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href="#Problems_of_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Problems of definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_of_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة جوهرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة جوهرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substansiya" title="Substansiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Substansiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Субстанция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субстанция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subst%C3%A0ncia" title="Substància – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Substància" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstata" title="Podstata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podstata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substans" title="Substans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Substans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substanz" title="Substanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Substanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substants" title="Substants – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Substants" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Substance theory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustancia" title="Sustancia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sustancia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substanco" title="Substanco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Substanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantzia_(filosofia)" title="Substantzia (filosofia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Substantzia (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="حرکت جوهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرکت جوهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance" title="Substance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Substance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancia_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Substancia (filosofía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Substancia (filosofía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%B2%B4" title="실체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Սուբստանց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուբստանց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supstancija" title="Supstancija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Supstancija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substanco" title="Substanco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Substanco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat" title="Zat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umumbu" title="Umumbu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umumbu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostanza_(filosofia)" title="Sostanza (filosofia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostanza (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Субстанция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Субстанция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Субстанция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Субстанция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia" title="Substantia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Substantia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancijos-akcidencijos_perskyra" title="Substancijos-akcidencijos perskyra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Substancijos-akcidencijos perskyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szubsztancia" title="Szubsztancia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szubsztancia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantie" title="Substantie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Substantie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E4%BD%93" title="実体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="実体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modda" title="Modda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Modda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancja_(filozofia)" title="Substancja (filozofia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substancja (filozofia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subst%C3%A2ncia_(filosofia)" title="Substância (filosofia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Substância (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Субстанция (философия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субстанция (философия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustanza" title="Sustanza – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sustanza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancia_(filozofia)" title="Substancia (filozofia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Substancia (filozofia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جەوھەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەوھەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat" title="Zat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substanssi" title="Substanssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Substanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substans_(filosofi)" title="Substans (filosofi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Substans (filosofi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buod" title="Buod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6z" title="Töz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Töz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Субстанція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субстанція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA" title="实体论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="实体论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q378078#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Substance" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&oldid=3931946" title="Substance">Revision as of 04:02, 29 October 2012</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&action=edit&oldid=3931946" title="Substance">change</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2012-10-29T04:02:19Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Desea" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Desea" data-mw-revid="3931946"><bdi>Desea</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Desea" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Desea">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Desea" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Desea">changes</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>91</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&diff=prev&oldid=3931946" title="Substance" id="differences-prevlink">← Earlier diff</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&oldid=3931947" title="Substance">Revision as of 04:02, 29 October 2012</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&action=edit&oldid=3931947" title="Substance">change</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2012-10-29T04:02:41Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&action=edit&undoafter=3931946&undo=3931947" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Desea" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Desea" data-mw-revid="3931947"><bdi>Desea</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Desea" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Desea">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Desea" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Desea">changes</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>91</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Problems_of_definition">→<bdi dir="ltr">Problems of definition</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substance&diff=next&oldid=3931947" title="Substance" id="differences-nextlink">Newer diff →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>====Problems of definition====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>====Problems of definition====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The main problem of a clear definition of what the substance is that if, for example, to consider not just the universe, being and non-being, and in general all, the question arises, what is the invariable basic principle (attribute) is the basis of the substance, which generally consists of all (that is, matter, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>mind<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>senses<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>space<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>soul<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del>, and so on).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The main problem of a clear definition of what the substance is that if, for example, to consider not just the universe, being and non-being, and in general all, the question arises, what is the invariable basic principle (attribute) is the basis of the substance, which generally consists of all (that is, matter, mind, senses, space, soul, and so on).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>====History of the concept====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>====History of the concept====</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 04:02, 29 October 2012</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Substance</b> [<i>sub'-stuns</i>] is the material, or <i><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a></i>, of which something is made. <b>Substances</b> are physical things that can be seen, touched, or measured. They are made up of one or more <a href="/wiki/Element" class="mw-disambig" title="Element">elemental</a> parts. <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> are examples of substances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochendes_wasser02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg/220px-Kochendes_wasser02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg/330px-Kochendes_wasser02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg/440px-Kochendes_wasser02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same chemical substance, water.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems_of_definition">Problems of definition</h4></div> <p>The main problem of a clear definition of what the substance is that if, for example, to consider not just the universe, being and non-being, and in general all, the question arises, what is the invariable basic principle (attribute) is the basis of the substance, which generally consists of all (that is, matter, mind, senses, space, soul, and so on). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h4></div> <p>The Latin word substantia - a translation of the Greek word for the essence (ousia), and in Latin to describe the essence of using the word essentia. In ancient philosophy substance is treated as a substrate, the first principle of all things (for example, "water" Thales, the "fire" of Heraclitus). In Latin patristics Essence of God opposed to being cash-specific entity-incarnation. </p><p>In scholasticism for essentia entrenched value opportunities (synonym potential), as opposed to a reality existentia (synonym relevance). In medieval times, the issue of substance addressed primarily to the dispute on substantial form (nominalism and realism). </p><p>In modern times, the concept of substance is treated and distributed widely. The first view is associated with an ontological understanding of substance as ultimate bases being (Francis Bacon, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). Central category of metaphysics in philosophy substance becomes Benedict Spinoza, where it is identified as with God and with nature and determined as the cause of itself (Latin causa sui). The main characteristics (attributes) of a substance from Benedict Spinoza are thinking and stretch. By analogy with the philosophy of Benedict Spinoza substance considered in the light of the concept of Rene Descartes and Leibniz. The first substance is a unity of subject and object, and the second - the same atoms are simple beings who lose their stretch, but acquire attribute aspirations (Fr. appetition) and multiplicity. Thanks Leibniz substance begins to associate with matter. </p><p>The second point of view on the substance - an epistemological understanding of the concept, its capabilities and the need for scientific knowledge (John Locke, David Hume). Immanuel Kant believed that the law under which any change in the substance of events and the number of stored it in nature remains the same, can be attributed to the "analogies of experience." Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel defined substance as the integrity of changing, transient side of things, as a "major step in the development of the will." For Arthur Schopenhauer substance - matter for David Hume - a fiction, the coexistence properties. Marxist philosophy interpreted the substance as "substance," and at the same time as the subject of all the changes. </p><p>In the Romantic period and interest in living national language word substance or banished from the language of philosophy, or merges with the concept of self. </p> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chem_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/30px-Chem_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/45px-Chem_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chem_template.svg/60px-Chem_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_stubs" title="Category:Chemistry stubs">chemistry</a> can be made longer. 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