(bicycle)" title="29er (bicycle)">29er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_bicycles" title="Outline of bicycles">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_trailer" title="Bicycle trailer">Bicycle trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_bike" title="BMX bike">BMX bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boneshaker_(bicycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boneshaker (bicycle)">Boneshaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">Cargo bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="City bicycle">City bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_bicycle" title="Cruiser bicycle">Cruiser bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross_bicycle" title="Cyclo-cross bicycle">Cyclo-cross bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_bike" title="Downhill bike">Downhill bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduro_(mountain_biking)" title="Enduro (mountain biking)">Enduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatbike" title="Fatbike">Fatbike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_bar_road_bike" title="Flat bar road bike">Flat bar road bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">Folding bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling" title="Glossary of cycling">Glossary of cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_bicycle" title="Hybrid bicycle">Hybrid bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike" title="Mountain bike">Mountain bike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27.5_Mountain_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="27.5 Mountain bike">27.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_track_(mountain_biking)" title="Single track (mountain biking)">Singletrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_bike" title="Party bike">Party bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny-farthing" title="Penny-farthing">Penny-farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteur_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteur bicycle">Porteur bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_bicycle" title="Prone bicycle">Prone bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_bicycle" title="Recumbent bicycle">Recumbent bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle" title="Road bicycle">Road bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(bicycle)" title="Roadster (bicycle)">Roadster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_bicycle" title="Safety bicycle">Safety bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable" title="Sociable">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-wheel_bicycle" title="Small-wheel bicycle">Small-wheel bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_bicycle" title="Tandem bicycle">Tandem bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_bicycle" title="Touring bicycle">Touring bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bicycle" title="Track bicycle">Track bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_bike" title="Trailer bike">Trailer bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle" title="Unicycle">Unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_bicycle" title="Utility bicycle">Utility bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocar" title="Velocar">Velocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">Velocipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelie_bike" title="Wheelie bike">Wheelie bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_cycle" title="Ice cycle">ice cycle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a> assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_scooter" title="Motorized scooter">Motorized scooter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treadle power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treadle_bicycle" title="Treadle bicycle">Treadle bicycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_bike" title="Balance bike">Balance bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_horse" title="Dandy horse">Dandy horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kickbike" title="Kickbike">Kickbike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kicksled" title="Kicksled">Kicksled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakeboard" title="Brakeboard">Brakeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(skateboard)" title="Freeboard (skateboard)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeskates" title="Freeskates">Freeskates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">Longboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">Handcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcycle" title="Handcycle">Handcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobcart" title="Hobcart">Hobcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalid_carriage" title="Invalid carriage">Invalid carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Row action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_cycle" title="Rowing cycle">Rowing cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pushed/pulled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_chair" title="Bath chair">Bath chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbed_trolley" title="Flatbed trolley">Flatbed trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_truck" title="Hand truck">Hand truck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">Shopping cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_caddy" title="Shopping caddy">Shopping caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairclimber" title="Stairclimber">Stairclimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">Stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_wagon" title="Toy wagon">Toy wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">Wheelbarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carried</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Litter/sedan chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_stretcher" title="Scoop stretcher">Scoop stretcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weight shifting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trikke" title="Trikke">Trikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_stick" title="Pogo stick">Pogo stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_board" title="Caster board">Caster board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeboard" title="Snakeboard">Snakeboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_racer" title="Gravity racer">Gravity racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_cart" title="Billy cart">Billy cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard" title="Snowboard">Snowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">Toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Summer toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_biking" title="Gravity biking">Gravity biking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (fixed seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand and foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding rigger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocycle" title="Hydrocycle">Hydrocycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedalo" title="Pedalo">Pedalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amphibious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_cycle" title="Amphibious cycle">Amphibious cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-vehicular transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snow and ice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Ski</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_touring_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine touring binding">Alpine touring skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal-powered transport">Animal-powered transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cycling" title="Outline of cycling">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle-_and_human-powered_vehicle_museums" title="List of bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums">Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_transport" title="Template:Public transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport" title="Template talk:Public transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buses" title="List of buses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br /> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport 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