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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">Ioon</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>Sul pole lubatud seda lehekülge muuta järgmisel põhjusel: </p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Sinu IP-aadress on vahemikus, mis on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blokeeritud kõigis Wikimedia Foundationi vikides</a>.</b> <p>Blokeerija: <a href="/wiki/Kasutaja:Jon_Kolbert" title="Kasutaja:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. Põhjus: <i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>. </p> <ul><li>Blokeeringu algusaeg: 27. august 2023, kell 17:12</li> <li>Blokeeringu aegumistähtaeg: 27. august 2028, kell 17:12</li></ul> <p>Sinu praegune IP-aadress on 8.222.208.146. Blokeeritud vahemik on 8.222.128.0/17. </p><p>Palun lisa kõik need andmed igale järelepärimisele, mida kavatsed teha. Kui usud, et sind on blokeeritud ekslikult, leiad lisateavet ja juhised <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">avatud prokside keelamist</a> puudutavast globaalsest reeglistikust. </p> Muul juhul <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">postita palun blokeeringu arutamiseks palve</a>, mis metavikis üle vaadatakse. Saad ka saata <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stjuuarditele</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>-süsteemi aadressile <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> kirja, millele on lisatud kõik ülaltoodud üksikasjad.</div></div><hr /> <p>Saad vaadata ja kopeerida selle lehekülje lähteteksti. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="et" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Pilt:Nitrate-ion-elpot.png|pisi|[[Elektriline potentsiaal|Elektrilise potentsiaali]] jaotumine [[nitraat|nitraadi]] ([[lämmastik|N]][[hapnik|O]]<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>)) ioonis. Punase värviga piirkonnad on madalama energiaga kui kollase värviga piirkonnad]] '''Ioon''' on [[molekulaarüksus]], mis enamasti tekib [[aatom]]ist või [[molekul]]ist [[ionisatsioon]]i käigus. Ioonil on seega positiivne või negatiivne [[elektrilaeng]]. Positiivse elektrilaenguga iooni nimetatakse [[katioon]]iks ja sellel on [[elektronkate|elektronkattes]] vähem [[elektron]]e kui [[aatomituum|tuumas]] [[prooton]]eid. Negatiivse [[elektrilaeng]]uga iooni nimetatakse [[anioon]]iks ja sellel on elektronkattes rohkem elektrone kui tuumas prootoneid. Ioone tähistatakse samamoodi kui elektriliselt neutraalseid [[keemiline element|keemilisi elemente]], lisades sõltuvalt iooni tüübist elemendi tähisele "+" või "–" märgi ning märkides vajaduse korral ära kaotatud või juurde saadud elektronide arvu. Näiteks [[vesinik|H]]<sup>+</sup> ja [[väävel|S]][[hapnik|O]]<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. ==Ionisatsioonienergia== {{Vaata|Ionisatsioonienergia}} Energiat, mis on vajalik [[põhiolek]]us (madalaimal energiatasemel) oleva [[elektron]]i väljalöömiseks [[aatom]]i [[elektronkate|elektronkattest]], nimetatakse '''ionisatsioonienergiaks''' ehk '''ionisatsioonipotentsiaaliks'''. See on ühtlasi selle elektroni [[seoseenergia]] aatomis. N taseme ionisatsioonienergia on energia, mis on vaja anda n elektronile pärast seda, kui n – 1 elektroni on juba aatomist eemaldatud. Iga järgmise taseme ionisatsioonienergia on oluliselt suurem kui eelmine. Eriti suur hüpe ionisatsioonienergias toimub pärast [[alamelektronkiht|alamelektronkihi]] tühjendamist elektronidest. Sel põhjusel on enamik ioone sellised, millel on pealmine alamelektronkiht täidetud. Näiteks [[naatrium]]il on väliskihis ainult üks [[valentselektron]] ning seega on kõige levinum naatriumi ioon Na<sup>+</sup>. [[Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem|Perioodilisustabeli]] teises servas on [[kloor]]il seitse valentselektroni, seega kõige levinum kloori ioon on ühe lisaelektroniga Cl<sup>–</sup>. Kõige väiksem ionisatsioonienergia on [[frantsium]]il ja kõige suurem [[fluor]]il. [[Metall]]ide ionisatsioonienergia on tavaliselt palju väiksem kui [[mittemetall]]idel, mistõttu metallid reeglina kaotavad elektrone (muutuvad positiivseteks ioonideks) ja mittemetallid haaravad elektrone lisaks (muutuvad negatiivseteks ioonideks). ==Ioonide teke== {{Vaata|ioniseerimine}} ===Positiivse iooni teke=== Positiivse iooni tekkimiseks on vaja [[aatom]]ile anda lisaenergia, mis on aatomi [[ionisatsioonienergia]]st suurem või sellega võrdne. Näiteks [[ioniseeriv kiirgus]] [[ioniseerimine|ioniseerib]] aatomeid, andes kiirgusenergiat üle aatomitele ning rebides sellega elektrone aatomi elektronkattest välja. Mida väiksem on aatomi ionisatsioonienergia, seda väiksema energiaga kiirgusest piisab aatomi ioniseerimiseks. Positiivset iooni nimetatakse [[katioon]]iks. ===Negatiivse iooni teke=== Neutraalses [[aatom]]i [[aatomituum|tuumas]] on tavaliselt Z positiivselt laetud [[prooton]]it ja [[elektronkate|elektronkattes]] Z negatiivselt laetud [[Elektron|elektroni]]. Seega on aatomi kogulaeng 0. Kui elektronid kataksid tuuma ühtlase kihina, siis ei oleks negatiivsete ioonide tekkimine füüsiliselt võimalik. Reaalsuses läbib aatomist mööduv elektron aatomi elektronkatte. (Tema lainefunktsioon võimaldab tal teatava tõenäosusega paikneda aatomi negatiivse elektronkatte ja positiivse tuuma vahel.) Teda mõjutab tuuma tõmbejõud, mis liidab elektroni aatomi elektronkattesse. Täiendav elektroni negatiivne laeng paigutab ülejäänud elektronid elektronkattes veidi ümber. Kõik Z + 1 elektroni korralduvad ümber uutele energeetilistele tasemetele. Negatiivset iooni nimetatakse [[anioon]]iks. ===Vaba radikaal=== [[Vaba radikaal]] on ioon, milles on üks või rohkem paardumata elektroni. Selline ioon on väga ebastabiilne ning aldis reageerima teiste ioonide ja ainetega. ==Plasma== {{Vaata|Plasma}} Plasma on [[Aine (füüsika)|aine]] olek, kus kõik [[aatom]]id on täielikult [[ionisatsioon|ioniseeritud]]. Plasma tekib näiteks aine kuumutamisel [[temperatuur]]ini, milles kõigi aine aatomite [[kineetiline energia]] ületab aatomi (kõigi elektronide) [[ionisatsioonienergia]]. Sellise temperatuuri juures rebitakse kõik [[elektron]]id [[aatomituum]]ade küljest lahti ning plasma koosneb vabadest aatomituumadest ja elektronidest. ==Vaata ka== *[[Ionisatsioonienergia]] *[[Ioniseerimine]] *[[Ioniseeriv kiirgus]] *[[Plasma]] *[[Anioon]] *[[Katioon]] *[[Seoseenergia]] *[[Ioonallikas]] {{Keemilised vooluallikad}} [[Kategooria:Ioonid| ]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Sellel leheküljel on kasutusel järgmised mallid: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall:*" class="mw-redirect" title="Mall:*">Mall:*</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:*&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mall:*">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Keemilised_vooluallikad" title="Mall:Keemilised vooluallikad">Mall:Keemilised vooluallikad</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Keemilised_vooluallikad&action=edit" title="Mall:Keemilised vooluallikad">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Navbar" title="Mall:Navbar">Mall:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Navbar&action=edit" title="Mall:Navbar">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Navmall" title="Mall:Navmall">Mall:Navmall</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Navmall&action=edit" title="Mall:Navmall">vaata lähteteksti</a>) (poolkaitstud)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Navmall/styles.css" title="Mall:Navmall/styles.css">Mall:Navmall/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Navmall/styles.css&action=edit" title="Mall:Navmall/styles.css">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Vaata" title="Mall:Vaata">Mall:Vaata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Vaata&action=edit" title="Mall:Vaata">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:%E2%80%A2" title="Mall:•">Mall:•</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:%E2%80%A2&action=edit" title="Mall:•">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Moodul:Arguments" title="Moodul:Arguments">Moodul:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moodul:Arguments&action=edit" title="Moodul:Arguments">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Moodul:Navbar" title="Moodul:Navbar">Moodul:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moodul:Navbar&action=edit" title="Moodul:Navbar">muuda</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Moodul:Navbar/styles.css" title="Moodul:Navbar/styles.css">Moodul:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moodul:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Moodul:Navbar/styles.css">muuda</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Naase lehele <a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">Ioon</a></p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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