CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Racism in Australia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d06347e9-f598-4646-9d3f-c7644f16964d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Racism_in_Australia","wgTitle":"Racism in Australia","wgCurRevisionId":1277910707,"wgRevisionId":1277910707,"wgArticleId":23011954,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with reference errors","CS1 maint: url-status","Pages with broken reference names","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2013","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2020","Use Australian English from August 2011","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Articles with excerpts","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012","Articles to be expanded from November 2024","All articles to be expanded","Racism in Australia","Culture of Australia","Racism by country","Racism in Oceania"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Racism_in_Australia","wgRelevantArticleId":23011954,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Racism_in_Australia#Indigenous_Australians","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7279732","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/1200px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1566"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/800px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1044"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/640px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="835"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Racism in Australia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Australia#Indigenous_Australians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Australia#Indigenous_Australians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Racism_in_Australia rootpage-Racism_in_Australia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Racism+in+Australia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Racism+in+Australia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Racism+in+Australia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Racism+in+Australia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_Australia_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Australia_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 White Australia policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Australia_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise_of_the_White_Australia_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise_of_the_White_Australia_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Demise of the White Australia policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise_of_the_White_Australia_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2005_UN_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_UN_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 2005 UN report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_UN_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_rights,_stolen_generations,_and_terra_nullius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_rights,_stolen_generations,_and_terra_nullius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Land rights, stolen generations, and terra nullius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_rights,_stolen_generations,_and_terra_nullius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_rights_returned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_rights_returned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Land rights returned </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_rights_returned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Nations_health_and_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Nations_health_and_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 First Nations health and employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Nations_health_and_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Indigenous Australians </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_Australians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indigenous Australians subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Historical relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_to_the_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_to_the_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 World War II to the 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_to_the_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Stolen_Generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Stolen_Generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 The Stolen Generations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Stolen_Generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mabo_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mabo_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Mabo Case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mabo_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Current issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 European Australians </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_Australians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle European Australians subsection </button> <ul id="toc-European_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_British_and_Irish_settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_British_and_Irish_settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early British and Irish settlers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_British_and_Irish_settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Asian Australians </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asian_Australians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Asian Australians subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Asian_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early Asian and Pacific Islander immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buckland_riot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buckland_riot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Buckland riot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buckland_riot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lambing_Flat_Riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lambing_Flat_Riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Lambing Flat Riots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lambing_Flat_Riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internment_of_Japanese_and_Taiwanese_people_in_Australia_during_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internment_of_Japanese_and_Taiwanese_people_in_Australia_during_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Internment of Japanese and Taiwanese people in Australia during WWII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internment_of_Japanese_and_Taiwanese_people_in_Australia_during_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assaults_against_Indian_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assaults_against_Indian_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Assaults against Indian students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assaults_against_Indian_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_issues_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_issues_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Current issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_issues_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_and_violence_against_Asian_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_and_violence_against_Asian_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Discrimination and violence against Asian Australians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_and_violence_against_Asian_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Racial stereotypes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_minority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_minority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Model minority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_minority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bamboo_ceiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bamboo_ceiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Bamboo ceiling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bamboo_ceiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disparities_among_Asian_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disparities_among_Asian_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Disparities among Asian Australians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disparities_among_Asian_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eastern_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Middle Eastern Australians </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Eastern_Australians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Middle Eastern Australians subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cronulla_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronulla_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cronulla riots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cronulla_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Australians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Australians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 African Australians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Australians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Contemporary issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asylum_seekers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asylum_seekers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Asylum seekers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asylum_seekers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Semitism_in_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Semitism_in_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Anti-Semitism in Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Semitism_in_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far-right_and_neo-Nazi_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far-right_and_neo-Nazi_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Far-right and neo-Nazi groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far-right_and_neo-Nazi_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_Hanson_and_One_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_Hanson_and_One_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Pauline Hanson and One Nation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_Hanson_and_One_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Alleviation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alleviation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alleviation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alleviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Re-directing_ingroup_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-directing_ingroup_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Re-directing ingroup bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-directing_ingroup_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acknowledging_and_addressing_unconscious_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acknowledging_and_addressing_unconscious_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Acknowledging and addressing unconscious bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acknowledging_and_addressing_unconscious_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing_the_Gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing_the_Gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Closing the Gap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing_the_Gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Uluru Statement from the Heart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_relating_to_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_relating_to_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legislation relating to racism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation_relating_to_racism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legislation relating to racism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation_relating_to_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racist_legislation_in_Australian_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racist_legislation_in_Australian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Racist legislation in Australian history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racist_legislation_in_Australian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-racist_legislation_in_contemporary_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-racist_legislation_in_contemporary_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Anti-racist legislation in contemporary Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-racist_legislation_in_contemporary_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_advocates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_advocates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Indigenous advocates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_advocates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Racism in Australia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" > 1 language </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="العنصرية في أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العنصرية في أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7279732#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Racism_in_Australia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Racism_in_Australia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Racism_in_Australia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&oldid=1277910707" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Racism_in_Australia&id=1277910707&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRacism_in_Australia%23Indigenous_Australians">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRacism_in_Australia%23Indigenous_Australians">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Racism_in_Australia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism_in_Australia" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7279732" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Anti-indigenous racism in Australia</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_Australia_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/220px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/330px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/440px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>A poster used by the "No" campaign of the <a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_conscription_referendum" title="1917 Australian conscription referendum">1917 Australian conscription referendum</a>, which states "Keep Australia White"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Racism in Australia comprises negative attitudes and views on race or ethnicity which are held by various people and groups in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and have been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices and actions (including violence) at various times in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">history of Australia</a> against racial or ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a> against various ethnic or minority groups has existed in Australia since <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">British colonisation</a>. Throughout Australian history, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples of Australia</a> have faced severe restrictions on their political, social, and economic freedoms, and suffered <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">forced removals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">massacres</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and continue to face <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> Australians have also been the victims of discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Jews" title="Australian Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a> were often subjected to <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> exclusion and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious</a> and ethnic discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Racism has manifested itself in a variety of ways, including <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> racist <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">immigration</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalisation</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> laws, and <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Australia_policy">White Australia policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: White Australia policy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></div> Following the establishment of autonomous parliaments, a rise in nationalism and improvements in transportation, the Australian colonies voted to unite in a Federation, which came into being in 1901. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> and early parliaments established one of the most progressive governmental systems on the earth at that time, with male and female suffrage and series of checks and balances built into the governmental framework. National security fears had been one of the chief motivators for the union and legislation was quickly enacted to restrict non-European immigration to Australia – the foundation of the White Australia policy – and voting rights for Aboriginal people were denied across most states. Australia's official World War One historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bean" title="Charles Bean">Charles Bean</a> defined the early intentions of the policy as "a vehement effort to maintain a high Western standard of economy, society and culture (necessitating at that stage, however it might be camouflaged, the rigid exclusion of Oriental people)."<a href="#cite_note-Bean-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barton_government" title="Barton government">new Parliament</a> quickly moved to restrict immigration to maintain Australia's "British character",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the Pacific Island Labourers Bill and the Immigration Restriction Bill were passed shortly before parliament rose for its first Christmas recess. Nevertheless, the Colonial Secretary in Britain made it clear that a race-based immigration policy would run "contrary to the general conceptions of equality which have ever been the guiding principle of British rule throughout the Empire", so the <a href="/wiki/Barton_government" title="Barton government">Barton government</a> conceived of the "language dictation test", which would allow the government, at the discretion of the minister, to block unwanted migrants by forcing them to sit a test in "any European language". Race had already been established as a premise for exclusion among the colonial parliaments, so the main question for debate was who exactly the new Commonwealth ought to exclude, with the Labor Party rejecting Britain's calls to placate the populations of its non-white colonies and allow "aboriginal natives of Asia, Africa, or the islands thereof". There was opposition from Queensland and its sugar industry to the proposals of the Pacific Islanders Bill to exclude "Kanaka" labourers, however Barton argued that the practice was "veiled slavery" that could lead to a "negro problem" similar to that in the United States and the Bill was passed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demise_of_the_White_Australia_policy">Demise of the White Australia policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demise of the White Australia policy">edit</a>]</div> The restrictive measures established by the first parliament gave way to multi-ethnic immigration policies only after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, with the "dictation test" itself being finally abolished in 1958 by the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies Government (1949–1966)">Menzies Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immi.gov.au-23">[23]</a> The Menzies Government instigated migrants over all others since the time of Australian Federation in 1901 and abolished restrictions on voting rights for Aboriginal people, which had persisted in some jurisdictions. In 1950 External Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Percy_Spender" title="Percy Spender">Percy Spender</a> instigated the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a>, under which students from Asian countries were admitted to study at Australian universities, then in 1957 non-Europeans with 15 years' residence in Australia were allowed to become citizens. In a watershed legal reform, a 1958 revision of the Migration Act introduced a simpler system for entry and abolished the "dictation test" which had permitted the exclusion of migrants on the basis of their ability to take down a dictation offered in any European language. Immigration Minister, Sir Alexander Downer, announced that 'distinguished and highly qualified Asians' might immigrate. Restrictions continued to be relaxed through the 1960s in the lead up to the <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a>'s watershed Migration Act, 1966.<a href="#cite_note-immi.gov.au-23">[23]</a> Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> which excluded <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> from being counted in the census;– the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes').<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The legal end of the White Australia Policy is usually placed in 1973, when the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam Labor government</a> implemented a series of amendments preventing the enforcement of racial aspects of the immigration law. These amendments:<a href="#cite_note-abolition-25">[25]</a> <ul><li>Legislated that all migrants, regardless of origin, be eligible to obtain citizenship after three years of permanent residence.</li> <li>Ratified all international agreements relating to immigration and race.</li> <li>Issued policy to totally disregard race as a factor in selecting migrants.</li></ul> The 1975 <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act</a> made the use of racial criteria for any official purpose illegal (with the exception of census forms). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> A 2003 Paper by health economist Gavin Mooney said that "Government institutions in Australia are racist". The paper evidenced this opinion by stating that the Aboriginal Medical Service was underfunded and under supported by government.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2007, What's the Score? A survey of cultural diversity and racism in Australian sport conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_and_Equal_Opportunity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission">Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission</a> (HREOC) said that "racial abuse and vilification is commonplace in Australian sport... despite concerted efforts to stamp it out". The report said that Aboriginal and other ethnic groups are under-represented in Australian sport, and suggests they are turned off organised sport because they fear <a href="/wiki/Racial_vilification" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial vilification">racial vilification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coomber-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Despite the finding, indigenous participation in Australian sport is widespread. In 2009, about 90,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders were participating in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rules_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rules Football">Australian Rules Football</a> alone and the Australian Football League (AFL) encouraged their participation through the Kickstart Indigenous programs "as the vehicle to improve the quality of life in Indigenous communities, not only in sport, but in the areas of employment, education and health outcomes".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Similarly, Australia's second most popular football code encourages participation through events like the NSW Aboriginal Rugby League Knockout and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_All_Stars_(rugby_league)" title="Indigenous All Stars (rugby league)">Indigenous All Stars Team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_UN_report">2005 UN report</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2005 UN report">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination">Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a> in its report,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> released in 2005 was complimentary on improvements in race-related issues since its previous report five years prior, namely:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>the criminalising of acts and incitement of racial hatred in most <a href="/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states and territories">Australian states and territories</a></li> <li>progress in the economic, social and cultural rights by Indigenous peoples</li> <li>programmes and practices among the police and the judiciary, aimed at reducing the number of Indigenous juveniles entering the criminal justice system</li> <li>the adoption of a Charter of Public Service in a Culturally Diverse Society to ensure that government services are provided in a way that is sensitive to the language and cultural needs of all Australians</li> <li>and the numerous human rights education programmes developed by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC)</li></ul> The committee expressed concern about the abolishment of <a href="/wiki/ATSIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSIC">ATSIC</a>; proposed reforms to <a href="/wiki/HREOC" class="mw-redirect" title="HREOC">HREOC</a> that may limit its independence; the practical barriers Indigenous peoples face in succeeding in claims for native title; a lack of legislation criminalising serious acts or incitement of racial hatred in the Commonwealth, the State of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>; and the inequities between Indigenous peoples and others in the areas of employment, housing, longevity, education and income.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism#Australia" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism § Australia</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institutional_racism&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg/220px-Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg/330px-Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg/440px-Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05297.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9504" data-file-height="6336" /></a><figcaption>Anti-racism protest in Brisbane</figcaption></figure> It is estimated that the population of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal peoples</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">European colonisation of Australia</a> (starting in 1788) was about 314,000.<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_racism_Drahos2014-35">[35]</a> It has also been estimated by ecologists that the land could have supported a population of a million people. By 1901, they had been reduced by two-thirds to 93,000. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">First Nations Australians</a> (including both Aboriginal Australians and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> people) comprised about 3% of the total population, at 661,000. When <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Cook">Captain Cook</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> in 1770, he was under orders not to plant the British flag and to defer to any native population, which was largely ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_racism_Rewi2012-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_rights,_stolen_generations,_and_terra_nullius">Land rights, stolen generations, and terra nullius</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Land rights, stolen generations, and terra nullius">edit</a>]</div> Torres Strait Islander people are indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, which are in the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> between the northernmost tip of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. Institutional racism had its early roots here due to interactions between these islanders, who had <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> origins and depended on the sea for sustenance and whose land rights were abrogated, and later the Australian Aboriginal peoples, whose children were removed from their families by Australian federal and state government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The removals occurred in the period between approximately 1909 and 1969, resulting in what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>. An example of the abandonment of mixed-race ("<a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">half-caste</a>") children in the 1920s is given in a report by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer" title="Walter Baldwin Spencer">Walter Baldwin Spencer</a> that many mixed-descent children born during construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Ghan" title="The Ghan">The Ghan</a> railway were abandoned at early ages with no one to provide for them. This incident and others spurred the need for state action to provide for and protect such children. Both were official policy and were coded into law by various acts. They have both been rescinded and restitution for past wrongs addressed at the highest levels of government.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The treatment of the First Nations Australians by the colonisers has been termed <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The earliest introduction of child removal to legislation is recorded in the Victorian <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Act_1869" title="Aboriginal Protection Act 1869">Aboriginal Protection Act 1869</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_for_the_Protection_of_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines">Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines</a> had been advocating such powers since 1860, and the passage of the Act gave the colony of Victoria a wide suite of powers over Aboriginal and "<a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">half-caste</a>" persons, including the forcible removal of children,<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_racism_Assembly1903-42">[42]</a> especially "at risk" girls.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> By 1950, similar policies and legislation had been adopted by other states and territories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginals_Protection_and_Restriction_of_the_Sale_of_Opium_Act_1897" title="Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897">Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897</a> (Qld),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Ordinance_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborigines Ordinance 1918">Aborigines Ordinance 1918</a> (NT),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> the Aborigines Act 1934 (SA)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Native_Administration_Act,_1927" title="Native Administration Act, 1927">1936 Native Administration Act</a> (WA). The child-removal legislation resulted in widespread removal of children from their parents and exercise of sundry guardianship powers by <a href="/wiki/Protectors_of_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectors of Aborigines">Protectors of Aborigines</a> up to the age of 16 or 21. Policemen or other agents of the state were given the power to locate and transfer babies and children of mixed descent from their mothers or families or communities into institutions.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In these <a href="/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states and territories">Australian states and territories</a>, half-caste institutions (both government <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserves</a> and church-run <a href="/wiki/Mission_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission station">mission stations</a>) were established in the early decades of the 20th century for the reception of these separated children. Examples of such institutions include <a href="/wiki/Moore_River_Native_Settlement" title="Moore River Native Settlement">Moore River Native Settlement</a> in Western Australia, <a href="/wiki/Doomadgee,_Queensland" title="Doomadgee, Queensland">Doomadgee Aboriginal Mission</a> in Queensland, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Mission" title="Ebenezer Mission">Ebenezer Mission</a> in Victoria and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Valley_Mission" title="Wellington Valley Mission">Wellington Valley Mission</a> in New South Wales. In 1911, the Chief Protector of Aborigines in South Australia, <a href="/wiki/William_Garnet_South" title="William Garnet South">William Garnet South</a>, reportedly "lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute". South argued that "all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected". His lobbying reportedly played a part in the enactment of the Aborigines Act 1911; this made him the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia, including so-called "half-castes". <a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Bringing Them Home</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> a report on the status of the mixed race stated "... the physical infrastructure of missions, government institutions and children's homes was often very poor and resources were insufficient to improve them or to keep the children adequately clothed, fed, and sheltered". In reality, during this period, removal of the mixed-race children was related to the fact that most were offspring of domestic servants working on pastoral farms,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and their removal allowed the mothers to continue working as help on the farm while at the same time removing the whites from responsibility for fathering them and from <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> for having mixed-race children visible in the home.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Also, when they were left alone on the farm they became targets of the men who contributed to the rise in the population of mixed-race children.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The institutional racism was government policy gone awry, one that allowed babies to be taken from their mothers at birth, and this continued for most of the 20th century. That it was policy and kept secret for over 60 years is a mystery that no agency has solved to date.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the 1930s, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Cook_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Cook (Australia)">Cecil Cook</a>, perceived the continuing rise in numbers of "half-caste" children as a problem. His proposed solution was: "Generally by the fifth and invariably by the sixth generation, all native characteristics of the Australian Aborigine are eradicated. The problem of our half-castes will quickly be eliminated by the complete disappearance of the black race, and the swift submergence of their progeny in the white". He did suggest at one point that they be all sterilised.<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_racism_Moses2004-53">[53]</a> Similarly, the Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia, <a href="/wiki/A._O._Neville" title="A. O. Neville">A. O. Neville</a>, wrote in an article for <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a> in 1930: "Eliminate in future the full-blood and the white and one common blend will remain. Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture and eventually, the race will become white".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Official policy then concentrated on removing all black people from the population,<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_racism_BashfordLevine2010-55">[55]</a> to the extent that the full-blooded Aboriginal people were hunted to extinguish them from society,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and those of mixed race would be assimilated with the white race so that in a few generations they too would become white.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> By 1900, the recorded First Nations Australian population had declined to approximately 93,000. <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and Queensland specifically excluded Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from the electoral rolls. The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902</a> excluded "Aboriginal natives of Australia, Asia, Africa and Pacific Islands except for New Zealand" from voting unless they were on the roll before 1901.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_rights_returned">Land rights returned</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Land rights returned">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, a land rights conference was held at <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> a Torres Strait Islander, made a speech to the audience in which he explained the land inheritance system on <a href="/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The significance of this in terms of Australian common law doctrine was taken note of by one of the attendees, a lawyer, who suggested there should be a test case to claim land rights through the court system.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Ten years later, five months after Eddie Mabo died, on 3 June 1992, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> announced its historic decision, namely overturning the legal doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a>, which was the term applied by the British relating to the continent of Australia – "empty land".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Public interest in the Mabo case had the side effect of throwing the media spotlight on all issues related to Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia, and most notably the Stolen Generations. The social impacts of forced removal have been measured and found to be quite severe. Although the stated aim of the "resocialisation" program was to improve the integration of Aboriginal people into modern society, a study conducted in Melbourne and cited in the official report found that there was no tangible improvement in the social position of "removed" Aboriginal people as compared to "non-removed", particularly in the areas of employment and <a href="/wiki/Post-secondary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-secondary education">post-secondary education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Most notably, the study indicated that removed Aboriginal people were actually less likely to have completed a secondary education, three times as likely to have acquired a police record and were twice as likely to use <a href="/wiki/Illicit_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Illicit drug">illicit drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The only notable advantage "removed" Aboriginal people possessed was a higher average income, which the report noted was most likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals, and hence greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginal people living in remote communities.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Nations_health_and_employment">First Nations health and employment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: First Nations health and employment">edit</a>]</div> In his 2008 address to the houses of parliament <a href="/wiki/National_Apology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Apology">apologising for the treatment of the First Nations population</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> made a plea to the health services regarding the disparate treatment in health services. He noted the widening gap between the treatment of First Nations and non-Indigenous Australians, and committed the government to a strategy called "<a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gap" title="Closing the Gap">Closing the Gap</a>", admitting to past institutional racism in health services that shortened the life expectancy of the Aboriginal people. Committees that followed up on this outlined broad categories to redress the inequities in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, educational opportunities and employment.<a href="#cite_note-Institutional_racism_DalySpeedy2014-66">[66]</a> The Australian government also allocated funding to redress the past discrimination. First Nations Australians visit their <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a> (GPs) and are hospitalised for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, circulatory disease, musculoskeletal conditions, respiratory and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>, mental, ear and eye problems and behavioural problems yet are less likely than non-Indigenous Australians to visit the GP, use a private doctor, or apply for residence in an old age facility. <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Childhood mortality rates</a>, the gap in educational achievement and lack of employment opportunities were made goals that in a generation should halve the gap. A national "<a href="/wiki/Close_the_Gap" title="Close the Gap">Close the Gap</a>" day was announced for March of each year by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Health_and_Welfare" title="Australian Institute of Health and Welfare">Australian Institute of Health and Welfare</a> reported that life expectancy had increased since 2008 by 11.5 years for women and 9.7 years for men along with a significant decrease in infant mortality, but it was still 2.5 times higher than for the non-indigenous population. Much of the health woes of the First Nations Australians could be traced to the availability of transport. In remote communities, the report cited 71% of the population in those remote Fist Nations communities lacked access to public transport, and 78% of the communities were more than 80 kilometres (50 miles) from the nearest hospital. Although English was the official language of Australia, many First Nations Australians did not speak it as a primary language, and the lack of printed materials that were translated into the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> and the non-availability of translators formed a barrier to adequate health care for Aboriginal people. By 2015, most of the funding promised to achieve the goals of "Closing the Gap" had been cut, and the national group<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> monitoring the conditions of the First Nations population was not optimistic that the promises of 2008 will be kept.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 2012, the group complained that institutional racism and overt discrimination continued to be issues, and that, in some sectors of government, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> was being treated as an aspirational rather that a binding document.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Studies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia#Studies_relating_to_Aboriginal_people_only" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Indigenous health in Australia § Studies relating to Aboriginal people only</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_health_in_Australia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The following studies are confined to Aboriginal peoples only, although not necessarily only true of those populations: <ul><li>A 2015 study showed that Aboriginal Australians have disproportionately high rates of severe <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical disability</a>, as much as three times that of non-Aboriginal Australians, possibly due to higher rates of chronic diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>. The study found that <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and smoking rates were higher among Aboriginal people, which are contributing factors or causes of serious health issues. The study also showed that Aboriginal Australians were more likely to self-report their health as "excellent/very good" in spite of extant severe physical limitations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>One study reports that Aboriginal Australians are significantly affected by <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>, particularly in rural areas. These diseases include <a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">strongyloidiasis</a>, hookworm caused by <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">streptococcal</a> infections. Because poverty is also prevalent in Aboriginal populations, the need for medical assistance is even greater in many Aboriginal Australian communities. The researchers suggested the use of <a href="/wiki/Mass_drug_administration" title="Mass drug administration">mass drug administration</a> (MDA) as a method of combating the diseases found commonly among Aboriginal peoples, while also highlighting the importance of "sanitation, access to clean water, good food, integrated vector control and management, childhood immunisations, and personal and family hygiene".<a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_health_in_Australia_tropical-72">[72]</a></li> <li>A study examining the <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> functioning of high-risk-exposed and low-risk-exposed Aboriginal Australians aged 12–17 found that in high-risk youths, personal well-being was protected by a sense of solidarity and common low socioeconomic status. However, in low-risk youths, perceptions of racism caused poor psychosocial functioning. The researchers suggested that factors such as racism, discrimination and alienation contributed to physiological health risks in ethnic minority families. The study also mentioned the effect of poverty on Aboriginal populations: higher morbidity and mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>Aboriginal Australians suffer from high rates of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and among Aboriginal Australians. Aboriginal people develop <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, a condition that sharply increases the risk of stroke, much earlier than non-Aboriginal Australians on average. The life expectancy for Aboriginal Australians is 10 years lower than non-Aboriginal Australians. Technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_ambulatory_ECG" title="Wireless ambulatory ECG">Wireless ambulatory ECG</a> are being developed to screen at-risk individuals, particularly rural Australians, for atrial fibrillation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>According to Australian Journal Indigenous Issues three in four people regardless of ethnicity and <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a> hold a negative view of Indigenous Australians. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/three-in-four-people-hold-negative-view-of-indigenous-people">[1]</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a></div> Throughout the entire rental system, from property procurement and investment prior to the search for a rental property, through to eviction, discrimination in the private rental sector (PRS) occurs.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_Australians">Indigenous Australians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indigenous Australians">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples of Australia</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a> peoples, have lived in Australia for at least 65,000 years<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonWahlquist2017-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2017-77">[77]</a> before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> in 1788. The colonisation of Australia and development into a modern nation, saw explicit and implicit racial discrimination against Indigenous Australians. Indigenous Australians continue to be subjected to racist government policy and community attitudes. Racist community attitudes towards Aboriginal people have been confirmed as continuing both by surveys of Indigenous Australians<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and self-disclosure of racist attitudes by non-Indigenous Australians.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Since 2007, government policy considered to be racist include the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response" title="Northern Territory National Emergency Response">Northern Territory Intervention</a> which failed to produce a single child abuse conviction,<a href="#cite_note-Pazzano-80">[80]</a> cashless welfare cards trialled almost exclusively in Aboriginal communities,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> the Community Development Program that has seen Indigenous participants fined at a substantially higher rate than non-Indigenous participants in equivalent work-for-the-dole schemes,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and calls to shut down remote Indigenous communities<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> despite the United Nation's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> specifying governments must facilitate the rights of Indigenous people to live on traditional land. In 2016, police raids and behaviour on <a href="/wiki/2004_Palm_Island_death_in_custody" title="2004 Palm Island death in custody">Palm Island</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_deaths_in_custody" title="Aboriginal deaths in custody">death in custody</a> were found to have breached the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act 1975</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BT_5_Dec_16-84">[84]</a> with a record class action settlement of $30 million awarded to victims in May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Nothling_2018-85">[85]</a> The raids were found by the court to be "racist" and "unnecessary, disproportionate" with police having "acted in these ways because they were dealing with an Aboriginal community."<a href="#cite_note-BT_5_Dec_16-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> Despite Indigenous peoples being recognised under <a href="/wiki/British_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="British common law">British common law</a> as <a href="/wiki/British_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="British subjects">British subjects</a>, with equal rights under the law, colonial government policy and public opinion treated Aboriginal peoples as inferior. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948</a>, which came into force on 26 January 1949, created an Australian citizenship, but which co-existed with the continuing status of British subject. Aboriginal people became Australian citizens under the 1948 Act in the same way as other Australians, but they were not counted in the Australian population until after the <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 referendum</a>. The same applied to Torres Strait Islanders and the indigenous population of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a> (then a part of Australia). In 1770 and again in 1788, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> claimed Eastern Australia as its own on the basis of the now discredited doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a>. The implication of the doctrine became evident when <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a> purported to make <a href="/wiki/Batman%27s_Treaty" title="Batman's Treaty">Batman's Treaty</a> in 1835 with the <a href="/wiki/Wurundjeri" title="Wurundjeri">Wurundjeri</a> Elders of the area around the future <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Governor Bourke</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> proclaimed the Treaty null and void and that <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a> could not sell or assign land, nor could an individual person or group acquire it, other than through distribution by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Though the so-called Treaty was objectionable on many grounds, it was the first, and until the 1990s, the only time that an attempt was made to deal directly with the Indigenous peoples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_relations">Historical relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical relations">edit</a>]</div> English navigator <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> claimed the east coast of Australia for the British Empire in 1770, without conducting negotiations with the existing inhabitants. The first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>, was expressly instructed to establish friendship and good relations with Aboriginal people and interactions between the early settlers and the Indigenous people varied considerably throughout the colonial period – from the mutual curiosity displayed by the early interlocutors <a href="/wiki/Bennelong" title="Bennelong">Bennelong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bungaree" title="Bungaree">Bungaree</a> of Sydney, to outright hostility of <a href="/wiki/Pemulwuy" title="Pemulwuy">Pemulwuy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windradyne" title="Windradyne">Windradyne</a> of the Sydney region,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yagan" title="Yagan">Yagan</a> around Perth. Bennelong and a companion became the first Australians to sail to Europe, where they met <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>. Bungaree accompanied the explorer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> on the first circumnavigation of Australia. Pemulwuy was accused of the first killing of a white settler in 1790, and Windradyne resisted colonial settlement beyond the Blue Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> With the establishment of European settlement and its subsequent expansion, the Indigenous populations were progressively forced into neighbouring territories,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] or subsumed into the new political entities of the Australian colonies. Violent conflict between Indigenous peoples and European settlers, described by some historians as <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">frontier wars</a>, arose out of this expansion: by the late 19th century, many Indigenous populations had been forcibly relocated to land reserves and missions. The nature of many of these land reserves and missions enabled disease to spread quickly and many were closed as resident numbers dropped, with the remaining residents being moved to other land reserves and missions in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>, in Australia during the colonial period: "In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings. Even worse, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralisation".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> From the 1830s, colonial governments established the now controversial offices of the <a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a> in an effort to conduct government policy towards them. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christian churches</a> sought to convert Aboriginal people, and were often used by government to carry out welfare and assimilation policies. Colonial churchmen such as Sydney's first Catholic archbishop, <a href="/wiki/John_Bede_Polding" title="John Bede Polding">John Bede Polding</a>, strongly advocated for Aboriginal rights and dignity<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and prominent Aboriginal activist <a href="/wiki/Noel_Pearson" title="Noel Pearson">Noel Pearson</a>, who was raised at a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> mission in <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a>, has written that Christian missions throughout Australia's colonial history "provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating colonisation".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coniston_massacre" title="Coniston massacre">Coniston massacre</a>, which took place near the <a href="/wiki/Coniston_(Northern_Territory)" title="Coniston (Northern Territory)">Coniston</a> <a href="/wiki/Cattle_station" title="Cattle station">cattle station</a> in the then Territory of <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia_(territory)" title="Central Australia (territory)">Central Australia</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>) from 14 August to 18 October 1928, was the last known officially sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australians</a> and one of the last events of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Frontier Wars">Australian Frontier Wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a> of 1932–34 saw one of the last incidents of violent interaction on the "frontier" of Indigenous and non-indigenous Australia, which began when the spearing of Japanese poachers who had been molesting <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> women was followed by the killing of a policeman. As the crisis unfolded, national opinion swung behind the Aboriginal people involved, and the first appeal on behalf of an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> was launched. Following the crisis, the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Thomson" title="Donald Thomson">Donald Thomson</a> was dispatched by the government to live among the Yolngu.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Elsewhere around this time, activists like Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a> were commencing their campaigns for Aboriginal rights within the established Australian political system and the age of frontier conflict closed. Frontier encounters in Australia were not universally negative. Positive accounts of Aboriginal customs and encounters are also recorded in the journals of early European explorers, who often relied on Aboriginal guides and assistance: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt" title="Charles Sturt">Charles Sturt</a> employed Aboriginal envoys to explore the <a href="/wiki/Murray-Darling" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling">Murray-Darling</a>; the lone survivor of the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Wills" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke and Wills">Burke and Wills</a> expedition, <a href="/wiki/John_King_(explorer)" title="John King (explorer)">John King</a>, was helped by local Aboriginal people, and the famous tracker <a href="/wiki/Jackey_Jackey" title="Jackey Jackey">Jackey Jackey</a> accompanied his ill-fated friend <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kennedy" title="Edmund Kennedy">Edmund Kennedy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-94">[94]</a> Respectful studies were conducted by such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer" title="Walter Baldwin Spencer">Walter Baldwin Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gillen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Gillen">Frank Gillen</a> in their renowned anthropological study <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Native_Tribes_of_Central_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Native Tribes of Central Australia (page does not exist)">The Native Tribes of Central Australia</a> (1899); and by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Thomson" title="Donald Thomson">Donald Thomson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> (c. 1935 – 1943). In inland Australia, the skills of Aboriginal stockmen became highly regarded and in the 20th century, Aboriginal stockmen like <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lingiari" title="Vincent Lingiari">Vincent Lingiari</a> became national figures in their campaigns for better pay and conditions.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> 1938 was an important year for Indigenous rights campaigning. With the participation of leading indigenous activists like <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aborigines_Advancement_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Aborigines Advancement League (page does not exist)">Australian Aborigines Advancement League</a> organised a protest "Day of Mourning" to mark the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> of British in Australia and launched its campaign for full citizenship rights for all Aboriginal people. In the 1940s, the conditions of life for Aboriginal people could be very poor. A permit system restricted movement and work opportunities for many Aboriginal people. In the 1950s, the government pursued a policy of "assimilation" which sought to achieve full citizenship rights for Aboriginal people but also wanted them to adopt the mode of life of other Australians (which very often was assumed to require suppression of cultural identity).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_to_the_2000s">World War II to the 2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II to the 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG/330px-Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG/500px-Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG/600px-Douglas_%26_Gladys_Nicholls_statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a>, and to date, the only Indigenous Australian appointed to vice-regal office</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/White_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia">White Australia</a> policy was dismantled in the decades following the Second World War and legal reforms undertaken to address indigenous disadvantage and establish land rights and <a href="/wiki/Native_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Native title">native title</a>. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous people should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and "wards of the state" in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1965, Queensland became the last state to confer state voting rights on Aboriginal people, whereas in South Australia Aboriginal men had had the vote since the 1850s and Aboriginal women since the 1890s. A number of South Australian Aboriginal women took part in the vote selecting candidates for the constitutional conventions of the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton1990190-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 referendum</a> was held and overwhelmingly approved to amend the Constitution, removing discriminatory references and giving the national parliament the power to legislate specifically for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. In 1965, one of the earliest Aboriginal graduates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles N. Perkins">Charles Perkins</a>, helped organise the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Ride_(Australia)" title="Freedom Ride (Australia)">Freedom Ride</a> into parts of Australia to expose discrimination and inequality. In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Gurindji_people" title="Gurindji people">Gurindji people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wave_Hill_Station" title="Wave Hill Station">Wave Hill Station</a> (owned by the <a href="/wiki/Vestey_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestey Group">Vestey Group</a>) commenced strike action, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gurindji_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurindji strike">Gurindji strike</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lingiari" title="Vincent Lingiari">Vincent Lingiari</a>, in a quest for equal pay and recognition of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights_in_Australia" title="Indigenous land rights in Australia">Indigenous land rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton1990193,_195-98">[98]</a> From the 1960s, Australian writers began to re-assess European assumptions about Aboriginal Australia – with works including <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moorehead" title="Alan Moorehead">Alan Moorehead</a>'s The Fatal Impact (1966) and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey's</a> landmark history Triumph of the Nomads (1975). In 1968, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Stanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Stanner">W.E.H. Stanner</a> described the lack of historical accounts of relations between European and Aboriginal people as "the great Australian silence".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Reynolds_(historian)" title="Henry Reynolds (historian)">Henry Reynolds</a> argues that there was a "historical neglect" of Aboriginal people by historians until the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Early commentaries often tended to describe Aboriginal people as doomed to extinction following the arrival of Europeans. William Westgarth's 1864 book on the colony of Victoria observed; "the case of the Aborigines of Victoria confirms ...it would seem almost an immutable law of nature that such inferior dark races should disappear."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Stolen_Generations">The Stolen Generations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Stolen Generations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> were the children of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Australian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a> descent who were removed from their families by the Australian <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State</a> government agencies and church <a href="/wiki/Mission_(station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (station)">missions</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">acts</a> of their respective parliaments. The removals of those referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">half-caste</a>" children were conducted in the period between approximately 1905<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and 1967,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-read-105">[105]</a> although in some places <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> children were still being taken into the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Official government estimates are that in certain regions between one in ten and one in three Indigenous Australian children were forcibly taken from their families and communities between 1910 and 1970. In April 2000, the Aboriginal Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Herron_(Australian_politician)" title="John Herron (Australian politician)">John Herron</a>, presented a report in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Parliament">Australian Parliament</a> that questioned whether there had been a "Stolen Generation", arguing that only 10% of Aboriginal children had been removed, and they did not constitute an entire "generation". The report received media attention and there were protests against the claimed racism in this statement, and was countered by comparing use of this terminology to the World War 2 <a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a> which also did not comprise an entire generation.<a href="#cite_note-730Report-109">[109]</a> On 13 February 2008 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd presented an apology for the "Stolen Generation" as a <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motion</a> in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Lo-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mabo_Case">Mabo Case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mabo Case">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo v Queensland (No 2)</a></div> In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> handed down its decision in the <a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992)">Mabo Case</a>, declaring the previous legal concept of terra nullius to be invalid. That same year, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> said in his <a href="/wiki/Redfern_Park_Speech" title="Redfern Park Speech">Redfern Park Speech</a> that European settlers were responsible for the difficulties Australian Aboriginal communities continued to face: "We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion. It was our ignorance and our prejudice". In 1999 Parliament passed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_Reconciliation" title="Motion of Reconciliation">Motion of Reconciliation</a> drafted by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> and Aboriginal Senator <a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridgeway" title="Aden Ridgeway">Aden Ridgeway</a> naming mistreatment of Indigenous Australians as the most "blemished chapter in our international history".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_issues">Current issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tomkins_incident" title="Tomkins incident">Tomkins incident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_deaths_in_custody" title="Aboriginal deaths in custody">Aboriginal deaths in custody</a></div> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Children_are_Sacred" title="Little Children are Sacred">Little Children are Sacred</a> Report the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response" title="Northern Territory National Emergency Response">Northern Territory National Emergency Response</a> in 2007, to reduce child molestation, domestic violence and substance abuse in remote Indigenous communities.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The measures of the response which have attracted most criticism comprise the exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act 1975</a>, the compulsory acquisition of an unspecified number of prescribed communities (Measure 5) and the partial abolition of the permit system (Measure 10). These have been interpreted as undermining important principles and parameters established as part of the legal recognition of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Land_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Land rights">land rights</a> in Australia. The intervention, widely condemned as racist, failed to produce a single child abuse conviction in its first six years<a href="#cite_note-Pazzano-80">[80]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/James_Anaya" title="James Anaya">James Anaya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Special Rapporteur, alleged in 2010 that the policy was "racially discriminating" because measures like banning alcohol and pornography and quarantining a percentage of welfare income for the purchase of essential goods represented a limitation on "individual autonomy".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Rudd government, the Opposition and a number of prominent indigenous activists condemned Anaya's allegation. Central Australian Aboriginal leader <a href="/wiki/Bess_Price" title="Bess Price">Bess Price</a> criticised the UN for not sending a female repporteur and said that Abaya had been led around by opponents of the intervention to meet with opponents of the intervention.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-116">[116]</a> In the early 21st century, much of Indigenous Australia continued to suffer lower standards of health and education than non-indigenous Australia. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Close_the_Gap" title="Close the Gap">Close the Gap</a> campaign was launched by Olympic champions <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Freeman" title="Cathy Freeman">Cathy Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Thorpe" title="Ian Thorpe">Ian Thorpe</a> with the aim of achieving Indigenous health equality within 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Since the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Australian_Indigenous_Voice_referendum" title="2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum">2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum</a>, there has been a significant calls reignited from <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia"> Conservative</a> Politicians and Commentators to oppose or scale down <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia"> Indigenous Reconciliation</a>, viewing policies like <a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Country" title="Welcome to Country">Welcome to Country</a> ceremonies and placing the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_flag" title="Australian Aboriginal flag"> Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag"> Torres Strait</a> flags alongside the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">National Flag</a> as 'divisive'. <a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Australians">European Australians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European Australians">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_British_and_Irish_settlers">Early British and Irish settlers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early British and Irish settlers">edit</a>]</div> In the early decades of the establishment of British colonies in Australia, attitudes to race and ethnicity were imported from the British Isles. The ethnic mix of the early colonists consisted mainly of the four nationalities of the British Isles (English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh), but also included some Jewish and black African convicts. <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a>, particularly anti-Irish-Catholic sentiment was initially enshrined in law, reflecting the difficult position of Irish people within the British Empire. One-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic and at least half of them were born in Ireland. With Ireland often in revolt against British rule, the Irish enthusiasts of Australia faced surveillance and were denied the public practice of their religion in the early decades of settlement. Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> served as the last autocratic <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>, from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social and economic development of New South Wales which saw it transition from a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> to a budding free society. He sought good relations with the Aboriginal population and upset British government opinion by treating <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipists</a> as equal to free-settlers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Soon after, the reformist <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Justice_and_Attorney_General%27s_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales Justice and Attorney General's Department">attorney general</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Plunkett" title="John Plunkett">John Plunkett</a>, sought to apply <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, first by extending jury rights to <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipists</a>, then by extending legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal people</a>. Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre" title="Myall Creek massacre">Myall Creek massacre</a> of Aboriginal people with murder, resulting in a conviction and his landmark <a href="/wiki/Church_Act_1836" title="Church Act 1836">Church Act</a> of 1836 <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">disestablished</a> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and established legal equality between <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Australia">Catholics</a>, Presbyterians and later Methodists.<a href="#cite_note-adb-120">[120]</a> While elements of sectarianism and anti- sentiment persisted into the 20th century in Australia, the integration of the Irish, English, Scottish and Welsh nationalities was one of the first notable successes of Australian immigration policy and set a pattern for later migrant intakes of suspicion of minorities giving way to acceptance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asian_Australians">Asian Australians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asian Australians">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_immigration">Early Asian and Pacific Islander immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early Asian and Pacific Islander immigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></div> The Australian colonies had passed restrictive legislation as early as the 1860s, directed specifically at Chinese immigrants. Objections to the Chinese originally arose because of their large numbers, their religious beliefs, the widespread perception that they worked harder, longer and far more cheaply than European Australians and the view that they habitually engaged in gambling and smoking opium. It was also felt they would lower living standards, threaten democracy and that their numbers could expand into a "yellow tide".<a href="#cite_note-waywewere-121">[121]</a> Later, a popular cry was raised against increasing numbers of Japanese (following Japan's victory over China in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a>), South Asians and Kanakas (South Pacific islanders). Popular support for White Australia, always strong, was bolstered at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 when the Australian delegation led the fight to defeat a Japanese-sponsored racial-equality amendment to the League of Nations Covenant. The Japanese amendment was closely tied to their claim on German New Guinea and so was very largely refuted on security grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-northedge-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buckland_riot">Buckland riot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buckland riot">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Buckland_riot" title="Buckland riot">Buckland riot</a> was an anti-Chinese <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a> that occurred on 4 July 1857, in the goldfields of the <a href="/wiki/Buckland_River_(Victoria)" title="Buckland River (Victoria)">Buckland Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria, Australia</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Porepunkah" title="Porepunkah">Porepunkah</a>. At the time approximately 2000 Chinese and 700 European migrants were living in the Buckland area.<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lambing_Flat_Riots">Lambing Flat Riots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lambing Flat Riots">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat Riots (1860–1861)</a> were a series of violent anti-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">Chinese</a> demonstrations that took place in the Burrangong region, in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. They occurred on the goldfields at Spring Creek, Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, <a href="/wiki/Blackguard_Gully" title="Blackguard Gully">Blackguard Gully</a>, Tipperary Gully, and Lambing Flat. <a href="#Early_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_immigration">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a> was widespread during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This resentment manifested on 4 July 1857 when around 100 European rioters attacked Chinese settlements. The rioters had just left a public meeting at the Buckland Hotel where the riot ringleaders decided they would attempt to expel all the Chinese in the Buckland Valley. Contemporaneous newspaper reports claim that the riot was "led by Americans 'inflamed by liquor'".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> During the riot Chinese miners were beaten and robbed then driven across the <a href="/wiki/Buckland_River_(Victoria)" title="Buckland River (Victoria)">Buckland River</a>. At least three Chinese miners died reportedly of ill-health and entire encampments and a recently constructed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple_architecture" title="Chinese temple architecture">Joss house</a> were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[124]</a> Police arrested thirteen European accused rioters, however the empaneled juries acquitted all of major offences "amid the cheers of bystanders".<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The verdicts of the juries were later criticised in the press.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Events in the <a href="/wiki/Goldrush#Australian_gold_rushes" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldrush">Australian goldfields</a> in the 1850s led to hostility toward Chinese miners on the part of many Europeans, which was to affect many aspects of <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">European-Chinese relations</a> in Australia for the next century. Some of the sources of conflict between European and Chinese miners arose from the nature of the industry they were engaged in. Most <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> in the early years was <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> mining, where the gold was in small particles mixed with dirt, gravel and clay close to the surface of the ground, or buried in the beds of old watercourses or "leads". Extracting the gold took no great skill, but it was hard work, and generally speaking, the more work, the more gold the miner won. Europeans tended to work alone or in small groups, concentrating on rich patches of ground, and frequently abandoning a reasonably rich claim to take up another one rumoured to be richer. Very few miners became wealthy; the reality of the diggings was that relatively few miners found even enough gold to earn them a living. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment_of_Japanese_and_Taiwanese_people_in_Australia_during_WWII">Internment of Japanese and Taiwanese people in Australia during WWII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internment of Japanese and Taiwanese people in Australia during WWII">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians" title="Taiwanese Australians">Taiwanese Australians</a></div> Historically, Taiwanese Australians have had a significant presence in <a href="/wiki/Tatura" title="Tatura">Tatura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rushworth,_Victoria" title="Rushworth, Victoria">Rushworth</a>, two neighbouring countryside towns respectively located in the regions of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_Shepparton" title="City of Greater Shepparton">Greater Shepparton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Campaspe" title="Shire of Campaspe">Campaspe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>), in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Goulburn_Valley" title="Goulburn Valley">Goulburn Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">ethnic-Japanese</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>) and ethnic-Taiwanese (from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> nearby to these towns as a result of anti-<a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">collaboration</a> policies enforced by the Australian government (and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">WWII Allies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Roughly 600 Taiwanese civilians (entire families, including mothers, children and the elderly) were held at "Internment Camp No. 4", located in Rushworth but nominally labeled as being part of the "Tatura Internment Group", between January 1942 and March 1946.<a href="#cite_note-:02-137">[137]</a> Most of the Japanese and Taiwanese civilians were innocent and had been arrested for <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> reasons (see the related article "<a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a>", an article detailing similar internment in America).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Several Japanese and Taiwanese people were born in the internment camp and received <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> (Australian) <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificates</a> from a nearby hospital. Several Japanese people who were born in the internment camp were named "Tatura" in honour of their families' wartime internment at Tatura. During wartime internment, many working age adults in the internment camp operated small businesses (including a sewing factory) and local schools within the internment camp.<a href="#cite_note-:02-137">[137]</a> Regarding languages, schools mainly taught <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and Taiwanese languages (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a>). <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> are purported to have also been held at the camp, alongside <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> (possibly from <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrideans</a>, people from the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>, people from <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> (and presumably also <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> (who were <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">mixed-Japanese</a>).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> After the war, internees were resettled in their country of ethnic origin, rather than their country of nationality or residence, with the exception of Japanese Australians, who were generally allowed to remain in Australia. Non-Australian Japanese, who originated from Southeast Asia and the Pacific, were repatriated to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupied Japan</a>. On the other hand, Taiwanese, most of whom originated from the Netherlands East Indies, were repatriated to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Taiwan since 1945">Occupied Taiwan</a>. The repatriation of Taiwanese during March 1946 caused public outcry in Australia due to the allegedly poor living conditions aboard the repatriating ship "<a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yoizuki" title="Japanese destroyer Yoizuki">Yoizuki</a>", in what became known as the "Yoizuki Hellship scandal". Post-WWII, the Australian government was eager to expel any Japanese internees who did not possess Australian citizenship, and this included the majority of Taiwanese internees as well. However, the Republic of China (ROC) was an ally of Australia, and since the ROC had <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">occupied Taiwan</a> during October 1945, many among the Australian public believed that the Taiwanese internees should be deemed citizens of the ROC, and, therefore, friends of Australia, not to be expelled from the country, or at least not in such allegedly appalling conditions. This debate concerning the citizenship of Taiwanese internees—whether they were Chinese or Japanese—further inflamed public outrage at their allegedly appalling treatment by the Australian government. Additionally, it was technically true that several "camp babies"—internees who had been born on Australian soil whilst their parents were interned—possessed Australian birth certificates, which made them legally British subjects. However, many of these camp babies were also deported from the country alongside their non-citizen parents. There was also a minor controversy regarding the destination of repatriation, with some of the less Japan-friendly Taiwanese fearing that they would be repatriated to Japan, though this was resolved when they learnt that they were being repatriated to Taiwan instead. On January 5, 1993, a plaque was erected at the site of the internment camp at Tatura (Rushworth) to commemorate the memory of wartime internment. Forty-six Japanese and Taiwanese ex-internees, as well as a former (Australian) camp guard, are listed on the plaque.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assaults_against_Indian_students">Assaults against Indian students</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Assaults against Indian students">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2009_attacks_on_Indians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 attacks on Indians in Australia">2009 attacks on Indians in Australia</a></div> Australia is a popular and longstanding destination for international students. End of year data for 2009 found that of the 631,935 international students enrolled in Australia, drawn from more than 217 different countries, some 120,913 were from India, making them the second largest group.<a href="#cite_note-embassy1-142">[142]</a> That same year, protests were conducted in Melbourne by Indian students and widescale media coverage in India alleged that a series of robberies and assaults against Indian students should be ascribed to racism in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-embassy1-142">[142]</a> According to a report tabled by the Overseas Indian Affairs Ministry, in all some 23 incidents were found to have involved "racial overtones" such as "anti Indian remarks".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology" title="Australian Institute of Criminology">Australian Institute of Criminology</a> in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> and Department of Immigration and Citizenship sought to quantify the extent to which Indians were the subject of crime in Australia and found overall that international students as recorded victims of crime in Australia, were either "less likely" or "as likely" to be victims of physical assault and other theft, but that there was a "substantial over-representation of Indian students in retail/commercial robberies". The report found however that the proficiency of Indians in the English language and their consequent higher engagement in employment in the services sector ("including service stations, convenience stores, taxi drivers and other employment that typically involves working late night shifts alone and come with an increased risk of crime, either at the workplace or while travelling to and from work") was a more likely explanation for the crime rate differential than was any "racial motivation".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On 30 May 2009, Indian students protested against what they claimed were racist attacks, blocking streets in central <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne, Victoria">Melbourne</a>. Thousands of students gathered outside the Royal Melbourne Hospital where one of the victims was admitted. The protest, however, was called off early on the next day morning after the protesters accused police of "ramrodding" them to break up their sit-in.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> On 4 June 2009, China expressed concern over the matter – Chinese are the largest foreign student population in Australia with approximately 130,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In light of this event, the Australian Government started a Helpline for Indian students to report such incidents.<a href="#cite_note-topsfield-147">[147]</a> Australian High Commissioner to India <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(ambassador_born_1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McCarthy (ambassador born 1942)">John McCarthy</a> said that there may have been an element of racism involved in some of the assaults reported upon Indians, but that they were mainly criminal in nature.<a href="#cite_note-envoy-148">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> High Commissioner for Human Rights, <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a>, termed these attacks "disturbing" and called for Australia to investigate the matters further.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the aftermath of these attacks, other investigations alleged racist elements in the Victorian police force.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> However, in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology" title="Australian Institute of Criminology">Australian Institute of Criminology</a> released a study entitled Crimes Against International Students:2005–2009.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> This found that over the period 2005–2009, international students were statistically less likely to be assaulted than the average person in Australia. Indian students experienced an average assault rate in some jurisdictions, but overall they experienced lower assault rates than the Australian average. They did, however, experience higher rates of robbery, overall. The study could not sample incidents of crime that were not reported.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Additionally, multiple surveys of international students over the period of 2009–10 found a majority of Indian students felt safe.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_issues_2">Current issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Current issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians#Social_and_political_issues" title="Asian Australians">Asian Australians § Social and political issues</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_Australians&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_and_violence_against_Asian_Australians">Discrimination and violence against Asian Australians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Discrimination and violence against Asian Australians">edit</a>]</div> Asian Australians have faced discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia" title="Racial violence in Australia">racial violence</a> based on their race and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Sikh Australians</a> have experienced discrimination due to their religious garments being mistaken for those worn by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has led to an increase in anti-Asian<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> sentiment in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Australians_cris-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Australians_ANU_csrm-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_stereotypes">Racial stereotypes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Racial stereotypes">edit</a>]</div> There are <a href="/wiki/Racial_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial stereotypes">racial stereotypes</a> that exist towards Asian Australians. Some view Asian Australians as "<a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">perpetual foreigners</a>" and not as truly "Australian".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_minority">Model minority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Model minority">edit</a>]</div> The term "<a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">model minority</a>" refers to a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> whose members are perceived to have achieved a higher level of <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socio-economic</a> success than the population average.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In the case of Asian Australians, this stereotype is often applied to groups such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian Australians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Korean Australians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Australians_new_merit-174">[174]</a> While it is true that some members of these groups have achieved success in education and income, it is important to note that the model minority stereotype is an <a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">oversimplification</a> that ignores the diversity and challenges faced by individuals within these groups.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bamboo_ceiling">Bamboo ceiling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Bamboo ceiling">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_ceiling" title="Bamboo ceiling">bamboo ceiling</a> is a term used to describe the barriers that prevent Asian Australians from achieving <a href="/wiki/Leadership_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership position">leadership positions</a> in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Australians_auto-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Despite making up 9.3 percent of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a>, Asian Australians are significantly <a href="/wiki/Underrepresented_group" title="Underrepresented group">underrepresented</a> in senior executive positions, with only 4.9 percent achieving these roles.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Australians_auto-179">[179]</a> This disparity is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscious bias">unconscious bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> within the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disparities_among_Asian_Australians">Disparities among Asian Australians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Disparities among Asian Australians">edit</a>]</div> There are social and economic disparities among Asian Australians. While Asian Australians are over-represented in high-performing schools and university courses, some <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> face challenges.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asian_Australians_new_merit-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Australians" title="Cambodian Australians">Cambodian Australians</a> have lower rates of educational qualifications and higher participation in semi-skilled and unskilled occupations compared to the general Australian population.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Australians" title="Laotian Australians">Laotian Australians</a> also have lower rates of higher non-school qualifications and higher unemployment rates compared to the total Australian population.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese Australians</a> have slightly lower participation in the labour force and higher unemployment rates compared to the national average.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Hmong Australians have historically had high unemployment rates and a large proportion in <a href="/wiki/Unskilled_jobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Unskilled jobs">unskilled</a> factory jobs, though this has improved somewhat in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Bangladeshi Australians</a> have higher educational levels and a higher participation in skilled managerial, professional, or trade occupations compared to the total Australian population.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Eastern_Australians">Middle Eastern Australians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Middle Eastern Australians">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cronulla_riots">Cronulla riots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cronulla riots">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_Cronulla_riots" title="2005 Cronulla riots">2005 Cronulla riots</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/2005_Cronulla_riots" title="2005 Cronulla riots">Cronulla riots of 2005</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> were a series of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racially</a> motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around <a href="/wiki/Cronulla,_New_South_Wales" title="Cronulla, New South Wales">Cronulla</a>, a beachfront suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. Soon after the riot, ethnically motivated violent incidents occurred in several other Sydney suburbs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On Sunday, 11 December 2005, approximately 5,000 people gathered to protest against alleged incidents of assaults and intimidatory behaviour by groups of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a>-looking youths from the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/South-western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="South-western Sydney">South Western Sydney</a>. The crowd initially assembled without incident, but violence broke out after a large segment of the mostly <a href="/wiki/European_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Australian">white</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> crowd chased a man of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> appearance into a <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">hotel</a> and two other youths of Middle Eastern appearance were assaulted on a train.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The following nights saw several retaliatory violent assaults in the communities near Cronulla and Maroubra, with large gatherings around south western Sydney, and an unprecedented police lock-down of <a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaches in Sydney">Sydney beaches</a> and surrounding areas, between <a href="/wiki/Wollongong,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollongong, New South Wales">Wollongong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> (for Al Jazeera) explores these events in 2013 (2015) four-part documentary series "<a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Punchbowl" title="Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl">Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl</a>", specifically in last two episodes, "Episode three, 2000–2005" and "Episode four, 2005-present".<a href="#cite_note-Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Punchbowl-199">[199]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">shock jock</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jones_(talkback_host)" title="Alan Jones (talkback host)">Alan Jones</a> lost an appeal against charges that he deliberately incited the riots on his <a href="/wiki/2GB" title="2GB">2GB</a> radio show.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_Australians">African Australians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: African Australians">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">African Australian people</a> suffer a high degree of racial discrimination,<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-molla-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baak-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a> with the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Australian Human Rights Commission">Australian Human Rights Commission</a> report stating "the five groups that experienced the highest level of racial discrimination were those born in South Sudan, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ethiopia and those who identified as Indigenous."<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a> Australia has a long history of official and unofficial racism towards black Africans, reflected in the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>, in effect from 1901 until the nineteen-seventies, which prohibited the immigration of black Africans, among other non-White groups.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gatwiri&Anderson-205">[205]</a> Prior to the policy's implementation, small numbers of black Africans and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-Americans</a> were resident in Australia, and their presence was explicitly mentioned in the discussions on the restriction of non-white immigration.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> Following the end of this policy, despite Australia becoming more ethnically diverse, negative stereotypes around black Africans remained prominent in Australian culture.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gatwiri&Anderson-205">[205]</a> Modern African-Australians are culturally and socially diverse, but Australian society typically views them as a homogenous group, set in opposition to its constructions of whiteness.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> In Australia, "Africanness" is associated with a lack of civilisation, disease, dirt, war and poverty, and scholars such as Wearing, Jakubowicz, Wickes and others note that this perception is rooted in a social context of racist and discriminatory assumptions about black people.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> Current academic literature has highlighted frequent experiences of discrimination, criminalisation and racialisation shaping the interactions of black-African Australians with majority society.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> In particular, a strong negative association between Africanness and criminality exists in Australian culture, which was reflected in the media's presentation of the events in Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> The 2016 Challenging Racism Project found negative attitudes to black people were common in Australia. 21% of respondents felt that African refugees increased crime in Australia, and 16.1% stated they felt "very negative or somewhat negative" towards African Australians.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> Wickes et al argue that these attitudes reflect <a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">implicit biases</a> widespread in Australia which can cause unconscious discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="International Studies">International Studies</a> scholar, Mandisi Majavu also identifies a tendency to identify African Australian men as "towering seven feet 'brutes'" associated with "backwardness, primitiveness, danger and crime" and states that blackness is a source of fear in some whites. <a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a> Examples of this include a ban on Sudanese students congregating in groups of more than three in Melbourne schools for fear that they may seem threatening.<a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a> Australian academics, Kathomi Gatwiri and Leticia Anderson argue that African Australians are defined as "perpetual strangers" within Australian society, and as such are constructed as a threat, sometimes within rhetoric of a "<a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">clash of civilisations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Gatwiri&Anderson-205">[205]</a> The prejudices prevalent against African Australians gave rise to a <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a> between 2016-2018.<a href="#cite_note-Gatwiri&Anderson-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a> During this period, members of the Coalition government and the right-wing press focussed continual attention on an alleged "<a href="/wiki/African_gangs_moral_panic" title="African gangs moral panic">African gang problem</a>" in Melbourne, despite repeated denials that any such gangs existed by senior members of the police, members of the Sudanese Australian community in the city, and the Victorian government.<a href="#cite_note-Gatwiri&Anderson-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majavu-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_issues">Contemporary issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Contemporary issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asylum_seekers">Asylum seekers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Asylum seekers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum in Australia</a></div> Commentators such as writer <a href="/wiki/Christos_Tsiolkas" title="Christos Tsiolkas">Christos Tsiolkas</a> have accused the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> of racism in its approach to <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> in Australia. Both major parties have supported a ban on asylum seekers who arrive by boat.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> For many years Australia operated the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Solution" title="Pacific Solution">Pacific Solution</a>, which included the relocation of asylum seekers arriving by boat in offshore detention centres on <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island_detention_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Manus Island detention centre">Manus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nauru_detention_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauru detention centre">Nauru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Social justice advocates and international organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> have condemned Australia's policies, with one describing them as "an appeal to fear and racism".<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Semitism_in_Australia">Anti-Semitism in Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Anti-Semitism in Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Antisemitism in Australia</a></div> From 2013 to 2017 over 673 incidents of anti-Semitic behaviour were reported,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> with an increase of such incidents in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Incidents include spitting, such as a woman in her 60s who was spat on after being called "Jewish scum".<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Bankstown_Lidcombe_Hospital#2025_anti-Israeli_remarks_by_nurses" title="Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital">12 February, 2025</a>, there was widespread condemnation after a <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> creator posted a video of two <a href="/wiki/NSW_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="NSW Health">NSW Health</a> workers at <a href="/wiki/Bankstown_Lidcombe_Hospital" title="Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital">Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital</a> appearing to brag about refusing to treat Israeli patients.<a href="#cite_note-vile-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The two nurses were immediately suspended pending an investigation.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Far-right_and_neo-Nazi_groups">Far-right and neo-Nazi groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Far-right and neo-Nazi groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right politics in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right_terrorism_in_Australia" title="Far-right terrorism in Australia">Far-right terrorism in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg/250px-Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg/330px-Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg/500px-Reclaim_Australia_rally_Sydney_April_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Reclaim Australia rally, Sydney, April 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Socialist_Network_protest,_March_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png/250px-National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png/375px-National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png/500px-National_Socialist_Network_protest%2C_March_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a> doing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi salutes">Nazi salutes</a> on 18 March 2023</figcaption></figure> The 21st century has seen the creation of several groups with racist manifestos in Australia, from street gangs (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a>) through loosely grouped protest groups (<a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a>) to far-right political parties (<a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning%27s_Conservative_National_Party" title="Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party">Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party</a>). The ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> clan headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, is based on <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacism">white supremacism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nathan-215">[215]</a> Some groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a>, are committed to violence.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">Australian Security Intelligence Organisation</a> (ASIO) monitors this and other groups for signs of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right terrorism">far-right terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a> (NSN) was formed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a> in late 2020. It is a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> group headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_Hanson_and_One_Nation">Pauline Hanson and One Nation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pauline Hanson and One Nation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Nation (Australia)">One Nation (Australia)</a></div> Senator <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a>, in her 1998 maiden speech to Parliament called for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and said that "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">reverse racism</a>" was being applied to "mainstream Australians" who were not entitled to the same welfare and government funding as minority groups. She has said that Australia was in danger of being "swamped by Asians", and that these immigrants "have their own culture and religion, form ghettos and do not <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilate</a>". She was widely accused of racism.<a href="#cite_note-Louw-219">[219]</a> In 2006, she achieved notoriety by asserting that Africans bring disease into Australia.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In June 2021, following media reports that the proposed <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">national curriculum</a> was "preoccupied with the oppression, discrimination and struggles of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>", Hanson tabled a motion in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> calling on the federal government to reject <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a> (CRT), despite it not being included in the curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-Gatwiri_2021-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleviation">Alleviation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Alleviation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sydney">Western Sydney</a>, a suburban region with a long history of migrant settlement, became one of the first regions in Australia to enact public planning to counter <a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">cultural racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Victorian Government</a> set up an Anti-Racism Taskforce, designed to advise and consider issues such as unconscious bias, privilege, and how race intersects with other forms of discrimination, as well as how racism manifests through employment and in access to services.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism#Combating_aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive racism § Combating aversive racism</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aversive_racism&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-directing_ingroup_bias">Re-directing ingroup bias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Re-directing ingroup bias">edit</a>]</div> Several possibilities exist for how to combat aversive racism. One method looks to the cognitive foundations of prejudice. The basic socio-cognitive process of creating in-groups and out-groups is what leads many to identify with their own race while feeling averted to other races, or out-group members. According to the <a href="/wiki/Common_ingroup_identity" title="Common ingroup identity">common ingroup identity</a> model inducing individuals to recategorize themselves and others as part of a larger, superordinate group can lead to more positive attitudes towards members of a former out-group.<a href="#cite_note-Aversive_racism_Gaertner_&_Dovidio_2000-224">[224]</a> Research has shown this model to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> This shows that changing the in-group criteria from race to something else that includes both groups, implicit biases can be diminished. This does not mean that each group has to necessarily relinquish subgroup identities. According to the common ingroup identity model, individuals can retain their original identity while simultaneously harboring a larger more inclusive identity – a dual identity representation.<a href="#cite_note-Aversive_racism_Gaertner_&_Dovidio_2000-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acknowledging_and_addressing_unconscious_bias">Acknowledging and addressing unconscious bias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Acknowledging and addressing unconscious bias">edit</a>]</div> Other research has indicated that, although often preferred by explicitly nonprejudiced people and seen to be an egalitarian approach, adopting a "colorblind" approach to interracial interactions has actually proven to be detrimental. While minorities often prefer to have their racial identity recognized, people who employ the "colorblind" approach can generate greater feelings of distrust and impressions of prejudice in interracial interactions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Thus, embracing diversity, rather than ignoring the topic, can be seen as one way of improving these interactions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg/220px-Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg/330px-Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg/440px-Join_the_Fight_Against_Racism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The research of Monteith and Voils has demonstrated that, in aversively racist people, the recognition of disparity between their personal standards and their actual behaviors can lead to feelings of guilt, which in turn causes them to monitor their prejudicial behaviors and perform them less often.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Furthermore, when practiced consistently, these monitored behaviors become less and less disparate from the personal standards of the individual, and can eventually even suppress negative responses that were once automatic. This is encouraging, as it suggests that the good intentions of aversively racist people can be used to help eliminate their implicit prejudices. Some research has directly supported this notion. In one study, people who scored nonprejudiced (low explicit and implicit racism scores) and as aversively racist people (low explicit but high implicit racism scores) were placed in either a hypocrisy or a control condition. Those in the hypocrisy condition were made to write about some time they had been unfair or prejudiced towards an Asian person, while those in the control group were not. They were then asked to make recommendations for funding to the Asian Students Association. Aversively racist participants in the hypocrisy group made much larger funding recommendations (the highest of any of the four groups, actually) than the aversively racist people in the control group. The nonprejudiced participants, on the other hand, displayed no significant difference in funding recommendations, whether they were in the hypocrisy group or the control group.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In another study measuring the correction of implicit bias among aversively racist people, Green et al. examined physicians' treatment recommendations for blacks and whites.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> While aversively racist people typically recommended an aggressive treatment plan more often for white than for black patients, those who were made aware of the possibility that their implicit biases could be informing their treatment recommendations did not end up showing such a disparity in their treatment plans. While all of the above-mentioned studies attempt to address the nonconscious process of implicit racism through conscious thought processes and self-awareness, others have sought to combat aversive racism through altering nonconscious processes. In the same way that implicit attitudes can be learned through sociocultural transmission, they can be "unlearned". By making individuals aware of the implicit biases affecting their behavior, they can take steps to control automatic negative associations that can lead to discriminatory behavior. A growing body of research has demonstrated that practice pairing minority racial out-groups with counter-stereotypic examples can reduce implicit forms of bias.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Moskowitz, Salomon and Taylor found that people with egalitarian attitudes responded faster to egalitarian words after being shown an African-American face, relative to a white face.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In later research, it was shown that when primed in such a way as to motivate egalitarian behaviors, stereotype-relevant reactions were slower, but notably, these reactions were recorded at speeds too fast to have been consciously controlled, indicating an implicit bias shift, rather than explicit.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> One very interesting finding may have implied that aversive racism can be combated simply by eliminating the desire to employ the time- and energy-saving tactic of stereotyping. By priming and inducing participants' creativity, which causes people to avoid leaning on their energy-saving mental shortcuts, such as stereotyping, reduced participants' propensity to stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Finally, there is evidence to suggest that simply having a greater amount of intergroup contact is associated with less implicit intergroup bias.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closing_the_Gap">Closing the Gap</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Closing the Gap">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gap" title="Closing the Gap">Closing the Gap</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closing_the_Gap&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gap" title="Closing the Gap">Closing the Gap</a> framework is a strategy by the Commonwealth and state and territory governments of Australia that aims to reduce disparity between <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> peoples and non-Indigenous Australians on key health, education and economic opportunity targets. The strategy was launched in 2008 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Close_the_Gap" title="Close the Gap">Close the Gap</a> social justice movement, and revised in 2020 with additional targets and a refreshed strategy. The Closing the Gap targets relate to <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a>, access to <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a> at specified school levels, <a href="/wiki/Year_12" title="Year 12">Year 12</a> attainment, school attendance, and employment outcomes. Annual Closing the Gap reports are presented to federal parliament, providing updates on the agreed targets and related topics. The Closing the Gap Report 2019 reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. The remaining targets are not on track to be met within their specified time-frames. From the adoption of the framework in 2008 until 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states and territories">state and territory</a> governments worked together via the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Australian_Governments" title="Council of Australian Governments">Council of Australian Governments</a> (COAG) on the framework, with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)">Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet</a> producing a report at the end of each year analysing progress on each of its seven targets. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Australians_Agency" title="National Indigenous Australians Agency">National Indigenous Australians Agency</a> (NIAA) was established and took over reporting and high-level strategy responsibilities. The NIAA works in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Peaks" title="Coalition of Peaks">Coalition of Peaks</a>, which represents Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations, as well as state and territory governments and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Local_Government_Association" title="Australian Local Government Association">Australian Local Government Association</a>, to deliver strategy outcomes.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart">Uluru Statement from the Heart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Uluru Statement from the Heart">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart" title="Uluru Statement from the Heart">Uluru Statement from the Heart</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denise_Bowden,_Yothu_Yindi_CEO,_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denise_Bowden%2C_Yothu_Yindi_CEO%2C_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg/313px-Denise_Bowden%2C_Yothu_Yindi_CEO%2C_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg" decoding="async" width="313" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denise_Bowden%2C_Yothu_Yindi_CEO%2C_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg/470px-Denise_Bowden%2C_Yothu_Yindi_CEO%2C_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Denise_Bowden%2C_Yothu_Yindi_CEO%2C_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg/626px-Denise_Bowden%2C_Yothu_Yindi_CEO%2C_signing_the_Uluru_statement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the Uluru Statement</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart" title="Uluru Statement from the Heart">Uluru Statement from the Heart</a> is a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> to the people of Australia, written and endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Australian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a> leaders selected as delegates to the First Nations National Constitutional Convention. The document calls for substantive constitutional change and structural reform through the creation of two new institutions; a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">constitutionally</a> protected <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">First Nations Voice</a> and a Makarrata Commission<a href="#cite_note-235">[a]</a>, to oversee <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">agreement-making</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">truth-telling</a> between governments and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">First Nations</a>. Such reforms should be implemented, it is argued, both in recognition of the continuing <a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">sovereignty of Indigenous peoples</a> and to address structural <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power differences</a> that has led to severe disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. These reforms can be summarised as Voice, Treaty and Truth. In October 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turnbull_ministry" title="Second Turnbull ministry">then Coalition government</a> rejected the Voice proposal, characterising it as a "radical" constitutional change that would not be supported by a majority of Australians in a referendum. Following this, in May 2022 <a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Party of Australia">Labor</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> endorsed the Uluru Statement on the occasion of his <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 election</a> victory and committed to implementing it in full. However, the Voice was rejected at a <a href="/wiki/2023_Australian_Indigenous_Voice_referendum" title="2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum">subsequent referendum in 2023</a>, with the government noting that further action on Treaty and Truth will take some time.<a href="#cite_note-Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart_:8-236">[235]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_relating_to_racism">Legislation relating to racism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Legislation relating to racism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racist_legislation_in_Australian_history">Racist legislation in Australian history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Racist legislation in Australian history">edit</a>]</div> Some notable legislation which has been claimed to have been based on racist theories include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901" title="Immigration Restriction Act 1901">Immigration Restriction Act 1901</a>, to prescribe where migrants to Australia were accepted from (this in part became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a>). This law effectively prevented almost all immigration from Asia for approximately 50 years.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901" title="Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901">Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901</a>, a law designed to facilitate the deportation of Pacific Island workers (then known as "<a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanakas</a>") from Australia. These workers were originally from <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and were sent to work on farms in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. Descendants of the workers that remained in Australia are today known as <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islanders</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902</a> gave women the vote across all states, but allowed states to restrict voting rights for "natives" (i.e Indigenous Australians).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-racist_legislation_in_contemporary_Australia">Anti-racist legislation in contemporary Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Anti-racist legislation in contemporary Australia">edit</a>]</div> The following constituted important legal reforms in the movement towards racial equality: <ul><li>1958 revision of the Migration Act, introduced a simpler system for entry and abolished the "dictation test".</li> <li>1962 Commonwealth Electoral Act, provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (previously this right had been restricted in some states other than for Aboriginal ex-servicemen, who secured the right to vote in all states under 1949 legislation).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Act_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Act 1966">Migration Act 1966</a>, effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_(Northern_Territory)_Act_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976">Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976</a>, was a significant step in legal recognition of Aboriginal land ownership.<a href="#cite_note-reconciliation1-237">[236]</a></li></ul> The following Australian Federal and State legislation relates to racism and discrimination: <ul><li>Commonwealth <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act 1975</a></li> <li>Commonwealth <a href="/wiki/Racial_Hatred_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Hatred Act">Racial Hatred Act</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_and_Equal_Opportunity_Commission_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act">Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Discrimination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Discrimination Act">Anti-Discrimination Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>: Prohibition of Discrimination Act 1966 (SA) under <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> then Attorney-General of South Australia (now Equal Opportunity Act (1984)) and <a href="/wiki/Racial_Vilification_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Vilification Act">Racial Vilification Act</a> (1996). The Prohibition of Discrimination Act 1966 (SA) made race discrimination on the basis of skin colour and country of origin and in circumstances such as the provision of food, drink, services and accommodation and in the termination of employment a criminal offence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>: Equal Opportunity Act (1984) and Criminal Code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>: Discrimination Act (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Discrimination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Discrimination Act">Anti-Discrimination Act</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Discrimination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Discrimination Act">Anti-Discrimination Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>: Equal Opportunity Act (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Racial_and_Religious_Tolerance_Act_2001" title="Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001">Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Discrimination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Discrimination Act">Anti-Discrimination Act</a> (1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_deaths_in_custody" title="Aboriginal deaths in custody">Aboriginal deaths in custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Australia" title="George Floyd protests in Australia">George Floyd protests in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional racism in Australia">Institutional racism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">List of massacres of Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RacismNotWelcome" class="mw-redirect" title="RacismNotWelcome">RacismNotWelcome</a>, a grassroots campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia" title="Racial violence in Australia">Racial violence in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="White privilege in Australia">White privilege in Australia</a></li> <li>Initiatives by South Australian Premier <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_advocates">Indigenous advocates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Indigenous advocates">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Burney" title="Linda Burney">Linda Burney</a>, MP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Dodson" title="Pat Dodson">Pat Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a>, AFL player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Grant_(Wiradjuri_elder)" title="Stan Grant (Wiradjuri elder)">Stan Grant (Wiradjuri elder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Grant_(journalist)" title="Stan Grant (journalist)">Stan Grant (journalist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Oscar" title="June Oscar">June Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Peris" title="Nova Peris">Nova Peris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Winmar" title="Nicky Winmar">Nicky Winmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wyatt" title="Ken Wyatt">Ken Wyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>, former Premier of South Australia</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> "Makarrata" is a <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> word "describing a process of conflict resolution, peacemaking and justice", or "a coming together after a struggle". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OHCHR-1"><a href="#cite_ref-OHCHR_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsoFZxvnsZjtq1Xnb4bcEJClA0kmqJQeV0zdR93%2ffv7%2fBSAkon8Nc2CMTKCBgv25nw5etVi%2bkUMR9abtAFqi1lgW095I%2btkhuhVTozo2kfkhQV78slhAW5U9xPBqn413aeA%3d%3d">"International Convention on the Elimination of A ll Forms of Racial and Sexual Discrimination"</a>. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=International+Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+A+ll+Forms+of+Racial+and+Sexual+Discrimination&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocstore.ohchr.org%2FSelfServices%2FFilesHandler.ashx%3Fenc%3D6QkG1d%252fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsoFZxvnsZjtq1Xnb4bcEJClA0kmqJQeV0zdR93%252ffv7%252fBSAkon8Nc2CMTKCBgv25nw5etVi%252bkUMR9abtAFqi1lgW095I%252btkhuhVTozo2kfkhQV78slhAW5U9xPBqn413aeA%253d%253d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/genocide-in-australia/">"Genocide in Australia"</a>. The Australian Museum. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=Genocide+in+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralian.museum%2Flearn%2Ffirst-nations%2Fgenocide-in-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStudies2022" class="citation web cs1">Studies, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (7 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/stolen-generations">"The Stolen Generations"</a>. aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aiatsis.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+Stolen+Generations&rft.date=2022-08-07&rft.aulast=Studies&rft.aufirst=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fexplore%2Fstolen-generations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/">"Centre For 21st Century Humanities"</a>. c21ch.newcastle.edu.au. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c21ch.newcastle.edu.au&rft.atitle=Centre+For+21st+Century+Humanities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc21ch.newcastle.edu.au%2Fcolonialmassacres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkwickAnsariClinchMcNeil2019" class="citation journal cs1">Markwick, Alison; Ansari, Zahid; Clinch, Darren; McNeil, John (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6419444">"Experiences of racism among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults living in the Australian state of Victoria: a cross-sectional population-based study"</a>. BMC Public Health. 19 (1): 309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12889-019-6614-7">10.1186/s12889-019-6614-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2458">1471-2458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6419444">6419444</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30871531">30871531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Experiences+of+racism+among+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+adults+living+in+the+Australian+state+of+Victoria%3A+a+cross-sectional+population-based+study&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=309&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6419444%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2458&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30871531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12889-019-6614-7&rft.aulast=Markwick&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Zahid&rft.au=Clinch%2C+Darren&rft.au=McNeil%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6419444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/may/24/discrimination-against-indigenous-australians-has-risen-dramatically-survey-finds">"Discrimination against Indigenous Australians has risen dramatically, survey finds"</a>. The Guardian. 23 May 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Discrimination+against+Indigenous+Australians+has+risen+dramatically%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2021%2Fmay%2F24%2Fdiscrimination-against-indigenous-australians-has-risen-dramatically-survey-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/complaint-information-service/discrimination-know-your-rights-information-aboriginal-and">"Discrimination: Know your rights Information for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people | Australian Human Rights Commission"</a>. humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanrights.gov.au&rft.atitle=Discrimination%3A+Know+your+rights+Information+for+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+people+%7C+Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.gov.au%2Four-work%2Fcomplaint-information-service%2Fdiscrimination-know-your-rights-information-aboriginal-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedersenDunnForrestMcGarty2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Anne; Dunn, Kevin; Forrest, James; McGarty, Craig (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fprp.2012.3">"Prejudice and Discrimination From Two Sides: How Do Middle-Eastern Australians Experience It and How Do Other Australians Explain It?"</a>. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology. 6 (1): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fprp.2012.3">10.1017/prp.2012.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1834-4909">1834-4909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+Rim+Psychology&rft.atitle=Prejudice+and+Discrimination+From+Two+Sides%3A+How+Do+Middle-Eastern+Australians+Experience+It+and+How+Do+Other+Australians+Explain+It%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fprp.2012.3&rft.issn=1834-4909&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Forrest%2C+James&rft.au=McGarty%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fprp.2012.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-discrimination/publications/australian-south-sea-islanders-century-race">"Australian South Sea Islanders: A century of race discrimination under Australian law (2003) | Australian Human Rights Commission"</a>. humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanrights.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australian+South+Sea+Islanders%3A+A+century+of+race+discrimination+under+Australian+law+%282003%29+%7C+Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.gov.au%2Four-work%2Frace-discrimination%2Fpublications%2Faustralian-south-sea-islanders-century-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQiuping_PanJia_Gao2021" class="citation web cs1">Qiuping Pan; Jia Gao (4 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/australia-needs-to-embrace-asianness-as-part-of-australianness">"Australia needs to embrace 'Asianness' as part of 'Australianness'"</a>. Pursuit. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pursuit&rft.atitle=Australia+needs+to+embrace+%27Asianness%27+as+part+of+%27Australianness%27&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.au=Qiuping+Pan&rft.au=Jia+Gao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpursuit.unimelb.edu.au%2Farticles%2Faustralia-needs-to-embrace-asianness-as-part-of-australianness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-discrimination/projects/our-own-words-african-australians-review-human-rights-and">"In our own words - African Australians: A review of human rights and social inclusion issues (2010) | Australian Human Rights Commission"</a>. humanrights.gov.au. June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanrights.gov.au&rft.atitle=In+our+own+words+-+African+Australians%3A+A+review+of+human+rights+and+social+inclusion+issues+%282010%29+%7C+Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.gov.au%2Four-work%2Frace-discrimination%2Fprojects%2Four-own-words-african-australians-review-human-rights-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cis.org.au/commentary/article/the-subtle-forms-of-antisemitism-in-australia/">"The Subtle Forms of Antisemitism in Australia"</a>. The Centre for Independent Studies. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Centre+for+Independent+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Subtle+Forms+of+Antisemitism+in+Australia&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.org.au%2Fcommentary%2Farticle%2Fthe-subtle-forms-of-antisemitism-in-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-27/how-italian-migrants-left-their-mark-on-australia/12664938">"Mocked outcasts to cultural mainstays: How Italian migrants reshaped Australia"</a>. ABC News. 26 September 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Mocked+outcasts+to+cultural+mainstays%3A+How+Italian+migrants+reshaped+Australia&rft.date=2020-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-09-27%2Fhow-italian-migrants-left-their-mark-on-australia%2F12664938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redflag.org.au/node/5651">"Red Flag"</a>. redflag.org.au. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redflag.org.au&rft.atitle=Red+Flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredflag.org.au%2Fnode%2F5651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info/content/History_4_Protection.html#:~:text=From%20the%20end%20of%20the,part%20of%20the%20Aboriginal%20population">"History: Protection: Working with Indigenous Australians: History"</a>. www.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info&rft.atitle=History%3A+Protection%3A+Working+with+Indigenous+Australians%3A+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info%2Fcontent%2FHistory_4_Protection.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFrom%2520the%2520end%2520of%2520the%2Cpart%2520of%2520the%2520Aboriginal%2520population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/white-australia-policy">"1901: White Australia policy enshrined in law"</a>, Defining Moments: White Australia policy, National Museum of Australia, 29 September 2022, NMA classroom resources, retrieved 10 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1901%3A+White+Australia+policy+enshrined+in+law&rft.btitle=Defining+Moments%3A+White+Australia+policy&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Australia&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Fwhite-australia-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/06/11/1380653?slug=australias-history-is-complex-and-confronting-and-needs-to-be-known-and-owned-now">"Owning our history"</a>. Monash Lens. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monash+Lens&rft.atitle=Owning+our+history&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flens.monash.edu%2F%40politics-society%2F2020%2F06%2F11%2F1380653%3Fslug%3Daustralias-history-is-complex-and-confronting-and-needs-to-be-known-and-owned-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/japanese-internment-a-dark-chapter-of-australian-history-20140813-103ldy.html">"Japanese internment a dark chapter of Australian history"</a>. amp.smh.com.au. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amp.smh.com.au&rft.atitle=Japanese+internment+a+dark+chapter+of+Australian+history&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fjapanese-internment-a-dark-chapter-of-australian-history-20140813-103ldy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/japanese-survivors-recall-australias-wwii-civilian-internment-camps/jfmwj7mxh">"Japanese survivors recall Australia's WWII civilian internment camps"</a>. SBS News. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+survivors+recall+Australia%27s+WWII+civilian+internment+camps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fjapanese-survivors-recall-australias-wwii-civilian-internment-camps%2Fjfmwj7mxh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/research/guide/pow-civilian">"Civilian internees in Australia | Australian War Memorial"</a>. www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Civilian+internees+in+Australia+%7C+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fresearch%2Fguide%2Fpow-civilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Bean_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBean2014" class="citation book cs1">Bean, C. E. W. (26 March 2014). Anzac to Amiens. Penguin. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143571674" title="Special:BookSources/9780143571674"><bdi>9780143571674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anzac+to+Amiens&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=9780143571674&rft.aulast=Bean&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Brian Carroll; From Barton to Fraser; Cassell Australia; 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-immi.gov.au-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-immi.gov.au_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-immi.gov.au_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">"Fact Sheet 8 – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"</a>. Immi.gov.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+8+%E2%80%93+Abolition+of+the+%27White+Australia%27+Policy&rft.pub=Immi.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/holt/in-office.aspx">"In office"</a>. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+office&rft.pub=Primeministers.naa.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fholt%2Fin-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abolition-25"><a href="#cite_ref-abolition_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">"Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"</a>. Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved 14 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abolition+of+the+%27White+Australia%27+Policy&rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+Immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/2003/47.html">"Mooney, Gavin --- "Institutionalised Racism in Australian Public Services" [2003] IndigLawB 47; (2003) 5(26) Indigenous Law Bulletin 10"</a>. Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mooney%2C+Gavin+---+%22Institutionalised+Racism+in+Australian+Public+Services%22+%5B2003%5D+IndigLawB+47%3B+%282003%29+5%2826%29+Indigenous+Law+Bulletin+10&rft.pub=Austlii.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FILB%2F2003%2F47.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooneyHoustonHenry2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mooney, Gavin H.; Houston, Shane; Henry, Barbara R. (17 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/180_10_170504/hen10112_fm.html">"Institutional racism in Australian healthcare: a plea for decency"</a>. The Medical Journal of Australia. 180 (10). Mja.com.au: 517–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2004.tb06056.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06056.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15139829">15139829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44263658">44263658</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Institutional+racism+in+Australian+healthcare%3A+a+plea+for+decency&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44263658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15139829&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2004.tb06056.x&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Gavin+H.&rft.au=Houston%2C+Shane&rft.au=Henry%2C+Barbara+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fpublic%2Fissues%2F180_10_170504%2Fhen10112_fm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911183419/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25754251-5006787,00.html">"The Australian"</a>. 9 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25754251-5006787,00.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Australian&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C25754251-5006787%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coomber-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Coomber_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoomber2007" class="citation web cs1">Coomber, John (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/sport-racism-common-hreoc/news-story/00a9ce6a0944928cd945ccffbc8ceea7?sv=c6d603d553aecf5975e922336d3c4a81">"Racism common in Australian sport"</a>. DailyTelegraph. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyTelegraph&rft.atitle=Racism+common+in+Australian+sport&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.aulast=Coomber&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fsport%2Fsport-racism-common-hreoc%2Fnews-story%2F00a9ce6a0944928cd945ccffbc8ceea7%3Fsv%3Dc6d603d553aecf5975e922336d3c4a81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2007" class="citation web cs1">Jeffery, Nicole (17 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018045450/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22598366-5001505,00.html">"Racism 'ugly underbelly' of Australian sport"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22598366-5001505,00.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racism+%27ugly+underbelly%27+of+Australian+sport&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C22598366-5001505%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/programs-projects?pid=1662">"AFL Kickstart Indigenous programs"</a>. Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFL+Kickstart+Indigenous+programs&rft.pub=Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au%2Fkey-resources%2Fprograms-projects%3Fpid%3D1662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indigenous.gov.au/2012-nsw-aboriginal-rugby-league-knockout/">"2012 NSW Aboriginal Rugby League Knockout"</a>. Indigenous.gov.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+NSW+Aboriginal+Rugby+League+Knockout&rft.pub=Indigenous.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigenous.gov.au%2F2012-nsw-aboriginal-rugby-league-knockout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Damning-UN-verdict-on-race-relations/2005/03/21/1111253958535.html">"Damning UN verdict on race relations – National"</a>. smh.com.au. 22 March 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damning+UN+verdict+on+race+relations+%E2%80%93+National&rft.pub=smh.com.au&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FDamning-UN-verdict-on-race-relations%2F2005%2F03%2F21%2F1111253958535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Australia_silent_on_UN_racism_committee_condemnation" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Australia silent on UN racism committee condemnation">Wikinews</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_racism_Drahos2014-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_racism_Drahos2014_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrahos2014" class="citation book cs1">Drahos, Peter (12 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDiNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Intellectual Property, Indigenous People and their Knowledge</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05533-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05533-9"><bdi>978-1-107-05533-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property%2C+Indigenous+People+and+their+Knowledge&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05533-9&rft.aulast=Drahos&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDiNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_racism_Rewi2012-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_racism_Rewi2012_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRewi2012" class="citation book cs1">Rewi, Adrienne (31 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OnHG37n8kI4C&pg=PA14">Frommer's New Zealand</a>. Wiley. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-23668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-23668-0"><bdi>978-1-118-23668-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+New+Zealand&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-118-23668-0&rft.aulast=Rewi&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnHG37n8kI4C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healingfoundation.org.au/who-are-the-stolen-generations/">"Who are the Stolen Generations?"</a>. The Healing Foundation. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Healing+Foundation&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Stolen+Generations%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealingfoundation.org.au%2Fwho-are-the-stolen-generations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stolengenerations123.wikispaces.com/Emergence+of+the+child+removal+policy">"stolengenerations123 – Emergence of the child removal policy"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=stolengenerations123+%E2%80%93+Emergence+of+the+child+removal+policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstolengenerations123.wikispaces.com%2FEmergence%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bchild%2Bremoval%2Bpolicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStudies2023" class="citation web cs1">Studies, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (13 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/stolen-generations">"The Stolen Generations"</a>. aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aiatsis.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+Stolen+Generations&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft.aulast=Studies&rft.aufirst=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fexplore%2Fstolen-generations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFODS_Team" class="citation web cs1">ODS Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112013/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement">"ODS Home Page"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ODS+Home+Page&rft.au=ODS+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN06%2F512%2F07%2FPDF%2FN0651207.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Windschuttle" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Keith Windschuttle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113437/http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=131">"The reason for the focus on half-caste children"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=131">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+reason+for+the+focus+on+half-caste+children&rft.au=Keith+Windschuttle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolengenerations.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D151%26Itemid%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_racism_Assembly1903-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_racism_Assembly1903_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQueensland_Parliament_Legislative_Assembly1903" class="citation book cs1">Queensland Parliament Legislative Assembly (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA49">Parliamentary Papers</a>. The Assembly. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Papers&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Assembly&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Queensland+Parliament+Legislative+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwFQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT124">Science of Man: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia</a>. 1907. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+of+Man%3A+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Society+of+Australasia&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtgRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/qld5_doc_1897.pdf">"Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897"</a> (PDF). foundingdocs.gov.au. 15 December 1897. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foundingdocs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Aboriginals+Protection+and+Restriction+of+the+Sale+of+Opium+Act+1897&rft.date=1897-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fresources%2Ftranscripts%2Fqld5_doc_1897.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-62.html">"Documenting Democracy"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+Democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem-sdid-62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/aa2154o1934156/aa2154o1934156.pdf">"Aborigines Act 1934 (SA)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aborigines+Act+1934+%28SA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fsa%2Fnum_act%2Faa2154o1934156%2Faa2154o1934156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindschuttle" class="citation web cs1">Windschuttle, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121634/http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165&Itemid=139">"The half-caste as outcast"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165&Itemid=139">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+half-caste+as+outcast&rft.aulast=Windschuttle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolengenerations.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D165%26Itemid%3D139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/education/bringing_them_home/rightsED_Bringing_them_home.pdf">"RightsED: Bringing them home"</a> (PDF). Australian Human Rights Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RightsED%3A+Bringing+them+home&rft.pub=Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Feducation%2Fbringing_them_home%2FrightsED_Bringing_them_home.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindschuttle" class="citation web cs1">Windschuttle, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629042957/http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=62">"The 'boarding out' system for Aboriginal apprentices"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=62">the original</a> on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27boarding+out%27+system+for+Aboriginal+apprentices&rft.aulast=Windschuttle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolengenerations.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D95%26Itemid%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/bringing-them-home-chapter-7">"Bringing them Home – Chapter 7"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+them+Home+%E2%80%93+Chapter+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fbringing-them-home-chapter-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindschuttle" class="citation web cs1">Windschuttle, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630012436/http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103&Itemid=80">"The sexual vulnerability of girls in apprenticeship"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103&Itemid=80">the original</a> on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+sexual+vulnerability+of+girls+in+apprenticeship&rft.aulast=Windschuttle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolengenerations.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D103%26Itemid%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindschuttle" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle, Keith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110043345/http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=20">"The best-kept conspiracy in Australian history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=20">the original</a> on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+best-kept+conspiracy+in+Australian+history&rft.aulast=Windschuttle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolengenerations.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D67%26Itemid%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_racism_Moses2004-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_racism_Moses2004_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Dirk_Moses2004" class="citation book cs1">A. Dirk Moses (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zHAGNPTkqIC&pg=PA241">Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-410-4"><bdi>978-1-57181-410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Settler+Society%3A+Frontier+Violence+and+Stolen+Indigenous+Children+in+Australian+History&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-410-4&rft.au=A.+Dirk+Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zHAGNPTkqIC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeville1930" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.O._Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="A.O. Neville">Neville, A.O.</a> (18 April 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31075105">"Coloured Folk: Some Pitiful Cases"</a>. The West Australian. p. 9 – via Trove, National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Coloured+Folk%3A+Some+Pitiful+Cases&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1930-04-18&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=A.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F31075105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_racism_BashfordLevine2010-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_racism_BashfordLevine2010_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashfordLevine2010" class="citation book cs1">Bashford, Alison; Levine, Philippa (26 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g15rfXUA2i8C&pg=PA198">The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970653-2"><bdi>978-0-19-970653-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Eugenics&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970653-2&rft.aulast=Bashford&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Levine%2C+Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg15rfXUA2i8C%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone1999" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Brett (7 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/09/geno-s07.html">"Report details crimes against Aborigines"</a>. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Report+details+crimes+against+Aborigines&rft.date=1999-09-07&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F1999%2F09%2Fgeno-s07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWindschuttle" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle, Keith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124812/http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&Itemid=110">"Cecil Cook's arranged marriages in the Northern Territory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolengenerations.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&Itemid=110">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cecil+Cook%27s+arranged+marriages+in+the+Northern+Territory&rft.aulast=Windschuttle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolengenerations.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D138%26Itemid%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/indigenous-australians-right-to-vote">"Indigenous Australians' right to vote"</a>. National Museum Australia. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+Australia&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Australians%27+right+to+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Findigenous-australians-right-to-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115750/http://nationalcongress.com.au/mabo-day/">"Mabo Day"</a>. National Congress of Australia's First Peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcongress.com.au/mabo-day/">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Congress+of+Australia%27s+First+Peoples&rft.atitle=Mabo+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcongress.com.au%2Fmabo-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfsa.gov.au/digitallearning/mabo/theman_22.shtml">"Mabo/The Man/Land Rights Conference"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mabo%2FThe+Man%2FLand+Rights+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfsa.gov.au%2Fdigitallearning%2Fmabo%2Ftheman_22.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623053126/http://www-public.jcu.edu.au/news/JCU_103363">"Celebrating Mabo's courage – JCU"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-public.jcu.edu.au/news/JCU_103363">the original</a> on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Mabo%27s+courage+%E2%80%93+JCU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-public.jcu.edu.au%2Fnews%2FJCU_103363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter_Digital" class="citation web cs1">Carter Digital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626141930/http://www.australianstogether.org.au/stories/detail/mabo-native-title">"Mabo Land Rights Case: Beginning of Native Title – Australians Together"</a>. Australians Together. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianstogether.org.au/stories/detail/mabo-native-title">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australians+Together&rft.atitle=Mabo+Land+Rights+Case%3A+Beginning+of+Native+Title+%E2%80%93+Australians+Together&rft.au=Carter+Digital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianstogether.org.au%2Fstories%2Fdetail%2Fmabo-native-title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713140622/http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/3.%20Aboriginal%20Societies%3A%20The%20Experience%20of%20Contact/changing-policies-towards-aboriginal">"Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People – ALRC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/3.%20Aboriginal%20Societies%3A%20The%20Experience%20of%20Contact/changing-policies-towards-aboriginal">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Policies+Towards+Aboriginal+People+%E2%80%93+ALRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alrc.gov.au%2Fpublications%2F3.%2520Aboriginal%2520Societies%253A%2520The%2520Experience%2520of%2520Contact%2Fchanging-policies-towards-aboriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/annual_reports/ar98.pdf">"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Annual Report 1997-98"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+Equal+Opportunity+Commission+Annual+Report+1997-98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fannual_reports%2Far98.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workingwithatsi.info/content/history5.htm">"Working with ATSI people and communities – Growing in understanding: History – Integration, self-determination and self-management (1967 to mid 1990s)"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+with+ATSI+people+and+communities+%E2%80%93+Growing+in+understanding%3A+History+%E2%80%93+Integration%2C+self-determination+and+self-management+%281967+to+mid+1990s%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workingwithatsi.info%2Fcontent%2Fhistory5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institutional_racism_DalySpeedy2014-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Institutional_racism_DalySpeedy2014_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalySpeedyJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Daly, John; Speedy, Sandra; Jackson, Debra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5rQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA361">Contexts of Nursing</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-8152-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-8152-3"><bdi>978-0-7295-8152-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contexts+of+Nursing&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7295-8152-3&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Speedy%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5rQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/projects/close-gap-indigenous-health#what">"Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Campaign – Australian Human Rights Commission"</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Close+the+Gap%3A+Indigenous+Health+Campaign+%E2%80%93+Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.au%2Four-work%2Faboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice%2Fprojects%2Fclose-gap-indigenous-health%23what&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626150311/http://nationalcongress.com.au/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. National Congress of Australia's First Peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcongress.com.au/about-us/">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Congress+of+Australia%27s+First+Peoples&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcongress.com.au%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626141538/http://nationalcongress.com.au/indigenous-affairs-environment-remains-a-trauma-zone/">"Indigenous Affairs Environment Remains a Trauma Zone"</a>. National Congress of Australia's First Peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcongress.com.au/indigenous-affairs-environment-remains-a-trauma-zone/">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Congress+of+Australia%27s+First+Peoples&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Affairs+Environment+Remains+a+Trauma+Zone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcongress.com.au%2Findigenous-affairs-environment-remains-a-trauma-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310182434/http://nationalcongress.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CongressSubmissionHumanRightsAnti-DiscriminationBill2012.pdf">"Submission to the Human Rights Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalcongress.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CongressSubmissionHumanRightsAnti-DiscriminationBill2012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+to+the+Human+Rights+Anti-Discrimination+Bill+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalcongress.com.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FCongressSubmissionHumanRightsAnti-DiscriminationBill2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGubhajuBanksMacNivenMcNamara2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gubhaju, Lina; Banks, Emily; et al. (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4589378">"Physical Functional Limitations among Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Older Adults: Associations with Socio-Demographic Factors and Health"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0139364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1039364G">2015PLoSO..1039364G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0139364">10.1371/journal.pone.0139364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4589378">4589378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422239">26422239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Physical+Functional+Limitations+among+Aboriginal+and+Non-Aboriginal+Older+Adults%3A+Associations+with+Socio-Demographic+Factors+and+Health&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0139364&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4589378%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1039364G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26422239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0139364&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Gubhaju&rft.aufirst=Lina&rft.au=Banks%2C+Emily&rft.au=MacNiven%2C+Rona&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Bridgette+J.&rft.au=Joshy%2C+Grace&rft.au=Bauman%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Eades%2C+Sandra+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4589378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indigenous_health_in_Australia_tropical-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Indigenous_health_in_Australia_tropical_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHotez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hotez, Peter J. (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907312">"Aboriginal Populations and Their Neglected Tropical Diseases"</a>. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (1): e2286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0002286">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-2735">1935-2735</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907312">3907312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24498442">24498442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Populations+and+Their+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e2286&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3907312%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1935-2735&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24498442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0002286&rft.aulast=Hotez&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3907312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsZubrickTaylor2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Katrina D.; Zubrick, Stephen R.; et al. (28 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113245">"Resilience amongst Australian Aboriginal Youth: An Ecological Analysis of Factors Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in High and Low Family Risk Contexts"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e102820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j2820H">2014PLoSO...9j2820H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0102820">10.1371/journal.pone.0102820</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113245">4113245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25068434">25068434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Resilience+amongst+Australian+Aboriginal+Youth%3A+An+Ecological+Analysis+of+Factors+Associated+with+Psychosocial+Functioning+in+High+and+Low+Family+Risk+Contexts&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e102820&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4113245%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j2820H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25068434&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0102820&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Katrina+D.&rft.au=Zubrick%2C+Stephen+R.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Catherine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4113245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwynneFlaskasO'BrienJeffries2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gwynne, Kylie; Flaskas, Yvonne; et al. (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129009">"Opportunistic screening to detect atrial fibrillation in Aboriginal adults in Australia"</a>. BMJ Open. 6 (11): e013576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2016-013576">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055">2044-6055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129009">5129009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27852724">27852724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Opportunistic+screening+to+detect+atrial+fibrillation+in+Aboriginal+adults+in+Australia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e013576&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5129009%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2044-6055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27852724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2016-013576&rft.aulast=Gwynne&rft.aufirst=Kylie&rft.au=Flaskas%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Ciaran&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Thomas+Lee&rft.au=McCowen%2C+Debbie&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+Heather&rft.au=Martin%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Neubeck%2C+Lis&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5129009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/363">"Understanding discrimination effects in private rental housing | AHURI"</a>. www.ahuri.edu.au. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahuri.edu.au&rft.atitle=Understanding+discrimination+effects+in+private+rental+housing+%7C+AHURI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahuri.edu.au%2Fresearch%2Ffinal-reports%2F363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonWahlquist2017-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsonWahlquist2017_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidsonWahlquist2017">Davidson & Wahlquist 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2017-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2017_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2017">Wright 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn2018" class="citation news cs1">McGinn, Christine (6 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/04/06/new-report-reveals-extent-online-racial-abuse-towards-indigenous-australians">"New report reveals extent of online racial abuse towards Indigenous Australians"</a>. SBS Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+report+reveals+extent+of+online+racial+abuse+towards+Indigenous+Australians&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Fnitv-news%2Farticle%2F2018%2F04%2F06%2Fnew-report-reveals-extent-online-racial-abuse-towards-indigenous-australians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/racism-mental-health-indigenous-communities">"Racism causing mental health issues in Indigenous communities, survey shows"</a>. Guardian Australia. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Racism+causing+mental+health+issues+in+Indigenous+communities%2C+survey+shows&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjul%2F29%2Fracism-mental-health-indigenous-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pazzano-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pazzano_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pazzano_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPazzano2012" class="citation news cs1">Pazzano, Chiara (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102413/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/06/20/factbox-stronger-futures-legislation">"Factbox: The 'Stronger Futures' legislation"</a>. SBS World News Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1658795/Factbox-The-Stronger-Futures-legislation">the original</a> on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+World+News+Australia&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+The+%27Stronger+Futures%27+legislation&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Pazzano&rft.aufirst=Chiara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1658795%2FFactbox-The-Stronger-Futures-legislation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGooda2015" class="citation news cs1">Gooda, Mick (16 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-16/gooda-healthy-welfare-card-opens-old-wounds-for-indigenous/6859588">"New report reveals extent of online racial abuse towards Indigenous Australians"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+report+reveals+extent+of+online+racial+abuse+towards+Indigenous+Australians&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft.aulast=Gooda&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-10-16%2Fgooda-healthy-welfare-card-opens-old-wounds-for-indigenous%2F6859588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConifer2018" class="citation news cs1">Conifer, Dan (4 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-04/cdp-community-development-program-region-penalties-map/10329118">"Indigenous communities slapped with more fines under Government work-for-the-dole scheme, data shows"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indigenous+communities+slapped+with+more+fines+under+Government+work-for-the-dole+scheme%2C+data+shows&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=Conifer&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-10-04%2Fcdp-community-development-program-region-penalties-map%2F10329118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2015" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Emma (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-11/abbott-defends-indigenous-communities-lifestyle-choice/6300218">"Indigenous advisers slam Tony Abbott's 'lifestyle choice' comments as 'hopeless, disrespectful'"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indigenous+advisers+slam+Tony+Abbott%27s+%27lifestyle+choice%27+comments+as+%27hopeless%2C+disrespectful%27&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-03-11%2Fabbott-defends-indigenous-communities-lifestyle-choice%2F6300218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT_5_Dec_16-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT_5_Dec_16_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT_5_Dec_16_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/queensland-police-breached-discrimination-act-on-palm-island-court-finds-20161205-gt487s.html">"Queensland police breached discrimination act on Palm Island, court finds"</a>. Brisbane Times. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Queensland+police+breached+discrimination+act+on+Palm+Island%2C+court+finds&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fnational%2Fqueensland%2Fqueensland-police-breached-discrimination-act-on-palm-island-court-finds-20161205-gt487s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nothling_2018-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Nothling_2018_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLily2018" class="citation news cs1">Lily, Nothling (2 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-02/riot-class-action-payout-prompts-police-union-anger/9717084">"Palm Island riots class action payout 'slap in face' to police, union says"</a>. The Courier Mail. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier+Mail&rft.atitle=Palm+Island+riots+class+action+payout+%27slap+in+face%27+to+police%2C+union+says&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Lily&rft.aufirst=Nothling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-05-02%2Friot-class-action-payout-prompts-police-union-anger%2F9717084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207041808/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=42">"Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK)"</a>. Documenting a Democracy: 110 key documents that are the foundation of our nation. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=42">the original</a> on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008. <q>This document implemented the doctrine of terra nullius upon which European colonization was based, reinforcing the notion that the land belonged to no nation prior the British Crown taking possession of it. Aboriginal people therefore could not sell or assign the land, nor could an individual person acquire it, other than through distribution by the Crown... Although many people at the time also recognised that the Aboriginal occupants had rights in the lands (and this was confirmed in a House of Commons report on Aboriginal relations in 1837), the law followed and almost always applied the principles expressed in Bourke's proclamation. This would not change until the Australian High Court's decision in the Mabo Case in 1992.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+a+Democracy%3A+110+key+documents+that+are+the+foundation+of+our+nation&rft.atitle=Governor+Bourke%27s+Proclamation+1835+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FdID%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lewis" title="Wendy Lewis">Lewis</a>, Balderstone and Bowan (2006) p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/firstaustralians/index/index/epid/1">"First Australians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Australians&rft.pub=Special+Broadcasting+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Ffirstaustralians%2Findex%2Findex%2Fepid%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (Third ed.). Port Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 28–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0"><bdi>978-0-521-69791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69791-0&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_World_(Geoffrey_Blainey)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Short History of the World (Geoffrey Blainey)">A Very Short History of the World</a>; <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>; 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-300559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-300559-9">978-0-14-300559-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominic_O’Sullivan_(University_of_Waikato)2000" class="citation web cs1">Dominic O’Sullivan (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Waikato" title="University of Waikato">University of Waikato</a>) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519072722/http://apsa2000.anu.edu.au/confpapers/osullivan.rtf">"The Roman Catholic Church and Indigenous Land Rights in Australia and New Zealand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Political_Studies_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australasian Political Studies Association">Australasian Political Studies Association</a>, 2000 Conference, Canberra. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsa2000.anu.edu.au/confpapers/osullivan.rtf">the original</a> on 19 May 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Catholic+Church+and+Indigenous+Land+Rights+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Australasian+Political+Studies+Association%2C+2000+Conference%2C+Canberra&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Dominic+O%E2%80%99Sullivan+%28University+of+Waikato%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsa2000.anu.edu.au%2Fconfpapers%2Fosullivan.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoel_Pearson2008" class="citation web cs1">Noel Pearson (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/when-words-arent-enough/story-e6frg6z6-1111115528371">"Contradictions cloud the apology to the Stolen Generations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contradictions+cloud+the+apology+to+the+Stolen+Generations&rft.pub=The+Australian&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.au=Noel+Pearson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fwhen-words-arent-enough%2Fstory-e6frg6z6-1111115528371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDewar" class="citation book cs1">Dewar, Mickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/AS10126b.htm?hilite=dhakiyarr">"Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda (1900–1934)"</a>. Biography – Dhakiyarr Wirrpanda. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dhakiyarr+Wirrpanda+%281900%E2%80%931934%29&rft.btitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+Dhakiyarr+Wirrpanda&rft.pub=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=Mickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FAS10126b.htm%3Fhilite%3Ddhakiyarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aec.gov.au/Voting/indigenous_vote/indigenous.htm">"AEC.gov.au"</a>. AEC.gov.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AEC.gov.au&rft.pub=AEC.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faec.gov.au%2FVoting%2Findigenous_vote%2Findigenous.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/publications/fact-sheets/fs224.aspx">"NAA.gov.au"</a>. NAA.gov.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAA.gov.au&rft.pub=NAA.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Ffact-sheets%2Ffs224.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> The First Australians: A Fair Deal for a Dark Race par SBS TV 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton1990190-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolton1990190_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolton1990">Bolton 1990</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton1990193,_195-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolton1990193,_195_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolton1990">Bolton 1990</a>, pp. 193, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Stanner, cited by Bain Attwood and S.G. Foster (eds) (2003) Frontier Conflict; The Australian Experience. p. 1 National Museum of Australia, Canberra. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876944-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-876944-11-0">1-876944-11-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Raymond Evans and Bill Thorpe "Indigenocide and the massacre of Aboriginal History," in Overland magazine, No 163, Winter 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577352-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9577352-3-5">0-9577352-3-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Henry Reynolds (1989) Dispossession: Black Australians and White Invaders. p.xiii. Allen and Unwin, NSW. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-141-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-141-2">1-86448-141-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Westgarth cited in Richard Broome and Alan Frost (1999) The Colonial Experience: The Port Phillip District 1834-1850. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/HTAV" class="mw-redirect" title="HTAV">HTAV</a>, Melbourne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86446-412-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86446-412-7">1-86446-412-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Marten, J.A. (2002) Children and War, NYU Press, New York, p. 229 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-5667-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-5667-0">0-8147-5667-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205154402/http://www.dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/family.cfm">"Indigenous Australia: Family Life"</a>. Australian Museum. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/family.cfm#bi">the original</a> on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Australia%3A+Family+Life&rft.pub=Australian+Museum&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamtime.net.au%2Findigenous%2Ffamily.cfm%23bi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-read-105"><a href="#cite_ref-read_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRead2006" class="citation book cs1">Read, Peter (2006) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820150941/http://www.daa.nsw.gov.au/publications/StolenGenerations.pdf">The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969</a> (PDF). Surry Hills, N.S.W: New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-46221-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-46221-9"><bdi>978-0-646-46221-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daa.nsw.gov.au/publications/StolenGenerations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Generations%3A+The+Removal+of+Aboriginal+Children+in+New+South+Wales+1883+to+1969&rft.place=Surry+Hills%2C+N.S.W&rft.pub=New+South+Wales+Department+of+Aboriginal+Affairs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-646-46221-9&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daa.nsw.gov.au%2Fpublications%2FStolenGenerations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/stolen/stolen10.html">Bringing Them Home: Part 2: 4 Victoria</a> (Report). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. 1997. Retrieved 25 November 2016 – via AustLII. <q>Despite the apparent recognition in government reports that the interests of Indigenous children were best served by keeping them in their own communities, the number of Aboriginal children forcibly removed continued to increase, rising from 220 in 1973 to 350 in 1976 (Victorian Government final submission page 72).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bringing+Them+Home%3A+Part+2%3A+4+Victoria&rft.pub=Human+Rights+and+Equal+Opportunity+Commission&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fother%2FIndigLRes%2Fstolen%2Fstolen10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimon_BalderstoneJohn_Bowan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lewis" title="Wendy Lewis">Lewis, Wendy</a>; Simon Balderstone; John Bowan (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9"><bdi>978-1-74110-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Shaped+Australia&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-74110-492-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Simon+Balderstone&rft.au=John+Bowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter470Oct+2010">"4704.0 – The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010 (final)"</a>. abs.gov.au. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=4704.0+%E2%80%93+The+Health+and+Welfare+of+Australia%27s+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Peoples%2C+Oct+2010+%28final%29&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Flookup%2F4704.0Chapter470Oct%2B2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-730Report-109"><a href="#cite_ref-730Report_109-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s115691.htm">No stolen generation: Australian Govt</a>, <a href="/wiki/7:30_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="7:30 Report">7:30 Report</a> ABC TV 3 April 2000, retrieved 19 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lo-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Lo_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLo2008" class="citation web cs1">Lo, Ping (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/02/12/2160871.htm">"The words Rudd will use to say 'sorry'"</a>. www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=The+words+Rudd+will+use+to+say+%27sorry%27&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Ping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flocal%2Fstories%2F2008%2F02%2F12%2F2160871.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html">"Rudd says sorry"</a>, Dylan Welch, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinkingfaith.org/articles/20080221_1.htm">"The History of Apologies Down Under [Thinking Faith – the online journal of the British Jesuits]"</a>. Thinkingfaith.org. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Apologies+Down+Under+%5BThinking+Faith+%E2%80%93+the+online+journal+of+the+British+Jesuits%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Thinkingfaith.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkingfaith.org%2Farticles%2F20080221_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/one-policy-two-camps--the-takeover-rift/2007/10/26/1192941339555.html">"SMH.au"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=SMH.au&rft.date=2007-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fone-policy-two-camps--the-takeover-rift%2F2007%2F10%2F26%2F1192941339555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2010/s2828921.htm">"The World Today – UN rapporteur raps NT intervention 24/02/2010"</a>. Abc.net.au. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Today+%E2%80%93+UN+rapporteur+raps+NT+intervention+24%2F02%2F2010&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fworldtoday%2Fcontent%2F2010%2Fs2828921.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc.net.au-115"><a href="#cite_ref-abc.net.au_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2009/s2670233.htm">"PM – UN's claims of 'racist' NT intervention are widely condemned 28/08/2009"</a>. Abc.net.au. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+%E2%80%93+UN%27s+claims+of+%27racist%27+NT+intervention+are+widely+condemned+28%2F08%2F2009&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fpm%2Fcontent%2F2009%2Fs2670233.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3182043.htm">"Defence, Discrimination and Regrets – Q&A – ABC TV"</a>. Abc.net.au. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defence%2C+Discrimination+and+Regrets+%E2%80%93+Q%26A+%E2%80%93+ABC+TV&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fqanda%2Ftxt%2Fs3182043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s2835261.htm">"Behind the News – 09/03/2010: Close the Gap"</a>. Abc.net.au. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+the+News+%E2%80%93+09%2F03%2F2010%3A+Close+the+Gap&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fbtn%2Fstory%2Fs2835261.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/feeling-unwelcome-why-debate-is-mounting-over-an-ancient-ceremony-20250204-p5l9kn.html">"Feeling unwelcome: Why debate is mounting over an ancient ceremony"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Feeling+unwelcome%3A+Why+debate+is+mounting+over+an+ancient+ceremony&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Ffeeling-unwelcome-why-debate-is-mounting-over-an-ancient-ceremony-20250204-p5l9kn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLachlan1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McLachlan, N. D. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020162b.htm">"Macquarie, Lachlan (1762–1824)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macquarie%2C+Lachlan+%281762%E2%80%931824%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=McLachlan&rft.aufirst=N.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020162b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adb-120"><a href="#cite_ref-adb_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuttor" class="citation web cs1">Suttor, T. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020299b.htm">"Plunkett, John Hubert (1802–1869)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. Retrieved 8 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.atitle=Plunkett%2C+John+Hubert+%281802%E2%80%931869%29&rft.aulast=Suttor&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020299b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-waywewere-121"><a href="#cite_ref-waywewere_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunnsA._McLayJ_SparkesW._Logue1987" class="citation book cs1">Munns, Cec F.; A. McLay; J Sparkes; W. Logue; S. Paul; B. Short (1987). The way we were. Volume 3 (2 ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Brooks Waterlook Publicaters. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85568-507-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85568-507-7"><bdi>0-85568-507-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+we+were.+Volume+3&rft.place=South+Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Brooks+Waterlook+Publicaters&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-85568-507-7&rft.aulast=Munns&rft.aufirst=Cec+F.&rft.au=A.+McLay&rft.au=J+Sparkes&rft.au=W.+Logue&rft.au=S.+Paul&rft.au=B.+Short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Australia-Policy">"White Australia policy | Summary & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=White+Australia+policy+%7C+Summary+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWhite-Australia-Policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-northedge-123"><a href="#cite_ref-northedge_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorthedge1986" class="citation book cs1">Northedge, F. S. (1986). The League of Nations: Its life and times, 1920–1946. <a href="/wiki/Leicester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester University">Leicester University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1194-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-1194-8"><bdi>0-7185-1194-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+League+of+Nations%3A+Its+life+and+times%2C+1920%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7185-1194-8&rft.aulast=Northedge&rft.aufirst=F.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyra_Willard1967" class="citation book cs1">Myra Willard (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chuDflqWzlEC&q=buckland+riot&pg=PA24">History of the White Australia policy to 1920</a>. Routledge. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1036-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-1036-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+White+Australia+policy+to+1920&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1036-8&rft.au=Myra+Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchuDflqWzlEC%26q%3Dbuckland%2Briot%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosemary_Van_den_Berg2002" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary Van den Berg (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld-lBZUiINEC&q=buckland&pg=PA114">Nyoongar people of Australia: perspectives on racism and multiculturalism</a>. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12478-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12478-3"><bdi>978-90-04-12478-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nyoongar+people+of+Australia%3A+perspectives+on+racism+and+multiculturalism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12478-3&rft.au=Rosemary+Van+den+Berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLd-lBZUiINEC%26q%3Dbuckland%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Jupp2002" class="citation book cs1">James Jupp (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&q=buckland+riot&pg=PA202">The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80789-0"><bdi>978-0-521-80789-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+People%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Nation%2C+its+People+and+their+Origins&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80789-0&rft.au=James+Jupp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgoFxfSTfYAC%26q%3Dbuckland%2Briot%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Baker2006" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Baker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzrOqE9JjjIC&q=buckland+riot&pg=PA150">Mutiny, Terrorism, Riots and Murder: A History of Sedition in Australia and New Zealand</a>. Rosenberg. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-49-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-49-3"><bdi>978-1-877058-49-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutiny%2C+Terrorism%2C+Riots+and+Murder%3A+A+History+of+Sedition+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Rosenberg&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-877058-49-3&rft.au=Kevin+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzrOqE9JjjIC%26q%3Dbuckland%2Briot%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7135014">"RIOT AT THE BUCKLAND"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a>. Melbourne. 9 July 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 8 September 2011 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=RIOT+AT+THE+BUCKLAND.&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1857-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article7135014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7143178">"CHINESE IMMIGRATION"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a>. Melbourne. 15 January 1857. p. 4. Retrieved 8 September 2011 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=CHINESE+IMMIGRATION.&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1857-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article7143178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Morrison2005" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Morrison (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9pwaTb_5NoC&q=buckland+hotel&pg=PA107">Engines of influence: newspapers of country Victoria, 1840–1890</a>. Melbourne University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85155-7"><bdi>978-0-522-85155-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engines+of+influence%3A+newspapers+of+country+Victoria%2C+1840%E2%80%931890&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85155-7&rft.au=Elizabeth+Morrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9pwaTb_5NoC%26q%3Dbuckland%2Bhotel%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0lFAAAAYAAJ&q=buckland+&pg=PA635">The Irish metropolitan magazine</a>. Dublin: W. Robertson. 1858. p. 635. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+metropolitan+magazine&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=635&rft.pub=W.+Robertson&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0lFAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dbuckland%2B%26pg%3DPA635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Fetherling1997" class="citation book cs1">George Fetherling (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHcD1pi46qIC&q=buckland%20riot%20chinese&pg=PA60">The gold crusades: a social history of gold rushes, 1849–1929</a>. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8046-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8046-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8046-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gold+crusades%3A+a+social+history+of+gold+rushes%2C+1849%E2%80%931929&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press%2C+Scholarly+Publishing+Division&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8046-2&rft.au=George+Fetherling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHcD1pi46qIC%26q%3Dbuckland%2520riot%2520chinese%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7136892">"TRIAL OF THE BUCKLAND RIOTERS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a>. Melbourne. 12 August 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 8 September 2011 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=TRIAL+OF+THE+BUCKLAND+RIOTERS.&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1857-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article7136892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7137290">"POLICE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a>. Melbourne. 18 August 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 8 September 2011 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=POLICE.&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1857-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article7137290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitshepparton.com.au/see-and-do/history-and-heritage/!/view/tatura-irrigation-and-wartime-camps-museum-1031">"Tatura Irrigation and Wartime Camps Museum"</a>. Visit Shepparton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Shepparton&rft.atitle=Tatura+Irrigation+and+Wartime+Camps+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitshepparton.com.au%2Fsee-and-do%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2F%21%2Fview%2Ftatura-irrigation-and-wartime-camps-museum-1031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taturamuseum.org.au/camps.html">"Prisoner of War and Internment Camps; World War II Camps"</a>. Tatura Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatura+Museum&rft.atitle=Prisoner+of+War+and+Internment+Camps%3B+World+War+II+Camps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taturamuseum.org.au%2Fcamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/snapshots/internment-camps/WWII/tatura.aspx">"Tatura – Rushworth, Victoria (1940–47)"</a>. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 7 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Tatura+%E2%80%93+Rushworth%2C+Victoria+%281940%E2%80%9347%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fcollection%2Fsnapshots%2Finternment-camps%2FWWII%2Ftatura.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakkarly2017" class="citation news cs1">Blakkarly, Jarni (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/japanese-survivors-recall-australia-s-wwii-civilian-internment-camps">"Japanese survivors recall Australia's WWII civilian internment camps"</a>. SBS News. Retrieved 7 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+survivors+recall+Australia%27s+WWII+civilian+internment+camps&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.aulast=Blakkarly&rft.aufirst=Jarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fjapanese-survivors-recall-australia-s-wwii-civilian-internment-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagata1993" class="citation thesis cs1">Nagata, Yuriko (13 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/21427">Japanese internment in Australia during World War II</a>. The University of Adelaide (This is a website link to a PDF version of an Australian thesis paper on Japanese internment in Australia during WWII.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Japanese+internment+in+Australia+during+World+War+II&rft.date=1993-09-13&rft.aulast=Nagata&rft.aufirst=Yuriko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F2440%2F21427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakkarly2017" class="citation news cs1">Blakkarly, Jarni (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-japanese-and-the-dark-legacy-of-australia-s-camps">"The Japanese and the dark legacy of Australia's camps"</a>. SBS News. Retrieved 7 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+and+the+dark+legacy+of+Australia%27s+camps&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Blakkarly&rft.aufirst=Jarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fthe-japanese-and-the-dark-legacy-of-australia-s-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiper2012" class="citation journal cs1">Piper, Christine (6 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lovedayproject.com/2012/03/06/tatura-family-internment-camp/">"Tatura family internment camp"</a>. Loveday Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loveday+Project&rft.atitle=Tatura+family+internment+camp&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flovedayproject.com%2F2012%2F03%2F06%2Ftatura-family-internment-camp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-embassy1-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-embassy1_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-embassy1_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/study.html">"Study in Australia – Australian High Commission"</a>. India.embassy.gov.au. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+in+Australia+%E2%80%93+Australian+High+Commission&rft.pub=India.embassy.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.embassy.gov.au%2Fndli%2Fstudy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/only-23-of-152-oz-attacks-racist-ministry-tells-ls/584247/">"Only 23 of 152 Oz attacks racist, Ministry tells LS"</a>. Indianexpress. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indianexpress&rft.atitle=Only+23+of+152+Oz+attacks+racist%2C+Ministry+tells+LS&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fonly-23-of-152-oz-attacks-racist-ministry-tells-ls%2F584247%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/04_executive.aspx">"Australian Institute of Criminology – Executive summary"</a>. Aic.gov.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Institute+of+Criminology+%E2%80%93+Executive+summary&rft.pub=Aic.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fcurrent%2520series%2Fspecial%2F1-20%2F001%2F04_executive.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/indians-abroad/18-Indians-detained-for-breaching-Australia-peace-rally/articleshow/4602328.cms">"18 Indians detained for breaching Australia peace rally"</a>. Times of India. 1 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=18+Indians+detained+for+breaching+Australia+peace+rally&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Findians-abroad%2F18-Indians-detained-for-breaching-Australia-peace-rally%2Farticleshow%2F4602328.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/China-too-raises-concern-over-attacks-on-students/471165/">"China too raises concern over attacks on students"</a>. Indianexpress. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indianexpress&rft.atitle=China+too+raises+concern+over+attacks+on+students&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2FChina-too-raises-concern-over-attacks-on-students%2F471165%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-topsfield-147"><a href="#cite_ref-topsfield_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTopsfield2009" class="citation web cs1">Topsfield, Jewel (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/helpline-thrown-to-indian-students-20090511-b0mt.html?page=-1">"Helpline thrown to Indian students"</a>. The Age. Retrieved 19 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Helpline+thrown+to+Indian+students&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft.aulast=Topsfield&rft.aufirst=Jewel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fhelpline-thrown-to-indian-students-20090511-b0mt.html%3Fpage%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-envoy-148"><a href="#cite_ref-envoy_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/vayalar-read-aus-commissioner-317624.html">"Australian envoy admits attacks on Indians racist"</a>. News18. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Australian+envoy+admits+attacks+on+Indians+racist&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fvayalar-read-aus-commissioner-317624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_un-asks-australia-to-investigate-root-cause-of-attacks-on-indian_1355539">"UN asks Australia to investigate 'root cause' of attacks on Indian"</a>. dna. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=UN+asks+Australia+to+investigate+%27root+cause%27+of+attacks+on+Indian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fworld%2Freport_un-asks-australia-to-investigate-root-cause-of-attacks-on-indian_1355539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8586435.stm">"Australia police in racism probe"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Australia+police+in+racism+probe&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8586435.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505045003/http://www.aic.gov.au/en/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/04_executive.aspx">"Australian Institute of Criminology – Executive summary"</a>. Aic.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/en/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/04_executive.aspx">the original</a> on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Institute+of+Criminology+%E2%80%93+Executive+summary&rft.pub=Aic.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fcurrent%2520series%2Fspecial%2F1-20%2F001%2F04_executive.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/08_national.aspx">"Australian Institute of Criminology – National summary of findings"</a>. Aic.gov.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Institute+of+Criminology+%E2%80%93+National+summary+of+findings&rft.pub=Aic.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fcurrent%2520series%2Fspecial%2F1-20%2F001%2F08_national.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/studies-show-most-indian-students-in-australia-feel-safe_100321118.html">"Studies show most Indian students in Australia feel safe"</a>. Thaindian News. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thaindian+News&rft.atitle=Studies+show+most+Indian+students+in+Australia+feel+safe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Findia-news%2Fstudies-show-most-indian-students-in-australia-feel-safe_100321118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-02/asian-australians-suffer-covid-19-discrimination-anu-survey/12834324">"Anthony was playing cricket when an opposing player started shouting 'coronavirus'. His experience isn't unusual"</a>. ABC News. 1 November 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Anthony+was+playing+cricket+when+an+opposing+player+started+shouting+%27coronavirus%27.+His+experience+isn%27t+unusual&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-11-02%2Fasian-australians-suffer-covid-19-discrimination-anu-survey%2F12834324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41317386">"Australian school discriminated against turban-wearing boy"</a>. BBC News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Australian+school+discriminated+against+turban-wearing+boy&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-41317386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-17/fact-check-tanya-plibersek-on-religious-discrimination/100911524">"We fact checked Tanya Plibersek about religious vilification laws. Here's what we found"</a>. ABC News. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=We+fact+checked+Tanya+Plibersek+about+religious+vilification+laws.+Here%27s+what+we+found&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-03-17%2Ffact-check-tanya-plibersek-on-religious-discrimination%2F100911524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6176970/australia-election-china/">"Racism In Australia Worsened by Anti-China Election Rhetoric"</a>. Time. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Racism+In+Australia+Worsened+by+Anti-China+Election+Rhetoric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6176970%2Faustralia-election-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/04/01/vast-majority-of-nsw-hate-crimes-race-and-religion-related--stud.html">"Vast majority of NSW hate crimes race and religion-related: study"</a>. The University of Sydney. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Sydney&rft.atitle=Vast+majority+of+NSW+hate+crimes+race+and+religion-related%3A+study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydney.edu.au%2Fnews-opinion%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fvast-majority-of-nsw-hate-crimes-race-and-religion-related--stud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/research-looks-at-hate-crimes-reported-by-sikhs-in-victoria">"Research looks at hate crimes reported by Sikhs in Victoria"</a>. SBS Your Language. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+Your+Language&rft.atitle=Research+looks+at+hate+crimes+reported+by+Sikhs+in+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Flanguage%2Fenglish%2Faudio%2Fresearch-looks-at-hate-crimes-reported-by-sikhs-in-victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2021" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Rennie (26 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/26/anti-asian-bias-isnt-just-an-american-problem/">"Australia is also seeing racism against Asians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Australia+is+also+seeing+racism+against+Asians&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Rennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F03%2F26%2Fanti-asian-bias-isnt-just-an-american-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneidersLucas2020" class="citation news cs1">Schneiders, Ben; Lucas, Clay (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/asian-australian-groups-report-surge-in-racist-abuse-assaults-during-pandemic-20200512-p54s6f.html">"Asian-Australian groups report surge in racist abuse, assaults during pandemic"</a>. The Age. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Asian-Australian+groups+report+surge+in+racist+abuse%2C+assaults+during+pandemic&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Schneiders&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Fvictoria%2Fasian-australian-groups-report-surge-in-racist-abuse-assaults-during-pandemic-20200512-p54s6f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanLeeRuppanner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, Xiao; Lee, Rennie; Ruppanner, Leah (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8653057">"Profiling racial prejudice during COVID-19: Who exhibits anti-Asian sentiment in Australia and the United States?"</a>. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 56 (4): 464–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajs4.176">10.1002/ajs4.176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0157-6321">0157-6321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8653057">8653057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34898754">34898754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Profiling+racial+prejudice+during+COVID-19%3A+Who+exhibits+anti-Asian+sentiment+in+Australia+and+the+United+States%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E484&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8653057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0157-6321&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34898754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajs4.176&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft.au=Lee%2C+Rennie&rft.au=Ruppanner%2C+Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8653057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeckie2022" class="citation news cs1">Leckie, Evelyn (25 May 2022) [Updated 31 May 2022 with new headline: "Racism remains rife towards Chinese-Australians, more than two years into the COVID-19 pandemic"]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-26/racism-towards-chinese-australians-continues-covid19/101099690">"Degrading racism continues against Chinese-Australians"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Degrading+racism+continues+against+Chinese-Australians&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-05-26%2Fracism-towards-chinese-australians-continues-covid19%2F101099690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asian_Australians_cris-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Asian_Australians_cris_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKampDensonAtieDunn2021" class="citation report cs1">Kamp, Alanna; Denson, Nida; Atie, Rosalie; Dunn, Kevin; Sharples, Rachel; Vergani, Matteo; Walton, Jessica; Sisko, Susan (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisconsortium.org/challenging-racisms/asian-australian-racism-covid19">Asian Australians' Experiences of Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic</a> (Report). Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies (CRIS), Deakin University; Victoria University; Western Sydney University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7300-0167-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7300-0167-6"><bdi>978-0-7300-0167-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Asian+Australians%27+Experiences+of+Racism+During+the+COVID-19+Pandemic&rft.pub=Centre+for+Resilient+and+Inclusive+Societies+%28CRIS%29%2C+Deakin+University%3B+Victoria+University%3B+Western+Sydney+University&rft.date=2021-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7300-0167-6&rft.aulast=Kamp&rft.aufirst=Alanna&rft.au=Denson%2C+Nida&rft.au=Atie%2C+Rosalie&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Sharples%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Vergani%2C+Matteo&rft.au=Walton%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Sisko%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisconsortium.org%2Fchallenging-racisms%2Fasian-australian-racism-covid19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d48cb4d61091100011eded9/t/60f655dd3ca5073dfd636d88/1626756586620/COVID+racism+report+190721.pdf">[Report PDF]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/what-its-like-to-be-asian-in-australia-since-covid-came-knocking/hbvwao1vp">"What it's like to be Asian in Australia since COVID came knocking"</a>. SBS News. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=What+it%27s+like+to+be+Asian+in+Australia+since+COVID+came+knocking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fthe-feed%2Farticle%2Fwhat-its-like-to-be-asian-in-australia-since-covid-came-knocking%2Fhbvwao1vp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLowy_Institute" class="citation report cs1">Lowy Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactives.lowyinstitute.org/features/chinese-communities/">Being Chinese in Australia: Public Opinion in Chinese Communities</a>. Lowy Institute (Report). Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Being+Chinese+in+Australia%3A+Public+Opinion+in+Chinese+Communities&rft.au=Lowy+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractives.lowyinstitute.org%2Ffeatures%2Fchinese-communities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-china-diplomacy-idUSKCN2AV0B4">"One in five Chinese Australians report attacks or threats amid pandemic, rising tensions"</a>. Reuters News. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+News&rft.atitle=One+in+five+Chinese+Australians+report+attacks+or+threats+amid+pandemic%2C+rising+tensions&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-australia-china-diplomacy-idUSKCN2AV0B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asian_Australians_ANU_csrm-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Asian_Australians_ANU_csrm_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiddleGrayLo2020" class="citation report cs1">Biddle, Nicholas; Gray, Matthew; Lo, Jieh-Yung (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csrm.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2020/11/The_experience_of_Asian-Australians_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.pdf">Asian-Australians' experience during COVID-19</a> (PDF) (Report). Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Asian-Australians%27+experience+during+COVID-19&rft.pub=Centre+for+Social+Research+and+Methods%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2020-10&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Gray%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Lo%2C+Jieh-Yung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsrm.cass.anu.edu.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2F2020%2F11%2FThe_experience_of_Asian-Australians_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThaiSzeszeranHornseyBarlow2020" class="citation journal cs1">Thai, Michael; Szeszeran, Nicholas A.; Hornsey, Matthew J.; Barlow, Fiona Kate (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550619879907">"Forever Foreign? Asian Australians Assimilating to Australian Culture Are Still Perceived as Less Australian Than White Australians"</a>. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 11 (6): 812–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1948550619879907">10.1177/1948550619879907</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-5506">1948-5506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214292907">214292907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychological+and+Personality+Science&rft.atitle=Forever+Foreign%3F+Asian+Australians+Assimilating+to+Australian+Culture+Are+Still+Perceived+as+Less+Australian+Than+White+Australians&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E812-%3C%2Fspan%3E820&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214292907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1948-5506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1948550619879907&rft.aulast=Thai&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Szeszeran%2C+Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Hornsey%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Fiona+Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1948550619879907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiu2021" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Helena (24 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://disorient.co/model-minority-myth/">"From Yellow Peril to Model Minority: Asians Resist!"</a>. Disorient. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Disorient&rft.atitle=From+Yellow+Peril+to+Model+Minority%3A+Asians+Resist%21&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdisorient.co%2Fmodel-minority-myth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaltonTruong2021" class="citation conference cs1">Walton, Jessica; Truong, Mandy (12 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/understanding-the-racial-grammar-of-the-model-minority-myth-and-i">Understanding the racial grammar of the model minority myth and its impacts</a>. Alfred Deakin Institute International Conference 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+racial+grammar+of+the+model+minority+myth+and+its+impacts&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Truong%2C+Mandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.monash.edu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Funderstanding-the-racial-grammar-of-the-model-minority-myth-and-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woroni.com.au/words/the-myth-of-the-model-minority/">"WoroniThe Myth of the 'Model Minority'"</a>. Woroni. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woroni&rft.atitle=WoroniThe+Myth+of+the+%27Model+Minority%27&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woroni.com.au%2Fwords%2Fthe-myth-of-the-model-minority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee-AnChen2021" class="citation news cs1">Lee-An, Jiyoung; Chen, Xiaobei (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-model-minority-myth-hides-the-racist-and-sexist-violence-experienced-by-asian-women-157667">"The model minority myth hides the racist and sexist violence experienced by Asian women"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+model+minority+myth+hides+the+racist+and+sexist+violence+experienced+by+Asian+women&rft.date=2021-03&rft.aulast=Lee-An&rft.aufirst=Jiyoung&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xiaobei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-model-minority-myth-hides-the-racist-and-sexist-violence-experienced-by-asian-women-157667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asian_Australians_new_merit-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asian_Australians_new_merit_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asian_Australians_new_merit_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ho, Christina (26 October 2017). "The new meritocracy or over-schooled robots? Public attitudes on Asian–Australian education cultures". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 43 (14): 2346–2362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2017.1315855">10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315855</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F113608">10453/113608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148813111">148813111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=The+new+meritocracy+or+over-schooled+robots%3F+Public+attitudes+on+Asian%E2%80%93Australian+education+cultures&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2346-%3C%2Fspan%3E2362&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10453%2F113608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148813111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2017.1315855&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meanjin.com.au/essays/the-very-model-of-a-model-ethnic-minority/">"The Very Model of a Model Ethnic Minority"</a>. Meanjin. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meanjin&rft.atitle=The+Very+Model+of+a+Model+Ethnic+Minority&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeanjin.com.au%2Fessays%2Fthe-very-model-of-a-model-ethnic-minority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFukui2018" class="citation news cs1">Fukui, Masako (28 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/28/being-a-good-quiet-and-assimilated-model-minority-is-making-me-angry">"Being a good, quiet and assimilated 'model minority' is making me angry"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Being+a+good%2C+quiet+and+assimilated+%27model+minority%27+is+making+me+angry&rft.date=2018-07-28&rft.aulast=Fukui&rft.aufirst=Masako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F28%2Fbeing-a-good-quiet-and-assimilated-model-minority-is-making-me-angry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFukui" class="citation magazine cs1">Fukui, Masako. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/asian-model-minority-perils-overachieving/">"No, I'm not your 'Asian model minority'!"</a>. Griffith Review. No. 61. [Literary journal]. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Griffith+Review&rft.atitle=No%2C+I%27m+not+your+%27Asian+model+minority%27%21&rft.issue=61&rft.aulast=Fukui&rft.aufirst=Masako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.griffithreview.com%2Farticles%2Fasian-model-minority-perils-overachieving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Gareth (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-bamboo-ceiling-in-australia-is-real-20190912-p52qp8.html">"The 'bamboo ceiling' in Australia is real"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=The+%27bamboo+ceiling%27+in+Australia+is+real&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fthe-bamboo-ceiling-in-australia-is-real-20190912-p52qp8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asian_Australians_auto-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asian_Australians_auto_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asian_Australians_auto_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTan2015" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Monica (27 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/apr/27/asian-australians-lawyers-still-bump-up-against-legal-industrys-bamboo-ceiling">"Asian-Australian lawyers still bump up against legal industry's 'bamboo ceiling'"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Asian-Australian+lawyers+still+bump+up+against+legal+industry%27s+%27bamboo+ceiling%27&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2015%2Fapr%2F27%2Fasian-australians-lawyers-still-bump-up-against-legal-industrys-bamboo-ceiling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXiaoHandley2019" class="citation news cs1">Xiao, Bang; Handley, Erin (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-02/asian-australians-struggling-to-break-bamboo-ceiling/11665288">"Why the 'bamboo ceiling' is still alive and well in Australia"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Why+the+%27bamboo+ceiling%27+is+still+alive+and+well+in+Australia&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Bang&rft.au=Handley%2C+Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-11-02%2Fasian-australians-struggling-to-break-bamboo-ceiling%2F11665288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoutphommasane2014" class="citation news cs1">Soutphommasane, Tim (11 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/11/are-asian-australians-trapped-under-a-bamboo-ceiling">"Are Asian Australians trapped under a bamboo ceiling?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Are+Asian+Australians+trapped+under+a+bamboo+ceiling%3F&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Soutphommasane&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2014%2Fjul%2F11%2Fare-asian-australians-trapped-under-a-bamboo-ceiling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7930047/bamboo-ceiling-broken-by-asian-australians/">"Bamboo ceiling broken by Asian-Australians"</a>. The Canberra Times. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Bamboo+ceiling+broken+by+Asian-Australians&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F7930047%2Fbamboo-ceiling-broken-by-asian-australians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoon2022" class="citation web cs1">Loon, Karen (12 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcompany.com.au/opinion/corporates-asian-australian-leaders-bamboo-ceiling/">"Corporates need to help Asian-Australian leaders crack 'bamboo ceiling'"</a>. SmartCompany. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SmartCompany&rft.atitle=Corporates+need+to+help+Asian-Australian+leaders+crack+%27bamboo+ceiling%27&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.aulast=Loon&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcompany.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fcorporates-asian-australian-leaders-bamboo-ceiling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dca.org.au/research/project/cracking-cultural-ceiling">"Cracking the Cultural Ceiling"</a>. Diversity Council Australia. 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diversity+Council+Australia&rft.atitle=Cracking+the+Cultural+Ceiling&rft.date=2012-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dca.org.au%2Fresearch%2Fproject%2Fcracking-cultural-ceiling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnox" class="citation news cs1">Knox, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408040726/https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/feature/battle-bamboo-ceiling">"Battle of the bamboo ceiling"</a>. SBS News (Features). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/feature/battle-bamboo-ceiling">the original</a> on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News+%28Features%29&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+bamboo+ceiling&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Ftopics%2Flife%2Ffeature%2Fbattle-bamboo-ceiling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2022" class="citation web cs1">Macdonald, Anna (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themandarin.com.au/192762-bamboo-ceiling-preventing-asian-australians-becoming-public-sector-leaders/">"'Bamboo ceiling' preventing Asian Australians becoming public sector leaders"</a>. The Mandarin. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mandarin&rft.atitle=%27Bamboo+ceiling%27+preventing+Asian+Australians+becoming+public+sector+leaders&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themandarin.com.au%2F192762-bamboo-ceiling-preventing-asian-australians-becoming-public-sector-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHo2020" class="citation news cs1">Ho, Christina (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/02/asian-australian-students-success-is-often-maligned-but-its-our-education-system-thats-unequal">"Asian Australian students' success is often maligned – but it's our education system that's unequal"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Asian+Australian+students%27+success+is+often+maligned+%E2%80%93+but+it%27s+our+education+system+that%27s+unequal&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2020%2Fjun%2F02%2Fasian-australian-students-success-is-often-maligned-but-its-our-education-system-thats-unequal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/naplan-migrant-students-are-outclassing-aussie-kids-in-literacy-and-numeracy/news-story/ca5260a9f89458dfc835725cff3a05fe">"Migrants outclass Aussie students in NAPLAN"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Migrants+outclass+Aussie+students+in+NAPLAN&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnsw%2Fnaplan-migrant-students-are-outclassing-aussie-kids-in-literacy-and-numeracy%2Fnews-story%2Fca5260a9f89458dfc835725cff3a05fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpl.asn.au/journal/semester-1-2018/asians-always-do-well-getting-behind-the-stereotypes-of-ethnic-success-in">"'Asians always do well': Getting Behind the Stereotypes of 'Ethnic Success' in NSW"</a>. Journal of the Centre for Professional Learning. No. Semester 1 2018. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Centre+for+Professional+Learning&rft.atitle=%27Asians+always+do+well%27%3A+Getting+Behind+the+Stereotypes+of+%27Ethnic+Success%27+in+NSW&rft.issue=Semester+1+2018&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpl.asn.au%2Fjournal%2Fsemester-1-2018%2Fasians-always-do-well-getting-behind-the-stereotypes-of-ethnic-success-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarruthersTuy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carruthers, Ashley; Tuy, Sarithya (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fsj.v2i1.1197">"The Cambodians in Sydney"</a>. Sydney Journal. 2 (1): 62–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fsj.v2i1.1197">10.5130/sj.v2i1.1197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1835-0151">1835-0151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Cambodians+in+Sydney&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fsj.v2i1.1197&rft.issn=1835-0151&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Tuy%2C+Sarithya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5130%252Fsj.v2i1.1197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/sydney_journal/article/view/1197/1207">PDF direct download</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Representatives_Selection_Committee2017" class="citation book cs1">House of Representatives Selection Committee (16 August 2017). "Private Members' Business–Notices". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/02_Parliamentary_Business/24_Committees/243_Reps_Committees/Selection/45p/Report_15_16_August_2017.pdf?la=en&hash=A1C18D48F1726354017576E3A94CC8598E03434A">Report No. 15: Committee and delegation business and private Members' business</a> (PDF). Canberra: Parliament of Australia. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Private+Members%27+Business%E2%80%93Notices&rft.btitle=Report+No.+15%3A+Committee+and+delegation+business+and+private+Members%27+business&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.au=House+of+Representatives+Selection+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2F-%2Fmedia%2F02_Parliamentary_Business%2F24_Committees%2F243_Reps_Committees%2FSelection%2F45p%2FReport_15_16_August_2017.pdf%3Fla%3Den%26hash%3DA1C18D48F1726354017576E3A94CC8598E03434A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarruthersTuy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carruthers, Ashley; Tuy, Sarithya (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/cambodians">"Cambodians"</a>. The Dictionary of Sydney. DoS Trust. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambodians&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Sydney&rft.pub=DoS+Trust&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Tuy%2C+Sarithya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryofsydney.org%2Fentry%2Fcambodians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Home_AffairsAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2018" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Department of Home Affairs; Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-laos.PDF">"Community Information Summary – Laos-born"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Commonwealth of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Information+Summary+%E2%80%93+Laos-born&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Department+of+Home+Affairs&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeaffairs.gov.au%2Fmca%2Ffiles%2F2016-cis-laos.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProfTuan2014" class="citation web cs1">Prof, Associate; Tuan, Dr Nguyen Anh (18 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2014/11/18/vietnamese-australians-community-realities-and-prospects/">"Vietnamese Australians' Community: Realities and Prospects"</a>. Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+Australians%27+Community%3A+Realities+and+Prospects&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Prof&rft.aufirst=Associate&rft.au=Tuan%2C+Dr+Nguyen+Anh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoderndiplomacy.eu%2F2014%2F11%2F18%2Fvietnamese-australians-community-realities-and-prospects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTappLee2010" class="citation book cs1">Tapp, Nicholas; Lee, Gary Yia (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/hmong-australia">The Hmong of Australia</a>. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921666-95-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921666-95-7"><bdi>978-1-921666-95-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hmong+of+Australia&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-921666-95-7&rft.aulast=Tapp&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Lee%2C+Gary+Yia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fhmong-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Home_AffairsAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2018" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Department of Home Affairs; Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-bangladesh.pdf">"Community Information Summary – Bangladesh-born"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Commonwealth of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Information+Summary+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh-born&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Department+of+Home+Affairs&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeaffairs.gov.au%2Fmca%2Ffiles%2F2016-cis-bangladesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4520286.stm">"BBC NEWS – In Pictures – In pictures: Australia violence"</a>. News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+In+Pictures+%E2%80%93+In+pictures%3A+Australia+violence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_pictures%2F4520286.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> The term white in this context typically refers to Australian people of West European ancestry whose first language is English, see <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Punchbowl-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Punchbowl_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2015/02/time-punchbowl-1975-1996-150223102756878.html">"Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl"</a>. Al Jazeera. aljazeera.com. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016. <q>Exploring issues of integration, racism and multiculturalism, the four-part documentary series Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl looks to the past of an Arab community, the Lebanese in Australia - tracing the history of this community, their search for an identity, and their struggle to be accepted as Australians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+in+Punchbowl&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fspecialseries%2F2015%2F02%2Ftime-punchbowl-1975-1996-150223102756878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFABC/AAP2012" class="citation news cs1">ABC/AAP (2 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-02/tribunal-rules-alan-jones-incited-hatred/4292052">"Tribunal rules Alan Jones incited hatred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tribunal+rules+Alan+Jones+incited+hatred&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.au=ABC%2FAAP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-10-02%2Ftribunal-rules-alan-jones-incited-hatred%2F4292052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernier_et_al-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernier_et_al_201-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenierWickesMoran2020" class="citation journal cs1">Benier, Kathryn; Wickes, Rebecca; Moran, Clare (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0004865820965647#:~:text=This%20event%20led%20to%20a,and%20institutionalised%20forms%20of%20discrimination.">"'African gangs' in Australia: Perceptions of race and crime in urban neighbourhoods"</a>. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 54 (2): 1-19. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+%26+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98African+gangs%E2%80%99+in+Australia%3A+Perceptions+of+race+and+crime+in+urban+neighbourhoods&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Benier&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=Wickes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Moran%2C+Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0004865820965647%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThis%2520event%2520led%2520to%2520a%2Cand%2520institutionalised%2520forms%2520of%2520discrimination.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-molla-202"><a href="#cite_ref-molla_202-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>molla</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-Baak-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Baak_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaak2011" class="citation journal cs1">Baak, Melanie (2011). "Murder, community talk and belonging: an exploration of Sudanese community responses to murder in Australia". African Identities. 9 (4): 417-434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Identities&rft.atitle=Murder%2C+community+talk+and+belonging%3A+an+exploration+of+Sudanese+community+responses+to+murder+in+Australia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-434&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Baak&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majavu-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majavu_204-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajavu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Majavu, Mandisi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17528631.2018.1541958">"The 'African gangs' narrative: associating Blackness with criminality and other anti-Black racist tropes in Australia"</a>. African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal. 13 (1): 27–39. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+and+Black+Diaspora%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.atitle=The+%E2%80%98African+gangs%E2%80%99+narrative%3A+associating+Blackness+with+criminality+and+other+anti-Black+racist+tropes+in+Australia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Majavu&rft.aufirst=Mandisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F17528631.2018.1541958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gatwiri&Anderson-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gatwiri&Anderson_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gatwiri&Anderson_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gatwiri&Anderson_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gatwiri&Anderson_205-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gatwiri&Anderson_205-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatwiriAnderson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gatwiri, Kathomi; Anderson, Leticia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7793144/">"Boundaries of Belonging: Theorizing Black African Migrant Experiences in Australia"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (38). Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Boundaries+of+Belonging%3A+Theorizing+Black+African+Migrant+Experiences+in+Australia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=38&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Gatwiri&rft.aufirst=Kathomi&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Leticia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7793144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsolkias2013" class="citation web cs1">Tsolkias, Christos (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2013/september/1377957600/christos-tsiolkas/why-australia-hates-asylum-seekers">"Why Australia hates asylum seekers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Monthly&rft.atitle=Why+Australia+hates+asylum+seekers&rft.date=2013-09&rft.aulast=Tsolkias&rft.aufirst=Christos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themonthly.com.au%2Fissue%2F2013%2Fseptember%2F1377957600%2Fchristos-tsiolkas%2Fwhy-australia-hates-asylum-seekers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAthena_Yenko" class="citation web cs1">Athena Yenko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/515277/20131021/asylum-seekers-australia-racism-migrants.htm#.UnUNH6JHJbE">"Aussies' Racism Higher Survey reveals Morrison dehumanises asylum seekers"</a>. International Business Times AU. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times+AU&rft.atitle=Aussies%27+Racism+Higher+Survey+reveals+Morrison+dehumanises+asylum+seekers&rft.au=Athena+Yenko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.ibtimes.com%2Farticles%2F515277%2F20131021%2Fasylum-seekers-australia-racism-migrants.htm%23.UnUNH6JHJbE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-05-28/asylum-seeker-policy-an-appeal-to-fear-and-racism/844572">"Asylum seeker policy 'an appeal to fear and racism'"</a>. ABC News. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Asylum+seeker+policy+%27an+appeal+to+fear+and+racism%27&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2010-05-28%2Fasylum-seeker-policy-an-appeal-to-fear-and-racism%2F844572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodhardtVergani2021" class="citation web cs1">Goodhardt, Dan; Vergani, Matteo (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/we-tracked-antisemitic-incidents-in-australia-over-four-years-this-is-when-they-are-most-likely-to-occur-154728">"We tracked antisemitic incidents in Australia over four years. This is when they are most likely to occur"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=We+tracked+antisemitic+incidents+in+Australia+over+four+years.+This+is+when+they+are+most+likely+to+occur&rft.date=2021-04&rft.aulast=Goodhardt&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Vergani%2C+Matteo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwe-tracked-antisemitic-incidents-in-australia-over-four-years-this-is-when-they-are-most-likely-to-occur-154728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/australia-sees-30-percent-increase-in-antisemitic-incidents-609164">"Australia sees 30 percent increase in antisemitic incidents"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Australia+sees+30+percent+increase+in+antisemitic+incidents&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Faustralia-sees-30-percent-increase-in-antisemitic-incidents-609164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglas" class="citation web cs1">Douglas, Carly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajn.timesofisrael.com/spat-at-called-jewish-scum-on-way-home-from-shule/">"Spat at, called 'Jewish scum' on way home from shule"</a>. ajn.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajn.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Spat+at%2C+called+%27Jewish+scum%27+on+way+home+from+shule&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Carly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajn.timesofisrael.com%2Fspat-at-called-jewish-scum-on-way-home-from-shule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vile-212"><a href="#cite_ref-vile_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2025" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Amy (12 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/vile-disgusting-sydney-nurses-stood-down-amid-investigation-into-israeli-patient-comments/pb90p35y2">"'Vile, disgusting': Sydney nurses stood down amid investigation into Israeli patient comments"</a>. SBS News. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=%27Vile%2C+disgusting%27%3A+Sydney+nurses+stood+down+amid+investigation+into+Israeli+patient+comments&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fvile-disgusting-sydney-nurses-stood-down-amid-investigation-into-israeli-patient-comments%2Fpb90p35y2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoscaini2025" class="citation news cs1">Boscaini, Joshua (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-13/health-workers-condemn-nsw-health-nurse-video/104927954">"Health workers condemn video showing NSW Health nurses bragging about killing Israeli patients"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Health+workers+condemn+video+showing+NSW+Health+nurses+bragging+about+killing+Israeli+patients&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Boscaini&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2025-02-13%2Fhealth-workers-condemn-nsw-health-nurse-video%2F104927954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHohneTheocharous2025" class="citation news cs1">Hohne, Josh; Theocharous, Mikala (13 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/video-of-pair-wearing-nsw-health-uniforms-and-making-antisemitic-remarks-referred-to-police/a76f2e22-ed11-47df-a092-6644295b1c2a">"Police move in on Sydney nurses stood down over alleged antisemitic video"</a>. Nine News. Retrieved 13 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nine+News&rft.atitle=Police+move+in+on+Sydney+nurses+stood+down+over+alleged+antisemitic+video&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Hohne&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Theocharous%2C+Mikala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvideo-of-pair-wearing-nsw-health-uniforms-and-making-antisemitic-remarks-referred-to-police%2Fa76f2e22-ed11-47df-a092-6644295b1c2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nathan-215"><a href="#cite_ref-nathan_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNathan2018" class="citation web cs1">Nathan, Julie (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/antipodean-resistance-the-rise-and-goals-of-australias-new-nazis/10094794">"Antipodean Resistance: The Rise and Goals of Australia's New Nazis"</a>. ABC Religion & Ethics. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.atitle=Antipodean+Resistance%3A+The+Rise+and+Goals+of+Australia%27s+New+Nazis&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fantipodean-resistance-the-rise-and-goals-of-australias-new-nazis%2F10094794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Richards, Imogen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322818668">"Australian Measures to Counter Violent Extremism Online: A Comparative Perspective on Far-right and Jihadist Content"</a>. In Schmitt, Josephine B.; Ernst, Julian; Rieger, Diana; Roth, Hans-Joachim (eds.). Propaganda und Prävention: Forschungsergebnisse, didaktische Ansätze, interdisziplinäre Perspektiven zur pädagogischen Arbeit zu extremistischer Internetpropaganda (in English and German) (1st ed.). Wiesbaden: Springer. pp. 619–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765%2F9781526143211">10.7765/9781526143211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-28538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-28538-8"><bdi>978-3-658-28538-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224860679">224860679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australian+Measures+to+Counter+Violent+Extremism+Online%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective+on+Far-right+and+Jihadist+Content&rft.btitle=Propaganda+und+Pr%C3%A4vention%3A+Forschungsergebnisse%2C+didaktische+Ans%C3%A4tze%2C+interdisziplin%C3%A4re+Perspektiven+zur+p%C3%A4dagogischen+Arbeit+zu+extremistischer+Internetpropaganda&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E619-%3C%2Fspan%3E627&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224860679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7765%2F9781526143211&rft.isbn=978-3-658-28538-8&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322818668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-28538-8?page=3#about-this-book">Publisher's book description</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiam_MannixNino_Bucci" class="citation news cs1">Liam Mannix; Nino Bucci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/dutton-turnbull-legitimising-antiimmigrant-vigilantes-say-experts-20180115-h0ikfc.html">"Dutton Turnbull Legitimising Anti Immigrant Vigilantes Say Experts"</a>. The Age. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Dutton+Turnbull+Legitimising+Anti+Immigrant+Vigilantes+Say+Experts&rft.au=Liam+Mannix&rft.au=Nino+Bucci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fdutton-turnbull-legitimising-antiimmigrant-vigilantes-say-experts-20180115-h0ikfc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2017" class="citation news cs1">Houghton, Jack (7 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/asio-tracking-neo-nazi-group-willing-use-violence/3221072">"ASIO tracking Neo-Nazi group 'willing to use violence'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Star" title="The Northern Star">The Northern Star</a>. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Star&rft.atitle=ASIO+tracking+Neo-Nazi+group+%27willing+to+use+violence%27&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernstar.com.au%2Fnews%2Fasio-tracking-neo-nazi-group-willing-use-violence%2F3221072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louw-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Louw_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouwLoo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Louw, P. E.; Loo, Eric (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss3/2/">"Constructing Hansonism: A study of Pauline Hanson's persona in Australian press"</a>. Asia Pacific Media Educator. 1 (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1326-365X">1326-365X</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Media+Educator&rft.atitle=Constructing+Hansonism%3A+A+study+of+Pauline+Hanson%27s+persona+in+Australian+press&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1326-365X&rft.aulast=Louw&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft.au=Loo%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fapme%2Fvol1%2Fiss3%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/hanson-turns-on-diseased-africans/2006/12/06/1165081010724.html">"Hanson turns on 'diseased' Africans"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Hanson+turns+on+%27diseased%27+Africans&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhanson-turns-on-diseased-africans%2F2006%2F12%2F06%2F1165081010724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gatwiri_2021-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Gatwiri_2021_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatwiriAnderson2021" class="citation web cs1">Gatwiri, Kathomi; Anderson, Leticia (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-senate-has-voted-to-reject-critical-race-theory-from-the-national-curriculum-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-matter-163102">"The Senate has voted to reject critical race theory from the national curriculum. What is it, and why does it matter?"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+Senate+has+voted+to+reject+critical+race+theory+from+the+national+curriculum.+What+is+it%2C+and+why+does+it+matter%3F&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.aulast=Gatwiri&rft.aufirst=Kathomi&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Leticia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-senate-has-voted-to-reject-critical-race-theory-from-the-national-curriculum-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-matter-163102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowlingFagan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dowling, Robyn; Fagan, Bob (March 2005). "Neoliberalism and Suburban Employment: Western Sydney in the 1990s". Geographical Research. 43 (1): 71–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRs..43...71F">2005GeoRs..43...71F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2005.00298.x">10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00298.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Research&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+and+Suburban+Employment%3A+Western+Sydney+in+the+1990s&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2005.00298.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRs..43...71F&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft.au=Fagan%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/a-new-anti-racism-taskforce-is-being-set-up-in-victoria/jzw1s72n5">"A new anti-racism taskforce is being set up in Victoria"</a>. SBS News. Retrieved 15 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=A+new+anti-racism+taskforce+is+being+set+up+in+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fa-new-anti-racism-taskforce-is-being-set-up-in-victoria%2Fjzw1s72n5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aversive_racism_Gaertner_&_Dovidio_2000-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aversive_racism_Gaertner_&_Dovidio_2000_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aversive_racism_Gaertner_&_Dovidio_2000_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaertnerDovidio2000" class="citation book cs1">Gaertner, Samuel L.; Dovidio, John F. (2000). Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86377-571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86377-571-0"><bdi>978-0-86377-571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reducing+Intergroup+Bias%3A+The+Common+Ingroup+Identity+Model&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86377-571-0&rft.aulast=Gaertner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rft.au=Dovidio%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaertnerDovidioGuerraRebelo2008" class="citation book cs1">Gaertner, Samuel L.; Dovidio, John F.; Guerra, Rita; Rebelo, Margarida; Monteiro, Maria Benedicta; Riek, Blake M.; Houlette, Melissa A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N__Ew3v93g4C&pg=PA204">"The Common In-Group Identity Model: Applications to Children and Adults"</a>. In Levy, Sheri R.; Killen, Melanie (eds.). Intergroup Attitudes and Relations in Childhood Through Adulthood. Oxford University Press. pp. 204–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975339-0"><bdi>978-0-19-975339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Common+In-Group+Identity+Model%3A+Applications+to+Children+and+Adults&rft.btitle=Intergroup+Attitudes+and+Relations+in+Childhood+Through+Adulthood&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975339-0&rft.aulast=Gaertner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rft.au=Dovidio%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Guerra%2C+Rita&rft.au=Rebelo%2C+Margarida&rft.au=Monteiro%2C+Maria+Benedicta&rft.au=Riek%2C+Blake+M.&rft.au=Houlette%2C+Melissa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN__Ew3v93g4C%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApfelbaumSommersNorton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Apfelbaum, Evan P.; Sommers, Samuel R.; Norton, Michael I. (2008). "Seeing race and seeming racist? Evaluating strategic colorblindness in social interaction". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 95 (4): 918–32. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.587.9670">10.1.1.587.9670</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0011990">10.1037/a0011990</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18808268">18808268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Seeing+race+and+seeming+racist%3F+Evaluating+strategic+colorblindness+in+social+interaction&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E918-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.587.9670%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18808268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0011990&rft.aulast=Apfelbaum&rft.aufirst=Evan+P.&rft.au=Sommers%2C+Samuel+R.&rft.au=Norton%2C+Michael+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonteithVoils1998" class="citation journal cs1">Monteith, Margo J.; Voils, Corrine I. (1998). "Proneness to prejudiced responses: Toward understanding the authenticity of self-reported discrepancies". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75 (4): 901–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.75.4.901">10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.901</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9825527">9825527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Proneness+to+prejudiced+responses%3A+Toward+understanding+the+authenticity+of+self-reported+discrepancies&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E901-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.75.4.901&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9825527&rft.aulast=Monteith&rft.aufirst=Margo+J.&rft.au=Voils%2C+Corrine+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSon_HingLiZanna2002" class="citation journal cs1">Son Hing, Leanne S.; Li, Winnie; Zanna, Mark P. (2002). "Inducing Hypocrisy to Reduce Prejudicial Responses among Aversive Racists". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 38: 71–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjesp.2001.1484">10.1006/jesp.2001.1484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144660031">144660031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Inducing+Hypocrisy+to+Reduce+Prejudicial+Responses+among+Aversive+Racists&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjesp.2001.1484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144660031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Son+Hing&rft.aufirst=Leanne+S.&rft.au=Li%2C+Winnie&rft.au=Zanna%2C+Mark+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenCarneyPallinNgo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Alexander R.; Carney, Dana R.; Pallin, Daniel J.; Ngo, Long H.; Raymond, Kristal L.; Iezzoni, Lisa I.; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219763">"Implicit Bias among Physicians and its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients"</a>. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 22 (9): 1231–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11606-007-0258-5">10.1007/s11606-007-0258-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219763">2219763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17594129">17594129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Implicit+Bias+among+Physicians+and+its+Prediction+of+Thrombolysis+Decisions+for+Black+and+White+Patients&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1231-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2219763%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17594129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11606-007-0258-5&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rft.au=Carney%2C+Dana+R.&rft.au=Pallin%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Ngo%2C+Long+H.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Kristal+L.&rft.au=Iezzoni%2C+Lisa+I.&rft.au=Banaji%2C+Mahzarin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2219763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKawakamiDovidioMollHermsen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kawakami, Kerry; Dovidio, John F.; Moll, Jasper; Hermsen, Sander; Russin, Abby (2000). "Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 78 (5): 871–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.78.5.871">10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10821195">10821195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Just+say+no+%28to+stereotyping%29%3A+Effects+of+training+in+the+negation+of+stereotypic+associations+on+stereotype+activation&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E871-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.78.5.871&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10821195&rft.aulast=Kawakami&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Dovidio%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Moll%2C+Jasper&rft.au=Hermsen%2C+Sander&rft.au=Russin%2C+Abby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitzSalomonTaylor2000" class="citation journal cs1">Moskowitz, Gordon B.; Salomon, Amanda R.; Taylor, Constance M. (2000). "Preconsciously Controlling Stereotyping: Implicitly Activated Egalitarian Goals Prevent the Activation of Stereotypes". Social Cognition. 18 (2): 151–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fsoco.2000.18.2.151">10.1521/soco.2000.18.2.151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Cognition&rft.atitle=Preconsciously+Controlling+Stereotyping%3A+Implicitly+Activated+Egalitarian+Goals+Prevent+the+Activation+of+Stereotypes&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fsoco.2000.18.2.151&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Gordon+B.&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Amanda+R.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Constance+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Moskowitz, G. B., & Ignarri, C. (forthcoming). Implicit goals and a proactive strategy of stereotype control. Personality and Social Psychology Compass.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSassenbergMoskowitz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sassenberg, Kai; Moskowitz, Gordon B. (2005). "Don't stereotype, think different! Overcoming automatic stereotype activation by mindset priming". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 41 (5): 506–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2004.10.002">10.1016/j.jesp.2004.10.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Don%27t+stereotype%2C+think+different%21+Overcoming+automatic+stereotype+activation+by+mindset+priming&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2004.10.002&rft.aulast=Sassenberg&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Moskowitz%2C+Gordon+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnerHewstoneVoci2007" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Rhiannon N.; Hewstone, Miles; Voci, Alberto (2007). "Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 93 (3): 369–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.93.3.369">10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17723054">17723054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Reducing+explicit+and+implicit+outgroup+prejudice+via+direct+and+extended+contact%3A+The+mediating+role+of+self-disclosure+and+intergroup+anxiety&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.93.3.369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17723054&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon+N.&rft.au=Hewstone%2C+Miles&rft.au=Voci%2C+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart_:8-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart_:8_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler2024" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Josh (13 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/feb/13/closing-the-gap-report-anthony-albanese-findings-indigenous-disadvantage">"Closing the Gap: Anthony Albanese condemns 'inexcusable' findings on Indigenous disadvantage"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Closing+the+Gap%3A+Anthony+Albanese+condemns+%E2%80%98inexcusable%E2%80%99+findings+on+Indigenous+disadvantage&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fclosing-the-gap-report-anthony-albanese-findings-indigenous-disadvantage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reconciliation1-237"><a href="#cite_ref-reconciliation1_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reconciliation.org.au/home/resources/factsheets/q-a-factsheets/aboriginal-land-rights">"Reconciliation Australia"</a>. Reconciliation.org.au. Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconciliation+Australia&rft.pub=Reconciliation.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freconciliation.org.au%2Fhome%2Fresources%2Ffactsheets%2Fq-a-factsheets%2Faboriginal-land-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBranson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Branson, The Hon Catherine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FlinLawJl/2016/5.pdf">"A Leader in the Struggle for Justice"</a> (PDF). Flinders Law Journal. 18: 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flinders+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Leader+in+the+Struggle+for+Justice&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Branson&rft.aufirst=The+Hon+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFlinLawJl%2F2016%2F5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolton1990" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Geoffrey (1990). The Oxford history of Australia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554613-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554613-X"><bdi>0-19-554613-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+Australia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-554613-X&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorisJanssens1999" class="citation book cs1">Boris, Eileen; Janssens, Angelique (1999). Eileen Boris; Angelique Janssens (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWPGs-KXry4C&q=australia+white+mining+prostitutes&pg=PA105">Complicating Categories: Gender, Class, Race and Ethnicity</a>. International Review of Social History Supplements, [International review of social history. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78641-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78641-X"><bdi>0-521-78641-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complicating+Categories%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.series=International+Review+of+Social+History+Supplements%2C+%5BInternational+review+of+social+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-78641-X&rft.aulast=Boris&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Angelique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWPGs-KXry4C%26q%3Daustralia%2Bwhite%2Bmining%2Bprostitutes%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonWahlquist2017" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Helen; Wahlquist, Calla (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jul/19/dig-finds-evidence-of-aboriginal-habitation-up-to-80000-years-ago">"Australian dig finds evidence of Aboriginal habitation up to 80,000 years ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Australian+dig+finds+evidence+of+Aboriginal+habitation+up+to+80%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Wahlquist%2C+Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2017%2Fjul%2F19%2Fdig-finds-evidence-of-aboriginal-habitation-up-to-80000-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Owen2002" class="citation book cs1">Duncan Owen, June (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqNsKaRjS2IC&q=white+australian+prostitutes+marry+chinese&pg=PA10">Mixed Matches: Interracial Marriage in Australia</a> (illustrated ed.). Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-581-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86840-581-7"><bdi>0-86840-581-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Matches%3A+Interracial+Marriage+in+Australia&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86840-581-7&rft.aulast=Duncan+Owen&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqNsKaRjS2IC%26q%3Dwhite%2Baustralian%2Bprostitutes%2Bmarry%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcQueen2004" class="citation book cs1">McQueen, Humphrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJy4y4X92kYC&pg=PA35">A New Britannia</a> (revised ed.). Brisbane, QLD: Univ. of Queensland Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-3439-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7022-3439-7"><bdi>0-7022-3439-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Britannia&rft.place=Brisbane%2C+QLD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7022-3439-7&rft.aulast=McQueen&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJy4y4X92kYC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrances2007" class="citation book cs1">Frances, Rae (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tihJOOGSLSwC&q=japanese+chinese&pg=PA57">Selling Sex: A Hidden History of Prostitution</a> (illustrated ed.). Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-901-6"><bdi>978-0-86840-901-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Sex%3A+A+Hidden+History+of+Prostitution&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-901-6&rft.aulast=Frances&rft.aufirst=Rae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtihJOOGSLSwC%26q%3Djapanese%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeatherstone2011" class="citation book cs1">Featherstone, Lisa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfsqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">Let's Talk About Sex: Histories of Sexuality in Australia from Federation to the Pill</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2813-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-2813-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Talk+About+Sex%3A+Histories+of+Sexuality+in+Australia+from+Federation+to+the+Pill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2813-0&rft.aulast=Featherstone&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfsqBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, John C. M. (2008). Gallipoli Sniper: The life of Billy Sing. Sydney, NSW: Pan Macmillan Australia. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3865-2"><bdi>978-1-4050-3865-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli+Sniper%3A+The+life+of+Billy+Sing&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan+Australia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-3865-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=John+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nairn, N. B. "A Survey of the History of the White Australia Policy in the 19th Century," The Australian Quarterly 28#3 (1956), pp. 16-31 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41317792">online</a></li> <li>Willard, Myra. History of the White Australia policy to 1920 (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwhiteau0000will/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2017" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Tony (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/aboriginal-archaeological-discovery-in-kakadu-rewrites-the-history-of-australia-20170719-gxe3qy.html">"Aboriginal archaeological discovery in Kakadu rewrites the history of Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+archaeological+discovery+in+Kakadu+rewrites+the+history+of+Australia&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Fsci-tech%2Faboriginal-archaeological-discovery-in-kakadu-rewrites-the-history-of-australia-20170719-gxe3qy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmin2020" class="citation web cs1">Amin, Mridula (20 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-21/black-lives-matter-discussion-of-racism-and-privilege-exhausting/12374960">"Why explaining racism to white Australians can be 'exhausting'"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Why+explaining+racism+to+white+Australians+can+be+%27exhausting%27&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Mridula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-06-21%2Fblack-lives-matter-discussion-of-racism-and-privilege-exhausting%2F12374960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenriques-Gomes2020" class="citation web cs1">Henriques-Gomes, Luke (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/12/indiginous-inequality-in-spotlight-as-australia-faces-reckoning-on-race">"Indigenous inequality in spotlight as Australia faces reckoning on race"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Indigenous+inequality+in+spotlight+as+Australia+faces+reckoning+on+race&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Henriques-Gomes&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2020%2Fjun%2F12%2Findiginous-inequality-in-spotlight-as-australia-faces-reckoning-on-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Justin Healey: Racism in Australia, Published by Spinney Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876811-89-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-876811-89-7">1-876811-89-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/717581">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Racism%20In%20Australia%20%20%20%20Find%20Of%20A%20Sur%20On%20Racist%20Att%20And%20Exp%20Of%20Racism.pdf">Racism in Australia: findings of a survey on racist attitudes and experiences of racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a></li> <li>Mathias Royce: The Rise and Propagation of Political Right-Wing Extremism: The Identification and Assessment of Common Sovereign Economic and Socio-Demographic Determinants, SMC – Swiss Management Center, Working Paper Series, 5 August 2010, Available at SSRN <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1701742">[3]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2015/02/time-punchbowl-1975-1996-150223102756878.html">"Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>) TV series, about the history of the Arab and Lebanese communities in Australia, their struggle to be accepted as Australians, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302225453/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1713701,00.html">Australia Says Sorry</a> <a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://WWW.bayefsky.com/pdf/Australia.pdf">CERD concluding observation on Australia</a>, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G01/164/27/PDF/G0116427.pdf?OpenElement">Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on his visit to Australia</a>, 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alltogethernow.org.au">All Together Now, charity focussed on erasing racism in Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au">Racism. It Stops With Me, a government campaign to address racism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racismnoway.com.au">Racism No Way, a program for schools</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Oceania107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Oceania107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Racism in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Fiji" title="Racism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">Hypodescent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">Hyperdescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_capitalism" title="Racial capitalism">Racial capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&oldid=1277910707#Indigenous_Australians">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&oldid=1277910707#Indigenous_Australians</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism_in_Australia" title="Category:Racism in Australia">Racism in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Australia" title="Category:Culture of Australia">Culture of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism_by_country" title="Category:Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism_in_Oceania" title="Category:Racism in Oceania">Racism in Oceania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:Pages with reference errors">Pages with reference errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">CS1 maint: url-status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_reference_names" title="Category:Pages with broken reference names">Pages with broken reference names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_November_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2013">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_August_2011" title="Category:Use Australian English from August 2011">Use Australian English from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from November 2024">Articles to be expanded from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 February 2025, at 12:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Australia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Indigenous_Australians" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Racism in Australia</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 1 language </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-585dc88b6-sdqgs","wgBackendResponseTime":315,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.253","walltime":"3.758","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16030,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":703308,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9352,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":922801,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3224.335 1 -total"," 45.28% 1460.017 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.76% 959.404 15 Template:Excerpt"," 17.38% 560.533 109 Template:Cite_web"," 11.85% 381.945 1 Template:Discrimination_sidebar"," 11.79% 380.076 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.73% 249.209 47 Template:Cite_news"," 5.87% 189.410 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.36% 172.815 33 Template:Cite_book"," 2.97% 95.870 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.312","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12068938,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFABC/AAP2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthena_Yenko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBean2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenierWickesMoran2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakkarly2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBolton1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorisJanssens1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoscaini2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConifer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoomber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsonWahlquist2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominic_O’Sullivan_(University_of_Waikato)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowlingFagan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan_Owen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Morrison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeatherstone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrances2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatwiriAnderson2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Fetherling1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodhardtVergani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenriques-Gomes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHohneTheocharous2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoughton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Jupp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Baker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSimon_BalderstoneJohn_Bowan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiam_MannixNino_Bucci\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLily2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouwLoo1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajavu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkwickAnsariClinchMcNeil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLachlan1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQueen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooneyHoustonHenry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunnsA._McLayJ_SparkesW._Logue1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyra_Willard1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagata1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoel_Pearson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthedge1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPazzano2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersenDunnForrestMcGarty2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiuping_PanJia_Gao2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosemary_Van_den_Berg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudies2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuttor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopsfield2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsolkias2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"Australian Dictionary of Biography\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 70,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Racism in Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 6,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oceania topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Section-stub\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","18.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","360","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","280","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","6.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","5.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.1"],["type","80","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.4"],["gsub","60","2.5"],["[others]","480","20.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-sspr7","timestamp":"20250326143020","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Racism in Australia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racism_in_Australia#Indigenous_Australians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7279732","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7279732","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-05-30T07:50:59Z","dateModified":"2025-02-27T12:09:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/Keep_Australia_White.jpg","headline":"historical and contemporary racism in legislation, attitudes and society in Australia"}</script> </body> </html>