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current-item">Respiration</span></div><div class="d-inline-block col-md-11 p-0"><h1 class="entry-title">Respiration</h1></div><div class="float-md-right position-sm-absolute pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/respiration"></g:sharetoclassroom></div><div class=st-container> <img fetchpriority=high width=640 height=360 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration-768x432.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="human respiratory system" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Respiration.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><p>The human respiratory system</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-674fa53129c26 class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-674fa53129c26 checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Organization_of_the_Respiratory_System title="Organization of the Respiratory System">Organization of the Respiratory System</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Airways_and_blood_vessels title="Airways and blood vessels">Airways and blood vessels</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Alveoli_the_site_of_gas_exchange title="Alveoli: the site of gas exchange">Alveoli: the site of gas exchange</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Lungs_and_the_thoracic_wall title="Lungs and the thoracic wall">Lungs and the thoracic wall</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Ventilation_and_Lung_Mechanics title="Ventilation and Lung Mechanics">Ventilation and Lung Mechanics</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Stable_Balance_Between_Breaths title="Stable Balance Between Breaths">Stable Balance Between Breaths</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Inspiration title=Inspiration>Inspiration</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Expiration title=Expiration>Expiration</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9" href=#Lung_Compliance title="Lung Compliance">Lung Compliance</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10" href=#Airway_Resistance title="Airway Resistance">Airway Resistance</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11" href=#Heimlich_Maneuver title="Heimlich Maneuver">Heimlich Maneuver</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12" href=#Lung_Volumes_and_Capacities title="Lung Volumes and Capacities">Lung Volumes and Capacities</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13" href=#Alveolar_Ventilation title="Alveolar Ventilation">Alveolar Ventilation</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14" href=#Gas_Exchange_in_Alveoli_and_Tissues title="Gas Exchange in Alveoli and Tissues">Gas Exchange in Alveoli and Tissues</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15" href=#Alveolar_Gas_Pressures title="Alveolar Gas Pressures">Alveolar Gas Pressures</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16" href=#Alveolar-Blood_Gas_Exchange title="Alveolar-Blood Gas Exchange">Alveolar-Blood Gas Exchange</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17" href=#Gas_Exchange_in_Tissues title="Gas Exchange in Tissues">Gas Exchange in Tissues</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18" href=#Transport_of_Oxygen_in_Blood title="Transport of Oxygen in Blood">Transport of Oxygen in Blood</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19" href=#Effect_of_pO2_on_Hemoglobin_Saturation title="Effect of pO2 on Hemoglobin Saturation">Effect of pO2 on Hemoglobin Saturation</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20" href=#Transport_of_Carbon_Dioxide_in_Blood title="Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood">Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21" href=#Transport_of_H_Ions_Between_Tissues_and_Lungs title="Transport of H+ Ions Between Tissues and Lungs">Transport of H+ Ions Between Tissues and Lungs</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22" href=#Control_of_Respiration title="Control of Respiration">Control of Respiration</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23" href=#Control_of_Ventilation title="Control of Ventilation">Control of Ventilation</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24" href=#Protective_Reflexes title="Protective Reflexes">Protective Reflexes</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25" href=#Hypoxia title=Hypoxia>Hypoxia</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26" href=#Emphysema title=Emphysema>Emphysema</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27" href=#Nonrespiratory_Functions_of_the_Lungs title="Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs">Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Organization_of_the_Respiratory_System></span>Organization of the Respiratory System<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Each lung is composed of air sacs called alveoli – the sites of gas exchange with the blood. Airways are tubes through which air flows between the external environment and alveoli. A respiratory cycle consists of an inspiration (inhalation) movement of air from the external environment into alveoli, and expiration (exhalation) – the movement of air from alveoli to the external environment.</p><div class='code-block code-block-8 code-block-block-8' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=106005&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-96841566' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-96841566 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTQnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Airways_and_blood_vessels></span>Airways and blood vessels<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>During inspiration, air passes through nose/mouth, pharynx (throat), and larynx. These constitute the upper airways. Airways beyond the larynx are divided into 2 zones:</p><ol> <li>The conducting zone where there is no gas exchange. This consists of the tracheal tube, which branches into two bronchi. Each of them enters each lung and makes further branching. Walls of trachea and bronchi contain cartilage for support. The first branches without cartilage are called terminal bronchioles.</li> <li>The respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs. Consists of respiratory bronchioles with alveoli attached to them.</li></ol><p>Epithelial surfaces of airways up to respiratory bronchioles have cells that secrete mucus to trap particulate matter in the air, which is then moved by cilia present on these cells and swallowed. Macrophages, which engulf pathogens, are also present.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Alveoli_the_site_of_gas_exchange></span>Alveoli: the site of gas exchange<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Alveoli are hollow sacs having open ends continuous with lumens of airways. Inner walls lined by a single layer of flat epithelial cells called<em> type I alveolar cells</em>, interspersed by thicker, specialized cells called <em>type II alveolar cells</em>. Alveolar walls contain capillaries and a small interstitial space with interstitial fluid and connective tissue. Blood within an alveolar wall capillary is separated from the air within alveolus by a very thin barrier. There are also pores in the walls that permit the flow of air. The extensive surface area and the thin barrier permit the rapid exchange of large quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-96475728' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-96475728 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTUnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Lungs_and_the_thoracic_wall></span>Lungs and the thoracic wall<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Lungs are situated in thorax, i.e. the body compartment between the neck and abdomen. Thorax is a closed compartment, bound at the neck by muscles, and separated from the abdomen by a sheet of skeletal muscle, the <em>diaphragm</em>. The wall of the thorax is composed of ribs, breastbone (sternum), and intercostal muscles between ribs.</p><p>A closed sac, the pleural sac, consisting of a thin sheet of cells, called pleura, surrounds each lung. The pleural surface coating the lung (visceral pleura) is attached to the lung by connective tissue. The outer layer (parietal pleura) is attached to the thoracic wall and diaphragm. A thin layer of intrapleural fluid separates the two layers of pleura. Changes in hydrostatic pressure of the intrapleural fluid – the intrapleural pressure (Pip) or the intrathoracic pressure cause lungs and thoracic wall to move in and together during breathing.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Ventilation_and_Lung_Mechanics></span>Ventilation and Lung Mechanics<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Ventilation is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli. Air moves by bulk flow — from the region with high pressure to the region with low pressure. Flow rate can be found with:</p><p><strong>F = (Patm – Palv)/R</strong></p><p><em>where</em>, Patm, is the atmospheric pressure and Palv is the alveolar pressure.</p><p>During ventilation, the air is moved in and out of the lungs by changing alveolar pressure through changes in lung dimensions.</p><p>The volume of lungs depends on (1) difference in pressure between inside and outside of the lungs, called <em>transpulmonary pressure</em> and (2) stretchability of the lungs, called <em>lung compliance</em>.</p><p>Muscles used in respiration are attached to the chest wall. When they contract or relax, they change the chest dimensions. This changes transpulmonary pressure, which, in turn, changes lung volume. This changes alveolar pressure, causing air to flow in or out of the lungs.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Stable_Balance_Between_Breaths></span>Stable Balance Between Breaths<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Transpulmonary pressure = Palv – Pip</strong></p><p>Palv is zero, which means it is the same as atmospheric pressure. Pip is negative or less than atmospheric pressure. The elastic recoil of the lung inwards and the elastic recoil of the chest wall outwards will increase the volume of intrapleural space between them and decrease the pressure within. Therefore, transpulmonary pressure is greater than zero. This pressure puts an expanding force equal to the force of elastic recoil of the lung and keeps it from collapsing. The volume of lungs is kept stable and there is air inside the lungs. By a similar phenomenon, the pressure difference across the chest (Patm- Pip) directed inward keeps the elastic chest wall from moving outward excessively.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-73441015' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-73441015 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTYnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Inspiration></span>Inspiration<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Inspiration is initiated by neurally induced contractions. The diaphragm moves down and intercostal muscles move rib cage out. The size of the thorax increases and Pip drops even further. This increases transpulmonary pressure, thus expanding the lungs. This increases the size of alveoli, decreasing pressure within them. When Patmalv, it causes a bulk flow of air from the external environment through airways and into the lungs. When Patm = Palv, airflow ceases.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Expiration></span>Expiration<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax during expiration. The chest recoils, becoming smaller. Pip increases, thus decreasing transpulmonary pressure. Lungs recoil, compressing air in alveoli and increasing Palv. Air passively flows out from alveoli to the external environment. Under certain conditions, air can also be expired actively by contracting a set of intercostal and abdominal muscles that decrease thoracic dimensions.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-68876438' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-68876438 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTcnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Lung_Compliance></span>Lung Compliance<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Lung compliance is a measure of elasticity or the magnitude of change in lung volume (ΔVL) that can be produced by a given change in transpulmonary pressure.</p><p><strong>CL = ΔVL / Δ (Palv – Pip)</strong></p><p>When lung compliance is low, Pip must be made lower to achieve lung expansion. This requires more vigorous contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.</p><p><strong>Determinants of lung compliance</strong></p><p>Since the surface of alveolar cells is moist, surface tension between water molecules resists stretching of lung tissue. Type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called pulmonary surfactant that decreases surface tension and increases lung compliance. Respiratory distress syndrome of newborns is a result of low lung compliance.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Airway_Resistance></span>Airway Resistance<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Resistance is determined mainly by radius. Transpulmonary pressure exerts a distending force and keeps airways from collapsing, makes them larger during expiration and smaller during inspiration. Asthma is a disease in which airway smooth muscle contracts and increases airway resistance.</p><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is chronic bronchitis or the production of excessive mucus in bronchi that obstructs the airways.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-28194388' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-28194388 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTgnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Heimlich_Maneuver></span>Heimlich Maneuver<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>This maneuver is the manual application of an upward pressure applied to the abdomen of a person who is choking on an object caught in the airways. This maneuver can force the diaphragm to move up, reducing the thoracic size, and increasing alveolar pressure. The forceful expiration that is produced can expel the lodged object.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Lung_Volumes_and_Capacities></span>Lung Volumes and Capacities<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Tidal volume is the volume of air entering the lungs during a single inspiration or leaving the lungs in a single expiration. The maximal amount of air that can be increased ABOVE this value during the deepest inspiration is called inspiratory reserve volume. After the expiration of a resting tidal volume, the volume of air still remaining in the lungs is called functional residual capacity. The additional volume of air that can be expired (by active contraction of expiratory muscles) after the expiration of resting tidal volume is called expiratory reserve volume. Air still remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration is called residual volume. Vital capacity is the maximal volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-46032061' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-46032061 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTknIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Alveolar_Ventilation></span>Alveolar Ventilation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Minute ventilation = Tidal volume x Respiratory rate</strong><br> <strong>Units: (ml/min) = (ml/breath) x (breaths/minute)</strong></p><p>Anatomic dead space is the space within the airways that does not permit gas exchange with the blood. The total volume of fresh air entering the alveoli per minute is called alveolar ventilation.</p><p><strong>Ventilation = (Tidal volume – anatomic dead space) x respiratory rate</strong><br> <strong>Units: (ml/min) = (ml/breath) – (ml/breath) x (breaths/min)</strong></p><p>Since a fixed volume of each tidal volume goes to dead space, increased depth of breathing is more effective in elevating alveolar ventilation than increased breathing rate. The volume of inspired air that is not used for gas exchange as a result of reaching alveoli with no blood supply is called alveolar dead space. The sum of anatomic and alveolar dead space is called physiologic dead space.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Gas_Exchange_in_Alveoli_and_Tissues></span>Gas Exchange in Alveoli and Tissues<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>In steady-state, the volume of oxygen consumed by body cells per unit time is equal to the volume of oxygen added to the blood in the lungs, and the volume of carbon dioxide produced by cells is. identical to the rate at which it is expired. The ratio of CO<sub>2</sub> produced / O<sub>2</sub> consumed is called <em>respiratory quotient</em> (RQ), which depends on the type of nutrients being used for energy.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-40409361' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-40409361 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjAnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Alveolar_Gas_Pressures></span>Alveolar Gas Pressures<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Alveolar P0<sub>2</sub> is lower than atmospheric P0<sub>2</sub> because oxygen in alveolar air keeps entering pulmonary capillaries. Alveolar Pool is higher than atmospheric PCO<sub>2</sub> because carbon dioxide enters alveoli from pulmonary capillaries. P02 is positively correlated with: (1) PO<sub>2</sub>, of atmospheric air, (2) rate of alveolar ventilation and inversely correlated with, and (3) rate of oxygen consumption. PCO<sub>2</sub> is inversely correlated with (1) the rate of alveolar ventilation and (2) positively correlated with the rate of oxygen consumption.</p><p>Hypoventilation is an increase in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation whereas hyperventilation is a decrease in this ratio.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Alveolar-Blood_Gas_Exchange></span>Alveolar-Blood Gas Exchange<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Blood entering pulmonary capillaries is systemic venous blood having a high PCO<sub>2</sub> and a low P0<sub>2</sub>. Differences in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide on two sides of the alveolar-capillary membrane result in net diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to alveoli. With this diffusion, capillary blood P02 rises and its PCO<sub>2</sub> falls and net diffusion of these gases ceases when capillary partial pressures become equal to those in alveoli.</p><p>In diffuse interstitial fibrosis, alveolar walls thicken with connective tissue reducing gas exchange. Ventilation-perfusion inequality can result from: (1) ventilated alveoli with no blood supply and (2) blood flow through alveoli with no ventilation, reducing gas exchange.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-50648055' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-50648055 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjEnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Gas_Exchange_in_Tissues></span>Gas Exchange in Tissues<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Metabolic reactions within cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. Intracellular PO<sub>2</sub> is lower and PCO<sub>2</sub> is higher than in blood. As a result, there is a net diffusion of oxygen from the blood into cells, and a net diffusion of carbon dioxide from cells into the blood.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Transport_of_Oxygen_in_Blood></span>Transport of Oxygen in Blood<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Oxygen is carried in 2 forms: (1) dissolved in plasma and (2) reversibly combined with hemoglobin (Hb) molecules in erythrocytes. Each Hb molecule is a globin protein with four iron-containing heme groups attached to it. Each heme group binds one molecule of oxygen. Hb exists in two forms: deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). The fraction of all Hb in form of Hb02 is called percent Hb saturation.</p><p><strong>Percent saturation = (O<sub>2</sub> bound to Hb x 100)/ Maximal capacity of Hb to bind O<sub>2</sub> (Oxygen carrying capacity)</strong></p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-11869068' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-11869068 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjInIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Effect_of_pO2_on_Hemoglobin_Saturation></span>Effect of pO<sub>2</sub> on Hemoglobin Saturation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Raising blood pO<sub>2</sub> increases the combination of oxygen with Hb and binding of one oxygen molecule to Hb increases the affinity of the remaining sites on the same molecule. Therefore, the extent to which oxygen combines with Hb increases rapidly as pO<sub>2</sub> increases and this relationship between the two variables is called the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. The plateau of the curve at higher pO<sub>2</sub> provides a safety factor for oxygen supply at low alveolar pO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>The diffusion gradient favoring oxygen movement from alveoli to blood is maintained because oxygen binds to Hb and keeps the plasma PO2, low and only dissolved oxygen contributes to pO<sub>2</sub>. In tissues, the procedure is reversed.</p><p><strong>Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Oxygen Carriage. </strong>CO competes for the oxygen binding sites on Hb and also decreases the unbinding of oxygen from Hb.</p><p><strong>Effects of Blood PC0<sub>2</sub>, H+ concentration, Temperature, and DPG on Hb Saturation. </strong>The more active a tissue is, the greater is its pCO<sub>2</sub>, H<sup>+</sup> concentration, and temperature. CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sup>+</sup> ions, and DPG (2, 3-diphosphoglycerate) combine with Hb and modify it allosterically, thereby shifting the dissociation curve to the right. This shift causes Hb to release more oxygen to the tissues.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Transport_of_Carbon_Dioxide_in_Blood></span>Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Some fraction of carbon dioxide is dissolved and carried in the blood. Some react reversibly with Hb to form carbamino Hb.</p><p>CO<sub>2</sub> + Hb ↔ HbC0<sub>2</sub></p><p>Some carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate.</p><p>CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O ↔ H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> ↔ HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> + H<sup>+</sup><br> (by carbonic anhydrase)</p><p>The enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, is present in erythrocytes where the reaction takes place after which the bicarbonate moves out into the plasma.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-86122271' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-86122271 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjMnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Transport_of_H_Ions_Between_Tissues_and_Lungs></span>Transport of H<sup>+</sup> Ions Between Tissues and Lungs<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>If a person is hypoventilating, arterial H<sup>+</sup> concentration rises due to increased pCO<sub>2</sub> and this is called respiratory acidosis. Hyperventilation lowers H<sup>+</sup> and this is called respiratory alkalosis. Deoxyhemoglobin has a higher affinity for H<sup>+</sup> ions than oxy-hemoglobin and binds most of H<sup>+</sup> produced. In the lungs, when deoxyhemoglobin is converted to oxyhemoglobin, H<sup>+</sup> ions are released.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Control_of_Respiration></span>Control of Respiration<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Diaphragm and intercostal muscles are skeletal muscles and therefore breathing depends upon the cyclical excitation of these muscles. Control of this neural activity resides in neurons called medullary inspiratory neurons in medulla oblongata. These neurons receive inputs from apneustic and pneumotaxics center in pons. Negative feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors is also involved in controlling respiration (Hering Breur reflex).</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-81837223' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-81837223 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjQnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Control_of_Ventilation></span>Control of Ventilation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><ul> <li><strong>Control by pO<sub>2</sub> and pC0</strong><sub><strong>2.</strong> </sub>Peripheral chemoreceptors called carotid bodies and aortic bodies are in close contact with arterial blood and are stimulated by a steep decrease in arterial PO2 and an increase in H+ concentration. They give inputs to the medulla.</li> <li><strong>Control by H<sup>+</sup> not due to CO</strong><sub><strong>2.</strong> </sub>Lactic acid in exercising muscles can cause metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis, changing H+ concentration and stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors.</li> <li><strong>Control of Ventilation during Exercise.</strong> Blood pCO<sub>2</sub>, pO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sup>+</sup> concentration due to CO<sub>2</sub> do no change much during exercise due to compensatory hyperventilation. Change in H<sup>+</sup> concentration due to lactic acid, input from mechanoreceptors in joints and muscles, increase in body temperature, increase in plasma epinephrine, etc. play important roles in stimulating ventilation.</li></ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Protective_Reflexes></span>Protective Reflexes<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>As for other ventilatory responses, protective reflexes (such as cough and sneeze reflexes) protect the respiratory system from irritants. Receptors for sneeze located in nose or pharynx, while those for cough are located in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The reflexes are characterized by a deep inspiration followed by a violent expiration. Voluntary control of breathing is accomplished by descending pathways from the cerebral cortex. It cannot be maintained when involuntary stimuli are very high. Reflex from J receptors, which are located in the lungs, is stimulated by an increase in lung interstitial pressure due to occlusion of a pulmonary vessel (pulmonary embolus), left ventricle failure, etc. The reflex effect is tachypnea (rapid breathing).</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-90316333' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-90316333 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjUnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Hypoxia></span>Hypoxia<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Hypoxia is the deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level. There are four types:</p><ol> <li>Hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemia) which is characterized by reduced arterial PO<sub>2</sub>.</li> <li>Anemic hypoxia occurs when the total oxygen content of blood is reduced due to the inadequate number of erythrocytes, deficient or abnormal Hb, or binding of CO to Hb. Arterial PO<sub>2</sub> remains normal.</li> <li>Ischemic hypoxia (hypoperfusion hypoxia) occurs when blood flow to tissues is low.</li> <li>Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when tissue is unable to utilize the oxygen due to interference from a toxic agent. However, the quantity of oxygen reaching the tissue is normal.</li></ol><p>The retention of carbon dioxide and increased arterial pCO<sub>2</sub> is called <em>hypercapnia.</em></p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Emphysema></span>Emphysema<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Emphysema is the disease characterized by increased airway resistance, the decreased surface area for ventilation due to alveolar fusion, and ventilation-perfusion inequalities.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-74861818' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-74861818 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MjYnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Nonrespiratory_Functions_of_the_Lungs></span>Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lungs<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Lungs (1) concentrate a large number of biologically active substances in the bloodstream and also remove them, (2) produce and add new substances to blood, and (3) trap and dissolve small blood clots.</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/8NUxvJS-_0k width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;">Credit: <a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsooa4yRKGN_zEE8iknghZA data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">TED-Ed</a></div><p> </p><p> </p> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["87"]={"quiz_id":"87","quiz_name":"Respiration - Quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"1":{"id":"1","quizID":"87","pagekey":"76HU6pAx","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! 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Write your answer in the space provided.</strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-3 question-section-id-442 " data-qid=442><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. The hollow sacs that act as sites of gas exchange are called ( capillaries / alveoli ).</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div> <input type=text class="mlw_answer_open_text mlwRequiredText" name=question442></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-3 question-section-id-443 " data-qid=443><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. The zone of the airways where there is no gas exchange is the ( conducting zone / respiratory zone ).</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div> <input type=text class="mlw_answer_open_text mlwRequiredText" name=question443></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-3 question-section-id-444 " data-qid=444><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Lung volume depends on the ( transpulmonary pressure / lung compliance ), which refers to the capacity of the lungs for being stretched.</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div> <input type=text class="mlw_answer_open_text mlwRequiredText" name=question444></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-3 question-section-id-445 " data-qid=445><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax during ( inspiration / expiration )</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div> <input type=text class="mlw_answer_open_text mlwRequiredText" name=question445></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-3 question-section-id-446 " data-qid=446><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. 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C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 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\\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW AGE|LINE|ADVANCE|FEEL|FOLLOW|LIKE|LINK|LIVE|THINK|FREEDOM|CHICAGO|CLEVELAND|BALTIMORE-GH|IOWA|BOSTON|SEATTLE|PHOENIX|DALLAS|IN 101|MasterChef)\\b",MediacomTablet:"M-MPI10C3G|M-SP10EG|M-SP10EGP|M-SP10HXAH|M-SP7HXAH|M-SP10HXBH|M-SP8HXAH|M-SP8MXA",MiTablet:"\\bMI PAD\\b|\\bHM NOTE 1W\\b",NibiruTablet:"Nibiru M1|Nibiru Jupiter One",NexoTablet:"NEXO NOVA|NEXO 10|NEXO AVIO|NEXO FREE|NEXO GO|NEXO EVO|NEXO 3G|NEXO SMART|NEXO KIDDO|NEXO MOBI",LeaderTablet:"TBLT10Q|TBLT10I|TBL-10WDKB|TBL-10WDKBO2013|TBL-W230V2|TBL-W450|TBL-W500|SV572|TBLT7I|TBA-AC7-8G|TBLT79|TBL-8W16|TBL-10W32|TBL-10WKB|TBL-W100",UbislateTablet:"UbiSlate[\\s]?7C",PocketBookTablet:"Pocketbook",KocasoTablet:"\\b(TB-1207)\\b",HisenseTablet:"\\b(F5281|E2371)\\b",Hudl:"Hudl HT7S3|Hudl 2",TelstraTablet:"T-Hub2",GenericTablet:"Android.*\\b97D\\b|Tablet(?!.*PC)|BNTV250A|MID-WCDMA|LogicPD Zoom2|\\bA7EB\\b|CatNova8|A1_07|CT704|CT1002|\\bM721\\b|rk30sdk|\\bEVOTAB\\b|M758A|ET904|ALUMIUM10|Smartfren Tab|Endeavour 1010|Tablet-PC-4|Tagi Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g 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