CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hyperboreae Undae - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"17712427-d622-4f24-8251-90f69ca26d96","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hyperboreae_Undae","wgTitle":"Hyperboreae Undae","wgCurRevisionId":1263530676,"wgRevisionId":1263530676,"wgArticleId":55045026,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2017","Dunes on Mars","Mare Boreum quadrangle"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hyperboreae_Undae","wgRelevantArticleId":55045026,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q24066517","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1132"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="755"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG/640px-Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="604"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hyperboreae Undae - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hyperboreae_Undae rootpage-Hyperboreae_Undae skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hyperboreae+Undae" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hyperboreae+Undae" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hyperboreae+Undae" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hyperboreae+Undae" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dune_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dune_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dune characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dune_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coexistence_of_linear_and_barchan_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coexistence_of_linear_and_barchan_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Coexistence of linear and barchan forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coexistence_of_linear_and_barchan_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images_from_THEMIS_and_HiRISE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_from_THEMIS_and_HiRISE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Images from THEMIS and HiRISE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_from_THEMIS_and_HiRISE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperboreae Undae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae" title="Hyperboreae Undae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hyperboreae Undae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae" title="Hyperboreae Undae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hyperboreae Undae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae" title="Hyperboreae Undae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hyperboreae Undae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%99%E4%B8%98%E7%BE%A4" title="极北沙丘群 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="极北沙丘群" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24066517#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hyperboreae_Undae" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hyperboreae_Undae" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hyperboreae_Undae" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&oldid=1263530676" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hyperboreae_Undae&id=1263530676&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHyperboreae_Undae"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHyperboreae_Undae"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyperboreae_Undae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24066517" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Martian dune field</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG/250px-Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG/375px-Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG/500px-Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a> map showing the density distribution of dune fields in the Planum Boreum region. The grey regions are lower density fields. The four densest dune fields are shown in black. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a> is at the bottom of the map. Hyperboreae Undae is shown on the left, between longitude 302.92°E to 316.02°E (43.98°W – 57.08°W).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hyperboreae Undae</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "Far Northern Waves/Dunes") is one of the largest and densest <a href="/wiki/Dune_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Dune field">dune fields</a> of <a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Martian</a> North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanaka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after one of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">classical albedo features on Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name was officially approved by <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a> in 1988. It extends from latitude 77.12°N to 82.8°N and from longitude 302.92°E to 316.02°E (43.98°W – 57.08°W).<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its centre is at latitude 79.96°N, longitude 49.49°W, and has a diameter of 463.65 kilometres (288.10 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyperboreae Undae is southwest of the Boreum Cavus depression, an arc-like depression at the northeastern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Chasma_Boreale" title="Chasma Boreale">Chasma Boreale</a>. From there, Hyperboreae Undae continues in a southwestern direction through Chasma Boreale, and into the lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It overlays the eastern part of Hyperboreae Lingua and the region above <a href="/wiki/Escorial_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Escorial (crater)">Escorial crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martian_Geomorphology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martian_Geomorphology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyperboreae Undae is well known for the <a href="/wiki/Barchan" title="Barchan">barchanoid</a> and linear dunes that have formed at its location, although they are seemingly incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has been ongoing to explain the coexistence of these types of dunes at Hyperboreae Undae and elsewhere on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another type of formation found at Hyperboreae Undae is the <a href="/wiki/Yardang" title="Yardang">yardang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dune_characteristics">Dune characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dune characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg/400px-PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg/600px-PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg/800px-PIA20237_Hyperboreae_Undae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Hyperboreae Undae dunes shown with surface frost. The dunes become darker when the frost sublimates from solar heating and the dark sands are revealed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the dunes surrounding the Martian north pole show no signs of movement, two possible exceptions may be the dunes in parts of Abalos Undae, and the dunes of Hyperboreae Undae.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Hyperboreae Undae, the dunes close to its eastern boundary appear to be buried under the Planum Boreum 3 unit. At that area, some of the dunes exhibit dark streaks that may have been caused by <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Katabatic winds">katabatic winds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may indicate sand movement, due to <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolian activity">Aeolian activity</a>, which is recent enough to retain the streaks, otherwise these marks tend to disappear with time; other dunes do not exhibit such marks.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dunes of Hyperboreae Undae, according to data provided by the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Reconnaissance_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Mars" title="Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars">Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars</a>, exhibit the weakest signature for the presence of surface ice in the area of Chasma Boreale.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperboreae Undae, along with Abalos and <a href="/wiki/Siton_Undae" title="Siton Undae">Siton Undae</a>, contributes sand to mainly medium-density dune fields east of Olympia Undae and extending to the Martian <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">prime meridian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tanaka_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Image analysis research, using the method of spectral derivatives, has indicated that Hyperboreae Undae, as well as the other dense officially-named northern circumpolar dune fields (<a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abalos_Undae" title="Abalos Undae">Abalos Undae</a>, and Siton Undae), show the highest density of gypsum in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Earth_and_Planetary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earth_and_Planetary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A geomorphic comparison of Hyperboreae Undae with <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a>, Earth's largest contiguous dune field, has determined that the morphologies of the two <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a> follow similar developmental patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coexistence_of_linear_and_barchan_forms">Coexistence of linear and barchan forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coexistence of linear and barchan forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg/220px-ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg/330px-ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg/440px-ESP_016261_2650_MIRB_Hyperboreae_Undae_barchan_and_linear_dunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Coexistence of linear and barchan forms at Hyperboreae Undae. A study has been undertaken to explain the coexistence of these two forms. The location of the initial study site is at the boundary of Hyperboreae Undae with Boreum Cavus.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Linear dunes form primarily in bidirectional (bimodal) wind fields. Transverse dunes, also called <a href="/wiki/Barchan" title="Barchan">barchan</a>, form when there is a unidirectional (unimodal) wind regime.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third type of dune, the star dune, is typically formed in multidirectional (multimodal) wind regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of each of these dune forms, suggests the wind regime that produced it.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linear and star dunes are rare on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of both linear and barchan dunes in the same location is apparently incompatible, as that would seem to imply the co-existence of unidirectional and bidirectional winds in the same place.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Icarus2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeoRes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeoRes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has been undertaken to explain the coexistence of linear and barchan dunes in Hyperboreae Undae.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One paper explains the change from linear to barchan dunes in adjacent locations,<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by proposing a wind model that changes from bidirectional to unidirectional due to the influence of local topography; it is proposed that bidirectional winds change to unidirectional due to funneling action introduced by local geomorphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although valid for neighbouring dune locations, this theory cannot explain how linear and barchan dunes can coexist in the same location.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study,<sup id="cite_ref-GeoRes_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeoRes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes that the linear dunes have become crusty (indurated), and thus resistant to changing form with changing wind directions. The study also proposes that the bimodal wind direction changed with time to unidirectional, which would produce barchan-type dunes, while the preexisting indurated linear dunes, due to their hardening, would remain in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is plausible, although it cannot be easily verified, because the time profile of the wind patterns for Hyperboreae Undae would need to be recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg/220px-Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg/330px-Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg/440px-Hyperboreae_Undae_barchanoid_and_linear_dunes_from_THEMIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Hyperboreae Undae barchanoid and linear dunes from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> (THEMIS)</figcaption></figure> <p>A third study combines images taken by the <a href="/wiki/High_Resolution_Imaging_Science_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment">High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment</a> (HiRISE) camera on board the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> with the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter</a> (MOLA) to obtain local coordinates of the topography shown in the HiRISE images, and then maps the HiRISE image data into a computer simulation which registers the spatial computer model of the local topography of Hyperboreae Undae in the vicinity of Boreum Cavus. From the crestline orientation of the numerical model, the local wind vectors can be computed, and the results can then be compared to the measured wind data of the area under investigation. Conversely, if the wind vectors are known, the <a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">bedform</a> morphology can be predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparing the numerical simulation results to measured real-world data, the computer simulation parameters can be refined, leading to better convergence between numerically-predicted and field-measured results.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limitations for the computer model include the resolution limits of the numerical model, the small area under investigation, and the complexity of the local wind conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numerical study obtained results that demonstrate that Hyperboreae Undae was formed under modern wind conditions and that its form, the coexistence of barchan and linear dunes, can be established by the numerical model.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research plans include the extension of the field of study to include modelling all of Hyperboreae Undae.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images_from_THEMIS_and_HiRISE">Images from THEMIS and HiRISE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Images from THEMIS and HiRISE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyperboreae Undae from NASA's Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)"><img alt="Hyperboreae Undae from NASA's Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg/300px-Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg/450px-Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg/600px-Hyperboreae_Undae_from_THEMIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hyperboreae Undae from NASA's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> (THEMIS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyperboreae Undae linear and barchanoid dunes"><img alt="Hyperboreae Undae linear and barchanoid dunes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg/92px-ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg/138px-ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg/184px-ESP_016261_2650_RED.NOMAP_Hyperboreae_Undae_linear_and_barchanoid_dunes_black_and_white_map-projected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="6656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hyperboreae Undae linear and barchanoid dunes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyperboreae Undae anaglyph 3D at the boundary with Boreum Cavus showing coexisting linear and barchan dunes"><img alt="Hyperboreae Undae anaglyph 3D at the boundary with Boreum Cavus showing coexisting linear and barchan dunes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png/300px-PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png/450px-PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png/600px-PSP_009914_2750_PSP_010682_2650_RED_Hyperboreae_Undae_anaglyph.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hyperboreae Undae <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">anaglyph 3D</a> at the boundary with Boreum Cavus showing coexisting linear and barchan dunes</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspledon_Undae" title="Aspledon Undae">Aspledon Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagal_dune_field" title="Hagal dune field">Hagal dune field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nili_Patera_dune_field" title="Nili Patera dune field">Nili Patera dune field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygis_Undae" title="Ogygis Undae">Ogygis Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs on Mars</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tanaka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK._L._Tanaka,_R._K._Hayward" class="citation journal cs1">K. L. Tanaka, R. K. Hayward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/dunes2008/pdf/7012.pdf">"Mars' North Circum-Polar Dunes: Distribution, Sources, and Migration History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Planetary Dunes Workshop: A Record of Climate Change (2008).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mars%27+North+Circum-Polar+Dunes%3A+Distribution%2C+Sources%2C+and+Migration+History.&rft.au=K.+L.+Tanaka%2C+R.+K.+Hayward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Fdunes2008%2Fpdf%2F7012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2611?__fsk=-348066868">"Hyperboreae Undae"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Hyperboreae+Undae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2611%3F__fsk%3D-348066868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Icarus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="YICAR_8602" class="citation journal cs1">Kenneth L. Tanaka, J. Alexis P. Rodriguez, James A. Skinner Jr., Mary C. Bourke, Corey M. Fortezzo, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, Eric J. Kolb, Chris H. Okubo (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235137809">"North polar region of Mars: Advances in stratigraphy, structure, and erosional modification"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>196</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">318–</span>358. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..196..318T">2008Icar..196..318T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2008.01.021">10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.021</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=North+polar+region+of+Mars%3A+Advances+in+stratigraphy%2C+structure%2C+and+erosional+modification&rft.volume=196&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2008.01.021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Icar..196..318T&rft.au=Kenneth+L.+Tanaka%2C+J.+Alexis+P.+Rodriguez%2C+James+A.+Skinner+Jr.%2C+Mary+C.+Bourke%2C+Corey+M.+Fortezzo%2C+Kenneth+E.+Herkenhoff%2C+Eric+J.+Kolb%2C+Chris+H.+Okubo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F235137809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martian_Geomorphology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martian_Geomorphology_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._Kneissl*,_S._Van_Gasselt,_L._Wendt,_C._Gross_&_G._Neukum_(eds)2011" class="citation journal cs1">T. Kneissl*, S. Van Gasselt, L. Wendt, C. Gross & G. Neukum (eds) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236647452">"Layering and degradation of the Rupes Tenuis unit, Mars – astructural analysis south of Chasma Boreale"</a>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>356</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GSLSP.356..257K">2011GSLSP.356..257K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP356.13">10.1144/SP356.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128496186">128496186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=Layering+and+degradation+of+the+Rupes+Tenuis+unit%2C+Mars+%E2%80%93+astructural+analysis+south+of+Chasma+Boreale&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128496186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP356.13&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011GSLSP.356..257K&rft.au=T.+Kneissl%2A%2C+S.+Van+Gasselt%2C+L.+Wendt%2C+C.+Gross+%26+G.+Neukum+%28eds%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236647452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lunar_and_Planetary_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Christian_and_G._Kocurek2012" class="citation web cs1">S. Christian and G. Kocurek (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/1450.pdf">"Combining Mesoscale Wind Modeling with Dune Field Analysis to Constrain Modern Wind Regime, Hyperboreae Undae, Mars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combining+Mesoscale+Wind+Modeling+with+Dune+Field+Analysis+to+Constrain+Modern+Wind+Regime%2C+Hyperboreae+Undae%2C+Mars.&rft.pub=43rd+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference&rft.date=2012&rft.au=S.+Christian+and+G.+Kocurek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2012%2Fpdf%2F1450.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earth_and_Planetary-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earth_and_Planetary_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Massé,_O._Bourgeois,_S._Le_Mouélic,_C._Verpoorter,_A._Spiga,_L._Le_Deit2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">M. Massé, O. Bourgeois, S. Le Mouélic, C. Verpoorter, A. Spiga, L. Le Deit (2012). "Wide distribution and glacial origin of polar gypsum on Mars". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <span class="nowrap">317–</span>318: <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012E&PSL.317...44M">2012E&PSL.317...44M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2011.11.035">10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Wide+distribution+and+glacial+origin+of+polar+gypsum+on+Mars&rft.volume=317%E2%80%93318&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2011.11.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012E%26PSL.317...44M&rft.au=M.+Mass%C3%A9%2C+O.+Bourgeois%2C+S.+Le+Mou%C3%A9lic%2C+C.+Verpoorter%2C+A.+Spiga%2C+L.+Le+Deit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._A._Bishop2008" class="citation web cs1">M. A. Bishop (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/dunes2008/pdf/7021.pdf">"Comparative Point Pattern Analysis of Hyperboreae Undae, Mars, and the Rub' Al Khali Sand Sea, Earth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Planetary Dunes Workshop: A Record of Climate Change.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Point+Pattern+Analysis+of+Hyperboreae+Undae%2C+Mars%2C+and+the+Rub%27+Al+Khali+Sand+Sea%2C+Earth.&rft.pub=Planetary+Dunes+Workshop%3A+A+Record+of+Climate+Change&rft.date=2008&rft.au=M.+A.+Bishop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Fdunes2008%2Fpdf%2F7021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/dunes/">"Types of Dunes"</a>. USGS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Dunes&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdeserts%2Fdunes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Icarus2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icarus2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgett,_K._S._and_D._G._Blumberg1994" class="citation journal cs1">Edgett, K. S. and D. G. Blumberg (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236897578">"Star and Linear Dunes on Mars"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>112</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">448–</span>464. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..112..448E">1994Icar..112..448E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1197">10.1006/icar.1994.1197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Star+and+Linear+Dunes+on+Mars&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E448-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1197&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Icar..112..448E&rft.au=Edgett%2C+K.+S.+and+D.+G.+Blumberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236897578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeoRes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeoRes_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeoRes_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchatzTsoarEdgettParteli2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schatz, Volker; Tsoar, Haim; Edgett, Kenneth S.; Parteli, Eric J. R.; Herrmann, Hans J. (2006). "Evidence for indurated sand dunes in the Martian north polar region". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>111</b> (E04006): E04006. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRE..111.4006S">2006JGRE..111.4006S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JE002514">10.1029/2005JE002514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+indurated+sand+dunes+in+the+Martian+north+polar+region&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=E04006&rft.pages=E04006&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JE002514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRE..111.4006S&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft.au=Tsoar%2C+Haim&rft.au=Edgett%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft.au=Parteli%2C+Eric+J.+R.&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperboreae+Undae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_and_geology_of_Mars136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Mars" title="Template:Geography of Mars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Mars" title="Template talk:Geography of Mars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Mars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_and_geology_of_Mars136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Areography_(geography_of_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areography (geography of Mars)">Geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cartography136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cartography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalos_Undae" title="Abalos Undae">Abalos Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspledon_Undae" title="Aspledon Undae">Aspledon Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hyperboreae Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygis_Undae" title="Ogygis Undae">Ogygis Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siton_Undae" title="Siton Undae">Siton Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle" title="Amazonis quadrangle">Amazonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Amenthes quadrangle">Amenthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle" title="Arabia quadrangle">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Arcadia quadrangle">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle" title="Argyre quadrangle">Argyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casius_quadrangle" title="Casius quadrangle">Casius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">Cebrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle" title="Coprates quadrangle">Coprates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle" title="Diacria quadrangle">Diacria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle" title="Elysium quadrangle">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle" title="Hellas quadrangle">Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle" title="Iapygia quadrangle">Iapygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Mare Acidalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle" title="Mare Australe quadrangle">Mare Australe (South Pole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Mare Boreum quadrangle">Mare Boreum (North Pole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle" title="Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle">Mare Tyrrhenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle" title="Noachis quadrangle">Noachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Oxia Palus quadrangle">Oxia Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">Phaethontis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">Phoenicis Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">Sinus Sabaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle" title="Syrtis Major quadrangle">Syrtis Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle" title="Thaumasia quadrangle">Thaumasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geology136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Surface<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_chaos_terrain" title="Martian chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagal_dune_field" title="Hagal dune field">Hagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nili_Patera_dune_field" title="Nili Patera dune field">Nili Patera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_relief" title="Inverted relief">Inverted relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineated_valley_fill" title="Lineated valley fill">Lineated valley fill</a> (LVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Ocean hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_topography" title="Scalloped topography">Scalloped topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">Swiss cheese features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholus" title="Tholus">Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_plains_unit" title="Upper plains unit">Upper plains unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_discoveries_of_water_on_Mars" title="Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars">discovery chronology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Canals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Rocks<br />observed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Inlet_(rock)" title="Bathurst Inlet (rock)">Bathurst Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N165" title="N165">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn_(Mars)" title="Goulburn (Mars)">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottah_(Mars)" title="Hottah (Mars)">Hottah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Matijevic_(rock)" title="Jake Matijevic (rock)">Jake Matijevic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(Mars)" title="Link (Mars)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_3" title="Rocknest 3">Rocknest 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintina_(rock)" title="Tintina (rock)">Tintina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_Rock" title="Bounce Rock">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(Mars)" title="El Capitan (Mars)">El Capitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_(Mars)" title="Last Chance (Mars)">Last Chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_Bill_(Martian_rock)" title="Barnacle Bill (Martian rock)">Barnacle Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Rock" title="Yogi Rock">Yogi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_(Mars)" title="Adirondack (Mars)">Adirondack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Plate_(Mars)" title="Home Plate (Mars)">Home Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)#Mimi_rock_.28Sol_40.29" title="Spirit (rover)">Mimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_of_Gold_(Mars)" title="Pot of Gold (Mars)">Pot of Gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>Viking <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle#Results_From_Viking_I_Mission" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Big Joe</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)#.22Face_on_Mars.22" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_monolith" title="Mars monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Meteorites found on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_Island_meteorite" title="Block Island meteorite">Block Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Shield_Rock" title="Heat Shield Rock">Heat Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island_meteorite" title="Mackinac Island meteorite">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Shield_Rock" title="Heat Shield Rock">Meridiani Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_Ruaidh_(Mars_rock)" title="Oileán Ruaidh (Mars rock)">Oileán Ruaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelter_Island_meteorite" title="Shelter Island meteorite">Shelter Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Martian meteorites found on Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Balsaltic Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Chassignites" title="Martian meteorite">Chassignites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhlite" title="Nakhlite">Nakhlites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Shergottites" title="Martian meteorite">Shergottites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Ungrouped_meteorites" title="Martian meteorite">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topography136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">volcanoes</a><br /><div style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars_by_height" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains on Mars by height">list by height</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidalia_Colles" title="Acidalia Colles">Acidalia Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Mons" title="Alba Mons">Alba Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anseris_Mons" title="Anseris Mons">Anseris Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_Mons" title="Apollinaris Mons">Apollinaris Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadnes_Colles" title="Ariadnes Colles">Ariadnes Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astapus_Colles" title="Astapus Colles">Astapus Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonia_Montes" title="Ausonia Montes">Ausonia Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avernus_Colles" title="Avernus Colles">Avernus Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblis_Tholus" title="Biblis Tholus">Biblis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauri_Montes" title="Centauri Montes">Centauri Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitum_Montes" title="Charitum Montes">Charitum Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echus_Montes" title="Echus Montes">Echus Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_(volcanic_province)" title="Elysium (volcanic province)">Elysium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Mons" title="Elysium Mons">Elysium Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albor_Tholus" title="Albor Tholus">Albor Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecates_Tholus" title="Hecates Tholus">Hecates Tholus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_Montes" title="Erebus Montes">Erebus Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxius_Mons" title="Galaxius Mons">Galaxius Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriacus_Mons" title="Hadriacus Mons">Hadriacus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_Montes" title="Hellas Montes">Hellas Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovis_Tholus" title="Jovis Tholus">Jovis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Montes" title="Libya Montes">Libya Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereidum_Montes" title="Nereidum Montes">Nereidum Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_Montes" title="Phlegra Montes">Phlegra Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum" title="Syrtis Major Planum">Syrtis Major Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus_Colles" title="Tartarus Colles">Tartarus Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus_Montes" title="Tartarus Montes">Tartarus Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_Montes" title="Tharsis Montes">Tharsis Montes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons">Ascraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavonis_Mons" title="Pavonis Mons">Pavonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_Tholus" title="Tharsis Tholus">Tharsis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenus_Mons" title="Tyrrhenus Mons">Tyrrhenus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Tholus" title="Ulysses Tholus">Ulysses Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranius_group_of_volcanoes" title="Uranius group of volcanoes">Uranius group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranius_Mons" title="Uranius Mons">Uranius Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceraunius_Tholus" title="Ceraunius Tholus">Ceraunius Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranius_Tholus" title="Uranius Tholus">Uranius Tholus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains,<br />plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidalia_Planitia" title="Acidalia Planitia">Acidalia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia">Amazonis Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Planitia" title="Arcadia Planitia">Arcadia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentea_Planum" title="Argentea Planum">Argentea Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyre_Planitia" title="Argyre Planitia">Argyre Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia">Chryse Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalia_Planum" title="Daedalia Planum">Daedalia Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Planitia" title="Eridania Planitia">Eridania Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperia_Planum" title="Hesperia Planum">Hesperia Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaria_Planum" title="Icaria Planum">Icaria Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidis_Planitia" title="Isidis Planitia">Isidis Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Planum" title="Oxia Planum">Oxia Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Planum" title="Syria Planum">Syria Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum" title="Syrtis Major Planum">Syrtis Major Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Patera" title="Eden Patera">Eden Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_Patera" title="Orcus Patera">Orcus Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus_Patera" title="Peneus Patera">Peneus Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityusa_Patera" title="Pityusa Patera">Pityusa Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siloe_Patera" title="Siloe Patera">Siloe Patera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Chaos" title="Aram Chaos">Aram Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsia_Chasmata" title="Arsia Chasmata">Arsia Chasmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatum_Chaos" title="Aromatum Chaos">Aromatum Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Chaos" title="Atlantis Chaos">Atlantis Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureum_Chaos" title="Aureum Chaos">Aureum Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candor_Chasma" title="Candor Chasma">Candor Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma_Boreale" title="Chasma Boreale">Chasma Boreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprates_Chasma" title="Coprates Chasma">Coprates Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echus_Chasma" title="Echus Chasma">Echus Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos_Chaos" title="Eos Chaos">Eos Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos_Chasma" title="Eos Chasma">Eos Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxias_Chaos" title="Galaxias Chaos">Galaxias Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Chasma" title="Ganges Chasma">Ganges Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgonum_Chaos" title="Gorgonum Chaos">Gorgonum Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebes_Chasma" title="Hebes Chasma">Hebes Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydaspis_Chaos" title="Hydaspis Chaos">Hydaspis Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraotes_Chaos" title="Hydraotes Chaos">Hydraotes Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ister_Chaos" title="Ister Chaos">Ister Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ius_Chasma" title="Ius Chasma">Ius Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventae_Chasma" title="Juventae Chasma">Juventae Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melas_Chasma" title="Melas Chasma">Melas Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Chasma" title="Ophir Chasma">Ophir Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma" title="Tithonium Chasma">Tithonium Chasma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valles_on_Mars" title="List of valles on Mars">List of valles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsus_Vallis" title="Apsus Vallis">Apsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnus_Vallis" title="Arnus Vallis">Arnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus_Vallis" title="Asopus Vallis">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Valles" title="Athabasca Valles">Athabasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auqakuh_Vallis" title="Auqakuh Vallis">Auqakuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Vallis" title="Bahram Vallis">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buvinda_Vallis" title="Buvinda Vallis">Buvinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Vallis" title="Dao Vallis">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_Vallis" title="Enipeus Vallis">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frento_Vallis" title="Frento Vallis">Frento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granicus_Valles" title="Granicus Valles">Granicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_(Mars)" title="Green Valley (Mars)">Green Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmakhis_Vallis" title="Harmakhis Vallis">Harmakhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrus_Valles" title="Hebrus Valles">Hebrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Desher_Vallis" title="Her Desher Vallis">Her Desher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrad_Vallis" title="Hrad Vallis">Hrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Hsing_Vallis" title="Huo Hsing Vallis">Huo Hsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanis_Valles" title="Hypanis Valles">Hypanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberus_Vallis" title="Iberus Vallis">Iberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Vallis" title="Indus Vallis">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituxi_Vallis" title="Ituxi Vallis">Ituxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasei_Valles" title="Kasei Valles">Kasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labou_Vallis" title="Labou Vallis">Labou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladon_Valles" title="Ladon Valles">Ladon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_Vallis" title="Lethe Vallis">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licus_Vallis" title="Licus Vallis">Licus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louros_Valles" title="Louros Valles">Louros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%CA%BCadim_Vallis" title="Maʼadim Vallis">Maʼadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Vallis" title="Mad Vallis">Mad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_Valles" title="Maja Valles">Maja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamers_Valles" title="Mamers Valles">Mamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Valles" title="Mangala Valles">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Marineris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labes_on_Mars" title="List of Labes on Mars">Labes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marte_Vallis" title="Marte Vallis">Marte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maumee_Valles" title="Maumee Valles">Maumee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawrth_Vallis" title="Mawrth Vallis">Mawrth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minio_Vallis" title="Minio Vallis">Minio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naktong_Vallis" title="Naktong Vallis">Naktong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanedi_Valles" title="Nanedi Valles">Nanedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Vallis" title="Niger Vallis">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgal_Vallis" title="Nirgal Vallis">Nirgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padus_Vallis" title="Padus Vallis">Padus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Valles" title="Paraná Valles">Paraná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patapsco_Vallis" title="Patapsco Vallis">Patapsco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Vallis" title="Peace Vallis">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahway_Valles" title="Rahway Valles">Rahway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallis" title="Ravi Vallis">Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reull_Vallis" title="Reull Vallis">Reull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabis_Vallis" title="Sabis Vallis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Vallis" title="Sabrina Vallis">Sabrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Valles" title="Samara Valles">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander_Vallis" title="Scamander Vallis">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalbatana_Vallis" title="Shalbatana Vallis">Shalbatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simud_Valles" title="Simud Valles">Simud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stura_Vallis" title="Stura Vallis">Stura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tader_Valles" title="Tader Valles">Tader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinia_Valles" title="Tinia Valles">Tinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinjar_Valles" title="Tinjar Valles">Tinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_Valles" title="Tiu Valles">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras_Vallis" title="Tyras Vallis">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzboi_Vallis" title="Uzboi Vallis">Uzboi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzboi-Landon-Morava" title="Uzboi-Landon-Morava">ULM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedra_Valles" title="Vedra Valles">Vedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Vallis" title="Verde Vallis">Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrego_Valles" title="Warrego Valles">Warrego</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">mensae</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Rupes" title="Rupes">rupes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthi_(planetary_geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthi (planetary geology)">labyrinthi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenthes_Fossae" title="Amenthes Fossae">Amenthes Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceraunius_Fossae" title="Ceraunius Fossae">Ceraunius Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Fossae" title="Cerberus Fossae">Cerberus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloe_Fossae" title="Coloe Fossae">Coloe Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyane_Fossae" title="Cyane Fossae">Cyane Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Fossae" title="Elysium Fossae">Elysium Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus_Fossae" title="Hephaestus Fossae">Hephaestus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaria_Fossae" title="Icaria Fossae">Icaria Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatis_Fossae" title="Labeatis Fossae">Labeatis Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Fossa" title="Mangala Fossa">Mangala Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mareotis_Fossae" title="Mareotis Fossae">Mareotis Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusae_Fossae_Formation" title="Medusae Fossae Formation">Medusae Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle#Fossa_on_Mars" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nili_Fossae" title="Nili Fossae">Nili Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympica_Fossae" title="Olympica Fossae">Olympica Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oti_Fossae" title="Oti Fossae">Oti Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenum_Fossae" title="Sirenum Fossae">Sirenum Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus_Fossae" title="Tantalus Fossae">Tantalus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Fossae" title="Tempe Fossae">Tempe Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma" title="Tithonium Chasma">Tithonium Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractus_Fossae" title="Tractus Fossae">Tractus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Fossae" title="Ulysses Fossae">Ulysses Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mensae" title="Aeolis Mensae">Aeolis Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonia_Mensa" title="Ausonia Mensa">Ausonia Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_Mensa" title="Capri Mensa">Capri Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronilus_Mensae" title="Deuteronilus Mensae">Deuteronilus Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Mensa" title="Ganges Mensa">Ganges Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilosyrtis_Mensae" title="Nilosyrtis Mensae">Nilosyrtis Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonilus_Mensae" title="Protonilus Mensae">Protonilus Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Mensa" title="Sacra Mensa">Sacra Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claritas_Rupes" title="Claritas Rupes">Claritas Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilokeras_Scopulus" title="Nilokeras Scopulus">Nilokeras Scopulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Rupes" title="Olympus Rupes">Olympus Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupes_Tenuis" title="Rupes Tenuis">Rupes Tenuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angustus_Labyrinthus" title="Angustus Labyrinthus">Angustus Labyrinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus" title="Noctis Labyrinthus">Noctis Labyrinthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artynia_Catena" class="mw-redirect" title="Artynia Catena">Artynia Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma" title="Tithonium Chasma">Tithoniae Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractus_Catena" title="Tractus Catena">Tractus Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams (Martian crater)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agassiz (crater)">Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airy_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy (Martian crater)">Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airy-0" title="Airy-0">Airy-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniak_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniak (crater)">Aniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniadi_(Martian_crater)" title="Antoniadi (Martian crater)">Antoniadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arandas_(crater)" title="Arandas (crater)">Arandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argo (crater)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsky_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkhangelsky (crater)">Arkhangelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenius (Martian crater)">Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimov_(crater)" title="Asimov (crater)">Asimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacolor_(crater)" title="Bacolor (crater)">Bacolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhuysen_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhuysen (crater)">Bakhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldet_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldet (Martian crater)">Baldet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltisk_(crater)" title="Baltisk (crater)">Baltisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_(crater)" title="Bamberg (crater)">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabashov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabashov (crater)">Barabashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnard (Martian crater)">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_(crater)" title="Beagle (crater)">Beagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel_(Martian_crater)" title="Becquerel (Martian crater)">Becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_(Martian_crater)" title="Beer (Martian crater)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_(crater)" title="Belz (crater)">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_(crater)" title="Bernard (crater)">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianchini_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bianchini (Martian crater)">Bianchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeddicker_(crater)" title="Boeddicker (crater)">Boeddicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_(Martian_crater)" title="Bok (Martian crater)">Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond (crater)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonestell_(crater)" title="Bonestell (crater)">Bonestell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_(crater)" title="Bonneville (crater)">Bonneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brashear_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brashear (Martian crater)">Brashear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briault_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Briault (crater)">Briault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_(crater)" title="Burroughs (crater)">Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_(crater)" title="Burton (crater)">Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell (Martian crater)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canso (Martian crater)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_(Martian_crater)" title="Cassini (Martian crater)">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caxias_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caxias (crater)">Caxias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerulli_(crater)" title="Cerulli (crater)">Cerulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafe_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chafe (crater)">Chafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapais_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapais (crater)">Chapais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_(crater)" title="Chincoteague (crater)">Chincoteague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_Alien" title="Chryse Alien">Chryse Alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark (Martian crater)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblentz_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblentz (Martian crater)">Coblentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(crater)" title="Columbus (crater)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(Martian_crater)" title="Copernicus (Martian crater)">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corby_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corby (crater)">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewe (crater)">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crivitz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crivitz (crater)">Crivitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommelin_(Martian_crater)" title="Crommelin (Martian crater)">Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruls_(crater)" title="Cruls (crater)">Cruls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie (Martian crater)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci (Martian crater)">Da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielson_(crater)" title="Danielson (crater)">Danielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin (Martian crater)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies_(crater)" title="Davies (crater)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_(Martian_crater)" title="Dawes (Martian crater)">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejnev_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejnev (Martian crater)">Dejnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denning_(Martian_crater)" title="Denning (Martian crater)">Denning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilly_(crater)" title="Dilly (crater)">Dilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_(crater)" title="Dinorwic (crater)">Dinorwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglass (Martian crater)">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromore_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromore (crater)">Dromore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Martheray_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Martheray (crater)">Du Martheray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Acidalia_Planitia_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Acidalia Planitia crater)">Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Meridiani_Planum_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Meridiani Planum crater)">Eagle (Meridiani Planum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberswalde_(crater)" title="Eberswalde (crater)">Eberswalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_(crater)" title="Eddie (crater)">Eddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejriksson_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejriksson (Martian crater)">Ejriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Dean_(crater)" title="Emma Dean (crater)">Emma Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_(crater)" title="Endeavour (crater)">Endeavour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matijevic_Hill" title="Matijevic Hill">Matijevic Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(crater)" title="Endurance (crater)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_(crater)" title="Erebus (crater)">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_(Martian_crater)" title="Escalante (Martian crater)">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudoxus (Martian crater)">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenagh_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenagh (crater)">Fenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesenkov_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fesenkov (Martian crater)">Fesenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firsoff_(Martian_crater)" title="Firsoff (Martian crater)">Firsoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammarion_(Martian_crater)" title="Flammarion (Martian crater)">Flammarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaugergues_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaugergues (crater)">Flaugergues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focas_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Focas (Martian crater)">Focas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontana (Martian crater)">Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournier_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fournier (crater)">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fram (crater)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (crater)">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdakao_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdakao (crater)">Galdakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galle_(Martian_crater)" title="Galle (Martian crater)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garni_(crater)" title="Garni (crater)">Garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasa_(crater)" title="Gasa (crater)">Gasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert (Martian crater)">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill (Martian crater)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gledhill_(crater)" title="Gledhill (crater)">Gledhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_(crater)" title="Gold (crater)">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graff_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graff (Martian crater)">Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_(Martian_crater)" title="Green (Martian crater)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindavik_(crater)" title="Grindavik (crater)">Grindavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusev_(Martian_crater)" title="Gusev (Martian crater)">Gusev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1_Hills" title="Apollo 1 Hills">Apollo 1 Hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaffee_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaffee Hill">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grissom_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grissom Hill">Grissom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hill,_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="White Hill, Mars">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Hills_(Mars)" title="Columbia Hills (Mars)">Columbia Hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_Hill" title="Husband Hill">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCool_Hill" title="McCool Hill">McCool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepy Hollow (Mars)">Sleepy Hollow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley (crater)">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldane (Martian crater)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_(Martian_crater)" title="Hale (Martian crater)">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley (Martian crater)">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargraves_(crater)" title="Hargraves (crater)">Hargraves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartwig (Martian crater)">Hartwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaviside (Martian crater)">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdal_(crater)" title="Heimdal (crater)">Heimdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinlein (crater)">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz (Martian crater)">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(Martian_crater)" title="Henry (Martian crater)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_(Martian_crater)" title="Herschel (Martian crater)">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(Martian_crater)" title="Hipparchus (Martian crater)">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_(Martian_crater)" title="Holden (Martian crater)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmes (crater)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooke_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooke (Martian crater)">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huggins_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huggins (Martian crater)">Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussey_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussey (crater)">Hussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutton (Martian crater)">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huxley (Martian crater)">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(crater)" title="Huygens (crater)">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazu_(crater)" title="Iazu (crater)">Iazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibragimov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibragimov (crater)">Ibragimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvik_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuvik (crater)">Inuvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_(Martian_crater)" title="Janssen (Martian crater)">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarry-Desloges_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarry-Desloges (crater)">Jarry-Desloges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeans (Martian crater)">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezero_(crater)" title="Jezero (crater)">Jezero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jez%C5%BEa_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezža (crater)">Jezža</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joly_(crater)" title="Joly (crater)">Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones (Martian crater)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_(Martian_crater)" title="Kaiser (Martian crater)">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeler (Martian crater)">Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (Martian crater)">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinkora_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinkora (crater)">Kinkora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipini_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipini (crater)">Kipini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobel_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knobel (crater)">Knobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koga_(crater)" title="Koga (crater)">Koga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korolev_(Martian_crater)" title="Korolev (Martian crater)">Korolev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufra_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufra (crater)">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper (Martian crater)">Kuiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunowsky_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunowsky (Martian crater)">Kunowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert (Martian crater)">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamont (Martian crater)">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampland_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampland (Martian crater)">Lampland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassell (Martian crater)">Lassell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lau (crater)">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Verrier_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Verrier (Martian crater)">Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fan_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Fan (crater)">Li Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liais_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liais (crater)">Liais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipik_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipik (crater)">Lipik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Hsin_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Hsin (crater)">Liu Hsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanesco">Llanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockyer_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockyer (Martian crater)">Lockyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_(crater)" title="Lod (crater)">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohse_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohse (Martian crater)">Lohse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_(Martian_crater)" title="Lomonosov (Martian crater)">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louth_(crater)" title="Louth (crater)">Louth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_(Martian_crater)" title="Lowell (Martian crater)">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyell (Martian crater)">Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyot_(Martian_crater)" title="Lyot (Martian crater)">Lyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dler_(Martian_crater)" title="Mädler (Martian crater)">Mädler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magelhaens_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magelhaens (Martian crater)">Magelhaens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggini_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggini (crater)">Maggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_(Martian_crater)" title="Main (Martian crater)">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandora (crater)">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraldi_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraldi (Martian crater)">Maraldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner (crater)">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marth_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marth (Martian crater)">Marth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martz (crater)">Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masursky_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masursky (Martian crater)">Masursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunder_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maunder (Martian crater)">Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_(Martian_crater)" title="McLaughlin (Martian crater)">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_(crater)" title="McMurdo (crater)">McMurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellish_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellish (crater)">Mellish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendel (Martian crater)">Mendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mie_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mie (crater)">Mie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovi%C4%8D_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovič (Martian crater)">Milankovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millochau_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millochau (crater)">Millochau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchel (crater)">Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_(crater)" title="Miyamoto (crater)">Miyamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk (crater)">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_(crater)" title="Mojave (crater)">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesworth_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesworth (crater)">Molesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevallo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montevallo (crater)">Montevallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreux_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreux (crater)">Moreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Müller (Martian crater)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansen (Martian crater)">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereus (crater)">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Martian_crater)" title="Newton (Martian crater)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhill_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhill (crater)">Nhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholson (Martian crater)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niesten_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niesten (crater)">Niesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipigon_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipigon (crater)">Nipigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onon_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Onon (crater)">Onon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orson Welles (crater)">Orson Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudemans_(crater)" title="Oudemans (crater)">Oudemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palana_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palana (crater)">Palana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangboche_(crater)" title="Pangboche (crater)">Pangboche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur (Martian crater)">Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penticton_(crater)" title="Penticton (crater)">Penticton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perepelkin_(Martian_crater)" title="Perepelkin (Martian crater)">Perepelkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridier_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peridier (crater)">Peridier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persbo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persbo (crater)">Persbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettit_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pettit (Martian crater)">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips (Martian crater)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickering (Martian crater)">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playfair (Martian crater)">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollack_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollack (Martian crater)">Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona (crater)">Poona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(Martian_crater)" title="Porter (Martian crater)">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porth_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porth (crater)">Porth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestley_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestley (Martian crater)">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_(Martian_crater)" title="Proctor (Martian crater)">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_(Martian_crater)" title="Ptolemaeus (Martian crater)">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%84sk_(crater)" title="Puńsk (crater)">Puńsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenisset_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenisset (crater)">Quenisset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabe_(crater)" title="Rabe (crater)">Rabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radau_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radau (crater)">Radau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahe_(crater)" title="Rahe (crater)">Rahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayleigh (Martian crater)">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redi_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redi (crater)">Redi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaudot_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaudot (crater)">Renaudot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuyl_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuyl (crater)">Reuyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_(crater)" title="Reynolds (crater)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson (Martian crater)">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchey_(Martian_crater)" title="Ritchey (Martian crater)">Ritchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharp_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Sharp (crater)">Robert Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddenberry_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roddenberry (crater)">Roddenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross (Martian crater)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossby (crater)">Rossby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaux_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudaux (crater)">Rudaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell (Martian crater)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford (Martian crater)">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagan_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagan (crater)">Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saheki_(crater)" title="Saheki (crater)">Saheki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_(crater)" title="Santa Maria (crater)">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaeberle_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaeberle (Martian crater)">Schaeberle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_(Martian_crater)" title="Schiaparelli (Martian crater)">Schiaparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt (Martian crater)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secchi_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secchi (Martian crater)">Secchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeykin_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semeykin (crater)">Semeykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharonov_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharonov (Martian crater)">Sharonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibu_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibu (crater)">Sibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinton_(crater)" title="Sinton (crater)">Sinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitka_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka (crater)">Sitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sklodowska_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sklodowska (Martian crater)">Sklodowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipher_(Martian_crater)" title="Slipher (Martian crater)">Slipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith (Martian crater)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_(Martian_crater)" title="South (Martian crater)">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spallanzani_(Martian_crater)" title="Spallanzani (Martian crater)">Spallanzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%ABpur_(crater)" title="Srīpur (crater)">Srīpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steno (Martian crater)">Steno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_(Martian_crater)" title="Stokes (Martian crater)">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoney (Martian crater)">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suess_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suess (Martian crater)">Suess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhi_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhi (crater)">Suzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (crater)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taytay_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taytay (crater)">Taytay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teisserenc_de_Bort_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teisserenc de Bort (crater)">Teisserenc de Bort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terby_(crater)" title="Terby (crater)">Terby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thila_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thila (crater)">Thila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thira_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thira (crater)">Thira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonravov_(crater)" title="Tikhonravov (crater)">Tikhonravov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhov_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhov (Martian crater)">Tikhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbuktu (crater)">Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombaugh_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombaugh (crater)">Tombaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooting_(crater)" title="Tooting (crater)">Tooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouvelot_(Martian_crater)" title="Trouvelot (Martian crater)">Trouvelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy (crater)">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trud_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trud (crater)">Trud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpler (Martian crater)">Trumpler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugaske_(crater)" title="Tugaske (crater)">Tugaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycho Brahe (Martian crater)">Tycho Brahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndall (Martian crater)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Udzha">Udzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_(Martian_crater)" title="Vernal (Martian crater)">Vernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_(Martian_crater)" title="Very (Martian crater)">Very</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(crater)" title="Victoria (crater)">Victoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde (Mars)">Cape Verde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinogradov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinogradov (crater)">Vinogradov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinogradsky_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinogradsky (crater)">Vinogradsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virrat_(crater)" title="Virrat (crater)">Virrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishniac_(crater)" title="Vishniac (crater)">Vishniac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogel_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogel (Martian crater)">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_(Martian_crater)" title="Von Kármán (Martian crater)">Von Kármán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok (crater)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace (Martian crater)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegener_(Martian_crater)" title="Wegener (Martian crater)">Wegener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinbaum_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weinbaum (crater)">Weinbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells (crater)">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams (Martian crater)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winslow (crater)">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirtz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirtz (crater)">Wirtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wislicenus_(crater)" title="Wislicenus (crater)">Wislicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright (Martian crater)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuty_(crater)" title="Yuty (crater)">Yuty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumba_(crater)" title="Zumba (crater)">Zumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunil_(crater)" title="Zunil (crater)">Zunil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&oldid=1263530676">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&oldid=1263530676</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dunes_on_Mars" title="Category:Dunes on Mars">Dunes on Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Category:Mare Boreum quadrangle">Mare Boreum quadrangle</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2017">Use dmy dates from August 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 December 2024, at 04:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperboreae_Undae&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperboreae Undae</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>4 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-qqf7s","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.512","walltime":"0.671","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1247,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":150680,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":597,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":60045,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 503.928 1 -total"," 32.98% 166.203 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.71% 139.620 1 Template:Geography_of_Mars"," 27.01% 136.128 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 24.44% 123.181 6 Template:Cite_journal"," 18.31% 92.280 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.75% 54.152 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.26% 31.538 1 Template:Convert"," 5.27% 26.537 1 Template:Portal_bar"," 4.89% 24.633 4 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.294","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7342394,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-5594c987b8-2tk5f","timestamp":"20250308193321","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hyperboreae Undae","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperboreae_Undae","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24066517","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24066517","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-08-27T01:56:18Z","dateModified":"2024-12-17T04:58:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ca\/Distribution_of_dune_fields_in_the_Planum_Boreum_region.PNG","headline":"martian dune field"}</script> </body> </html>