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href="#Other_parameters_that_can_define_the_stability_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Other parameters that can define the stability class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_parameters_that_can_define_the_stability_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_methods_of_categorizing_atmospheric_turbulence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_methods_of_categorizing_atmospheric_turbulence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Advanced methods of categorizing atmospheric turbulence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_methods_of_categorizing_atmospheric_turbulence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_other_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Air pollution dispersion models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution_dispersion_models_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distribution of air pollution into Earth's atmosphere</div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Outline_(list)" title="Outline (list)">outline</a> is provided as an overview of and topical guide to air pollution dispersion: In <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>, <b>air pollution dispersion</b> is the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>. <i>Air pollution</i> is the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a>, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing <a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">disease</a>, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>. Air pollution may come from <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> or natural sources. <i>Dispersion</i> refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its introduction; understanding this may help in identifying and controlling it. </p><p>Air pollution dispersion has become the focus of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">environmental conservationists</a> and governmental <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">environmental protection agencies</a> (local, state, province and national) of many countries (which have adopted and used much of the terminology of this field in their laws and regulations) regarding <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution control">air pollution control</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollution_emission_plumes">Air pollution emission plumes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Air pollution emission plumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaussian_Plume_(SVG).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gaussian_Plume_%28SVG%29.svg/333px-Gaussian_Plume_%28SVG%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gaussian_Plume_%28SVG%29.svg/500px-Gaussian_Plume_%28SVG%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gaussian_Plume_%28SVG%29.svg/666px-Gaussian_Plume_%28SVG%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of a buoyant Gaussian air pollutant dispersion plume</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution_emission_plume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air pollution emission plume (page does not exist)">Air pollution emission plume</a> – flow of pollutant in the form of vapor or smoke released into the air. Plumes are of considerable importance in the atmospheric dispersion modelling of air pollution. There are three primary types of air pollution <a href="/wiki/Air_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutants">emission</a> <a href="/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume (hydrodynamics)">plumes</a>: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Buoyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buoyant">Buoyant</a> plumes</b> – Plumes which are lighter than air because they are at a higher <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> than the ambient air which surrounds them, or because they are at about the same temperature as the ambient air but have a lower <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular weight</a> and hence lower density than the ambient air. For example, the emissions from the <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_stacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas stacks">flue gas stacks</a> of industrial <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a> are buoyant because they are considerably warmer and less dense than the ambient air. As another example, an emission plume of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> gas at ambient air temperatures is buoyant because methane has a lower molecular weight than the ambient air.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Dense</a> gas plumes</b> – Plumes which are heavier than air because they have a higher density than the surrounding ambient air. A plume may have a higher density than air because it has a higher molecular weight than air (for example, a plume of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>). A plume may also have a higher density than air if the plume is at a much lower temperature than the air. For example, a plume of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporated</a> gaseous methane from an accidental release of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) may be as cold as −161 °C (−258 °F).</li> <li><b>Passive or neutral plumes</b> – Plumes which are neither lighter or heavier than air.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollution_dispersion_models">Air pollution dispersion models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Air pollution dispersion models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five types of air pollution dispersion models, as well as some hybrids of the five types:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Box model</b> – The box model is the simplest of the model types.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It assumes the <a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">airshed</a> (i.e., a given volume of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric</a> air in a geographical region) is in the shape of a box. It also assumes that the air pollutants inside the box are homogeneously distributed and uses that assumption to estimate the average pollutant <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrations</a> anywhere within the airshed. Although useful, this model is very limited in its ability to accurately predict dispersion of air pollutants over an airshed because the assumption of homogeneous pollutant distribution is much too simple.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Gaussian model</a></b> – The Gaussian model is perhaps the oldest (circa 1936)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps the most commonly used model type. It assumes that the air pollutant dispersion has a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">Gaussian distribution</a>, meaning that the pollutant distribution has a normal probability distribution. Gaussian models are most often used for predicting the dispersion of continuous, buoyant air pollution plumes originating from ground-level or elevated sources. Gaussian models may also be used for predicting the dispersion of non-continuous air pollution plumes (called <i>puff models</i>). The primary algorithm used in Gaussian modeling is the <i>Generalized Dispersion Equation For A Continuous Point-Source Plume</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beychok_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beychok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_and_Eulerian_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates">Lagrangian</a> model</b> – a Lagrangian dispersion model mathematically follows pollution plume parcels (also called particles) as the parcels move in the atmosphere and they model the motion of the parcels as a <a href="/wiki/Random_walk" title="Random walk">random walk</a> process. The Lagrangian model then calculates the air pollution dispersion by computing the statistics of the trajectories of a large number of the pollution plume parcels. A Lagrangian model uses a moving <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a><sup id="cite_ref-JRC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the parcels move from their initial location. It is said that an observer of a Lagrangian model follows along with the plume.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_and_Eulerian_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates">Eulerian</a> model</b> – an Eulerian dispersion model is similar to a Lagrangian model in that it also tracks the movement of a large number of pollution plume parcels as they move from their initial location. The most important difference between the two models is that the Eulerian model uses a fixed three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian grid">Cartesian grid</a><sup id="cite_ref-JRC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a frame of reference rather than a moving frame of reference. It is said that an observer of an Eulerian model watches the plume go by.</li> <li><b>Dense gas model</b> – Dense gas models are models that simulate the dispersion of dense gas pollution plumes (i.e., pollution plumes that are heavier than air). The three most commonly used <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion#Dubious" title="Talk:Outline of air pollution dispersion">discuss</a></i>]</sup> dense gas models are: <ul><li>The DEGADIS model developed by Dr. Jerry Havens and Dr. Tom Spicer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a> under commission by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">US EPA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The SLAB model developed by the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">US Department of Energy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The HEGADAS model developed by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell Oil</a>'s research division.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollutant_emission">Air pollutant emission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Air pollutant emission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirPollutionSource.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/AirPollutionSource.jpg/150px-AirPollutionSource.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/AirPollutionSource.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Air pollution emission source</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Types of air pollutant emission sources – named for their characteristics <ul><li>Sources, by shape – there are four basic shapes which an emission source may have. They are: <ul><li>Point source – single, identifiable source of air pollutant emissions (for example, the emissions from a <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> furnace flue gas stack). Point sources are also characterized as being either elevated or at ground-level. A point source has no <a href="/wiki/Geometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric">geometric</a> dimensions.</li> <li>Line source – one-dimensional source of air pollutant emissions (for example, the emissions from the <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">vehicular traffic</a> on a roadway).</li> <li>Area source – two-dimensional source of diffuse air pollutant emissions (for example, the emissions from a <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> or the evaporated vapors from a large spill of volatile liquid).</li> <li>Volume source – three-dimensional source of diffuse air pollutant emissions. Essentially, it is an area source with a third (height) dimension (for example, the fugitive gaseous emissions from <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a> <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Valves">valves</a> and other equipment at various heights within industrial facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries">oil refineries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants). Another example would be the emissions from an automobile paint shop with multiple roof vents or multiple open windows.</li></ul></li> <li>Sources, by motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_stationary_source" title="Major stationary source">Stationary source</a> – <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> stacks are examples of stationary sources</li> <li>Mobile source – <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> are examples of mobile sources</li></ul></li> <li>Sources, by urbanization level – whether the source is within a city or not is relevant in that urban areas constitute a so-called <i>heat island</i> and the heat rising from an urban area causes the atmosphere above an urban area to be more turbulent than the atmosphere above a rural area <ul><li>Urban source – emission is in an urban area</li> <li>Rural source – emission is in a rural area</li></ul></li> <li>Sources, by elevation <ul><li>Surface or ground-level source</li> <li>Near surface source</li> <li>Elevated source</li></ul></li> <li>Sources, by duration <ul><li>Puff or intermittent source – short term sources (for example, many <a href="/wiki/Accidental_Release_Source_Terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidental Release Source Terms">accidental emission releases</a> are short term puffs)</li> <li>Continuous source – long term source (for example, most flue gas stack emissions are continuous)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization_of_atmospheric_turbulence">Characterization of atmospheric turbulence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characterization of atmospheric turbulence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effect of <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> on dispersion – turbulence increases the <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(engineering)" title="Entrainment (engineering)">entrainment</a> and mixing of unpolluted air into the plume and thereby acts to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the plume (i.e., enhances the plume dispersion). It is therefore important to categorize the amount of atmospheric turbulence present at any given time. This type of dispersion is scale dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such that, for flows where the cloud of pollutant is smaller than the largest eddies present, there will be mixing. There is no limit on the size on mixing motions in the atmosphere and therefore bigger clouds will experience larger and stronger mixing motions. And hence, this type of dispersion is scale dependent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pasquill_atmospheric_stability_classes">The Pasquill atmospheric stability classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Pasquill atmospheric stability classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasquill_atmospheric_stability_classes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasquill atmospheric stability classes (page does not exist)">Pasquill atmospheric stability classes</a> – oldest and, for a great many years, the most commonly used method of categorizing the amount of atmospheric turbulence present was the method developed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pasquill" title="Frank Pasquill">Pasquill</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He categorized the atmospheric turbulence into six <b>stability classes</b> named A, B, C, D, E and F with class A being the most unstable or most turbulent class, and class F the most stable or least turbulent class. </p> <ul><li>Table 1 lists the six classes</li> <li>Table 2 provides the meteorological conditions that define each class. The stability classes demonstrate a few key ideas. Solar radiation increases <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_instability" title="Atmospheric instability">atmospheric instability</a> through warming of the Earth's surface so that warm air is below cooler (and therefore denser) air promoting vertical mixing. Clear nights push conditions toward stable as the ground cools faster establishing more stable conditions and inversions. Wind increases vertical mixing, breaking down any type of stratification and pushing the stability class towards neutral (D).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Table 1: The Pasquill stability classes </p> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="74%" style="border:3px solid #cccccc;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <th width="23%"">Stability class</th> <th width="23%">Definition</th> <th width="8%"> </th> <th width="23%">Stability class</th> <th width="23%">Definition</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">A</td> <td align="center">very unstable</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">neutral</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">B</td> <td align="center">unstable</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">E</td> <td align="center">slightly stable</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C</td> <td align="center">slightly unstable</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">F</td> <td align="center">stable</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Table 2: Meteorological conditions that define the Pasquill stability classes </p> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="92%" style="border:3px solid #cccccc;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <th colspan="2" width="24%">Surface windspeed</th> <th colspan="3" width="49%">Daytime incoming solar radiation</th> <th colspan="2" width="27%">Nighttime cloud cover</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <td align="center">m/s</td> <td align="center">mi/h</td> <td align="center">Strong</td> <td align="center">Moderate</td> <td align="center">Slight</td> <td align="center">> 50%</td> <td align="center">< 50%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">< 2</td> <td align="center">< 5</td> <td align="center">A</td> <td align="center">A – B</td> <td align="center">B</td> <td align="center">E</td> <td align="center">F</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 – 3</td> <td align="center">5 – 7</td> <td align="center">A – B</td> <td align="center">B</td> <td align="center">C</td> <td align="center">E</td> <td align="center">F</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 – 5</td> <td align="center">7 – 11</td> <td align="center">B</td> <td align="center">B – C</td> <td align="center">C</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">E</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 – 6</td> <td align="center">11 – 13</td> <td align="center">C</td> <td align="center">C – D</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">> 6</td> <td align="center">> 13</td> <td align="center">C</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Note: Class D applies to heavily overcast skies, at any windspeed day or night</th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Incoming solar radiation is based on the following: strong (> 700 W m<sup>−2</sup>), moderate (350–700 W m<sup>−2</sup>), slight (< 350 W m<sup>−2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_parameters_that_can_define_the_stability_class">Other parameters that can define the stability class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other parameters that can define the stability class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stability class can be defined also by using the </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> gradient<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>fluctuations in wind direction<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_number" title="Richardson number">Richardson number</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sedefian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedefian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number" title="Bulk Richardson number">Bulk Richardson number</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sedefian_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedefian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monin%E2%80%93Obukhov_length" title="Monin–Obukhov length">Monin–Obukhov length</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_methods_of_categorizing_atmospheric_turbulence">Advanced methods of categorizing atmospheric turbulence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advanced methods of categorizing atmospheric turbulence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_air_pollution_dispersion_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced air pollution dispersion model (page does not exist)">Advanced air pollution dispersion models</a> – they do not categorize atmospheric turbulence by using the simple meteorological parameters commonly used in defining the six Pasquill classes as shown in Table 2 above. The more advanced models use some form of <a href="/wiki/Monin%E2%80%93Obukhov_similarity_theory" title="Monin–Obukhov similarity theory">Monin–Obukhov similarity theory</a>. Some examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AERMOD" title="AERMOD">AERMOD</a><sup id="cite_ref-AERMOD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AERMOD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – US EPA's most advanced model, no longer uses the Pasquill stability classes to categorize atmospheric turbulence. Instead, it uses the surface <a href="/wiki/Roughness_length" title="Roughness length">roughness length</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monin%E2%80%93Obukhov_length" title="Monin–Obukhov length">Monin–Obukhov length</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADMS_4" class="mw-redirect" title="ADMS 4">ADMS 4</a><sup id="cite_ref-ADMS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADMS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s most advanced model, uses the Monin-Obukhov length, the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> height and the windspeed to categorize the atmospheric turbulence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous_other_terminology">Miscellaneous other terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous other terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>(Work on this section is continuously in progress)</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Building effects or downwash</b>: When an air pollution plume flows over nearby buildings or other structures, turbulent eddies are formed in the downwind side of the building. Those eddies cause a plume from a stack source located within about five times the height of a nearby building or structure to be forced down to the ground much sooner than it would if a building or structure were not present. The effect can greatly increase the resulting near-by ground-level pollutant concentrations downstream of the building or structure. If the pollutants in the plume are subject to depletion by contact with the ground (<a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulates</a>, for example), the concentration increase just downstream of the building or structure will decrease the concentrations further downstream.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(Aerosol_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (Aerosol physics)">Deposition</a></b> of the pollution plume components to the underlying surface can be defined as either dry or wet deposition: <ul><li><b>Dry deposition</b> is the removal of gaseous or particulate material from the pollution plume by contact with the ground surface or vegetation (or even water surfaces) through transfer processes such as <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a> and gravitational <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>. This may be calculated by means of a <i><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(Aerosol_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (Aerosol physics)">deposition velocity</a></i>, which is related to the resistance of the underlying surface to the transfer.</li> <li><b>Wet deposition</b> is the removal of pollution plume components by the action of rain. The wet deposition of radionuclides in a pollution plume by a burst of rain often forms so called <i>hot spots</i> of radioactivity on the underlying surface.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">Inversion layers</a></b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Beychok_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beychok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, the air near the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface is warmer than the air above it because the atmosphere is heated from below as solar radiation warms the Earth's surface, which in turn then warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it. Thus, the atmospheric temperature normally decreases with increasing altitude. However, under certain meteorological conditions, atmospheric layers may form in which the temperature increases with increasing altitude. Such layers are called inversion layers. When such a layer forms at the Earth's surface, it is called a <b>surface inversion</b>. When an inversion layer forms at some distance above the earth, it is called an <b>inversion aloft</b> (sometimes referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Capping_inversion" title="Capping inversion">capping inversion</a></i>). The air within an inversion aloft is very stable with very little vertical motion. Any rising parcel of air within the inversion soon expands, thereby <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process#Adiabatic_heating_and_cooling" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatically cooling</a> to a lower temperature than the surrounding air and the parcel stops rising. Any sinking parcel soon compresses adiabatically to a higher temperature than the surrounding air and the parcel stops sinking. Thus, any air pollution plume that enters an inversion aloft will undergo very little vertical mixing unless it has sufficient <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> to completely pass through the inversion aloft. That is one reason why an inversion aloft is sometimes called a capping inversion.</li> <li><b>Mixing height</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Beychok_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beychok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an inversion aloft is formed, the atmospheric layer between the Earth's surface and the bottom of the inversion aloft is known as the <b>mixing layer</b> and the distance between the Earth's surface and the bottom of inversion aloft is known as the <b>mixing height</b>. Any air pollution plume dispersing beneath an inversion aloft will be limited in vertical mixing to that which occurs beneath the bottom of the inversion aloft (sometimes called the <i>lid</i>). Even if the pollution plume penetrates the inversion, it will not undergo any further significant vertical mixing. As for a pollution plume passing completely through an inversion layer aloft, that rarely occurs unless the pollution plume's source stack is very tall and the inversion lid is fairly low.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution_dispersion_models_2">Air pollution dispersion models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air pollution dispersion models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMS_3" title="ADMS 3">ADMS 3</a> (Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System) – advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously from point, line, volume and area sources, or intermittently from point sources.</li> <li>AUSTAL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AERMOD" title="AERMOD">AERMOD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CANARY_(By_Quest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CANARY (By Quest) (page does not exist)">CANARY (By Quest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALPUFF" title="CALPUFF">CALPUFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DISPERSION21" title="DISPERSION21">DISPERSION21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLACS" title="FLACS">FLACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC3" title="ISC3">ISC3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCURE" title="MERCURE">MERCURE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAME_(dispersion_model)" title="NAME (dispersion model)">NAME (dispersion model)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panache_(logiciel)" class="extiw" title="fr:Panache (logiciel)">Panache</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHAST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHAST (page does not exist)">PHAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUFF-PLUME" title="PUFF-PLUME">PUFF-PLUME</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SIRANE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIRANE (page does not exist)">SIRANE</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling">Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factors" title="AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors">AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modeling" title="Roadway air dispersion modeling">Roadway air dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_conversions_and_formulas_for_air_dispersion_modeling" title="Useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling">Useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_atmospheric_dispersion_models" title="List of atmospheric dispersion models">List of atmospheric dispersion models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamartino_method" title="Yamartino method">Yamartino method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_forecasting" title="Air pollution forecasting">Air pollution forecasting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_atmospheric_dispersion_models" title="List of atmospheric dispersion models">List of atmospheric dispersion models</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter18/dispersion_intro.html">Air Pollution Dispersion: Ventilation Factor</a> by Dr. Nolan Atkins, Lyndon State College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosanquet, C.H. and Pearson, J.L. (1936).<i>The spread of smoke and gases from chimney</i>, Trans. Faraday Soc., 32:1249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beychok-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beychok_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beychok_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beychok_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_Milton_R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Beychok, Milton R. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_Of_Stack_Gas_Dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion"><i>Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion</i></a> (4th ed.). author-published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644588-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644588-0-2"><bdi>0-9644588-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+Of+Stack+Gas+Dispersion&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=author-published&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9644588-0-2&rft.au=Beychok%2C+Milton+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span> (Chapter 8, page 124)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JRC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rem.jrc.ec.europa.eu/etex/37.htm">Features of Dispersion Models</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121218092055/http://rem.jrc.ec.europa.eu/etex/37.htm">Archived</a> 2012-12-18 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> publication of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> Joint Research Centre (JRC)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_alt.htm">DEGADIS Technical Manual and User's Guide</a> (US EPA's download website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/scram001/models/nonepa/SLAB.PDF">UCRL-MA-105607, User's Manual For Slab: An Atmospheric Dispersion Model For Denser-Than-Air Releases</a>, Donald Ermak, June 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgsystem.com/tech_ref/Chap07.pdf">"HEGADIS Technical Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HEGADIS+Technical+Reference+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hgsystem.com%2Ftech_ref%2FChap07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1973" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, John (April 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281973%29012%3C0547%3Asdd%3E2.0.co%3B2">"Scale-Dependent Diffusion"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Meteorology</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 548. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JApMe..12..547W">1973JApMe..12..547W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%281973%29012%3C0547%3Asdd%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<0547:sdd>2.0.co;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Scale-Dependent+Diffusion&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=548&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0450%281973%29012%3C0547%3Asdd%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973JApMe..12..547W&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0450%25281973%2529012%253C0547%253Asdd%253E2.0.co%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasquill, F. (1961). <i>The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material</i>, The Meteorological Magazine, vol 90, No. 1063, pp 33-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasquill1961" class="citation journal cs1">Pasquill, F. (February 1961). "The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material". <i>Meteorological Magazine</i>. <b>90</b>: 33–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorological+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+estimation+of+the+dispersion+of+windborne+material&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=33-49&rft.date=1961-02&rft.aulast=Pasquill&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeinfeld2006" class="citation book cs1">Seinfeld, John (2006). <i>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 750. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72018-8"><bdi>978-0-471-72018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics%3A+From+Air+Pollution+to+Climate+Change&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=750&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-72018-8&rft.aulast=Seinfeld&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/READYpgclass.php">"Pasquill Stability Classes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasquill+Stability+Classes&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fready.arl.noaa.gov%2FREADYpgclass.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedefian-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedefian_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedefian_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedefianBennett1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sedefian, Leon; Bennett, Edward (1980). "A comparison of turbulence classification schemes". <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>14</b> (7): 741–750. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980AtmEn..14..741S">1980AtmEn..14..741S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-6981%2880%2990128-6">10.1016/0004-6981(80)90128-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+turbulence+classification+schemes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=741-750&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0004-6981%2880%2990128-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980AtmEn..14..741S&rft.aulast=Sedefian&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ac.els-cdn.com/0004698179902609/1-s2.0-0004698179902609-main.pdf?_tid=0195b1c1-7a65-4f00-b5e1-f3e388a3a2fa&acdnat=1528110370_85643c66e9905b407badb6a571a8a980">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AERMOD-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AERMOD_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/scram001/7thconf/aermod/aermod_mfd.pdf">"AERMOD:Description of Model Formulation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 13 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AERMOD%3ADescription+of+Model+Formulation&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fscram001%2F7thconf%2Faermod%2Faermod_mfd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADMS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADMS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerc.co.uk/environmental-software/ADMS-model.html">ADMS 4</a> Description of the model by the developers, Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_D.B.1994" class="citation book cs1">Turner, D.B. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workbookofatmosp0000turn"><i>Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56670-023-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56670-023-X"><bdi>1-56670-023-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workbook+of+atmospheric+dispersion+estimates%3A+an+introduction+to+dispersion+modeling&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56670-023-X&rft.au=Turner%2C+D.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkbookofatmosp0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105075907/http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc=">www.crcpress.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_Milton_R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Beychok, Milton R. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Stack_Gas_Dispersion" title="Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion"><i>Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion</i></a> (4th ed.). author-published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644588-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644588-0-2"><bdi>0-9644588-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Stack+Gas+Dispersion&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=author-published&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9644588-0-2&rft.au=Beychok%2C+Milton+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+air+pollution+dispersion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_air_pollution_dispersion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/scram/air-quality-models">Air Quality Models</a> (on the US EPA's website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102135620/http://pandora.meng.auth.gr/mds/strquery.php?wholedb">The Model Documententation System (MDS)</a> of the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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