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cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-簡述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簡述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>簡述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簡述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞語的起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞語的起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>詞語的起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞語的起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主題與影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主題與影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>主題與影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主題與影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對洲內擴張的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對洲內擴張的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>對洲內擴張的影響</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-對洲內擴張的影響-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关對洲內擴張的影響子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-對洲內擴張的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大陸主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大陸主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>大陸主義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大陸主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英屬北美" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英屬北美"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>英屬北美</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英屬北美-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1815年之前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1815年之前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>1815年之前</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1815年之前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進入加拿大的義勇兵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進入加拿大的義勇兵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>進入加拿大的義勇兵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進入加拿大的義勇兵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-奧勒岡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奧勒岡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>奧勒岡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奧勒岡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-墨西哥與德克薩斯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#墨西哥與德克薩斯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>墨西哥與德克薩斯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-墨西哥與德克薩斯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-「全墨西哥」" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#「全墨西哥」"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>「全墨西哥」</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-「全墨西哥」-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印地安人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印地安人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>印地安人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印地安人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-北美洲之外" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北美洲之外"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>北美洲之外</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-北美洲之外-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关北美洲之外子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-北美洲之外-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-美西戰爭與菲律賓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美西戰爭與菲律賓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>美西戰爭與菲律賓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美西戰爭與菲律賓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其後之慣用法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其後之慣用法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>其後之慣用法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其後之慣用法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-批評" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#批評"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>批評</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-批評-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">天定命运</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。42种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%A0%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%8D%C2%BB" title="«የተከሠተው ዕድል» – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="«የተከሠተው ዕድል»" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A" title="القدر المتجلي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القدر المتجلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1q_tale" title="Açıq tale – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Açıq tale" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Предопределение на съдбата – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предопределение на съдбата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dest%C3%AD_Manifest" title="Destí Manifest – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destí Manifest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="چارەنووسی ئاشکرا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارەنووسی ئاشکرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjevn%C3%BD_%C3%BAd%C4%9Bl" title="Zjevný úděl – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zjevný úděl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynged_Amlwg" title="Tynged Amlwg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tynged Amlwg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" title="Manifest Destiny – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manifest Destiny" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manifest destiny" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidenta_destino" title="Evidenta destino – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evidenta destino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_del_destino_manifiesto" title="Doctrina del destino manifiesto – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doctrina del destino manifiesto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageriko_Patua" title="Ageriko Patua – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ageriko Patua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تقدیر آشکار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقدیر آشکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsumuskohtalo" title="Kutsumuskohtalo – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kutsumuskohtalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destin%C3%A9e_manifeste" title="Destinée manifeste – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Destinée manifeste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinni%C3%BAint_fhollasach" title="Cinniúint fhollasach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cinniúint fhollasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99" title="הייעוד הגלוי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הייעוד הגלוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyilv%C3%A1nval%C3%B3_v%C3%A9gzet" title="Nyilvánvaló végzet – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyilvánvaló végzet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ակնհայտ նախասահմանում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակնհայտ նախասահմանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takdir_Nyata" title="Takdir Nyata – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Takdir Nyata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destino_manifesto" title="Destino manifesto – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Destino manifesto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="マニフェスト・デスティニー – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マニフェスト・デスティニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%B0%B1%ED%95%9C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%AA%85" title="명백한 운명 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명백한 운명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatum_Manifestum" title="Fatum Manifestum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fatum Manifestum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akivaizdus_likimas" title="Akivaizdus likimas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akivaizdus likimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87tino_Manifesto" title="Çtino Manifesto – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Çtino Manifesto" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" title="Manifest Destiny – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manifest Destiny" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manifest destiny" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destinada_manif%C3%A8sta" title="Destinada manifèsta – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Destinada manifèsta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objawione_Przeznaczenie" title="Objawione Przeznaczenie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Objawione Przeznaczenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutrina_do_destino_manifesto" title="Doutrina do destino manifesto – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doutrina do destino manifesto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" title="Manifest Destiny – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manifest Destiny" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Предопределение судьбы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предопределение судьбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manifest destiny" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" title="Manifest Destiny – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manifest Destiny" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manifest destiny" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="เทพลิขิต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทพลิขิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" title="Manifest Destiny – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manifest Destiny" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Явне призначення (доктрина) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Явне призначення (доктрина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%B9_%DA%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مینیفسٹ ڈسٹینی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مینیفسٹ ڈسٹینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2015年3月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%22">"昭昭天命"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-11eb1aea" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh:天定命运;zh-hans:天定命运;zh-hant:昭昭天命;"></div><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #0066CC; color:white; font-size:110%; font-weight:medium;">美国的扩张和影响史</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg/100px-WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg/150px-WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg/200px-WikiProject_United_States_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="993" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:1em; background:#ccccff; padding:0 0. 4em 0; text-align:left;">外交政策</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="美国外交政策">美国外交政策</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义">门罗主义</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8E%E9%99%A2" title="美国的后院">美国的后院</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E8%AB%96" title="美國例外論">美國例外論</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">昭昭天命</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="美帝國主義">美帝國主義</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国不干涉主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United States non-interventionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国不干涉主义（页面不存在）">美国不干涉主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" class="extiw" title="en:United States non-interventionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United States non-interventionism</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="威尔逊主义">威尔逊主义</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%AD%AF%E9%96%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="杜魯門主義">杜魯門主義</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="雷根主義">雷根主義</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:1em; background:#ccccff; padding:0 0. 4em 0; text-align:left;">軍事政策</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="美國軍事史">美国军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of the United States</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF" title="美国军事行动时间线">美国军事行动时间线</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="涉及美国的战争列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of wars involving the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%89%E5%8F%8A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="涉及美国的战争列表（页面不存在）">涉及美国的战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of wars involving the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of wars involving the United States</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E5%A4%96%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D" title="駐外美軍">駐外美軍</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国军事基地列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of United States military bases"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国军事基地列表（页面不存在）">美国军事基地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States military bases"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of United States military bases</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="美国战争罪行">美国战争罪行</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:1em; background:#ccccff; padding:0 0. 4em 0; text-align:left;">領土變遷</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="美國領土變遷">美國領土變遷</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AC%AC51%E5%B7%9E" title="美國第51州">美國第51州</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:1em; background:#ccccff; padding:0 0. 4em 0; text-align:left;">對外干預</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8D%E5%A4%96%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="美國對外干預">美國對外干預</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E6%9B%B4%E8%BF%AD" title="美国参与的政权更迭">美国参与的政权更迭</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国参与的拉丁美洲政权更迭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E6%9B%B4%E8%BF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国参与的拉丁美洲政权更迭（页面不存在）">美国参与的拉丁美洲政权更迭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" class="extiw" title="en:United States involvement in regime change in Latin America"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:1em; background:#ccccff; padding:0 0. 4em 0; text-align:left;">時代影響</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="美國世紀">美國世紀</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%85%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96" title="美利堅治世">美利堅和平</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0%E5%92%8C%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:美国的扩张和影响史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是昭昭天命此一觀念之沿革，及其對美國對外擴張之影響。本條目並非美國領土擴充史，或拓荒者西向墾殖美國邊疆的故事。昭昭天命是對西向擴充運動的一種辯解或理由；又或者是一種促發其進程的意識形態或學說。</div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Progress_(John_Gast_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/300px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/450px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg/600px-American_Progress_%28John_Gast_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4815" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>這幅圖畫（約在1872年）由約翰·賈斯特（John Gast）繪製，名為《美利堅向前行》（<i>American Progress</i>），為昭昭天命的一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言式</a>表現手法。在圖中，一個天使般的女人（有時被視為<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="哥伦比亚 (美国)">哥倫比亞</a>，美國19世紀時的擬人化象徵）帶著「文明」之光與拓荒者一同西行，在路程中串起<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5" title="电报">电报</a>線。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安人">印第安人</a>以及野生動物竄逃入前方的黑暗中。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>昭昭天命</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Manifest Destiny</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，又譯<b>天命昭彰</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<b>显明天命</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的慣用措詞，最初為19世纪時的政治<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E8%AA%9E" title="標語">標語</a>，後來成為標準的歷史名詞。指的是19世紀美国定居者所持有的一種信念，他們認為美國被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>賦予了向西擴張至橫跨<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="大陸">大陸</a>的天命，通常等於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="美國領土擴張">美國領土擴張</a>橫貫北美洲，直達<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>歷史學家強調「昭昭天命」是一個有爭議的概念<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這個詞在1840年代被<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="民主党 (美国)">民主黨人</a>用來為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美墨戰爭">美墨戰爭</a>辯護，也被用來談判<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄勒岡州">俄勒岡州</a>的邊界爭端時的口號。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些當代歷史學家譴責「昭昭天命」是一種用來合理化<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95" class="mw-redirect" title="種族滅絕">種族滅絕</a>及剝奪<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">原住民</a>土地的一種意識形態。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="簡述"><span id=".E7.B0.A1.E8.BF.B0"></span>簡述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：簡述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「昭昭天命」一直是籠統的觀念而非特定政策。若另加領土擴張主義，此詞也包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="美國例外主義">美國卓異主義</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬式國家主義（页面不存在）">羅馬式國家主義</a>與所謂<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="白人盎格魯-撒克遜新教徒">盎格魯撒克遜</a>民族優越性等信念。許多白人在論說昭昭天命時專注於最初的美式擴張主義；另有人認為該詞所表達之概念為，拓展疆域為美國對這個世界的「使命」。其使命的內容在不同的年代對不同的人有不同的意義。如：約翰·歐蘇利文 (John Louis O'Sullivan)「美國吞併德克薩斯共和國，不僅因為德克薩斯州希望這樣做，而是因為我們美國有『昭昭天命』」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%98%86%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰·昆西·亞當斯">約翰·昆西·亞當斯</a>說對於橫跨北美洲大陸的擴張使命和宣揚美國價值的重要性，是「注定的．他說。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>歷史學家沃爾特麥克杜格爾 (Walter McDougall) 稱「昭昭天命」使<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="門羅主義">門羅主義</a>成為必然結果<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E5%9C%96%E5%BC%97%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩斯特·李·圖弗森（页面不存在）">恩斯特·李·圖弗森</a>（Ernest Lee Tuveson）總結這些各式各樣的可能意義，寫道：「『昭昭天命』一詞涵括廣闊繁複的觀念、政策與作法。彼此間既無預期般的相容，出處也各自不同。」<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「昭昭天命」一詞最初由1840年代<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="傑克遜民主">傑克遜民主</a>的信徒所使用，用以宣傳兼併今日的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美西地區">美西地區</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧勒岡屬地（页面不存在）">奧勒岡屬地</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%BC%E4%BD%B5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兼併德州（页面不存在）">兼併德州</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%89%B2%E8%AE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="墨西哥割让">墨西哥割讓</a>）。該詞於1890年代復由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="共和黨 (美國)">共和黨</a>支持者用以在理論上作為美國介入北美洲以外事務的理由。昭昭天命曾是政治人物的慣用語，但許多評論員相信，其觀念在二十世紀持續影響了美國政治觀。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞語的起源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E8.AA.9E.E7.9A.84.E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>詞語的起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：詞語的起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_O%27Sullivan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_O%27Sullivan.jpg/220px-John_O%27Sullivan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_O%27Sullivan.jpg/330px-John_O%27Sullivan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_O%27Sullivan.jpg/440px-John_O%27Sullivan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>約翰·歐蘇利文於1874年的素描像，其實他是一位年輕且有影響力的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="專欄作家">專欄作家</a>。不過現在大家只記得他所用來提倡兼併<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="得克萨斯州">得克萨斯州</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E5%B7%9E" title="俄勒冈州">俄勒冈州</a>的警句"昭昭天命"。</figcaption></figure> <p>這個用以表彰顯而易見（或無可否認）的命運之詞句由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6" title="纽约">紐約市</a>記者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="约翰·奥沙利文">约翰·奥沙利文</a>（John L. O'Sullivan）於其《民主評論》（<i>Democratic Review</i>）雜誌1845年七─八月號刊杜撰而出。在一篇名為《兼併》（<i>Annexation</i>）的文章中，歐蘇利文呼籲美國將<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德克薩斯共和國">德克薩斯共和國</a>併入聯邦，他寫道：「吾等盡取神賜之洲以納年年倍增之萬民自由發展之昭昭天命」。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 論戰之後不久，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%BC%E4%BD%B5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兼併德州（页面不存在）">兼併德州</a>成真，但歐蘇利文首次寫出的「昭昭天命」一詞並未引人注意。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>歐蘇利文之第二次使用此詞則變得極富影響力。他於1845年12月27日在其《紐約晨報》論及與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英帝國">大英帝國</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E5%B7%9E" title="俄勒冈州">奧勒岡州</a>持續不斷的邊界糾紛。歐蘇利文論斷美國有權主張索求「奧勒岡全境」： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>而該主張乃據吾等昭昭天命之義，盡取並支配神賜之洲以大行託付於我之自由權利與聯邦自治。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>也就是說，歐蘇利文相信<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A8%E6%84%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上帝的旨意（页面不存在）">上帝的旨意</a>（Divine Providence）賦予美國廣佈<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和民主</a>遍及北美洲之使命（大行自由權利，"the great experiment of liberty"）。對歐蘇利文來說，既然大英帝國不知利用奧勒岡以廣佈民主，不列顛對這塊土地的權利主張可以忽視。歐蘇利文認為昭昭天命為<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>觀念（天條，"higher law"），足以蓋過一切顧慮，包含國際法與國際協定。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>歐蘇利文最初對昭昭天命的構想並不是呼籲以武力擴張領土。他認為相信美式民主的拓展勢不可當，會隨著白人（或<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="盎格魯-撒克遜">盎格魯撒克遜</a>民族）遷移各處而出現而無需涉及軍事行為，他們會建立新的政府，然後會像德克薩斯州那樣尋求進入美國。1845年，奧沙利文預測加利福尼亞接下來會遵循這種模式，加拿大最終也會要求吞併。歐蘇利文不贊同於1846年爆發的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美墨戰爭">美墨戰爭</a>，然而他相信戰爭的結果將惠及雙方。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>具有諷刺意味的是，這個詞彙是在由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (美國)">輝格黨</a>引用以反對執政的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克">詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克</a>總統後才廣為流傳。輝格黨人譴責「昭昭天命」這個概念，他們認為若政府支持受實施了這個征服計劃，就是背叛了美國憲法和權利宣言，因為這個概念是在鼓吹和宣揚征服。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1846年1月3日，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BA%AB%E6%A2%AD%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯·查爾斯·溫梭普（页面不存在）">羅伯·查爾斯·溫梭普</a>（Robert Charles Winthrop）眾議員於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="眾議院">眾議院</a>內嘲弄這個觀念，他說道：「我想，除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E5%9F%BA" title="洋基">洋基</a>國以外的任何國家，都不會容許散播昭昭天命之義。」對於昭昭天命的擁護者們引用「神賜之洲」來為基於俗世利益辯護的作法，在眾多批評者中，溫梭普是首位發難者。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>儘管有這樣的批評，擴張主義者還是接受了這個詞，並很快就流行了起來，以至於它的起源很快就被遺忘了。直至1927年，方有歷史學家確定此一警句出自歐蘇利文之手。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主題與影響"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E9.A1.8C.E8.88.87.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>主題與影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：主題與影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas,_Oregon,_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas%2C_Oregon%2C_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg/220px-Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas%2C_Oregon%2C_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas%2C_Oregon%2C_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg/330px-Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas%2C_Oregon%2C_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas%2C_Oregon%2C_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg/440px-Mitchell_A_New_Map_of_Texas%2C_Oregon%2C_and_California_1846_UTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5412" data-file-height="5814" /></a><figcaption><i>A New Map of Texas, Oregon, and California</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Augustus Mitchell（页面不存在）">Samuel Augustus Mitchell</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>史學家威廉威克斯（William E. Weeks）注意到，擁護昭昭天命者們通常依附在三條關鍵主題之上： </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%AA%E8%B6%8A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="優越性（页面不存在）">優越性</a></b>：美國人民與其體制的長處。</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="使命（页面不存在）">使命</a></b>：廣佈其體制，從而以美國的觀點解救並重建世界。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%84%8F" class="mw-disambig" title="天意">天意</a></b>：貫徹天命。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>這三條主題，又稱<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="美國例外主義">美國卓異主義</a>，通常可回溯至美國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="清教徒">清教徒</a>傳統，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%BD%97%E6%99%AE" title="约翰·温斯罗普">约翰·温斯罗普</a>1630年廣為人知的佈道詞《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="山巔之城">山巔之城</a>》的部分內容。他在這次證道中呼籲建立對<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="旧世界">舊世界</a>大放異彩的道德社會。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·潘恩">湯姆斯·潘恩</a>在其1776年具影響力的小冊《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98_(%E5%B0%8F%E5%86%8A%E5%AD%90)" title="常識 (小冊子)">常识</a>》中回應此見解，論說<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="美國革命">美國革命</a>提供機會以創建更好的新社會： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>我們有能力讓世界從頭來過。與目前相彷彿的情況，自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E4%BA%9E" title="挪亞">挪亞</a>在世以來亙古未有。新世界的誕生在指顧之間……<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>許多美國人贊同潘恩，相信美國已然試行自由與民主——並摒棄舊世界的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>——這是世界史上的大事。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亚伯拉罕·林肯">亞伯拉罕·林肯</a>總統對美國的形容：「全球最後的、最佳的寄託」就是這種觀念的著名表述。林肯在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E8%8C%B2%E5%A0%A1%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA" title="蓋茲堡演說">蓋茨堡演說</a>》中奮力詮釋帶有美式理想的國家是否得以存續。史家羅伯·喬漢森（Robert Johannsen）稱之為：「對美國昭昭天命論與使命感最恆久的聲明。」 <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>美國身具使命，以擴張領土來廣佈其體制與理想的信念——<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A" title="安德鲁·杰克逊">安德魯·傑克森</a>於1843年之著名表述為「延展自由之域」——為昭昭天命論的基本觀點。許多人相信美式民主毋需合眾國政府之力便得以散播。美國的拓荒者們心懷信念橫越北美大陸，其綱領為北美與世界其他國家會盡力與美式體制相仿。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E9%80%8A" title="托马斯·杰斐逊">托马斯·杰斐逊</a>最初並不認為美國必須向外擴張，他相信北美洲將成立其他類似於合眾國之共和政體，形成他所說的「自由帝國」。然而，在1803年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="路易西安納購地">路易西安娜購地</a>之後，他接受了版圖膨脹。其後數十年間，隨著合眾國領土不斷外擴，「延展自由之域」是否意指延展蓄奴之域，因對美國的「使命」有不同解釋，對立逐漸升高，而成為議題核心。 </p><p>「昭昭天命」的另一影響是種族優勢思想，即認為美國盎格魯-撒克遜種族是「獨立和天生優越的」，「注定會給美洲大陸和世界帶來良好的政府、繁榮商業和基督教」。這種觀點還認為「劣等種族注定要處於從屬地位或滅絕」，這思想被用來合理化對黑人的奴役以及對印第安人的驅逐。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對洲內擴張的影響"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E6.B4.B2.E5.85.A7.E6.93.B4.E5.BC.B5.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>對洲內擴張的影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：對洲內擴張的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「昭昭天命」一詞最常為人聯想者，為美國自1815年至1860年間的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="領土">領土</a>擴張。此一時期，自<a href="/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争">1812年戰爭</a>結束起至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">美國內戰</a>爆發為止，人稱「昭昭天命之世」（Age of Manifest Destiny）。美國版圖在這段期間擴展至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>——<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%B5%B7%E8%87%B3%E5%85%89%E8%BC%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自海至光輝之海（页面不存在）">自海至光輝之海</a>（"from sea to shining sea"）——基本確立今日<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F" title="美國本土">美國本土</a>的邊界。昭昭天命論在合眾國與其北方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" title="英屬北美">英屬北美</a>（後稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>）之間的關係上有其作用；但在其考量<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>問題與引發<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美墨戰爭">美墨戰爭</a>上更具因果關係。昭昭天命論中，蔓延各處的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">種族主義</a>對美國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安人">印地安人</a>而言後果嚴重。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大陸主義"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E9.99.B8.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>大陸主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：大陸主義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>十九世紀中，美國終將吞併北美洲全境的信念，世稱「大陸主義」（continentalism）<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此一構想的先期提倡者為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%98%86%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·昆西·亚当斯">約翰·昆西·亞當斯</a>，他是自1803年<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="路易西安納購地">路易西安那購地案</a>至1840年代<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克">詹姆斯·波克</a>執政期間，美國版圖擴張的領導人物。1811年，他在給父親<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·亚当斯">約翰·亞當斯</a>的信中寫道： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>天意註定，北美全境所生養的子民應為同一「民族」，口說相同語言，信奉相同宗教與政治信仰下的全面體系，襲用相同的社會風俗習慣下的全般宗旨。為其全體共同之幸福愉悅，為其和平安寧與繁榮昌盛，我相信，將他們結合於一個聯邦共同體之下勢不可免。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>亞當斯為推展其理念著力甚深。他起草了<a href="/wiki/1818%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="1818年条约">1818年條約</a>，奠定西至<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="洛磯山脈">洛磯山脈</a>的美加國界，並約定奧勒岡國共管。他磋商出1819年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E6%96%AF%E2%94%80%E6%AD%90%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞當斯─歐尼斯條約（页面不存在）">亞當斯─歐尼斯條約</a>（Adams-Onís Treaty）——又稱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%AB%E6%B4%B2%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貫洲條約（页面不存在）">貫洲條約</a>（Transcontinental Treaty），自<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>手中買下<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅里達">佛羅里達</a>並將與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%AC%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西屬墨西哥（页面不存在）">西屬墨西哥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="邊界">邊界</a>延伸至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>。他並且有系統的陳述了1823年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义">門羅主義</a>，該說警示歐洲，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" title="西半球">西半球</a>不再開放歐洲成立殖民地。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义">門羅主義</a>與昭昭天命論密切相關。沃尔特·麥克道古（Walter McDougall）稱昭昭天命論為門羅主義的自然結果，既然門羅主義並未明指擴張幅度，不斷擴張便為行使該主義之所必需。美國內部當時考量到，歐洲強權（尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英帝國">大英帝國</a>）正尋求提升對北美洲的影響力，於是引發以對外擴張以資預防的呼聲。1935年，艾爾伯特·溫伯格（Albert Weinberg）於其深具影響的對昭昭天命論的論文中寫道：「1840年代勃興的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="扩张主义">擴張主義</a>為防禦性作為，以在歐洲侵犯北美之前搶先一步。」<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英屬北美"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E5.B1.AC.E5.8C.97.E7.BE.8E"></span>英屬北美</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：英屬北美"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1815年之前"><span id="1815.E5.B9.B4.E4.B9.8B.E5.89.8D"></span>1815年之前</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：1815年之前"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="美國革命">美國獨立革命</a>爆發之前，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國革命家（页面不存在）">美國革命家</a>們原本希望<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A3%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="法裔加拿大人">法裔加拿大人</a>能夠加入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%B7%9E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="十三州殖民地">殖民地十三州</a>以共同推翻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝國</a>的統治。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%81" title="加拿大省">加拿大省</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%8A%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%85%E6%B0%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="告加拿大居民書（页面不存在）">受邀</a>舉派代表參加<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="大陆会议">大陸議會</a>，且<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="大陆会议">大陸會議</a>已預先允許加拿大加入合眾國。1775年，當美國在企圖將英國逐出北美的戰爭中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%EF%BC%881775%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國入侵加拿大（1775）（页面不存在）">攻入加拿大</a>時，也希望法屬加拿大能共襄盛舉。這些拉攏加拿大靠向十三州的策略，無一達成。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1783%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1783年)">巴黎和平協商</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="本傑明·富蘭克林">班哲明·富蘭克林</a>企圖說服不列顛外交官將加拿大割讓給合眾國，亦未成功。由於大英帝國始終存在於合眾國北界，導致美國於<a href="/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争">1812年戰爭</a>期間，第二次北侵<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" title="英屬北美">英屬北美</a>，但未成其功。 </p><p>這些將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝國</a>逐出北美的企圖，時受引據為昭昭天命論付諸行動之先例。然而，加拿大史學家瑞嘉諾德·史都華（Reginald Stuart）論斷，這些與「昭昭天命時期」（"Era of Manifest Destiny"）中的行動，性質不同。史都華於1815年之前寫道：「所有看來有如領土擴張主義之舉措，其實是來自守成的想法，而非來自征服與兼併的雄才大略。」此種觀點認為，昭昭天命論並非引發1812年戰爭之因素，而是在戰後才出現，並成為公眾信念。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="進入加拿大的義勇兵"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E5.85.A5.E5.8A.A0.E6.8B.BF.E5.A4.A7.E7.9A.84.E7.BE.A9.E5.8B.87.E5.85.B5"></span>進入加拿大的義勇兵</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：進入加拿大的義勇兵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>儘管<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%87%E8%8B%B1%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仇英心理（页面不存在）">仇英心理</a>繼續於合眾國內散佈，美國人於<a href="/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争">1812年戰爭</a>後逐漸接受英屬殖民地於北界接壤的現實。許多美國人，尤其是美加邊界沿線居民，原本希望<a href="/wiki/1837%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="1837年起义">1837年起义</a>可以結束大英帝國在北美的統治，並於加拿大建立民主政府。對這些事件，約翰·歐蘇利文寫道：「若自由為一國之最佳福祉，若自治為一國之首要權利，…我們對加拿大人發難之緣由感同身受。」許多美國人，如歐蘇利文一般，視這幾場叛亂為美國革命再現；而且——與當時多數加拿大人的觀點不同——以為加拿大人生活於外來統治者的壓迫之下。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>儘管感同身受，昭昭天命的信念並未隨著美國人對這場叛亂的反應而廣佈開來，部分是因為這幾次叛亂結束得太快。歐蘇利文個人建議抵制美國調停。若干美國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%87%E5%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義勇兵（页面不存在）">義勇兵</a>─未經政府授權，自願參戰的軍人，通常是受昭昭天命的信念所激勵─前去加拿大以助一臂之力，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6" title="马丁·范布伦">马丁·范布伦</a>總統派遣<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="溫菲爾德·史考特">溫菲爾德·史考特</a>將軍逮捕這群義勇兵並保持邊界平靜。若干義勇兵殘存於人稱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8D%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="獵人草屋（页面不存在）">獵人草屋</a>（Hunters' Lodges）的秘密集團中，嘗試鼓動戰爭以「解放」加拿大─其中的一次即所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%80%85%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="愛國者戰爭">愛國者戰爭</a>─但美國的觀點與政府官方政策反對這些行動。美國內戰後的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%AA%81%E8%A2%AD" title="芬尼亚突袭">芬尼亚突袭</a>與獵人草屋的行為有相似性，但與昭昭天命的觀念或美國的領土擴張政策並無關聯。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="奧勒岡"><span id=".E5.A5.A7.E5.8B.92.E5.B2.A1"></span>奧勒岡</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：奧勒岡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在合眾國北界，昭昭天命論在奧勒岡與大英帝國的邊界紛爭中發揮其最重要的作用。<a href="/w/index.php?title=1818%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%B1%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1818年英美會議（页面不存在）">1818年英美會議</a>（Anglo-American Convention of 1818）約定奧勒岡共管，而數以千計的美國移民於1840年代經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%91" title="奧勒岡小徑">奧勒岡小徑</a>移居該處。英國人回絕<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="约翰·泰勒">约翰·泰勒</a>總統依<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%98%86%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·昆西·亚当斯">约翰·昆西·亚当斯</a>之前議，將該區沿<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B7%AF49%E5%BA%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="北緯49度線">北緯49度線</a>一分為二的提案，而堅持將邊界南移至<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%B2%B3" title="哥倫比亞河">哥倫比亞河</a>，此舉將今日<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="华盛顿州">華盛頓州</a>的所在地劃歸英屬北美。昭昭天命的擁護者們誓死反對，並呼籲兼併奧勒岡州全境。總統候選人<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克">詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克</a>運用汹湧的民氣自利，民主黨並於<a href="/wiki/1844%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%89" class="mw-redirect" title="1844年美国总统大选">1844年美國總統大選</a>中，呼籲兼併「全奧勒岡」。 </p><p>成為總統後，波尔克重提沿北緯49度線將該區一分為二之議，使昭昭天命論最激切的擁護者們心灰意冷。當英國回絕該議後，美國的擴張主義者回以口號<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%9454-40%E5%B0%B1%E6%89%93%E4%BB%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不達54-40就打仗（页面不存在）">不達54-40就打仗</a>！（Fifty-Four Forty or Fight，北緯54度40分為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E5%B7%9E" title="俄勒冈州">奧勒岡</a>北界。該口號經常被錯誤地引述為1844年大選中的口號）。當波尔克轉而中止共管協議，英國終於同意沿北緯49度線將該區一分為二，爭端於1846年兩國簽訂<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="俄勒冈条约">奧勒岡條約</a>後落幕。 </p><p>雖然早先為了『全奧勒岡』而群情汹湧，該條約於美國頗孚民望，並迅即獲參議院認可，部份原因是由於合眾國當時正與墨西哥交戰。許多美國人相信加拿大諸省遲早會併入合眾國，而這場戰爭對達成命運之付託並無必要，尚且產生不良後果。據瑞嘉諾德·史都華的說法，昭昭天命論最激切的擁護者們之所以未在北方邊界問題上佔上風，「是由於儘管稱之為『大陸主義』，昭昭天命的適用範圍僅達美國西部與西南，而不及於北方。」<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="墨西哥與德克薩斯"><span id=".E5.A2.A8.E8.A5.BF.E5.93.A5.E8.88.87.E5.BE.B7.E5.85.8B.E8.96.A9.E6.96.AF"></span>墨西哥與德克薩斯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：墨西哥與德克薩斯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1836年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="得克萨斯共和国">德克薩斯共和國</a>宣告自墨西哥<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德克薩斯宣告獨立（页面不存在）">獨立</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德克薩斯革命">德克薩斯革命</a>之後，更尋求加入合眾國成為新的一州。這正是自傑佛遜以來，至歐蘇利文時代，所提倡的理想擴張程序：可能的新州要求歸屬於合眾國，而非合眾國擴充其治權以凌駕於無此意願的人民頭上。然而，兼併德克薩斯實屬矛盾，因其使聯邦多增一蓄奴州。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A" title="安德鲁·杰克逊">安德魯·傑克遜</a>總統與<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6" title="马丁·范布伦">马丁·范布伦</a>總統因為奴隸制度的爭議威脅到民主黨的整體性，拒絕德克薩斯加入並成為合眾國的一部分。 </p><p>1844年大選之前，輝格黨候選人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="亨利·克莱">亨利·克雷</a>與據推定應為民主黨候選人的前總統马丁·范布伦雙方都宣稱反對兼併德克薩斯，都希望別讓此一棘手的話題成為選戰議題。因此意外地使民主黨放棄范布伦，轉推支持兼併的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克">波尔克</a>。波尔克將兼併德克薩斯的難題與奧勒岡的邊界紛爭相連繫，而提出一連串與兼併相關的地區性協議。（北方的擴張主義者較傾向於佔有奧勒岡；而南方的擴張主義者主張兼併德克薩斯。）波尔克雖僅以極小差距勝出，卻將自己的勝選當成選民對版圖擴張的付託。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="「全墨西哥」"><span id=".E3.80.8C.E5.85.A8.E5.A2.A8.E8.A5.BF.E5.93.A5.E3.80.8D"></span>「全墨西哥」</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：「全墨西哥」"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美國國會於波尔克就職前，通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%BC%E4%BD%B5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國兼併德克薩斯（页面不存在）">美國兼併德克薩斯</a>法案。波尔克更進一步佔領墨西哥主張所有權的德克薩斯領土，是為於1846年4月24日爆發的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美墨戰爭">美墨戰爭</a>之前奏。由於美方告捷，1847年夏出現了兼併「全墨西哥」的呼聲，部分來自東部的民主黨人，他們主張將墨西哥納入聯邦為確保該地區永久和平的最佳手段。 </p><p>這項主張因兩個理由而自我矛盾。首先，約翰·歐蘇利文等理想化的昭昭天命提倡者不斷提及，合眾國的律法不應強加於無此意願的人民頭上，而兼併「全墨西哥」侵犯此一原則。其次，兼併墨西哥意指將合眾國公民權擴及千千萬萬名墨西哥人。支持兼併德克薩斯的南卡羅來納州聯邦參議員<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9" title="约翰·卡德威尔·卡尔霍恩">約翰·考宏</a>，因著昭昭天命之「使命」，以種族上的理由反對兼併墨西哥。他於1848年1月4日在國會中的演說中闡明其觀點： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>我們連夢都未曾夢過吸納高加索人─自由的白人─以外任何種族進入聯邦。吸納墨西哥會成為混入印地安人的先例，因為墨西哥人有一半以上是印地安人，而其他主要為混雜的部落所組成。我強烈反對如此這般的聯邦！我們的聯邦－可敬的先生們－是一個白人政府……我視其受敦促者為……這個國家的使命為廣佈文明與宗教自由遍及全世界，尤其是這塊大陸。兼併是個錯誤。 <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>這場辯論帶出了昭昭天命論的矛盾之一：一方面，昭昭天命論中的種族觀念暗示，墨西哥人由於非盎格魯撒克遜民族，不具成為美國人的資格；而昭昭天命論中「使命」的部分暗示，墨西哥人將因被納入美式民主而進化（或說重生，後來的說法）。種族觀念曾被用以推行昭昭天命論，但在考宏以及「全墨西哥」運動的例子中，種族觀念亦被用以反對昭昭天命論。 </p><p>這場矛盾最終以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%89%B2%E8%AE%93%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墨西哥割讓領土（页面不存在）">墨西哥割讓領土</a>解決。兩塊人口較墨西哥其他地方稀少的屬地<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加利福尼亞">加利福尼亞</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="新墨西哥州">新墨西哥</a>加入合眾國。「全墨西哥」運動，一如「全奧勒岡」運動般，無疾而終。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印地安人"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E5.9C.B0.E5.AE.89.E4.BA.BA"></span>印地安人</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：印地安人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>合眾國的陸上擴展通常意為佔據<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安人">印地安人</a>所有之地。合眾國承襲歐洲人的作為，只有限度的承認<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安人">美洲土著</a>的土地權利。依一項由<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="战争部长">戰爭部長</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·納克斯（页面不存在）">亨利·納克斯</a>（Henry Knox）所大規模擘劃的政策，合眾國政府尋求以合法的印地安土地交易為唯一擴展領土進入西部的管道，鼓勵印地安人售出部落土地並「開化」，意即（連同其他事項）放棄打獵，變成農夫；並使印地安社會以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD" title="家庭">家庭</a>為單位，而非氏族或部落。「開化」計畫的擁護者相信，這樣的程序會大大的降低印地安人所需的土地面積，於是有更多的土地可與美國白人交易。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E9%80%8A" title="托马斯·杰斐逊">托马斯·杰斐逊</a>相信，既然印地安人的智力與白人不相上下，印地安人理應像白人一樣的生活，或無可避免地被白人推到一旁。傑佛遜根源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時期</a>的想法，即印地安人與白人一起創建新國家的理念，於其有生之年未曾實現。他於是開始認為印地安人應移居到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河">密西西比河</a>的另一側，維持社會分離。此一觀念因1803年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="路易西安納購地">路易西安那購地案</a>而成為可能。 </p><p>此一觀念，又名<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%90%AC%E9%81%B7%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="搬遷印地安人（页面不存在）">搬遷印地安人</a>，於昭昭天命之世浮出檯面。雖有若干擁護搬遷者基於人道相信印地安人最好是搬離白人的地方，越來越多的美國人認為印地安人只不過是擋在美國西擴之路上的「野蠻人」。 </p><p>英國在1812年戰爭後了解美國關於佔領印第安人土地的立場。之後，英國談判代表<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·古爾本" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Goulburn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·古爾本（页面不存在）">亨利·古爾本</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Goulburn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Goulburn</span></a></span>）</span></span>震驚地說道：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p> 我事前絲毫不知，所有美國人皆心存定見，根除印第安人並收其土地<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p></blockquote> <p>史家瑞吉納德·郝斯曼於其深具影響力的論文「種族與昭昭天命」論斷，種族性修詞於昭昭天命年代大量增加。美國人逐漸相信印地安人會隨著美國的擴張而凋零。這樣的觀點反應在美國首位偉大的史家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛蘭西斯·帕克曼（页面不存在）">佛蘭西斯·帕克曼</a>其1851年印行的皇皇巨著<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%90%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龐帝克的陰謀（页面不存在）">龐帝克的陰謀</a>中。帕克曼寫道，印地安人「註定要在盎格魯美國人其所向無敵的西進力量之浪潮面前消失無踪」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="北美洲之外"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2.E4.B9.8B.E5.A4.96"></span>北美洲之外</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：北美洲之外"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>隨著美國內戰於歷史中淡去，「昭昭天命」一辭再度為人復用了一段短時間。共和黨在<a href="/w/index.php?title=1892%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892年美國總統大選（页面不存在）">1892年美國總統大選</a>中的黨綱宣告：「本黨重申，贊成<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义">門羅主義</a>，並概括性認可共和政體昭昭天命之功。」由於共和黨敗選，宣言中的「昭昭天命」一辭並無確切定義。然而，共和黨於<a href="/w/index.php?title=1896%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1896年美國總統大選（页面不存在）">1896年美國總統大選</a>後重回白宮，其後更連霸16年。昭昭天命一辭其時用以推展<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國的海外領土擴張（页面不存在）">美國的海外領土擴張</a>。而昭昭天命的這種說法是否符合1840年代的大陸擴張主義，在當時即引起爭論，並延伸至後世，長久不衰。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>例如說，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91%E8%8E%B1" title="威廉·麦金莱">威廉·麦金莱</a>總統於1898年提倡兼併<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="夏威夷領地">夏威夷領地</a>，他說道：「我們需要取得夏威夷並好好經營，更甚於前此之於加利福尼亞，此乃昭昭天命。」另一方面，曾於執政期間阻擋兼併夏威夷的民主黨籍前總統<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0" title="格罗弗·克利夫兰">格罗弗·克利夫兰</a>寫道，麦金莱的兼併為「歪曲我國之天命」。史學家亦持續兩種觀點之論戰，一派將美國在1890年代的海外擴張解讀為昭昭天命論延伸遠跨<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>彼岸；另一派視其為昭昭天命論之對立面。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美西戰爭與菲律賓"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E8.A5.BF.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E8.88.87.E8.8F.B2.E5.BE.8B.E8.B3.93"></span>美西戰爭與菲律賓</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：美西戰爭與菲律賓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1898年，在美軍的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E5%9B%A0%E8%99%9F%E6%88%B0%E8%89%A6_(ACR-1)" title="緬因號戰艦 (ACR-1)">緬因號戰艦</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E9%82%A3" title="哈瓦那">哈瓦那</a>的港口爆炸沉沒後，美國插手介入古巴反抗軍與西班牙帝國之間，是為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="美西战争">美西战争</a>之開端。雖說1840年代的昭昭天命論之擁護者古曾籲求兼併古巴，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国参议院">美国参议院</a>於戰前全體一致通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B5%E5%8B%92%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鐵勒修正案（页面不存在）">鐵勒修正案</a>（Teller Amendment），承認古巴之「自由獨立」，並放棄所有美國兼併該島之意圖。而戰後通過的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="普拉特修正案">普拉特修正案</a>則實質上承認美國為古巴的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="保护国">保護國</a>。昭昭天命若意味公然兼併，則自此對古巴不再適用。 </p><p>與古巴情形不同的是，美國在美西戰爭後兼併<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%B3%B6" title="關島">關島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各">波多黎各</a>、以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律賓</a>。攫取這些島嶼為美國歷史寫下新頁。過去，美國取得領土的目的在於建立新州，取得相同於已有各州之立足點；而這些新取得之各島嶼為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>，而非預期建立的新州。此一程序經諸<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E9%87%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="島嶼釋憲案（页面不存在）">島嶼釋憲案</a>（Insular Cases）確認。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国最高法院">美國最高法院</a>於這一連串釋憲案中裁決，美利堅合眾國轄下所有領地並非自動完全適用美國憲政權利。依此見解，兼併違反昭昭天命論之傳統義意。據弗雷德里克·默克（Frederick Merk）所言，「昭昭天命包含考宏與歐蘇利文所能同意的基礎原則─不應併入無資格立州之人民。此一原則被1899年的帝國主義甩到一邊去。」<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>另一方面，昭昭天命的概念中也包含著，「未開化」的人民可在接受美國基督教民主價值之洗禮後進步。麥肯利總統於決定兼併菲律賓後，對此一主題思想評論道：「我們別無可為，只有全盤接收，並教育菲律賓人，並且使他們發展、開化、信奉基督教…」<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E6%9E%97" title="魯德亞德·吉卜林">鲁德亚德·吉卜林</a>之《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%9F%E6%8B%85" title="白人的负担">白種人的負擔</a>》一詩，以「合眾國與菲律賓群島」（The United States and the Philippine Islands）為副標題，為當時這種公眾情懷之著名表述。然而，許多菲律賓人抗拒此一「發展與開化」，終於在1899年爆發<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%8F%B2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="美菲战争">美菲戰爭</a>。美國海外擴張的反對者，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%AE%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩">威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩</a>於開戰後寫道：「天命不若數星期前一般昭昭。」<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其後之慣用法"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E5.BE.8C.E4.B9.8B.E6.85.A3.E7.94.A8.E6.B3.95"></span>其後之慣用法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：其後之慣用法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>世紀交替之後，美國不再依靠「天命」推展領土擴張，「昭昭天命」一辭之使用率大減。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="西奥多·罗斯福">西奥多·罗斯福</a>總統治下，美國在新世界中的角色，一如其於1904年對<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="门罗主义">門羅主義</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" title="羅斯福推論">羅斯福推論</a>，定義為「國際警力」，以確保美國在西半球之利益為要務；羅斯福推論明確摒棄領土擴張。過去，昭昭天命被視為在西半球行使門羅主義之所必需；而今，領土擴張主義已為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="干涉主义">干涉主義</a>所取代，成為維護門羅主義之工具。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">伍德羅·威爾遜</a>總統承續干涉主義政策，並嘗試以全球為範圍，重新定義昭昭天命與美國之「使命」。威爾遜總統帶著「這個世界為行民主政體必須穩健可靠」<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 的爭議，引領美國參加<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大戰</a>。戰後，在其1920年對國會發表的諮文中，威爾遜聲明： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>…我認為，我等皆知民主政體面臨最終考驗之時日已至。民主原則遭逢肆無忌憚的糟蹋，代之而起的專制信條欺世盜名，卻未經民意授權認可，舊世界已然受損。民主政體自證其純粹崇高之優越能力，對所有人皆為千載難逢。引領謀求達成此一崇高精神，無疑為合眾國之昭昭天命。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>這是首次，也是唯一次，在任總統於年度演說中使用「昭昭天命」一辭。威爾遜總統對昭昭天命的說法為，摒棄擴張主義，並為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決">民族自決</a>（作政策上的）背書，強調美利堅合眾國為著民主事業，有成為世界領袖之使命。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大戰</a>之後，美國自視為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="自由世界">自由世界</a>領袖之看法強力增長，卻罕聞其如威爾遜總統之描述一般，稱之為「昭昭天命」<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>時至今日，在學術界的標準用法中，『昭昭天命』所描述的是美國史上的一段時期，指的是1800年代至美國內戰時期。然而，該辭句有時用以描述美利堅合眾國當代的政策與軍事行動，這種用法通常來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="左派">左派</a>人士，也通常以之為負面觀點。在這種事例上，昭昭天命論通常被視為當代所意識到的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚帝国">美利堅帝國</a>之潛在成因（或起源）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="批評"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>批評</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>批評者認為，昭昭天命信念導致了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="美國帝國主義">美國帝國主義</a>的行為，比如對菲律賓和古巴的軍事入侵。美國現代的新帝國主義也是被昭昭天命正當化，使到美國在當今世界上，有著「世界例外」的地位。因此，美國可以不對聯合國和對國際刑事法院等國際組織負責，美國也不必對國際條約作出承諾。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:美国">美国主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="美國領土擴張">美國領土擴張</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B4%E8%BC%95%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="年輕美國運動（页面不存在）">年輕美國運動</a>（Young America movement）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="美国公民宗教">美国公民宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="生存空间">生存空間</a></li></ul> <p>昭昭天命論相關人物： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯">史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湯瑪斯·哈特·班頓（页面不存在）">湯瑪斯·哈特·班頓</a>（Thomas Hart Benton）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E7%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·班克勞福（页面不存在）">喬治·班克勞福</a>（George Bancroft）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%88%A9" title="霍勒斯·格里利">霍勒斯·格里利</a>—“到西部去吧，年輕人。”</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達夫·葛林（页面不存在）">達夫·葛林</a>（Duff Green）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">林盈吟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11296/rs59t4">再探沃特爾惠特曼對於昭昭天命的觀點</a> (碩士论文). 國立中山大學外國語文學系研究所. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E7%9B%88%E5%90%9F&rft.date=2018&rft.degree=%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB&rft.inst=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.title=%E5%86%8D%E6%8E%A2%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%8D%E6%96%BC%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F11296%2Frs59t4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">梁欣榮. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405110138/https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A06091692">《樸利墨斯開拓史》中的「天命論」與政治操控</a>. 英美文學評論. 2005-08, (8) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A06091692">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%A8%B8%E5%88%A9%E5%A2%A8%E6%96%AF%E9%96%8B%E6%8B%93%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8D%E8%88%87%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7&rft.au=%E6%A2%81%E6%AC%A3%E6%A6%AE&rft.date=2005-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=%E8%8B%B1%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA06091692&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">祝田秀全. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405110130/https://books.google.com/books?id=tIPxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">超世界史</a>. 易博士. 2020年7月16日: 230 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2022年1月7日]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789864801237" title="Special:网络书源/9789864801237"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789864801237</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIPxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">原始内容</a>存档于2022年4月5日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=%E7%A5%9D%E7%94%B0%E7%A7%80%E5%85%A8&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%85%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789864801237&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIPxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=133987&Type=bkzyb&SubID=51422">天定命运 - 《中国大百科全书》第三版网络版</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="中国大百科全书">中国大百科全书</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-06-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626142329/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=133987&Type=bkzyb&SubID=51422">存档</a>于2023-06-26） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90+-+%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%89%88&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgbk.com%2Fecph%2Fwords%3FSiteID%3D1%26ID%3D133987%26Type%3Dbkzyb%26SubID%3D51422&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Randazzo, Michele E.; Hitt, John R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405110137/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3kDwAAQBAJ">LexisNexis Practice Guide: Massachusetts Administrative Law and Practice</a> 6. LexisNexis. 2019: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR29">29</a> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-11</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781522182887" title="Special:网络书源/9781522182887"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781522182887</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3kDwAAQBAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=Hitt%2C+John+R.&rft.aufirst=Michele+E.&rft.aulast=Randazzo&rft.btitle=LexisNexis+Practice+Guide%3A+Massachusetts+Administrative+Law+and+Practice&rft.date=2019&rft.edition=6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781522182887&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCu3kDwAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Byrnes, Mark Eaton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405110137/https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ufqRJuwy8C">James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion</a> illustrated. ABC-CLIO. 2001: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ufqRJuwy8C&pg=PA128&dq=%22manifest+destiny%22+%22widely+held%22">128</a> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-11</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781576070567" title="Special:网络书源/9781576070567"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781576070567</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ufqRJuwy8C">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Mark+Eaton&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781576070567&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8ufqRJuwy8C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Joy, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405110137/https://books.google.com/books?id=1N-sAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">American Expansionism, 1783–1860: A Manifest Destiny?</a>. Routledge. 2014: 62, 70 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-11</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781317878452" title="Special:网络书源/9781317878452"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781317878452</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1N-sAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Joy&rft.btitle=American+Expansionism%2C+1783%E2%80%931860%3A+A+Manifest+Destiny%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781317878452&rft.pages=62%2C+70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1N-sAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerk1963">Merk 1963</a>，第<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhYJTaZiuxwC&pg=PA215">215–216</a>頁<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMerk1963 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Churchill, Ward. Charny, Israel W. , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126073528/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC">Encyclopedia of Genocide</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2000: 437 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-11</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87436-928-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-87436-928-1</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&q=manifest+destiny+genocide&pg=PA437">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q30HcvCVuIC%26q%3Dmanifest%2Bdestiny%2Bgenocide%26pg%3DPA437&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Villano, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://napavalleyregister.com/opinion/letters/jim-crow-the-nazis-and-racial-hatred/article_6915d061-4cd1-5281-9f23-d5668c485894.html">Jim Crow, the Nazis and racial hatred</a>. Napa Valley Register. July 1, 2020 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163420/https://napavalleyregister.com/opinion/letters/jim-crow-the-nazis-and-racial-hatred/article_6915d061-4cd1-5281-9f23-d5668c485894.html">存档</a>于August 3, 2020）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=Jim+Crow%2C+the+Nazis+and+racial+hatred&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.aulast=Villano&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Napa+Valley+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnapavalleyregister.com%2Fopinion%2Fletters%2Fjim-crow-the-nazis-and-racial-hatred%2Farticle_6915d061-4cd1-5281-9f23-d5668c485894.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">San Martín, Inés. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/amazon-synod/2019/10/sioux-leader-charges-church-with-genocide-says-amazon-is-dakotas-120-years-ago/">Sioux leader says Amazon is Dakotas 120 years ago</a>. Crux. October 17, 2019 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803162913/https://cruxnow.com/amazon-synod/2019/10/sioux-leader-charges-church-with-genocide-says-amazon-is-dakotas-120-years-ago/">存档</a>于August 3, 2020）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=Sioux+leader+says+Amazon+is+Dakotas+120+years+ago&rft.aufirst=In%C3%A9s&rft.aulast=San+Mart%C3%ADn&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Famazon-synod%2F2019%2F10%2Fsioux-leader-charges-church-with-genocide-says-amazon-is-dakotas-120-years-ago%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kuperinsky, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/news/2020/06/west-orange-will-remove-christopher-columbus-monument-a-symbol-of-hate-and-oppression.html">West Orange will remove Christopher Columbus monument, a 'symbol of hate and oppression<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span></a>. nj.com. July 12, 2020 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707171357/https://www.nj.com/news/2020/06/west-orange-will-remove-christopher-columbus-monument-a-symbol-of-hate-and-oppression.html">存档</a>于July 7, 2020）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=West+Orange+will+remove+Christopher+Columbus+monument%2C+a+%27symbol+of+hate+and+oppression%27&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.aulast=Kuperinsky&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nj.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2Fwest-orange-will-remove-christopher-columbus-monument-a-symbol-of-hate-and-oppression.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Thomas R. Hietala,Manifest design: American exceptionalism and Empire (2003) p.255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams quoted in McDougall 1997,p.78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDougall 1997,p.74; Weinberg 1935,p.109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuveson quote, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanson's <i>Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right</i> examines the influence of Manifest Destiny in the 20th century, particularly as articulated by <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9" title="罗纳德·里根">Ronald Reagan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/HIS/f01/HIS202-01/Documents/OSullivan.html"><i>Annexation</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20051125043717/http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/HIS/f01/HIS202-01/Documents/OSullivan.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）："our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.",John O'Sullivan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert W. Johannsen, "The Meaning of Manifest Destiny", in Hayes, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, p. 145; Johannsen p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannsen, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Prospectus of the New Series", <i>The American Whig Review</i> Volume 7 Issue 1 (Jan 1848) p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405111646/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsFCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA134">The Congressional Globe</a> <b>86</b>. United States Congress. 1846: 134 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsFCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA134">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.btitle=The+Congressional+Globe&rft.date=1846&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsFCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winthrop quote: Weingberg, p. 143; O'Sullivan's death, later discovery of phrase's origin: Stephanson, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 原文：We have it in our power to begin the world over again. A situation, similar to the present, hath not happened since the days of Noah until now. The birthday of a new world is at hand....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horsman, Reginald. Race and Manifest Destiny. : 2, 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft.aulast=Horsman&rft.btitle=Race+and+Manifest+Destiny&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=2%2C+6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart and Weeks call this period the "Era of Manifest Destiny" and the "Age of Manifest Destiny", respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509193436/http://www.sociologyindex.com/continental.htm">Continental in US history refers to the colonies or States of America collectively, particularly at the time of the War of Independence. Continental Congress in US history refers to the three congresses held by the American colonies in revolt against British rule in 1774, 1775, and 1776 respectively. Continentalist in US history refers to an advocate of the federation of the States after the War of Independence. The Continent is used to refer to the mainland of Europe. The adjective "continental" refers to the social practices or fashion of continental Europe, as opposed to those in Britain.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociologyindex.com/continental.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.btitle=Continental+in+US+history+refers+to+the+colonies+or+States+of+America+collectively%2C+particularly+at+the+time+of+the+War+of+Independence.+Continental+Congress+in+US+history+refers+to+the+three+congresses+held+by+the+American+colonies+in+revolt+against+British+rule+in+1774%2C+1775%2C+and+1776+respectively.+Continentalist+in+US+history+refers+to+an+advocate+of+the+federation+of+the+States+after+the+War+of+Independence.+The+Continent+is+used+to+refer+to+the+mainland+of+Europe.+The+adjective+%22continental%22+refers+to+the+social+practices+or+fashion+of+continental+Europe%2C+as+opposed+to+those+in+Britain.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociologyindex.com%2Fcontinental.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 原文：The whole continent of North America appears to be destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one <i>nation</i>, speaking one language, professing one general system of religious and political principles, and accustomed to one general tenor of social usages and customs. For the common happiness of them all, for their peace and prosperity, I believe it is indispensable that they should be associated in one federal Union.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams quoted in McDougall, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Sullivan and the U.S. view of the uprisings: Stuart, pp.128-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Sullivan against intervention: Stuart p. 86; Filibusters: Stuart, ch. 6; Fenians unrelated: Stuart 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty popular: Stuart, p. 104; compass quote p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文： [W]e have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind, of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PBS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/"><i>The War of 1812</i></a>, Essays. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170705131607/https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republican Party <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showplatforms.php?platindex=R1892">platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018004944/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showplatforms.php?platindex=R1892">存檔</a>，存档日期2007-10-18.; context not clearly defined, Merk p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKinley quoted in McDougall, pp. 112–13; "anithesis" of Manifest Destiny: Merk, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merk quote, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKinley quoted in McDougall, p. 112; Bryan quoted in Weinberg, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文:"The world must be made safe for democracy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">...I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test. The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name, but without the authority and sanction, of the multitude. This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail. It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/President_Wilson's_War_Address">"Safe for democracy"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210909202729/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/President_Wilson%27s_War_Address">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29561">1920 message</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181012014353/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29561">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）; Wilson's version of Manifest Destiny: Weinberg, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Marjayi, Farid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405110138/https://www.etemadnewspaper.ir/fa/main/detail/111508/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7">The Hague and the Exception of America [لاهه و استثنا بودن امریکا]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etemad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etemad（页面不存在）">Etemad</a>. October 10, 2018, (4202): 1. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etemadnewspaper.ir/fa/main/detail/111508/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-05） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波斯语网页">（波斯语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=The+Hague+and+the+Exception+of+America&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft.aulast=Marjayi&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4202&rft.jtitle=Etemad&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etemadnewspaper.ir%2Ffa%2Fmain%2Fdetail%2F111508%2F%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D9%2587-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AB%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Hayes, Sam W. and Christopher Morris, eds. <i>Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansionism</i>. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0890967563" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89096-756-3</a>.</li> <li>Horsman, Reginald. <i>Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981.</li> <li>McDougall, Walter A. <i>Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.</li> <li>Merk, Frederick. <i>Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation</i>. New York, Knopf, 1963.</li> <li>Stephanson, Anders. <i>Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0809015846" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8090-1584-6</a>; <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0890967563" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89096-756-3</a>.（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104200628/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13895872103990">review</a>）</li> <li>Stuart, Reginald C. <i>United States Expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871</i>. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0807817678" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8078-1767-8</a></li> <li>Tuveson, Ernest Lee. <i>Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.</li> <li>Weeks, William Earl. <i>Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War</i>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1566631351" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56663-135-1</a>.</li> <li>Weinberg, Albert K. <i>Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1935. Cited by many scholars as still the best book on the topic.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%AD%E6%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/rc_056100_manifestdest.htm">Entry from <i>The Reader's Companion to American History</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060212223028/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/rc_056100_manifestdest.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230171527/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/dialogues/prelude/manifest/manifestdestiny.html">Several Manifest Destiny articles from the PBS website on the U.S.–Mexican War</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_029400_expansioncon.htm">"Expansion, Continental and Overseas"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060206232603/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_029400_expansioncon.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），article by William Appleman Williams.<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516105557/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/polk.htm">The March 1845 Inaugural Address of James K. Polk</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="十三殖民地">十三殖民地 (1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1783%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1783年)">巴黎條約 (1783年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" title="路易斯安那購地">路易斯安那购地 (1803)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="1818年条约">红河割让地 (1818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E6%96%AF%E2%80%94%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="亞當斯—奧尼斯條約">亚当斯-奥尼斯条约 (1819)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德克萨斯兼并" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Texas annexation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%85%BC%E5%B9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德克萨斯兼并（页面不存在）">德克萨斯兼并 (1845)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_annexation" class="extiw" title="en:Texas annexation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Texas annexation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="俄勒冈条约">俄勒冈条约 (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E8%BD%89%E8%AE%93%E5%9C%B0" title="墨西哥轉讓地">墨西哥割让地 (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E8%8C%B2%E7%99%BB%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" title="蓋茲登購地">盖兹登购地 (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B2%AA%E5%B2%9B%E6%B3%95" title="鸟粪岛法">鳥糞島法 (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%98%93%E6%89%8B" title="阿拉斯加易手">阿拉斯加购地 (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B9%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="纽兰兹决议">夏威夷兼并 (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1898%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1898年)">巴黎條約 (1898年)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三方會議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tripartite Convention"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三方會議（页面不存在）">三方會議 (1899)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" class="extiw" title="en:Tripartite Convention"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tripartite Convention</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圖圖伊拉割讓條約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E5%9C%96%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%89%B2%E8%AE%93%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖圖伊拉割讓條約（页面不存在）">圖圖伊拉割讓條約 (1900)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" class="extiw" title="en:Treaty of Cession of Tutuila"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Treaty of Cession of Tutuila</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬努阿割讓條約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%89%B2%E8%AE%93%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬努阿割讓條約（页面不存在）">馬努阿割讓條約 (1904)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" class="extiw" title="en:Treaty of Cession of Manu'a"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Treaty of Cession of Manu'a</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麥西印度條約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麥西印度條約（页面不存在）">丹麥西印度條約 (1917)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" class="extiw" title="en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B#從聯合國託管地到美國自由邦" title="北马里亚纳群岛">北马里亚纳群岛加入 (1986)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png/80px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png/120px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png/160px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US_zh-hans.png 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>信念：<b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">昭昭天命</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474184#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1748890/">FAST</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16542285x">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16542285x">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552209105171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manifest Destiny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009007818">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811281841805606">波兰</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=昭昭天命&oldid=84767474">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=昭昭天命&oldid=84767474</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E2%80%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" 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