CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '918accd23ead883a',cH: 'HNv_MbRS0aNDkcknvkDNSw_x3tZalFqRlOpSZFbyB7s-1740686835-1.2.1.1-gi7YftCJ_Psn0Z4KAisdOwXzuTlTHGJR6ngYNu5GZq85hUOOfl18WYv720GGRgQg',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1029\/2007GL031474?__cf_chl_tk=6vo4Pb4S4Yc2BMtBgZ_FDgLhizp8w_acL8vEAGiT.7M-1740686835-1.0.1.1-XrhCgbmz2JwfD4oS0C9s7Q6.djY.MnfVmcQXrhrA.ZU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740686835',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1029\/2007GL031474?__cf_chl_f_tk=6vo4Pb4S4Yc2BMtBgZ_FDgLhizp8w_acL8vEAGiT.7M-1740686835-1.0.1.1-XrhCgbmz2JwfD4oS0C9s7Q6.djY.MnfVmcQXrhrA.ZU",md: "FLSkGBRylPqK2XYLKTWPjZEYKDdbvRDW3ypVvS5_x.s-1740686835-1.2.1.1-NylgOm.6nw8qA4CjtZJM8mMwepHKV5n_A8WOYqA6ZkyFkUbb4vfQvyIGaA6eEMJSkpmcEXp4qX1RnGozHfWDa5A50u9LASXcjPYBVl0pci.fAEe0JwhQVn4.LlE8lsc0lPDQANITUa5zjpIbiG8J78jxrWLyC2aeMNG3SVstBHfZ0KR9FfNAMSm16Vnki4BBA2SLRX_twhAmbtva1weLiuwk1OhIgdOa3SMmRK6FKPH5YYygHbgpN_haGMIReYnu6d0hf86cV5RVqkMmMmiMzai8pRx4cTWobzmVs_.twEtZL6f28z.fo87awhCqzaMJNXtS5sGD3y9_olo.Y_FXLxpTUfWXfEt.E755_ugY5LJ9cuAF2ycjuJAE4SQDs9hpHqHxVMzsCEA7tf68A1AWz05pB5sVBuC9GOJzreZlQpJ6nf8is0KWl1u2egYXmKa8JDbpZ2ZDzMBK7WY2pE_IuqbWSapImXZmSFPO.rrKRkFlimR1W6hU3cvnnYmLK5aCOQjU3IUwqyt5QcvqjarXJdarX4x3_wsQJwDNoBvvXS5rT07FGxPYkaXvSUrZzE.hTzStn9iOyydw6mbYfnHSPAp2eAcP3pl..ITCePU9e5.u0V9mhY_HiR3Ial_cZRqq3m9SPuDqnqE17chLdOe4MOlnl4YGPdfdshM8RVvR3opzPbEqVdUEKmWsoN3ShP_urc4MJ2EhTOh2ilz7RVQmYAy8tRfGQnPOxP_7iPOf8M0JCFiSqVwrahBWQlxFpcxfOLfpo0AM0A9qn6y66ciWAGJc6FcBcDRB7Bno0KcZbHbLJ4JDcDRUyBX09BYmUfKMtNe7JnyHygDxcqB4yLe.O0KyR3xt9WWk6eVa9yLXNkCcsTI77wPmnsmzx3oc9XeAEDIA881Cm5FdB2Cv7WcFOVOJKP7v36K.ijgzZXwJetNGGFfjMDAKF1qLPu7a8B2pSxWkuA37Dlqic8dZDBgG..GBdqXfsGG5bb7QcgX6MgQG6wcyQJJo_M92isyiQFfKfg..5G6J3LUOxSC1d2HSxfPtvzgAKewZyRk9w1ohSPcgy60meFp7xre9WzoQTBulL5wd2m758nIodw8zPJF_1r3bVs4ogWIhsWRPAClxsDC.bbW_8s5e8iolsxQbdmbIt2GvePe_gfT_gCVqENx_41D7Tl1GcRFKWOF5UtDQV0iWJUSTbJ6R.cH1o0GYfcG4vSWjzJ_Lxmu8RxV.XBKGD21p.Uzusyh4YuymMiXEtEKmP0rk1yzCoiQVLsxe3O2D8bj_YHEs1m6NELVQpnQFBivPJdjhDM_KQEXBTU0DrC3jdX05eERSNmsRG6o002FYndGB9T_WvvCO8UwkSD10bbaNo8mwYuVWEsynuJztWCXQIGjeZV0CIdGEaFYIcntvLtkfsQ2rsG86IxmoqhqqBrGdoFGWZ9Jhx10hBLiBHF9anKEFdVWwi9ys6MQ1TC.UiAtkXxTzZ9su98iv3k6aDRk0btGHIqn9xKi0VDGROzZVQ2O7F7_7xrhYQ_NzLHcZsBdalF7tKjMQ8pBQhmf6IDlmbVlS4qBCiFqvdU_l8KlCOpFUqcaTjmQt7vBTmBMcjDBDIkhjGqDLdX.S0jm.LVhnvZdh53VeGf8EK0Zq_flBobQS5UIeuE3thxzZkKtxHIoRyemXz6MwkZVChinQO1uraLgKHanhwua4.9un4Q_XP30cCDs3C_CFUZh_MBQXZC9guvqWCmbKHV6JUNvSKiy.8fEWI9cOJvGO4r7Olky3nTtZ8cQQYSHWBNH6__MuUynCggiK7t_fcmDZ_f6_ZCpiSfwLNEKqGMUlVRdeXJgL4YwFCg.cWjQGlJ3SF8z2h19RABdFHQaiH2Z_FFSlJZ_o9yOS7Eodm5iW03qQO9gsBGrV7i9pQI6lUfe4p9uoJVxyY5RUMPLMOjVBa4wF8dRYQNxRx8ZzTdybZFI3kd.7TYjpqjG5OmIflYfqKVsK.8Nnj8JXoEzf327xyu1kTfXYPmH7Hv9ZDUM7bzHe7.B6Ys24mAV1ibu.DeObQM0PFKI7lXqG2XGsMUTgCGQTSVvDLa8miwR3SAmrk6apyORnqgtqUkG01pY0olua9JnMoUoUYxksejpE6Q1ZA2u2QAbZNoLbTqPRJ.1fEbLiogO0tetCJsneb.chkZ.GsieGAQuOQxDGwoxe1MOnG4DLhFofZGrJK2yWRN04BpMUpWPxX67hmSoQcADi_U1vJWuOMFBsqQHe3PgDH7QwHcQgWQeKxdJJ0kTD.tlUQJI5eK4FcnkWUCaKV8LwTYpLOsd3lqJWvVDSmV5_nSRY8y.0wYpoOnW_xDb_JYRm96_fbSG0RpFbtM7ut1YBnFYLuEexRdvvzvU3uUQDd5hlcwl5L0XVC13CLTavLxjynzsvITdK0EyJaINFb2_eKsbq2hHDD6ajRsoldCi2u.9d4QXkzFQGTLQsX6AJBEU1vjVMEqwn93FqcD36K51ndgUNXJH4XnKdMxh5F.CoTSRRhJyMhluC4UloCHfo4O3NGW9tHyW7xDxc_fARYipJ5kRLtIkE7E6ydcnD388ljiVhGVcIGGkQX0BwdZxuZdD0.MGx6M4",mdrd: "Xg_WLoP5IPZzH_ZqxKn8GXV18OnKDKtDtKJrJPq9bBs-1740686835-1.2.1.1-ap4ZRhK6aRKFlo.U.PNvHfCSXsEBM2Ad87acnyur8Ff_0OhlHgyX3R1D4rdH0cgWvRvxezw3UYTmKxv6YEuj2HM234WaO.cXBb7SxZgJfLqZ1LlfmXGl8DXHcHqDDOFR0N7_buuN0mOraC9mlMqvhlTsrjB3_9694KRP9tYrCaTLud0IJO_JQItV5oUt.6pedMSv85uXEOEeQxYhvntjz1sDwPy8AIuNQwm.v7c49EjQ87RBtEz.X97cccslq6Pq8mTYl51JEKqtWzo8v5TCk9yReS_iUeFn8v3LiHYEEBSKOH3GOYjRiQvfQfWZ.C5kXvpYq8hY2n2fJYL8dM.jtL048HLZUbrTUCYwU2oeQLaKQbHjvSSECM1gF8q5o6q2jBq1heZmy85xsPG4qek3YE95KbKMnC1SYG0.QFYGxrflyMQbR0cvU393BWn.LHtdYYu194OxH7T24uBwLShY9gt2UQe7dhZpaIxj323bIQBNwmf9foceKvgUBqXEFhjsXwAcQm0H4uyG9b2xm7sFA2.RKjNNuKA8A8ons2ypORHip21qSvliQwJ5gemylXa2vqyl4bg.5JPRDnIYGmc4sj8m5L0lfEme4uIkOD0VTx7C7dW9TuR5bJvqLPzzl_BnU9L3pAkCQrHo1_IB6zcrrE_68SiuhODLIERVCd4ybJ6D_aolYND6QZGDsvGDy7ote5oEUVzJAJyCaMw3a1PmKtIAraIMKm53tip.gdjHd7kWbATuwPG7fmFAgmlzPuIlaTEXjjPOBnAmjf08Cz_ndZqRPshUtifJmLIT3NUjCh5XXmlzJPEPj1K3cz1SfMwjD.L2yzW.LiqIZHi0hcqwN95InHeTyRpA7lLmsk3GAcFfCv2NuoU2pueCLCuN19m33A0fr3WMgEm.3YDaHVO0DJYlBrR8eefSxv7vYUc5zc6YVxqZ_GUeywJ34ALBjLj6HYZc8pqD4vFn1uUhA28McI_ooM5lU3aOw2gZlsxPf5ZW035ArSuWE7TS4SgT0vYC0odOYiZN1p8jXAqMBs9WoIRJLIxworK9xOKwwGwscL5AGGdKVUVkjNvRUX7JeTZUKkB4f.eWi_Y3svNQAJ046EZVx5t9NlO1MzI0K8MAEBpv0qzpeL85fPsjI4MTBlb50Cd0_.INGUDgTI4TuRt5DtVKLblFoctsiXcW1K33BqRo7MyhloHpvlCNQijPLlHFmpAzb4y9csDusSJecfUnTcTU1JIjGqhRw_7RIqnCtPQ_KX.Aya02tRT8K39QSzUnv2vLII_ho7dPR5cfu6qXwfYcXjAWYyxx0k_GHnpgxiVyZ0neRKKWi8jKXhP49hu8lYf4HsUMYCc6wGyUuKR6LnXmmpJA7uUjF3xAtTtUlwTw3gKRRujQvEUxe1qg1_J8JD_l5J1.rTYT1.wyEJd3v2uwME5oxZ.cv.8QHN6gLsY8K2jjYyPbB244ccTvOwmeNZePvxN7.UXjaiyd6xznxPyFz67BGDtl4rg7wujJypjv_2GWvVp7lBbZ22RBkNtbHQJWzxA00ipWnqkYHh9bbceA8AXN9vha9eTu8pI8mXaqpSDETGV5oZr5LUQy_ZgOnJYJZ.lGT4YVo1BAALJwRcfg7lGYZPS9cIxMeJ2MQ4HcKOsNWjoCzKJUWGE4gtrqhe_XOTlMrbjV85ASN2XhZMeiZhUaqnwE9Axp_ns01bbBRMnwQoGzH.yfaYWe6thiIonKRcKaztJKtl0SWHNdcJu8M9ztNZTgDfB7bp._x6mYs6fNR5Shv8YM4lLKIAQU3aXimu4tLBmcHFGTpI51GHaKxnXfdd9laZhUMOA42NFp9NPqNAWWX5GHHQm31QYPB9XcDEflSP8i20mmmSBLDE.fpozIORcjr2UZsB4MeqDBhDr1KoZDFyR0r8Er3U9jylQG8Pw62z4LwsiZ7rAn8K3PFLWlcHy.EHOupGBMLupVz.nM3FLKtOpBXXxfTw3uTpeVnjuAIWl6.XRjTSTRFI6HpyDeV_3FAIuCJV7q61U"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=918accd23ead883a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1029\/2007GL031474?__cf_chl_rt_tk=6vo4Pb4S4Yc2BMtBgZ_FDgLhizp8w_acL8vEAGiT.7M-1740686835-1.0.1.1-XrhCgbmz2JwfD4oS0C9s7Q6.djY.MnfVmcQXrhrA.ZU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>