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id="toc-Andalusi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_kharjas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_kharjas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The kharjas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_kharjas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantar_de_Mio_Cid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cantar de Mio Cid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantar_de_Mio_Cid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mester_de_Juglaría" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mester_de_Juglaría"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mester de Juglaría</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mester_de_Juglaría-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mester_de_Clerecía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mester_de_Clerecía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mester de Clerecía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mester_de_Clerecía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Spanish prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyric_poetry_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyric_poetry_of_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Lyric poetry of the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyric_poetry_of_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernist_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernist_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modernist literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernist_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>20th century literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Generation_of_1898" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Generation_of_1898"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>The Generation of 1898</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Generation_of_1898-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Generation_of_1914_or_Novecentismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Generation_of_1914_or_Novecentismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>The Generation of 1914 or Novecentismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Generation_of_1914_or_Novecentismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Generation_of_1927" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Generation_of_1927"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>The Generation of 1927</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Generation_of_1927-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>The Spanish Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witnessing_the_early_dictatorship_(1939–1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witnessing_the_early_dictatorship_(1939–1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Witnessing the early dictatorship (1939–1955)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witnessing_the_early_dictatorship_(1939–1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_cultural_renewal_(1955–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_cultural_renewal_(1955–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Economic and cultural renewal (1955–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_cultural_renewal_(1955–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_in_the_democracy_(1975–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_in_the_democracy_(1975–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Writing in the democracy (1975–1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_in_the_democracy_(1975–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Contemporary literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Outline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_letterkunde" title="Spaanse letterkunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaanse letterkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أدب إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Lliteratura española – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura española" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0span_%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat%C4%B1" title="İspan ədəbiyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspan ədəbiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Испанска литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испанска литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Španska književnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Španska književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_castellana" title="Literatura castellana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura castellana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_literatura" title="Španělská literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělská literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Literatur" title="Spanische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισπανική λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανική λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Literatura española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_literaturo" title="Hispana literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_literatura" title="Espainiako literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ادبیات اسپانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات اسپانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_espagnole" title="Littérature espagnole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="스페인 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսպանական գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանական գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Španjolska književnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolska književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniana_literaturo" title="Hispaniana literaturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hispaniana literaturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_Spanyol" title="Sastra Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratura_espaniol" title="Litteratura espaniol – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Litteratura espaniol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratura_hispan" title="Litteratura hispan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Litteratura hispan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_spagnola" title="Letteratura spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרות ספרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות ספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ესპანური ლიტერატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანური ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Испан әдебиеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Испан әдебиеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanaf_suteroteem" title="Espanaf suteroteem – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Espanaf suteroteem" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAjeya_span%C3%AE" title="Wêjeya spanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wêjeya spanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_Hispaniae" title="Litterae Hispaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae Hispaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteratur_espaniol" title="Leteratur espaniol – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leteratur espaniol" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol_irodalom" title="Spanyol irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="စပိန်စာပေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပိန်စာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_literatuur" title="Spaanse literatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaanse literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="スペイン文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spani_literature" title="Spani literature – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Spani literature" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_spa%C3%B1o" title="Literatura spaño – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Literatura spaño" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_da_Espanha" title="Literatura da Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura da Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_spaniol%C4%83" title="Literatura spaniolă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatura spaniolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Испанская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panielska_literat%C3%BAra" title="Španielska literatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Španielska literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Španska književnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Španska književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Španska književnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Španska književnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_kirjallisuus" title="Espanjan kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_litteratur" title="Spansk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spansk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panitikang_Kastila" title="Panitikang Kastila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panitikang Kastila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanyol_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="İspanyol edebiyatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanyol edebiyatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background: #ffffff; float:right;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff; text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature of Spain</a><br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spanish_literature" title="Medieval Spanish literature">Medieval literature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_literature" title="Spanish Baroque literature">Baroque</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Enlightenment_literature" title="Spanish Enlightenment literature">Enlightenment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romance_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Romance literature">Romanticism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Realist_literature" title="Spanish Realist literature">Realism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Modernist_literature" title="Spanish Modernist literature"><i>Modernismo</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <i>Novecentismo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">• Literature subsequent to the Civil War </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_de_Cervantes_(1605)_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Miguel_de_Cervantes_%281605%29_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png/220px-Miguel_de_Cervantes_%281605%29_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Miguel_de_Cervantes_%281605%29_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png/330px-Miguel_de_Cervantes_%281605%29_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Miguel_de_Cervantes_%281605%29_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png/440px-Miguel_de_Cervantes_%281605%29_El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Cervantes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> is considered the most emblematic work in the canon of Spanish literature and a founding classic of Western literature.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spanish literature</b> is literature (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_poetry" title="Spanish poetry">Spanish poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, and drama) written in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> within the territory that presently constitutes the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Its development coincides and frequently intersects with that of other literary traditions from regions within the same territory, particularly Catalan literature, Galician intersects as well with Latin, Jewish, and Arabic literary traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The literature of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> is an important branch of Spanish literature, with its own particular characteristics dating back to the earliest years of Spain’s conquest of the Americas (see <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman conquest and occupation of the Iberian Peninsula beginning in the 3rd century BC brought a Latin culture to Spanish territories. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Muslim conquest</a> in 711 CE brought the cultures of West Asia and the North Africa to the peninsula, creating <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_al-Andalus" title="Literature of al-Andalus">Andalusi literary traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spanish_literature" title="Medieval Spanish literature">medieval Spanish literature</a>, the earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature mix Muslim, Jewish, and Christian culture. One of the notable works is the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a>, composed some time between 1140 and 1207.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_literature#Dubious" title="Talk:Spanish literature">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century. Lyric poetry in the Middle Ages includes popular poems and the courtly poetry of the nobles. During the 15th century the pre-Renaissance occurred and literary production increased greatly. In the Renaissance important topics were poetry, religious literature, and prose. </p><p>In the 16th century the first Spanish <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a> appeared, <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarache" title="Guzmán de Alfarache">Guzmán de Alfarache</a></i>. In the Baroque era of the 17th century important works were the prose of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a>. A notable author was <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Saavedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra">Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra</a>, famous for his masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Quixote de la Mancha">Don Quixote de la Mancha</a></i>. In this novel Cervantes consolidated the form of literature that the <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a> had established in Spain to a fictional narrative that became the template for many novelists throughout the history of Spanish literature.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a> era of the 18th century, notable works include the prose of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feijoo_e_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijoo e Montenegro">Feijoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a>; the lyric of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mel%C3%A9ndez_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan Meléndez Valdés">Juan Meléndez Valdés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Iriarte" title="Tomás de Iriarte">Tomás de Iriarte</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Samaniego" title="Félix María de Samaniego">Félix María Samaniego</a>), and the theater, with <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Leandro Fernández de Moratín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_la_Cruz" title="Ramón de la Cruz">Ramón de la Cruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Huerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicente García de la Huerta">Vicente García de la Huerta</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> (beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">José de Espronceda</a> and other poets; prose; the theater, with <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángel de Saavedra">Ángel de Saavedra</a> (Duke of Rivas), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">José Zorrilla</a>, and other authors. In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Valera_y_Alcal%C3%A1-Galiano" title="Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano">Juan Valera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Pereda" title="José María de Pereda">José María de Pereda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Pardo_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Emilia Pardo Bazán">Emilia Pardo Bazán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas_(Clar%C3%ADn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo Alas (Clarín)">Leopoldo Alas (Clarín)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armando_Palacio_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Armando Palacio Valdés">Armando Palacio Valdés</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Vicente Blasco Ibáñez</a>; poetry, with <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_Campoamor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón de Campoamor">Ramón de Campoamor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Arce" title="Gaspar Núñez de Arce">Gaspar Núñez de Arce</a>, and other poets; the theater, with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tamayo_y_Baus" title="Manuel Tamayo y Baus">Manuel Tamayo y Baus</a>, and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Men%C3%A9ndez_Pelayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Menéndez Pelayo">Menéndez Pelayo</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> several currents appear: <a href="/wiki/Parnassian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnassian poets">Parnasianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creacionismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Creacionismo">Creationism</a>. The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by the U.S. in 1898 provoked a crisis in Spain. A group of younger writers, among them <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja" title="Pío Baroja">Pío Baroja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_Ruiz" title="José Martínez Ruiz">José Martínez Ruiz</a> (Azorín), made changes to literature's form and content. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Leading voices include the poet <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a>, the academics and essayists <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Ramón Menéndez Pidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Gregorio Marañón">Gregorio Marañón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">Eugenio d'Ors</a>, and Ortega y Gasset, and the novelists <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Mir%C3%B3" title="Gabriel Miró">Gabriel Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala" title="Ramón Pérez de Ayala">Ramón Pérez de Ayala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_de_la_Serna" title="Ramón Gómez de la Serna">Ramón Gómez de la Serna</a>. Around 1920 a younger group of writers—mostly poets—began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 1898 and 1914. Poets were closely tied to formal academia. Novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Jarn%C3%A9s" title="Benjamín Jarnés">Benjamín Jarnés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Chacel" title="Rosa Chacel">Rosa Chacel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)" title="Francisco Ayala (novelist)">Francisco Ayala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_J._Sender" title="Ramón J. Sender">Ramón J. Sender</a> were equally experimental and academic. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> had a devastating impact on Spanish writing. Among the handful of civil war poets and writers, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Miguel Hernández">Miguel Hernández</a> stands out. During the early dictatorship (1939–1955), literature followed dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s reactionary vision of a second, Catholic Spanish golden age. By the mid-1950s, just as with the novel, a new generation which had only experienced the Spanish Civil War in childhood was coming of age. By the early 1960s, Spanish authors moved towards a restless literary experimentation. When Franco died in 1975, the important work of establishing democracy had an immediate impact on Spanish letters. Over the next several years a wealth of young new writers, among them <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1s" title="Juan José Millás">Juan José Millás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Montero" title="Rosa Montero">Rosa Montero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mateo_D%C3%ADez" title="Luis Mateo Díez">Luis Mateo Díez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Merino" title="José María Merino">José María Merino</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Az%C3%BAa" title="Félix de Azúa">Félix de Azúa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cubas" title="Cristina Fernández Cubas">Cristina Fernández Cubas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Vila-Matas" title="Enrique Vila-Matas">Enrique Vila-Matas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carme_Riera" title="Carme Riera">Carme Riera</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Grandes" title="Almudena Grandes">Almudena Grandes</a>, would begin carving out a prominent place for themselves within the Spanish cultural field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-medieval_literature">Pre-medieval literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-medieval literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman conquest and occupation of the peninsula, spanning from the 3rd century BCE to the 5h century CE, brought a fully developed Latin culture to Spanish territories. While the invasion of Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE put an end to Roman Spain, the tribes’ relative lack of advanced culture, including any kind of literary tradition, meant that any written literature produced in the Iberian Peninsula continued along Romanized lines. Outstanding amongst the works produced is <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Saint Isidore</a> of Seville’s (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560–636</span>) <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i>, an attempted summa of all classical knowledge. Called “the last scholar of the ancient world", St. Isidore penned theological and proto-scientific treatises, letters, and a series of histories that would serve as models for the rest of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages. </p><p>The arrival of Muslim invaders in 711 CE brought the cultures of the Middle and Far East to the Iberian Peninsula and ultimately to all of Europe. During the era of relative religious tolerance that followed, writers such as the Jewish theologian <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204) or the Muslim polymath (1126–1198) <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> penned works of theology, science, philosophy, and mathematics that would have lasting impacts on Hebrew and Muslim philosophy and prove essential to the flowering of the European Renaissance centuries later. While none of their works can be considered direct ancestors of a Spanish literary tradition, it was out of the cultural milieu fostered by such intellectual energy that the first written manifestations of a Spanish literature proper arise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Spanish_literature">Medieval Spanish literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval Spanish literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spanish_literature" title="Medieval Spanish literature">Medieval Spanish literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andalusi_literature">Andalusi literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Andalusi literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusi literature">Andalusi literature</a></div> <p>The period of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic rule in Iberia</a> from 711 to 1492 brought many new literary traditions to Spain. Most literature at this time was produced in standard Arabic, though <a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">poetry</a> and other forms of literature of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Jewish golden age</a> found expression in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, for example, wrote his magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> in Arabic with <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew script</a>. </p><p>Other major literary figures of the time include <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zayd%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Zaydún">Ibn Zaydún</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_Bint_al-Hajj_al-Rukuniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsa Bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya">Hafsa Bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya</a>. </p><p>Important literary styles include the <a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">muwashah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">maqama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">nawba</a>. </p><p>Important works include <i><a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BFIqd_al-Far%C4%ABd" title="Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd">Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Bayad_wa_Riyad" title="Hadith Bayad wa Riyad">Hadith Bayad wa Riyad</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_kharjas">The kharjas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The kharjas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></div> <p>The earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature date from the same time and location, the rich mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultures in Muslim Spain, in which <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, and others worked. The <a href="/wiki/Jarchas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarchas">Jarchas</a>, dating from the 9th to the 12th centuries C.E., were short poems spoken in local colloquial Hispano-Romance dialects, known as <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Mozarabic</a>, but written in Arabic script. The Jarchas appeared at the end of longer poetry written in Arabic or Hebrew known as <a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">muwashshah</a>, which were lengthy glosses on the ideas expressed in the jarchas. Typically spoken in the voice of a woman, the jarchas express the anxieties of love, particularly of its loss. </p><p>This combination of Hispano-Romance expression with Arabic script, only discovered in 1948, locates the rise of a Spanish literary tradition in the cultural heterogeneity that characterized Medieval Spanish society and politics. However, the Mozarabic language of the Jarchas appears to be a separate Romance language whose evolution from Vulgar Latin paralleled that of Castilian Spanish rather than deriving from or fusing into the latter. Hence, while the relatively recent discovery of the Jarchas challenges pride of chronological place that belonged for so long to the <i>Poema del Cid</i> (El Cantar de mío Cid) (1140 CE) in the history of Spanish literature, they cannot be seen as a precursor to Spain's great epic poem. What the discovery of the jarchas makes clear instead is that from its origins, the literature of Spain has arisen out of and born witness to a rich, heterogeneous mix of cultures and languages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipski_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipski-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantar_de_Mio_Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cantar de Mio Cid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_(rep).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_%28rep%29.jpg/220px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_%28rep%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_%28rep%29.jpg/330px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_%28rep%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_%28rep%29.jpg/440px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f._1r_%28rep%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a> is the oldest preserved <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_gesta" title="Cantar de gesta">cantar de gesta</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a> was written about a real man—his battles, conquests, and daily life. The poet, name unknown, wrote the epic in about 1140 and Cid supposedly died forty years before in 1099. This epic represents realism, because nothing was exaggerated and the details are very real, even the geography correctly portrays the areas in which Cid traveled and lived. Unlike other European epics, the poem is not idealized and there is no presence of supernatural beings. It has <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> and its lines vary in length, the most common length being <a href="/wiki/Fourteener_(poetry)" title="Fourteener (poetry)">fourteen syllables</a>. This type of verse is known as <i>mester de juglaria</i> (verse form of the minstrels). The epic is divided into three parts, also known as cantos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mester_de_Juglaría"><span id="Mester_de_Juglar.C3.ADa"></span>Mester de Juglaría</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mester de Juglaría"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval Spanish poets recognized the <a href="/wiki/Mester_de_Juglar%C3%ADa" title="Mester de Juglaría">Mester de Juglaría</a> as a literary form written by the minstrels (juglares) and composed of varying line length and use of assonance instead of rhyme. These poems were sung to uneducated audiences, nobles and peasants alike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mester_de_Clerecía"><span id="Mester_de_Clerec.C3.ADa"></span>Mester de Clerecía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mester de Clerecía"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Castilian narrative poetry known as the <a href="/wiki/Mester_de_Clerec%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mester de Clerecía">Mester de Clerecía</a> became popular in the thirteenth century. It is the verse form of the learned poets, usually clerics (hence the name 'clerecía'). The poetry was formal, with carefully counted syllables in each line. Popular themes were Christian legends, lives of saints and tales from classical antiquity. The poems were recited to villagers in public plazas. Two traits separate this form from the mester de juglaría: didacticism and erudition. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Berceo" title="Gonzalo de Berceo">Gonzalo de Berceo</a> was one of the greatest advocates of this school, writing on religious subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_prose">Spanish prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spanish prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century when King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> gave support and recognition to the writing form. He, with the help of his groups of intellectuals, directed the composition of many prose works including <i>Las siete partidas,</i> the first modern book of laws of the land written in the people's language. Another work was <a href="/wiki/Estoria_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Estoria de España">La primera crónica general</a> which accounted for the history of Spain from the creation until the end of Alfonso's father's reign, San Fernando. For his direction of these works and many others he directed, Alfonso X is called the father of Spanish prose. His nephew, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel,_Prince_of_Villena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena">Don Juan Manuel</a> is famous for his prose work <i><a href="/wiki/El_Conde_Lucanor" class="mw-redirect" title="El Conde Lucanor">El Conde Lucanor</a></i> which is a frame story or short stories within an overall story. In this work, the Conde Lucanor seeks advice from his wise counselor, Patronio, who gives the advice through the telling of stories. Juan Manuel also wrote lesser-known works such as <i>El libro de los estados</i> on the social classes and <i>El libro del caballero y escudero</i> on philosophical discussions. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, writer <a href="/wiki/Hernando_del_Pulgar" title="Hernando del Pulgar">Fernando del Pulgar</a> (1436-1490?) created a new type of prose named the <i>verbal portrait.</i> This form is demonstrated by Pulgar's work <i>Claros varones de Castilla</i> in which he represents the detailed lives of twenty-four distinguished contemporaries. He explores their moral and psychological natures as well as physical traits. Pulgar was the official historian of the monarchs Fernando and Isabel, the famous <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> of Spain. This position gave him close encounters with the characters in this book, making the work realistic and detailed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyric_poetry_of_the_Middle_Ages">Lyric poetry of the Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lyric poetry of the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyric poetry in the Middle Ages can be divided into three groups: the <i>jarchas,</i> the popular poems originating from folk-songs sung by commoners, and the courtly poetry of the nobles. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> fits into the third group with his series of three hundred poems, written in Galician: <i>Las cantigas de Santa María.</i> Another poet, Juan Ruiz, or the <a href="/wiki/Arcipreste_de_Hita" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcipreste de Hita">Arcipreste de Hita</a> is an outstanding lyricist of the fourteenth century. His only work, <i>Libro de buen amor</i> is a framework tale in which he includes translations from Ovid, satires, little poems called <i><a href="/wiki/Serranilla" title="Serranilla">serranillas</a></i>, twenty-nine fables, a sermon on Christian armor, and many lyric poems that praise the Virgin Mary. Poet <i>Íñigo López de Mendoza,</i> the Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), begins to show the movement away from the traditions of the Middle Ages. He shows a knowledge of Latin authors and familiarity with the works of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>. Mendoza was also the first to introduce the sonnet into Spanish literature. The last great poet of the Middle Ages is <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Manrique" title="Jorge Manrique">Jorge Manrique</a>. He is famous for his work which laments the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Coplas_por_la_muerte_de_su_padre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coplas por la muerte de su padre">Coplas a la muerte de su padre</a>. In this piece, Manrique shows classical feelings by expressing himself in a universal manner (all things come to an end). He is still considered a poet of the Middle Ages in that he finds peace and finality in religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Spanish Renaissance literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Celestina.jpg/170px-Celestina.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Celestina.jpg/255px-Celestina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Celestina.jpg/340px-Celestina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas" title="Fernando de Rojas">Fernando de Rojas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 15th century may be thought of as a pre-Renaissance period. Literary production increases greatly. Outstanding poets of this century include <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mena" title="Juan de Mena">Juan de Mena</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo López de Mendoza">Íñigo López de Mendoza</a> (Marquess of Santillana). Spanish literature of the Middle Ages concludes with <i><a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas" title="Fernando de Rojas">Fernando de Rojas</a>. </p><p>Important Renaissance themes are poetry, with <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosc%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Boscán">Juan Boscán</a>; religious literature, with <a href="/wiki/Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Luis de León">Fray Luis de León</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan de la Cruz">San Juan de la Cruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Teresa de Jesús">Santa Teresa de Jesús</a>; and prose, with the anonymous <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">El Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i>. Among the principal features of the Renaissance were the revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advances in science. The most important characteristics of the Renaissance are: </p> <ul><li>The prevalence of natural, uncomplicated language, avoiding affectation, <i>amaneramiento</i> and the over-refined phrase, producing simple vocabulary and straightforward syntax.</li> <li>Themes such as love - conceived from the platonic point of view; nature - as somewhat idyllic (bucolic); pagan mythology - concerned with female beauty and the histories of the gods, following always the same classical ideal. In relation to these themes, various Renaissance points exist (???) some of them taken from the classical world: <ul><li><i>Carpe Diem</i>, ("seize the day" or "take advantage of the moment"), which recommends the enjoyment of life before the arrival of old age.</li> <li><i>Collige, virgo, rosas</i> which literary means "Pick virgin the roses" and is a metaphor similar to <i> Carpe Diem</i> but applied to female beauty, described always following the same plan: a young blonde, with serene, clear eyes, white skin, red lips, rosy cheeks, etc.</li> <li>The <i>Beatus Ille</i> or praise of rural life, away from material things, as opposed to life in the city, with its dangers and intrigues.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Locus_Amoenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Locus Amoenus">Locus Amoenus</a></i> or description of nature in all its idyllic perfection.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jorge Manrique"><img alt="Jorge Manrique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg/87px-Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg/131px-Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg/175px-Jorge_Manrique_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Manrique" title="Jorge Manrique">Jorge Manrique</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernando de Rojas"><img alt="Fernando de Rojas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg/84px-Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg/126px-Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg/168px-Fernando-de-Rojas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas" title="Fernando de Rojas">Fernando de Rojas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garcilaso de la Vega"><img alt="Garcilaso de la Vega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg/90px-Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg/135px-Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg/180px-Retrato_de_hombre_con_la_cruz_de_caballero_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diego Hurtado de Mendoza"><img alt="Diego Hurtado de Mendoza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg/103px-Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg/155px-Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg/207px-Retrato_de_Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_recortado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="2238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Hurtado_de_Mendoza_(poet_and_diplomat)" title="Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (poet and diplomat)">Diego Hurtado de Mendoza</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaTeresa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teresa of Ávila"><img alt="Teresa of Ávila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SantaTeresa.jpg/96px-SantaTeresa.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SantaTeresa.jpg/144px-SantaTeresa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SantaTeresa.jpg/191px-SantaTeresa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luis de León"><img alt="Luis de León" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/95px-Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/142px-Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/190px-Retrato_de_Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="2606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alonso de Ercilla"><img alt="Alonso de Ercilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg/111px-AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg/167px-AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg/223px-AlonsoDeErcilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fernando de Herrera"><img alt="Fernando de Herrera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg/91px-Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg/136px-Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg/181px-Fernando_de_Herrera_el_Divino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Herrera" title="Fernando de Herrera">Fernando de Herrera</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zurbar%C3%A1n_(atribuido)-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John of the Cross"><img alt="John of the Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zurbar%C3%A1n_%28atribuido%29-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg/94px-Zurbar%C3%A1n_%28atribuido%29-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zurbar%C3%A1n_%28atribuido%29-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg/141px-Zurbar%C3%A1n_%28atribuido%29-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zurbar%C3%A1n_%28atribuido%29-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg/188px-Zurbar%C3%A1n_%28atribuido%29-John_of_the_Cross-1656.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baroque">Baroque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_literature" title="Spanish Baroque literature">Spanish Baroque literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age#Literature" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age § Literature</a></div> <p>In the <b>Baroque</b> of the 17th century important topics are the prose of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a>; the theater is notable (<a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a>); and poetry with <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a> (who is a <a href="/wiki/Culteranismo" title="Culteranismo">Culteranist</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a> (who is a <a href="/wiki/Conceptismo" title="Conceptismo">Conceptist</a>). In the works of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Saavedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra">Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra</a> notable novels are <i><a href="/wiki/La_Galatea" title="La Galatea">La Galatea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Quixote de la Mancha">Don Quixote de la Mancha</a></i>. The Baroque style used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music. </p><p>The Baroque is characterized by the following points: </p> <ul><li>Pessimism: The Renaissance had not achieved its purpose of imposing harmony and perfection in the world, as the humanists intended, nor had it made man happier; wars and social inequality continued to be present; pain and calamities were commonplace throughout Europe. An intellectual pessimism took hold, which increased as time passed. This was shown by the angry character of the comedies of that epoch, and by rascal characters on which the <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novels</a> are based.</li> <li>Disillusionment: As the Renaissance ideals failed, and, in the case of Spain, political power was being dispelled, disillusionment continued to arise in literature. Many cases recall those of two centuries before, with the <i>Danza de la Muerte</i> or Manrique's <i>Coplas a la muerte de su padre</i>. Quevedo said that life is formed by "successions of deceased". Newborns turn into the deceased, and diapers into the shroud that covers lifeless bodies. This leads to the conclusion that nothing is important except obtaining eternal salvation.</li> <li>Worry about the passing of time.</li> <li>Loss of confidence in the Renaissance ideals.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_de_la_Cueva_(1543-1612).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan de la Cueva"><img alt="Juan de la Cueva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juan_de_la_Cueva_%281543-1612%29.jpg/76px-Juan_de_la_Cueva_%281543-1612%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juan_de_la_Cueva_%281543-1612%29.jpg/114px-Juan_de_la_Cueva_%281543-1612%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Juan_de_la_Cueva_%281543-1612%29.jpg/151px-Juan_de_la_Cueva_%281543-1612%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="2830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cueva" title="Juan de la Cueva">Juan de la Cueva</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miguel de Cervantes"><img alt="Miguel de Cervantes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/91px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/137px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/183px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mateo Alemán"><img alt="Mateo Alemán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg/85px-Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg/127px-Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg/169px-Retrato_de_Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Mateo Alemán">Mateo Alemán</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luis de Góngora"><img alt="Luis de Góngora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/97px-Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/145px-Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/193px-Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora_y_Argote_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3715" data-file-height="4615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LopedeVega.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lope de Vega"><img alt="Lope de Vega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LopedeVega.jpg/93px-LopedeVega.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LopedeVega.jpg/140px-LopedeVega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LopedeVega.jpg/187px-LopedeVega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco Suárez"><img alt="Francisco Suárez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Suarez_LOC_hec.13754_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="7239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guillén de Castro"><img alt="Guillén de Castro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg/84px-Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg/126px-Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg/168px-Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro-D_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_comedia_en_tres_jornades_y_en_vers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillén de Castro">Guillén de Castro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirso_de_molina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirso de Molina"><img alt="Tirso de Molina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tirso_de_molina.jpg/112px-Tirso_de_molina.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tirso_de_molina.jpg/168px-Tirso_de_molina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tirso_de_molina.jpg/225px-Tirso_de_molina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Quevedo_(Pacheco).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco de Quevedo"><img alt="Francisco de Quevedo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Francisco_de_Quevedo_%28Pacheco%29.jpg/90px-Francisco_de_Quevedo_%28Pacheco%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Francisco_de_Quevedo_%28Pacheco%29.jpg/135px-Francisco_de_Quevedo_%28Pacheco%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Francisco_de_Quevedo_%28Pacheco%29.jpg/180px-Francisco_de_Quevedo_%28Pacheco%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón"><img alt="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg/80px-Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg/120px-Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg/160px-Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Glorias_Nacionales,_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_(4013195639).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca"><img alt="Pedro Calderón de la Barca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_%284013195639%29.jpg/88px-Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_%284013195639%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_%284013195639%29.jpg/132px-Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_%284013195639%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_%284013195639%29.jpg/176px-Las_Glorias_Nacionales%2C_1852_%22D._Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca%22_%284013195639%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baltasar Gracián"><img alt="Baltasar Gracián" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg/93px-Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg/139px-Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg/186px-Graci%C3%A1n_Graus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Enlightenment_literature" title="Spanish Enlightenment literature">Spanish Enlightenment literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg/170px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg/255px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg/340px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <b>Enlightenment</b> of the 18th century, with the arrival of "the lights" to Spain, important topics are the prose of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feijoo_e_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijoo e Montenegro">Fray Benito Jerónimo Feijoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">José Cadalso</a>; the lyric of the Salmantine school (with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mel%C3%A9ndez_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan Meléndez Valdés">Juan Meléndez Valdés</a>), the lyric of the Madrilenian group (with the story-tellers <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Iriarte" title="Tomás de Iriarte">Tomás de Iriarte</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Samaniego" title="Félix María de Samaniego">Félix María Samaniego</a>), and the lyric of the Sevillian school; and also the theater, with <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Leandro Fernández de Moratín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_la_Cruz" title="Ramón de la Cruz">Ramón de la Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Huerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicente García de la Huerta">Vicente García de la Huerta</a>. Enlightenment thinkers sought to apply systematic thinking to all forms of human activity, carrying it to the ethical and governmental spheres in exploration of the individual, society and the state. </p><p>Three phases in the Spanish literature of the 18th century are distinguished: </p> <ul><li>Anti-Baroquism (until approximately 1750): It fights against the style of the preceding Baroque, which is considered excessively rhetorical and twisted. The recreational literature is not cultivated, but they are more interested in the essay and satire, utilizing the language with simplicity and purity.</li> <li>Neoclassicism (until the end of the 18th century): It is strongly influenced by French and Italian classicism. The writers also imitate the old classics (Greek and Roman); its boom extended since the reign of Fernando VI until the end of the century.</li> <li>Pre-Romanticism (end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century): The influence of the English philosopher John Locke, together with that of the French Étienne Bonnot of Condillac, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Denis Diderot, will cause a new feeling, dissatisfaction with the tyranny of reason, that emphasizes the right of the individuals to express their personal emotions (repressed then by the neoclassicals), among which figures fundamentally love. This current announces the decline of Neoclassicism and opens the door to Romanticism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romance_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Romance literature">Spanish Romance literature</a></div> <p>Early Romanticism appeared with the singular figure of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Quintana" title="Manuel José Quintana">Manuel José Quintana</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_duque_de_Rivas_(Federico_de_Madrazo).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/El_duque_de_Rivas_%28Federico_de_Madrazo%29.JPG/220px-El_duque_de_Rivas_%28Federico_de_Madrazo%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/El_duque_de_Rivas_%28Federico_de_Madrazo%29.JPG/330px-El_duque_de_Rivas_%28Federico_de_Madrazo%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/El_duque_de_Rivas_%28Federico_de_Madrazo%29.JPG/440px-El_duque_de_Rivas_%28Federico_de_Madrazo%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángel de Saavedra">Ángel de Saavedra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <b>Romanticism</b> (beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">José de Espronceda</a> and other poets; prose, which can have several forms (the historical novel, scientific prose, the description of regional customs, journalism —where <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Mariano José de Larra</a> can be mentioned—; the theater, with <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángel de Saavedra">Ángel de Saavedra</a> (Duke of Rivas), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">José Zorrilla</a>, and other authors. In the latter romanticism (post-romanticism) some appear:<a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a>. Some anti-romantic poets are <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_Campoamor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón de Campoamor">Ramón de Campoamor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Arce" title="Gaspar Núñez de Arce">Gaspar Núñez de Arce</a>. In part a revolt against aristocratic, social, and political norms of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature, in art and literature Romanticism stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. It elevated folk art, nature and custom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The characteristics of the works of Romanticism are: </p> <ul><li>Rejection of Neoclassicism. Contrary to the scrupulous severity and order with which the rules were observed in the 18th century, the romanticist writers combine the genres and verses of different measures, at times mixing verse and prose; in theater, the rule of the three units (place, space and time) is despised and they alternate comedy with drama.</li> <li>Subjectivism. Whatever kind of work it is, the exalted soul of the author pours into it all his feelings of dissatisfaction against a world that limits and breaks the flight of his desire about love, society, patriotism, etc. They do so in such a way that nature fuses with their state of spirit and it is melancholic, tetric, mysterious, dark... as opposed to the neoclassicals, who barely showed interest in the landscape. The longings for passionate love, desire for happiness, and possession of the infinite, cause a discomfort in the romanticist, an immense deception that from time to time carries them to suicide, as is the case of Mariano José de Larra.</li> <li>Attraction to the nocturnal and mysterious. The romantics situate their aching and disillusioned feelings in mysterious or melancholic places, such as ruins, forests, cemeteries... Similarly they feel an attraction toward the supernatural, things that escape any logic, such as miracles, apparitions, visions of the afterlife, the diabolic and the witchlike...</li> <li>Escape from the world that surrounds them. Rejection of the bourgeois society in which they are forced to live makes the romanticist be evaded from his circumstances, imagining passed epochs in which their ideals prevailed over the others, or being inspired in the exotic. In contrast with the neoclassicals, who admired the Greco-Latin antiquity, the romanticists prefer the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Among their more frequent kinds of works, they cultivate the novel, legend and historic drama.</li></ul> <p>Various are the themes of the romanticist works: </p> <ul><li>Oneself. In Espronceda's <i>Song to Teresa,</i> a heartwrenching confession of love and disillusion, he has managed to poeticize his feelings with great success.</li> <li>Passionate love, with sudden, total deliveries and quick abandonments. Exaltation and distaste.</li> <li>They are inspired in legendary and historic themes.</li> <li>Religion, although it is often in defiance of the consequent compassion and even exaltation of the devil.</li> <li>Social demands (revaluation of marginalized types, such as the beggar).</li> <li>Nature, shown in all its modalities and variations. Usually set in mysterious places, such as cemeteries, storms, the rough sea, etc.</li> <li>Satire, connected with political or literary events.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer,_by_his_brother_Valeriano_(1862).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer"><img alt="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer%2C_by_his_brother_Valeriano_%281862%29.jpg/86px-Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer%2C_by_his_brother_Valeriano_%281862%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer%2C_by_his_brother_Valeriano_%281862%29.jpg/129px-Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer%2C_by_his_brother_Valeriano_%281862%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer%2C_by_his_brother_Valeriano_%281862%29.jpg/173px-Portrait_of_Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer%2C_by_his_brother_Valeriano_%281862%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_(detalle).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El escritor José de Espronceda, portrait by Antonio María Esquivel (c. 1845) (Museo del Prado, Madrid)[7]"><img alt="El escritor José de Espronceda, portrait by Antonio María Esquivel (c. 1845) (Museo del Prado, Madrid)[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_%28detalle%29.jpg/90px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_%28detalle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_%28detalle%29.jpg/135px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_%28detalle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_%28detalle%29.jpg/179px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda_%28detalle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/El_escritor_Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="El escritor José de Espronceda">El escritor José de Espronceda</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Esquivel" title="Antonio María Esquivel">Antonio María Esquivel</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1845</span>) (<a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosalía de Castro"><img alt="Rosalía de Castro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg/90px-Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg/135px-Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg/180px-Rosal%C3%ADa_Castro_de_Murgu%C3%ADa_por_Luis_Sellier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_zorrilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José Zorrilla"><img alt="José Zorrilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jose_zorrilla.jpg/84px-Jose_zorrilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jose_zorrilla.jpg/126px-Jose_zorrilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jose_zorrilla.jpg/169px-Jose_zorrilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">José Zorrilla</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realism">Realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Realist_literature" title="Spanish Realist literature">Spanish Realist literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perez_galdos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Perez_galdos.jpg/170px-Perez_galdos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Perez_galdos.jpg/255px-Perez_galdos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Perez_galdos.jpg/340px-Perez_galdos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Portrait of Benito Pérez Galdós">Portrait of Benito Pérez Galdós</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquín Sorolla</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeopoldoAlasClarin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/LeopoldoAlasClarin.jpg/170px-LeopoldoAlasClarin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/LeopoldoAlasClarin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas" title="Leopoldo Alas">Leopoldo Alas</a>, "Clarín"</figcaption></figure> <p>In <b>Realism</b> (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with <b>Naturalism</b>, important topics are the novel, with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Valera_y_Alcal%C3%A1-Galiano" title="Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano">Juan Valera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Pereda" title="José María de Pereda">José María de Pereda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Pardo_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Emilia Pardo Bazán">Emilia Pardo Bazán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas_(Clar%C3%ADn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo Alas (Clarín)">Leopoldo Alas (Clarín)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armando_Palacio_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Armando Palacio Valdés">Armando Palacio Valdés</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Vicente Blasco Ibáñez</a>; poetry, with <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_Campoamor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón de Campoamor">Ramón de Campoamor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Arce" title="Gaspar Núñez de Arce">Gaspar Núñez de Arce</a>, and other poets; the theater, with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tamayo_y_Baus" title="Manuel Tamayo y Baus">Manuel Tamayo y Baus</a>, and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Men%C3%A9ndez_Pelayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Menéndez Pelayo">Menéndez Pelayo</a>. Realism offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were'. In the spirit of general "Realism," Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation. </p><p>The realistic works of this period are characterized by: </p> <ul><li>Objective vision of reality through the direct observation of customs or psychological characters. They eliminate any subjective aspect, fantastic events, and every feeling that moves away from reality: "The novel is the image of life" (Galdós), "an artistic copy of reality" (Clarín).</li> <li>Defense of a thesis: the narrators write their works approaching reality from their moral conception. They are the so-called omniscient narrators. The defense of a thesis usually compromises the objectivity of the novel.</li> <li>Themes that are familiar to the reader: marital conflicts, infidelity, defense of ideals, etc.</li> <li>The popular and colloquial language acquires great importance since it situates the characters in their real environment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernist_literature">Modernist literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modernist literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Modernist_literature" title="Spanish Modernist literature">Spanish Modernist literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRJimenez.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/JRJimenez.JPG/170px-JRJimenez.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/JRJimenez.JPG/255px-JRJimenez.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/JRJimenez.JPG/340px-JRJimenez.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <b>Modernism</b> several currents appear: <a href="/wiki/Parnassian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnassian poets">Parnassianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creacionismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Creacionismo">Creationism</a>. Literary Modernism in Spain was influenced by the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">disaster of '98</a>", Regenerationism, and the Free Institution of Education (founded by <i><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Giner_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Francisco Giner de los Ríos">Giner de los Ríos</a></i>). Modernism was rooted in the idea that "traditional" forms of art, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life had become outdated; therefore it was essential to sweep them aside. The intellectual movement that thinks objectively and scientifically about the causes of the decadence of Spain as a nation between the 19th and the 20th century is called Regenerationism. It expresses a pessimist judgement about Spain. The regenerationist intellectuals divulgated their studies in journals with a big diffusion, so the movement expanded. Some important Modernist authors are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Rueda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvador Rueda (page does not exist)">Salvador Rueda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century_literature">20th century literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Generation_of_1898">The Generation of 1898</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Generation of 1898"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by U.S. gunboats in 1898 provoked a general cultural crisis in Spain. The "Disaster" of 1898 led established writers to seek practical political, economic, and social solutions in essays grouped under the literary heading of "Regeneracionismo". For a group of younger writers, among them <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja" title="Pío Baroja">Pío Baroja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_Ruiz" title="José Martínez Ruiz">José Martínez Ruiz</a> (Azorín), the Disaster and its cultural repercussions inspired a deeper, more radical literary shift that affected both form and content. These writers, along with <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_del_Valle-Incl%C3%A1n" title="Ramón del Valle-Inclán">Ramón del Valle-Inclán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Machado" title="Antonio Machado">Antonio Machado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Ramiro de Maeztu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Ganivet" title="Ángel Ganivet">Ángel Ganivet</a>, came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Generation_of_98" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation of 98">Generation of 98</a>". The label from its outset was controversial and even Azorín, the source of its origin, came to reject it. Nevertheless, it stuck as a way to describe a group of writers who turned in content from the more general exploration of universal middle class values characteristic of Nineteenth Century Realism to an obsession with questions of a more national nature. Their articles, essays, poems, and novels exploring Spanish history and geography carried existential overtones, expressing overall a sense of deep malaise at the social injustice, political bungling, and cultural indifference evident in contemporary Spanish society. </p><p>Within a matter of years, these young authors had transformed their nation’s literary landscape. To be sure, established nineteenth century realists, such as Benito Pérez Galdós, continued to write novels and theater into the second decade of the twentieth century, and, again in the case of Galdós, were much admired by the new generation of writers. Nevertheless, with the novels of Unamuno, Azorín, Pío Baroja, and Valle Inclán, the theater of the latter, and the poetry of Antonio Machado and Unamuno, a definitive literary shift had taken place—a shift in both form and content—pointing towards the more celebrated experimental writings of Spain's vanguard writers of the 1920s. </p><p>Thanks to Azorín's designation of his fellow writers as a “generation", contemporary critics and later literary historians were to catalogue and then interpret the arrival of new batches of authors in such generational terms for nearly the next one hundred years. Certainly, the terminology possesses a certain organizational elegance and indeed, recognizes the significant impact of major political and cultural events on changing literary expressions and tastes (for example, the 1898 connection, or a 1927 literary celebration that briefly united nearly every major vanguard poet in Spain). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Generation_of_1914_or_Novecentismo">The Generation of 1914 or Novecentismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Generation of 1914 or Novecentismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next supposed “generation" of Spanish writers following those of ´98 already calls into question the value of such terminology. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Leading voices include the poet <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a>, the academics and essayists <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Ramón Menéndez Pidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Gregorio Marañón">Gregorio Marañón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">Eugenio d'Ors</a>, and Ortega y Gasset, and the novelists <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Mir%C3%B3" title="Gabriel Miró">Gabriel Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala" title="Ramón Pérez de Ayala">Ramón Pérez de Ayala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_de_la_Serna" title="Ramón Gómez de la Serna">Ramón Gómez de la Serna</a>. While still driven by the national and existential questions that obsessed the writers of ´98, they approached these topics with a greater sense of distance and objectivity. These writers had enjoyed more formal academic training than their predecessors, many taught within the walls of academia, and one, Azaña, was to become President and face of the Second Republic. Their genre of choice were the essay and the article, their arguments more systematic, and their tastes, more European. </p><p>In contrast to Unamuno's existential obsessions or Machado's conceptual, earth-bound verse, Juan Ramón's poetry pursued a more esoteric version of beauty and truth above all, while still manifesting an internalized sense of the existential dilemmas that plagued intellectuals in the first half of the twentieth century. Juan Ramón was Spain's great modernist poet and the maestro of the coming vanguardist Generation of 1927. In 1957 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. José Ortega y Gasset became the spokesman for this and essential every generation of writers in the first half of the twentieth century. In essays like “Meditations on the Quijote," “The Rebellion of the Masses," and most famously, “The Dehumanization of Art," Ortega laid out theories of art and society that lucidly explained and celebrated twentieth century vanguard experimentation while holding fast to an elitist social vision whose eclipse this art ironically expressed. The most elusive voice of this generation, and arguably, unclassifiable within this group was the novelist Ramón Gómez de la Serna who carried the narrative experiments of Unamuno and Valle Inclán to absurd extremes, such as in his 1923 novel, <i>El novelista</i>, where varieties of plays with narrative subjectivity result in chapters envisioned through the eyes and voice of street lamps. More approachable and enduring are Gómez de la Serna's “Greguerías," an original form of aphorism that he described as “humor plus metaphor." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Generation_of_1927">The Generation of 1927</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Generation of 1927"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1920 a younger group of writers—mostly poets—began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 1898 and 1914. Poets <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Salinas" title="Pedro Salinas">Pedro Salinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Jorge Guillén">Jorge Guillén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Alonso" title="Dámaso Alonso">Dámaso Alonso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Alberti" title="Rafael Alberti">Rafael Alberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Cernuda" title="Luis Cernuda">Luis Cernuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Altolaguirre" title="Manuel Altolaguirre">Manuel Altolaguirre</a> were likewise the most closely tied to formal academia yet. Novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Jarn%C3%A9s" title="Benjamín Jarnés">Benjamín Jarnés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Chacel" title="Rosa Chacel">Rosa Chacel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)" title="Francisco Ayala (novelist)">Francisco Ayala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_J._Sender" title="Ramón J. Sender">Ramón J. Sender</a> were equally experimental and academic. Many of this generation were full-time university professors, while others spent periods as guest teachers and students. All were scholars of their national literary heritage, again evidence of the impact of the calls of “Regeneracionistas" and the Generation of 1898 for Spanish intelligence to turn at least partially inwards. </p><p>This group of poets continues to be, without contest, the most celebrated and studied of Spain's twentieth century writers. Their work provides a capstone to what some have called the “Silver Age" of Spanish Letters, a period that began with the veritable explosion of novel production following the bloodless coup of 1868 and that would come to a tragic end with the outbreak of civil war in July 1936. </p><p>The writing of this supposed generation can be roughly divided into three moments. In their early years their work arises still out of mostly local and national traditions, culminating in their united celebration of the tri-centennial of the death of Golden Age poet <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a>. From mid decade until the arrival of Spain's Second Republic in 1931, the Generation's poets reached the apex of their experimental writings, manifesting a clear awareness of the international vanguard “—isms" sweeping major Western capitals of the day. After 1931, the Generation's writing increasingly displays the imprint of the political and social stresses that would lead to Spain's bloody civil war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Spanish_Civil_War">The Spanish Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Spanish Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Art and culture in Francoist Spain">Art and culture in Francoist Spain</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, lasting from July 1936 to April 1939, had a devastating impact on the trajectory of Spanish letters. In July 1936, Spain was at the height of its Silver Age. Every major writer of the three major generations—1898, 1914, and 1927—was still alive and productive. Those of 1914 and 1927 were at the height or just reaching the height of their literary powers. Several were recognized among Western civilization's most talented and influential writers. But by April 1939, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado, and Federico García Lorca, among others, were dead. All but a small handful of the remaining writers had fled into exile, dispersed across the length of the American continent, most never to enjoy the close associations of conferences, tertulias, and theater premiers that had so often united them in pre-war Madrid. </p><p>Among the handful of civil war poets and writers, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Miguel Hernández">Miguel Hernández</a> stands out. A young disciple and associate of the Generation of 1898, Hernández, like Lorca, became a martyr to the Republican cause but this time as a post-war prisoner, fighting and writing as a soldier poet throughout the war and then languishing and dying in one of Franco's prisons in 1942. Among his important works, Perito en lunas (1933) from his pre-war surrealist days and Viento del pueblo (1937), evidence of the work of a soldier-poet, stand out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witnessing_the_early_dictatorship_(1939–1955)"><span id="Witnessing_the_early_dictatorship_.281939.E2.80.931955.29"></span>Witnessing the early dictatorship (1939–1955)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Witnessing the early dictatorship (1939–1955)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest years of the post-war were characterized more by hunger, repression, and suffering than by any significant literature. The published works of this period were true to pseudo-fascist dictator Francisco Franco's reactionary vision of a second Spanish golden age than to the material and existential anguish facing the majority of the country's population of the time. Neo-baroque poetry and paeans to Franco's Spain satisfied the censors but has enjoyed no subsequent critical shelf-life. </p><p>Ironically, the narrative production of one of Franco's censors would provide the first sign of literary revival in post-war Spain. In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a>'s novel, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La familia de Pascual Duarte</i></span>, used just enough experimental arrangement (temporally disjointed narrative development to problematize simple accusations of political cause-effect critique; prefaces and post-scripts that confuse authorial intentions) to avoid the censors´ cuts and to present to discerning Spanish readers an exposé of a spiritually troubled, socially impoverished, and structurally violent society. Cela was to remain for the next five decades as one of Spain's most important novelists, eventually receiving the Nobel Prize for literature in 1989. </p><p>With the 1945 publication of the Nadal Prize winning <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Nada</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Laforet" title="Carmen Laforet">Carmen Laforet</a> and the 1947 release of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a>'s <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La sombra del ciprés es alargada</i></span>, readers of intelligent Spanish narrative at last had cause for hope. While the fresh, joyful experimentation of Spain's "Silver Age" writers had disappeared, Cela, Laforet, and Delibes at least showed a renewed commitment to a kind of writing that first, was connected to Spain's material reality, and second, would stretch itself aesthetically in its attempts to capture the experience. </p><p>By the middle of the next decade, a whole new generation of novelists was latching onto the early models laid down by Cela and Laforet. Equally influenced by the films of the Italian neorealists, novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Luis_Romero_(novelist)" title="Luis Romero (novelist)">Luis Romero</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La noria</i></span>, 1951), <a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Ferlosio" title="Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio">Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">El jarama</i></span>, 1956), <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Santos" title="Jesús Fernández Santos">Jesús Fernández Santos</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los bravos</i></span>, 1956), <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Mart%C3%ADn_Gaite" title="Carmen Martín Gaite">Carmen Martín Gaite</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Entre_visillos" title="Entre visillos">Entre visillos</a></i></span>, 1957), <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Aldecoa" title="Ignacio Aldecoa">Ignacio Aldecoa</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">El fulgor y la sangre</i></span>, 1954), and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Goytisolo" title="Juan Goytisolo">Juan Goytisolo</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Juegos de manos</i></span>, 1954) produced a social realist tradition that was as celebrated as it was short-lived. </p><p>Spanish poetry experienced renewal along similar lines. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Alonso" title="Dámaso Alonso">Dámaso Alonso</a>'s poem, "Insomnia" (1947) captures much of the angst and sense of violence that informed the works of Cela <i>et al.</i> and that would infuse the Spanish poetry of the era: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Madrid es una ciudad de más de un millón de cadáveres (según las últimas estadísticas).<br /> A veces en la noche yo me revuelvo y me incorporo en este nicho en el que hace 45 años que me pudro,<br /> y paso largas horas oyendo gemir al huracán, o ladrar los perros, o fluir blandamente la luz de la luna.<br /> Y paso largas horas gimiendo como el huracán, ladrando como un perro enfurecido, fluyendo como la leche de la ubre caliente de una gran vaca amarilla.<br /> Y paso largas horas preguntándole a Dios, preguntándole por qué se pudre lentamente mi alma,<br /> por qué se pudren más de un millón de cadáveres en esta ciudad de Madrid,<br /> por qué mil millones de cadáveres se pudren lentamente en el mundo.<br /> Dime, ¿qué huerto quieres abonar con nuestra podredumbre?<br /> ¿Temes que se te sequen los grandes rosales del día, las tristes azucenas letales de tus noches?</i></span> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Poems by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hierro" title="José Hierro">José Hierro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Otero" title="Blas de Otero">Blas de Otero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Celaya" title="Gabriel Celaya">Gabriel Celaya</a> were more direct, penning poems with such transparent titles as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Canto a España</i></span> (Hierro), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">A la inmensa mayoría</i></span> (Otero), or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La poesía es un arma cargada de futuro</i></span> (Celaya). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_cultural_renewal_(1955–1975)"><span id="Economic_and_cultural_renewal_.281955.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Economic and cultural renewal (1955–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economic and cultural renewal (1955–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, by the mid-1950s, just as with the novel, a new generation which had only experienced the Spanish civil war in childhood was coming of age. While still informed by the material social and political conditions of Spanish society, the works of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Ángel González Muñiz">Ángel González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(poet)" title="Claudio Rodríguez (poet)">Claudio Rodríguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Valente" title="José Ángel Valente">José Ángel Valente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agust%C3%ADn_Goytisolo" title="José Agustín Goytisolo">José Agustín Goytisolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Brines" title="Francisco Brines">Francisco Brines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Fuertes" title="Gloria Fuertes">Gloria Fuertes</a> among others are less politically committed. Scholars differentiate these poets´ social focus as one of communication of experience versus Hierro's and Celaya's representation of experience. That is, while these younger poets were still interested in talking about Spain, they were at least equally focused on the interactive processes of communication with the reader who was contemporaneously living these experiences. Rather than passively ingest the poet's vision of contemporary society, the poets of what came to be called variously the generation of 1956 or “of the 1960s" produced poetry that engaged the reader in the interpretation if not the production of that vision. </p><p>By the early 1960s, the brief social realist burst in narrative was already growing stale. Numerous novelists took a brief hiatus from writing. The general consensus as a new decade began was that the straightforward “realism" of the previous decade, while manifesting the brutal “truth" of contemporary Spanish life under Franco, ultimately failed politically in that it directly modeled the very transparent discourse used so effectively by the authoritarian regime to crush the very opposition to which these writers aspired. Shaped in part by the French "nouveau roman" of writers like Alain Robbe-Grillet, the French "La Nouvelle Vague" cinema of Godard and Truffaut, and Latin American “Boom", Spanish novelists and poets, beginning perhaps with <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mart%C3%ADn_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Martín Santos">Luis Martín Santos</a>'s novel, <i>Tiempo de silencio</i> (1961), returned to the restless literary experimentation last seen in Spanish letters in the early 1930s. Among Spain's most celebrated “New Novels" of this period, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Benet" title="Juan Benet">Juan Benet</a>'s <i>Volverás a Región</i> (1967), Camilo José Cela's <i>San Camilo, 36</i> (1969), Miguel Delibes's <i>Cinco horas con Mario</i> (1966), Juan Goytisolo's so called “Trilogy of Treason" consisting of <i>Señas de identidad</i> (1966), <i>Reivindicación del conde Don Julián</i> (1970), and <i>Juan sin tierra</i> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a>'s <i>La saga/fuga de J.B.</i> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mars%C3%A9" title="Juan Marsé">Juan Marsé</a>'s <i>Si te dicen que caí</i> (1973), and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Goytisolo" title="Luis Goytisolo">Luis Goytisolo</a>'s tetralogy <i>Antagonía</i> (1973–1981) stand out. While arguably pulling Spanish narrative by the collar from the relative dark of social realism towards the aesthetic standards of Europe's most elite avant-garde, many of these novels proved almost unreadable to much of the public, a reality nicely embodied at the end of Juan Goytisolo's trilogy when an already deconstructed Spanish prose gradually transforms into an unreadable Arabic. </p><p>The novel's experimentation was shadowed in Spanish poetry. José María Castellet's publication of <i>Nueve novísimos poetas españoles</i> recognized a group of artists whose works had similarly returned to early century experimentation. The works of Pere Gimferrer, Guillermo Carnero, and Leopoldo Panero, arguably the most important poets of the group, manifest a decidedly baroque style full of oblique cultural references, metapoetic devices, and other forms of extreme poetic self-consciousness spilling into the precious. Like the works of the New Novelists, this poetry was for a select group of readers, if not exclusive to the poets themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_in_the_democracy_(1975–1999)"><span id="Writing_in_the_democracy_.281975.E2.80.931999.29"></span>Writing in the democracy (1975–1999)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Writing in the democracy (1975–1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Franco at last died in November 1975, the important work of establishing democracy had an immediate impact on Spanish letters. Elitist narrative and poetry quickly gave way to narrative and poetry interested anew in not merely teaching (via content or style) but in delighting. Storytelling became the mantra for a new generation of Spanish novelists. <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mendoza_Garriga" title="Eduardo Mendoza Garriga">Eduardo Mendoza</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Truth_about_the_Savolta_Case" title="The Truth about the Savolta Case">The Truth about the Savolta Case</a></i> (1975) invited readers to escape to the roaring 1920s of Spain's pre-political, culturally vibrant Silver Age. While availing itself of various “New Novel" experiments such as narrative fragmentation, the use of mixed media, and the presence of numerous often contradictory narrative voices, Mendoza's novel could be read and enjoyed as an adventure story with romantic and dramatic appeal. </p><p>Carmen Martín Gaite's 1978 novel, <i>El cuarto de atrás</i>, was another manifestation of the happy melding of experiment with old-fashioned storytelling, pulling readers down through various narrative levels to explore dark memories of Spain's recent political past but with the light, ironic touch of a romance novel. Over the next several years a wealth of young new writers, among them <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1s" title="Juan José Millás">Juan José Millás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Montero" title="Rosa Montero">Rosa Montero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mateo_D%C3%ADez" title="Luis Mateo Díez">Luis Mateo Díez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Merino" title="José María Merino">José María Merino</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Az%C3%BAa" title="Félix de Azúa">Félix de Azúa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cubas" title="Cristina Fernández Cubas">Cristina Fernández Cubas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Vila-Matas" title="Enrique Vila-Matas">Enrique Vila-Matas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carme_Riera" title="Carme Riera">Carme Riera</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Grandes" title="Almudena Grandes">Almudena Grandes</a>, would begin carving out a prominent place for themselves within the Spanish cultural field. During the 1980s, Spanish narrative began appearing regularly on best seller lists for the first time since the pre-war era and many of this new generation became literary and cultural celebrities, living off their work as writers with all its blessing and curses, including the obligation to publish or perish. </p><p>By the 1990s, the pressure to produce for the large publishing houses was clearly diminishing the early literary promise of some of these writers. On the other hand, some like Javier Marías, after publishing since the early 1970s, finally achieved international fame, appearing on best-seller lists throughout Europe. Marías's novels <i>Corazón tan blanco</i> (1992) and <i>Mañana en la batalla piensa en mí</i> (1994), and his ever-expanding experiment with real fiction (begun with 1989's <i>Todas las almas</i> and continued through weekly newspaper columns, 1998's <i>Negra espalda del tiempo</i>, and extended in his 21st century trilogy, <i>Tu rostro mañana</i>), placed him on numerous critics´ Nobel Prize shortlists. </p><p>The big money available through novel publishing manifest itself in the 1990s in the explosion of literary prizes, awarded in Spain, unlike the UK's Man Booker or the U.S.´s Pulitzer, to unpublished works. Literary prizes became little more than publicity opportunities. The long-standing Planeta and Nadal prizes, already media events, grew in importance and remuneration. They were joined during the decade by the Primavera, Alfaguara, and Lara Prizes, the return of the Café Gijón and the Biblioteca Breve prizes. Most carried large sums for the winners and guaranteed—often obligated—long international book tours. </p><p>Into this economically charged mix stepped two new phenomena, the literary superstar and the literary celebrity. The former is almost entirely embodied by journalist turned novelist <a href="/wiki/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a> who has managed to merit a certain critical acclaim while topping the sales charts with nearly every novel he writes. Many of his novels have been converted into popular films. A lesser figure as far as novel sales, but still important to the overall industry is the literary celebrity. These celebrities range from politically powerful figures like Antonio Muñoz Molina and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Juaristi" title="Jon Juaristi">Jon Juaristi</a> to brief media flashes like Ray Loriga, José Ángel Mañas, and Lucía Etxebarría. The latter three were the most representative members of the last of the twentieth century's supposed literary “generations." The “Generación X," as critics dubbed them, brought black humor to a certain kind of post-political social realism focused principally on sex, drugs, rock-n-roll and the mental illness that accompanies it. These writers proved an excellent marketing phenomenon. That their works will endure is doubtful. </p><p>New novelists whose work is more likely to endure that began publishing in this period include <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Chirbes" title="Rafael Chirbes">Rafael Chirbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_Gopegui" title="Belén Gopegui">Belén Gopegui</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Trueba" title="David Trueba">David Trueba</a>, the Basques writers <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Atxaga" title="Bernardo Atxaga">Bernardo Atxaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Bermejo" title="Alvaro Bermejo">Álvaro Bermejo</a>, the Galician's <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rivas" title="Manuel Rivas">Manuel Rivas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suso_de_Toro" title="Suso de Toro">Suso de Toro</a> among others. In the final decade of the 1990s, then, arguably five generations of writers—from Cela, to Sánchez Ferlosio, to Mendoza, to Muñoz Molina, to the Generation X authors—were sharing the expanding literary space of Spanish narrative. Notwithstanding the plethora of prize money that threatened to drown out quality with media-generated noise, the Spanish literary field at the end of the twentieth century was as promising as it had been since the 1920s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_literature">Contemporary literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contemporary literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a> is widely considered as the most distinguished author in contemporary Spanish literature. Other acclaimed and widely read writers both nationally and internationally are <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Vila-Matas" title="Enrique Vila-Matas">Enrique Vila-Matas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Montero" title="Rosa Montero">Rosa Montero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina" title="Antonio Muñoz Molina">Antonio Muñoz Molina</a>, as well as more commercial authors like <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ruiz_Zaf%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Ruiz Zafón">Carlos Ruiz Zafón</a>. In recent years authors such as <a href="/wiki/Elvira_Navarro" title="Elvira Navarro">Elvira Navarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javier_Cercas" title="Javier Cercas">Javier Cercas</a> have published acclaimed best-selling novels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outline">Outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Middle Ages <ul><li>Epics: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_the_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lay of the Cid">The Lay of the Cid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poema_de_Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Poema de Fernán González">Poema de Fernán González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocedades_de_Rodrigo" title="Mocedades de Rodrigo">Mocedades de Rodrigo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso X">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz" title="Juan Ruiz">Juan Ruiz</a> (<i>Libro de buen amor</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Berceo" title="Gonzalo de Berceo">Gonzalo de Berceo</a> (<i>Milagros de Nuestra Señora</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Manrique" title="Jorge Manrique">Jorge Manrique</a> (<i>Coplas a la muerte de su padre</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Renaissance and Baroque (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Siglo de oro</a>) <ul><li>The classical prose <ul><li>Anonymous (<i><a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Rojas" title="Fernando de Rojas">Fernando de Rojas</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_Araucana" title="La Araucana">La Araucana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a> (<i>Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> (<i>Historia General de las cosas de la Nueva España</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Mateo Alemán">Mateo Alemán</a> (<i>Guzmán de Alfarache</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a> (<i>El Criticón</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, <i>Novelas ejemplares</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>The classical Spanish theater <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Encina" title="Juan del Encina">Juan del Encina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Rueda" title="Lope de Rueda">Lope de Rueda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillén de Castro">Guillén de Castro</a> (<i>Las Mocedades del Cid</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a> (<i>El perro del hortelano</i>, <i>Fuenteovejuna</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a> (<i>La vida es sueño</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a> (<i>El burlador de Sevilla</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish classical poetry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosc%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Boscán">Juan Boscán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Luis de León">Fray Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John of the Cross">Saint John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Teresa of Ávila">Saint Teresa of Ávila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philosophy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija" title="Antonio de Nebrija">Antonio de Nebrija</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_Castellana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramática Castellana">Gramática Castellana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Pereira" title="Gómez Pereira">Gómez Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> (<i>Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The 18th century <ul><li>Neoclassical prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">José Cadalso</a> (<i>Cartas marruecas</i>, <i>Noches lúgubres</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feijoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijoo">Benito Jerónimo Feijoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Isla" title="José Francisco de Isla">José Francisco de Isla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Neoclassical poetry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Iriarte" title="Tomás de Iriarte">Tomás de Iriarte</a> (<i>Fábulas literarias</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mel%C3%A9ndez_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan Meléndez Valdés">Juan Meléndez Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Samaniego" title="Félix María de Samaniego">Félix María de Samaniego</a></li></ul></li> <li>Neoclassical theater <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Huerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicente García de la Huerta">Vicente García de la Huerta</a> (<i>Raquel</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Leandro Fernández de Moratín</a> (<i>El sí de las niñas</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The 19th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romance_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Romance literature">Romanticists</a> <ul><li>Romantic Prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Mariano José de Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pelayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo">Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romantic poetry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Quintana" title="Manuel José Quintana">Manuel José Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer</a> (<i>Rhymes</i>, <i>Legends</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">José de Espronceda</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/El_estudiante_de_Salamanca" title="El estudiante de Salamanca">El estudiante de Salamanca</a></i>, <i>La canción del pirata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romantic theater <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelardo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelardo López de Ayala">Adelardo López de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Antonio García Gutiérrez</a> (<i>El trovador</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Eugenio_Hartzenbusch" title="Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch">Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch</a> (<i>Los amantes de Teruel</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Rosa" title="Francisco Martínez de la Rosa">Francisco Martínez de la Rosa</a> (<i>La conjuración de Venecia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_Duke_of_Rivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángel de Saavedra, Duke of Rivas">Duque de Rivas</a> (<i>Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">José Zorrilla</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_Tenorio" title="Don Juan Tenorio">Don Juan Tenorio</a></i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Realist_literature" title="Spanish Realist literature">Realists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fortunata_y_Jacinta" title="Fortunata y Jacinta">Fortunata y Jacinta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Episodios_Nacionales" title="Episodios Nacionales">Episodios Nacionales</a></i>, <i>Misericordia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas_y_Ure%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo Alas y Ureña">Leopoldo Alas, Clarín</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_Regenta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Regenta">La Regenta</a></i>, <i>Su único hijo</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Vicente Blasco Ibáñez</a> (<i>Arroz y tartana</i>, <i>Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Pardo_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Emilia Pardo Bazán">Emilia Pardo Bazán</a> (<i>Los pazos de Ulloa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gaspar_y_Rimbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau">Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau</a> (<i>El anacronópete</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Antonio de Alarcón">Pedro Antonio de Alarcón</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/El_sombrero_de_tres_picos_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="El sombrero de tres picos (novel)">El sombrero de tres picos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Palacio_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Armando Palacio Valdés">Armando Palacio Valdés</a> (<i>La hermana San Sulpicio</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Pereda" title="José María de Pereda">José María de Pereda</a> (<i>Sotileza</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Valera_y_Alcal%C3%A1-Galiano" title="Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano">Juan Valera</a> (<i>Pepita Jiménez</i>, <i>Juanita la Larga</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Arenal" title="Concepción Arenal">Concepción Arenal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The 20th century <ul><li>Generation of 98 <ul><li>Prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Ganivet" title="Ángel Ganivet">Ángel Ganivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja" title="Pío Baroja">Pío Baroja</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Tree_of_Knowledge_(novel)" title="The Tree of Knowledge (novel)">The Tree of Knowledge</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mist_(novel)" title="Mist (novel)">Mist</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_Ruiz" title="José Martínez Ruiz">José Martínez Ruiz, Azorín</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poetry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Machado" title="Antonio Machado">Antonio Machado</a> (<i>Soledades</i>, <i>Campos de Castilla</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Machado_y_Ruiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Machado y Ruiz">Manuel Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Satz" title="Mario Satz">Mario Satz</a></li></ul></li> <li>Theater <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a> (<i>Los intereses creados</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_del_Valle-Incl%C3%A1n" title="Ramón del Valle-Inclán">Ramón del Valle-Inclán</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Luces_de_bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Luces de bohemia">Luces de bohemia</a></i>, <i>Martes de Carnaval</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Generation of 27 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Alberti" title="Rafael Alberti">Rafael Alberti</a> (<i>Marinero en tierra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Alonso" title="Dámaso Alonso">Dámaso Alonso</a> (<i>Hijos de la ira</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Altolaguirre" title="Manuel Altolaguirre">Manuel Altolaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Cernuda" title="Luis Cernuda">Luis Cernuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Diego" title="Gerardo Diego">Gerardo Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" class="mw-redirect" title="García Lorca">García Lorca</a> (<i>Yerma</i>, <i>La casa de Bernarda Alba</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Jorge Guillén">Jorge Guillén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Leopoldo Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Prados" title="Emilio Prados">Emilio Prados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Salinas" title="Pedro Salinas">Pedro Salinas</a> (<i>La voz a ti debida</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Miguel Hernández">Miguel Hernández</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_farmer_of_more_air" class="mw-redirect" title="The farmer of more air">The farmer of more air</a></i>, <i>El rayo que no cesa</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Philosophy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano" title="María Zambrano">María Zambrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a> (<i>Meditaciones sobre el Quijote</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Deulofeu" title="Alexandre Deulofeu">Alexandre Deulofeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Marias" class="mw-redirect" title="Julián Marias">Julián Marias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Savater" title="Fernando Savater">Fernando Savater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Zubiri" title="Xavier Zubiri">Xavier Zubiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_d%27Ors" title="Eugenio d'Ors">Eugenio d'Ors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a> (<i>La colmena</i>, <i>La familia de Pascual Duarte</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1n_G%C3%B3mez" title="Fernando Fernán Gómez">Fernando Fernán Gómez</a> (<i>El viaje a ninguna parte</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a> (<i>Cinco horas con Mario</i>, <i>Los santos inocentes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Los_gozos_y_las_sombras" title="Los gozos y las sombras">Los gozos y las sombras</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_V%C3%A1zquez_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Manuel Vázquez Montalbán">Manuel Vázquez Montalbán</a> (<i>Yo maté a Kennedy</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Aub" title="Max Aub">Max Aub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poetry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_de_la_Serna" title="Ramón Gómez de la Serna">Ramón Gómez de la Serna</a> (<i>Greguerías</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jorge Semprún">Jorge Semprún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cano" title="José Luis Cano">José Luis Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">José María Pemán</a></li></ul></li> <li>Theater <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Rusi%C3%B1ol" title="Santiago Rusiñol">Santiago Rusiñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Casona" title="Alejandro Casona">Alejandro Casona</a> (<i>La dama del alba</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Buero_Vallejo" title="Antonio Buero Vallejo">Antonio Buero Vallejo</a> (<i>Historia de una escalera</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Arrabal" title="Fernando Arrabal">Fernando Arrabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloma_Pedrero" title="Paloma Pedrero">Paloma Pedrero</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Philippine literature in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_authors" title="List of Spanish-language authors">List of Spanish-language authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_poets" title="List of Spanish-language poets">List of Spanish-language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-language_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-language literature">Galician-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asturian_language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Asturian language authors">List of Asturian language authors</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Premio_Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Premio Cervantes">Premio Cervantes</a> prize is awarded to honour the career of a writer in the Spanish language, regardless of nationality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gironella" title="José María Gironella">José María Gironella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>, for literature produced in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMenocalScheindlinSells2000" class="citation book cs1">Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/literature-of-alandalus/32A7BC8DE88D0C226BB10602578DB152"><i>The Literature of Al-Andalus</i></a>. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596">10.1017/chol9780521471596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6"><bdi>978-0-521-47159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Al-Andalus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47159-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fliterature-of-alandalus%2F32A7BC8DE88D0C226BB10602578DB152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. Garrido Ardila "A Concise Introduction to the History of the Spanish Novel" <i>A History of the Spanish Novel</i>, Oxford University Press 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Fish Compton: Review of <i>Andalusian Lyrical Poetry and Old Spanish Love Songs: The "Muwashshah" and Its "Kharja."</i> by S. G. Armistead", <i>Hispanic Review</i>, Vol. 46, No. 1. (Winter, 1978), pp. 92-95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/472277">[1]</a>: <i>"The use of Mozarabic should not be limited to "Christians and Jews living under Muslim rulers", since it is clear that most Hispano-Moslems also spoke [it]"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipski-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipski_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> LIPSKI, John M.: "Review of <i>El Mozarabe de Valencia</i> by Leopoldo Penarroja Torrejon", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>.Vol. 24, No. 3 (Aug., 1992), pp. 519-521 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/164638">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CASTRO, Américo: "Mozarabic Poetry and Castile", <i>Comparative Literature</i>. Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring, 1952), pp. 188-189.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1768409">[3]</a>: <i>"[...] The new-found Mozarabic poetry is not written in Castilian, and that therefore its existence cannot be used to prove that there was a lyric poetry in Castile"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Auñón2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez Auñón, Estefanía (2021-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6018%2Fcartaphilus.456101">"Romanticism in the North American Short Story"</a>. <i>Cartaphilus. Revista de investigación y crítica estética</i>. <b>18</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6018%2Fcartaphilus.456101">10.6018/cartaphilus.456101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1887-5238">1887-5238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartaphilus.+Revista+de+investigaci%C3%B3n+y+cr%C3%ADtica+est%C3%A9tica&rft.atitle=Romanticism+in+the+North+American+Short+Story&rft.volume=18&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6018%2Fcartaphilus.456101&rft.issn=1887-5238&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Estefan%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.6018%252Fcartaphilus.456101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/jose-de-espronceda/e97beaab-f0a3-4f73-8302-1c8185110410">"El escritor José de Espronceda"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></i> (in Spanish). Madrid<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+del+Prado&rft.atitle=El+escritor+Jos%C3%A9+de+Espronceda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelprado.es%2Fcoleccion%2Fobra-de-arte%2Fjose-de-espronceda%2Fe97beaab-f0a3-4f73-8302-1c8185110410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Andrew Kingsford-Smith <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/the-voice-of-spain-10-of-the-best-contemporary-spanish-authors/">10 of the Best Contemporary Spanish Authors</a> Culture Trip 18 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borja Hermoso <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/28/new-europe-spain-reading-publishing">What they're reading in Spain</a> The Guardian 28 March 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattison,_Walter_and_Donald_Bleznick1971" class="citation book cs1">Pattison, Walter and Donald Bleznick (1971). <i>Representative Spanish Authors: Volume I</i> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501326-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501326-3"><bdi>0-19-501326-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+Spanish+Authors%3A+Volume+I&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-501326-3&rft.au=Pattison%2C+Walter+and+Donald+Bleznick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleznick,_vol_II1971" class="citation book cs1">Bleznick, vol II (1971). <i>Representative Spanish Authors, Vol. II</i> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501433-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501433-2"><bdi>0-19-501433-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+Spanish+Authors%2C+Vol.+II&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-501433-2&rft.au=Bleznick%2C+vol+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gies, David T. (Ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80618-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80618-6">0-521-80618-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_literature&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_literature" title="Template:European literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_literature" title="Template talk:European literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_literature" title="Aragonese literature">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_literature" title="Aromanian literature">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_literature" title="Asturian literature">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian literature">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_literature" title="Chuvash literature">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English <span style="font-size:85%;">(Anglo-Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_literature" title="Flemish literature">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" 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