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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">In re Quinlan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png/180px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png/270px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png/360px-Seal_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Supreme Court">New Jersey Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> In the matter of Karen Quinlan, an alleged incompetent </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">70 N.J. 10; 355 A.2d 647</a> (1976)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Hughes" title="Richard J. Hughes">Chief Justice Hughes</a>, Justices Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sullivan_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Sullivan (jurist)">Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Pashman" title="Morris Pashman">Pashman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Clifford" title="Robert L. Clifford">Clifford</a> and Schreiber and Judge Conford</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Majority:</b> Hughes (unanimous)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>In re Quinlan</b></i> (70 N.J. 10, 355 A.2d 647 (NJ 1976)) was a landmark<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1975 court case in the United States in which the parents of a woman who was kept alive by artificial means were allowed to order her removal from artificial ventilation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karen_Ann_Quinlan">Karen Ann Quinlan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Quinlan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Karen Ann Quinlan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan" title="Karen Ann Quinlan">Karen Ann Quinlan</a></div> <p>Karen Ann Quinlan was 21 years old in 1975. After a night of drinking alcohol and ingesting <a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer">tranquilizers</a>, Quinlan lost consciousness and ceased breathing for two 15-minute periods. After it was determined that she was in a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent vegetative state">persistent vegetative state</a>, her father, Joseph Quinlan, wished to remove her from the <a href="/wiki/Medical_ventilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ventilator">medical ventilator</a>. Quinlan's primary physician and the hospital both refused. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_case">Legal case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Quinlan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinlan's father retained attorneys Paul W. Armstrong, a Morris County, New Jersey, Legal Aid attorney, and James M. Crowley, an associate at the New York City law firm of Shearman & Sterling with degrees in theology and Church law, and filed suit in the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court" title="New Jersey Superior Court">New Jersey Superior Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey" title="Morris County, New Jersey">Morris County, New Jersey</a>, on September 12, 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be appointed as Quinlan's <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">legal guardian</a> so that he could act on her behalf. Armstrong would later become involved in the <a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Nancy Cruzan case</a> and later still become a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowley is, as of 2017, legal counsel and advisor to several <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>-related entities. Judge Armstrong is currently a Senior Policy Fellow and Judge in Residence at the Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University. </p><p>The Court denied his request on November 10, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Quinlan appealed the decision to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey" title="Supreme Court of New Jersey">Supreme Court of New Jersey</a>, which on March 31, 1976, held that he could authorize the cessation of ventilation; and that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clare%27s_Hospital_at_Boonton_Township" title="Saint Clare's Hospital at Boonton Township">Saint Clare's Hospital</a> was bound to proceed with this order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Quinlan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being removed from the ventilator, Quinlan continued to breathe until her death, in 1985, from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> of Quinlan's brain found extensive damage to the bilateral <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Quinlan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betancourt_v._Trinitas_Hospital" title="Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital">Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital</a></i>: another New Jersey case on end of life care</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Quinlan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614133358/http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/582/Court-End-Life-RIGHT-PRIVACY-KAREN-ANN-QUINLAN.html">"Court and the End of Life - the Right to Privacy: Karen Ann Quinlan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/582/Court-End-Life-RIGHT-PRIVACY-KAREN-ANN-QUINLAN.html">the original</a> on June 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+and+the+End+of+Life+-+the+Right+to+Privacy%3A+Karen+Ann+Quinlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryindex.com%2Fpages%2F582%2FCourt-End-Life-RIGHT-PRIVACY-KAREN-ANN-QUINLAN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+re+Quinlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Couple Files Suit To End Life", <i>Deseret News</i> (Salt Lake City), September 13, 1975, p1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Hutchinson, Dave (May 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/somerset/2015/05/quinlan_case_attorney_respected_judge_leaving_benc.html">"Judge who fought landmark right-to-die cases leaves Somerset bench"</a>. <i>Nj.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nj.com&rft.atitle=Judge+who+fought+landmark+right-to-die+cases+leaves+Somerset+bench&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fsomerset%2F2015%2F05%2Fquinlan_case_attorney_respected_judge_leaving_benc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+re+Quinlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Must Choose Life, Judge Says in Quinlan Decision", <i>Milwaukee Journal</i>, November 11, 1975, p8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFadden, Robert (June 12, 1985). "Karen Ann Quinlan, 31, Dies; Focus of '76 Right to Die Case". <i>New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinneyKoreinPanigrahyDikkes1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kinney, Hannah C.; Korein, Julius; Panigrahy, Ashok; Dikkes, Pieter; Goode, Robert (May 26, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199405263302101">"Neuropathological Findings in the Brain of Karen Ann Quinlan – The Role of the Thalamus in the Persistent Vegetative State"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>330</b> (21): 1469–1475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199405263302101">10.1056/NEJM199405263302101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8164698">8164698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Neuropathological+Findings+in+the+Brain+of+Karen+Ann+Quinlan+%E2%80%93+The+Role+of+the+Thalamus+in+the+Persistent+Vegetative+State&rft.volume=330&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1469-1475&rft.date=1994-05-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199405263302101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8164698&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Hannah+C.&rft.au=Korein%2C+Julius&rft.au=Panigrahy%2C+Ashok&rft.au=Dikkes%2C+Pieter&rft.au=Goode%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJM199405263302101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+re+Quinlan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Quinlan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euthanasia.procon.org/sourcefiles/In_Re_Quinlan.pdf">Full text of decision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517035155/http://euthanasia.procon.org/sourcefiles/In_Re_Quinlan.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Betty_and_George_Coumbias" title="Betty and George Coumbias">Betty and George Coumbias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dax_Cowart" title="Dax Cowart">Dax Cowart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Nuvoli" title="Giovanni Nuvoli">Giovanni Nuvoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Rodriguez" title="Sue Rodriguez">Sue Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Sampedro" title="Ramón Sampedro">Ramón Sampedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piergiorgio_Welby" title="Piergiorgio Welby">Piergiorgio Welby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Euthanasia/<br />Withholding<br /> treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bedner" title="Andrew Bedner">Andrew Bedner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bland" title="Tony Bland">Tony Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brophy" title="Paul Brophy">Paul Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Carr" title="Carol Carr">Carol Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluana_Englaro" title="Eluana Englaro">Eluana Englaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Hartley" title="June Hartley">June Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Lambert">Vincent Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Latimer" title="Robert Latimer">Robert Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_M_(Australia)" title="Baby M (Australia)">Baby M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleigh_Poutre" title="Haleigh Poutre">Haleigh Poutre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan" title="Karen Ann Quinlan">Karen Ann Quinlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Terri Schiavo">Terri Schiavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Taylor_(patient)" title="Gloria Taylor (patient)">Gloria Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Medical opinion against<br />parent/patient/guardian</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betancourt_v._Trinitas_Hospital" title="Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital">Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Twitchell" title="Commonwealth v. Twitchell">Commonwealth v. Twitchell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Dov_Brody" title="Mordechai Dov Brody">Mordechai Dov Brody</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantz_v._Coleman" title="Lantz v. Coleman">Lantz v. Coleman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfie_Evans_case" title="Alfie Evans case">Alfie Evans case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Battersbee_case" title="Archie Battersbee case">Archie Battersbee case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gard_case" title="Charlie Gard case">Charlie Gard case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhas_Habtegiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhas Habtegiris">Tirhas Habtegiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom_Houben" title="Rom Houben">Rom Houben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hudson_case" title="Sun Hudson case">Sun Hudson case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_K" title="Baby K">Baby K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashya_King_case" title="Ashya King case">Ashya King case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Koochin" title="Jesse Koochin">Jesse Koochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maraachli_case" title="Joseph Maraachli case">Joseph Maraachli case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahi_McMath_case" title="Jahi McMath case">Jahi McMath case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Murnaghan_lung_transplant_controversy" title="Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy">Sarah Murnaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Nikolouzos_case" title="Spiro Nikolouzos case">Spiro Nikolouzos case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Shanbaug_case" title="Aruna Shanbaug case">Aruna Shanbaug case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vetter" title="David Vetter">David Vetter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a><br />to treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Treatment" title="Ashley Treatment">Ashley Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillick_competence" title="Gillick competence">Gillick competence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marion%27s_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion's Case">Marion's Case</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital" title="Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital">Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_V%C3%B6lling" title="Christiane Völling">Christiane Völling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_v._Pfizer,_Inc." title="Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.">Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stevens" title="Albert Stevens">Albert Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kligman" title="Albert Kligman">Albert Kligman's dermatology experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Reimer" title="David Reimer">David Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sleep_therapy" title="Deep sleep therapy">Deep sleep therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala syphilis experiment">Guatemala syphilis experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">Human radiation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Sims" title="J. Marion Sims">J. Marion Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Gelsinger" title="Jesse Gelsinger">Jesse Gelsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_Hamilton" title="Joseph Gilbert Hamilton">Joseph Gilbert Hamilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhouse:_A_Tragic_Tale_of_Megalomania_and_Modern_Medicine" title="Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine">Surgery to try to improve mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Apartheid" title="Medical Apartheid">Medical Experimentation on Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Study" title="Monster Study">Monster Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Radioactive iodine experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_Row_Cancer_Study" title="Skid Row Cancer Study">Skid Row Cancer Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_329" title="Study 329">Study 329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plutonium_Files" title="The Plutonium Files">Plutonium injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Study">Tuskegee Syphilis Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_State_School" title="Willowbrook State School">Willowbrook State School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenberg_v._Miami_Children%27s_Hospital_Research_Institute" title="Greenberg v. 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