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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MWB1970-wiki.jpg/220px-MWB1970-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MWB1970-wiki.jpg/330px-MWB1970-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MWB1970-wiki.jpg/440px-MWB1970-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Morton W. Bloomfield, Warren House, Harvard University c.1970 </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Morton W. Bloomfield</b> (May 19, 1913 – April 14, 1987) was an American medievalist. He was the Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of English at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known for his scholarly work, teaching and mentoring on Medieval literature, language, as well as contributions to intellectual history, literary criticism and theory. He also was one of the founders of the first U.S. national center for the humanities, the <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Center" title="National Humanities Center">National Humanities Center</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloomfield received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> (1935) from <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> (1938) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1942–45), he worked in MIRS (Military Intelligence Research Section) and conducted order-of-battle research at the Pentagon and in London for which he was decorated with a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> (1946). Notably, he also taught German officers (POWs waiting to be released) English literature at the end of the war. </p><p>In 1961, Bloomfield was appointed to the faculty of Harvard University after holding positions at the University of Wisconsin, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Akron" title="University of Akron">University of Akron</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> (serving as the Berg Professor of English from 1955 to 1956), and, from 1946 to 1961, at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>. In 1971, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kingsley_Porter" title="Arthur Kingsley Porter">Arthur Kingsley Porter</a> Professor of English. He chaired the Harvard English department<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1968 to 1972. He became emeritus in 1983 and fully retired in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his retirement, he taught and lectured at various institutions, most notably as Distinguished Visiting Professor of English at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1986. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bloomfield_Lecture_and_Fellowship">Bloomfield Lecture and Fellowship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bloomfield Lecture and Fellowship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987 the Morton W. Bloomfield Lecture/Visiting Fellowship fund was endowed in the Harvard English Department to bring in scholars from around the world to study, develop and present current work on a wide range of topics related to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">medieval studies</a>. Recent holders of the Morton Bloomfield Fellowship include Susanna Fein (2009–10), Tara Williams, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ashe" title="Laura Ashe">Laura Ashe</a> (2015–16), Ad Putter (2017–18), <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bale" title="Anthony Bale">Anthony Bale</a> (2018–19), and <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Sobecki" title="Sebastian Sobecki">Sebastian Sobecki</a> (2022-23). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over a 50-year career, Bloomfield published over 200 articles and books on medieval literature, language, literary criticism/theory, the history of ideas and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>. His major works included <i>The Seven Deadly Sins: An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept</i> (1952); <i>Piers Plowman as a Fourteenth Century Apocalypse</i> (1961); with Leonard Newmark <i>A Linguistic Introduction to the History of English</i> (1963); <i>Essays and Explorations: Studies in Language and Literature</i> (1970); <i>Incipits of Latin Works on the Virtues and Vices, 1110-1500</i> (1979); and, posthumously, with Charles W. Dunn <i>The Role of the Poet in Early Societies</i> (1989). In 1993 Elizabeth Walsh and Susie M. Barretta edited a collection of his essays from the last 17 years of his life and published them as <i>The Light of Learning.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Humanities_Center">National Humanities Center</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Humanities Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his colleague <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Vlastos" title="Gregory Vlastos">Gregory Vlastos</a>, Bloomfield conceptualized and laid the groundwork for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Center" title="National Humanities Center">National Humanities Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, a private, nonprofit organization, and "the only independent institute dedicated exclusively to advanced study in all areas of the humanities."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as chairman of the center's Board of Trustees from 1973 to 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Called "one of the truly great medieval scholars" of his generation and "one of the glories of the Harvard English department," Bloomfield was twice awarded a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> (1949; 1964); was a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1963); a corresponding fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (1975); a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1981); and served on the Executive Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a> during a turbulent time in academia (1966–69).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Bloomfield, being recognized for his book on <i><a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a></i> and his contributions to medieval studies, was awarded the Charles Homer <a href="/wiki/Haskins_Medal" title="Haskins Medal">Haskins Medal</a>; and in 1976 he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Academy_of_America" title="Medieval Academy of America">Medieval Academy of America</a>. </p><p>Bloomfield also received honorary degrees from <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan_University" title="Western Michigan University">Western Michigan University</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> (1986) and <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a> (1986). </p><p>He was a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a> at Stanford (1967–68); a member of IAUPE<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (International Association of University Professors of English); and a Scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in Princeton, New Jersey (1972). </p><p>In honor of his career and becoming emeritus, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Benson" title="Larry Benson">Larry Benson</a> and Siegfried Wenzel in 1982 edited a <a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">festschrift</a> for Bloomfield, <i>The Wisdom of Poetry.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title</th> <th>Publication</th> <th>Publication Date</th> <th>George H. Brown's Publications' List#<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Personification Metaphors"</td> <td><i>Directions in Medieval Literary Criticism</i></td> <td>1979-1980</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Recent Scholarship on Joachim of Fiore and his Influence"</td> <td><i>Prophecy and Millernarianism</i></td> <td>1980</td> <td>199 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Episodic Juxtaposition or the Syntax of Episodes in Narration"</td> <td><i>Studies in English Linguistics for Randolph Quirk</i></td> <td>1980</td> <td>196 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Wisdom of the Nun's Priest's Tale"</td> <td><i>Chaucerian Problems and Perspectives; Essays Presented to Paul E. Beichner</i></td> <td>1979</td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Continuities and Discontinuities"</td> <td><i>Medieval Literature and Contemporary Theory</i></td> <td>1978-1979</td> <td>182 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Stylistics and the Theory of Literature"</td> <td><i>NLH7</i></td> <td>1975-1976</td> <td>156 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Study of Language"</td> <td><i>Daedalus</i></td> <td>Summer 1973</td> <td>129 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Interpretation of Narrative: Theory and Practice"</td> <td><i>Harvard English Studies 1</i></td> <td>1970</td> <td>103 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"The Gloomy Chaucer"</td> <td><i>Veins of Humor,</i> <i>Harvard English Studies 3</i></td> <td>1972</td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Allegory as Interpretation"</td> <td><i>NLH3</i></td> <td>1971-1972</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Judaism and the Study of Literature"</td> <td><i>Tradition 12</i></td> <td>1971</td> <td>114 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bloomfield married Caroline Lichtenberg in 1952. Caroline died in 2020. He is survived by their three children, Micah, Hanna and Sam. To date, his additional descendants are seven grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. </p> <hr /><p><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> <i>Harvard Scholars in English</i> 1890 – 1990, (1991), p. 117 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_W._Bloomfield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/15/obituaries/morton-wilfred-bloomfield-harvard-medievalist-is-dead.html">"Morton Wilfred Bloomfield is dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. April 15, 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Morton+Wilfred+Bloomfield+is+dead&rft.date=1987-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F04%2F15%2Fobituaries%2Fmorton-wilfred-bloomfield-harvard-medievalist-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorton+W.+Bloomfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.fas.harvard.edu/home">"Department of English"</a>. <i>english.fas.harvard.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.fas.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Department+of+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.fas.harvard.edu%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorton+W.+Bloomfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/">"Homepage | National Humanities Center"</a>. July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+%26%23124%3B+National+Humanities+Center&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalhumanitiescenter.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorton+W.+Bloomfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iaupe.net/">"IAUPE International – Association of University Professors of English"</a>. <i>iaupe.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iaupe.net&rft.atitle=IAUPE+International+%E2%80%93+Association+of+University+Professors+of+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiaupe.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorton+W.+Bloomfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson_&_Wenzel1982" class="citation book cs1">Benson & Wenzel (1982). <i>The Wisdom of Poetry</i>. Medieval Institute Publications. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918720-15-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-918720-15-X"><bdi>0-918720-15-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Poetry&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-918720-15-X&rft.au=Benson+%26+Wenzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorton+W.+Bloomfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/171980824">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043569">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12178467c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12178467c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00520121">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35047131">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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