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<li id="toc-The_king_from_Gombroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_king_from_Gombroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The king from Gombroon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_king_from_Gombroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Conversion to Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonisation_of_Penang_and_Seberang_Perai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonisation_of_Penang_and_Seberang_Perai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>British colonisation of Penang and Seberang 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kedah Sultanate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%AD" title="سلطنة قدح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة قدح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kedah sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kedah sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="سلطان‌نشین کداح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان‌نشین کداح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%8B%A4_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="크다 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크다 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Kedah" title="Kesultanan Kedah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Kedah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano_di_Kedah" title="Sultano di Kedah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultano di Kedah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaho_sultonatas" title="Kedaho sultonatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kedaho sultonatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Kedah" title="Kesultanan Kedah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Kedah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatet_Kedah" title="Sultanatet Kedah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sultanatet Kedah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="قدح سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدح سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Qued%C3%A1" title="Sultanato de Quedá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultanato de Quedá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கெடா சுல்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெடா சுல்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="สุลต่านแห่งรัฐเกอดะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุลต่านแห่งรัฐเกอดะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kedah Sultanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kedah Sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="吉打苏丹国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉打苏丹国" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Kedah</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كسلطانن قدح</span>‎</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:80%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ms-Latn">Kesultanan Kedah</i></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">330–1136 (Old Kedah)<br />1136–1821<br />1842–1945<br />1948–present</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kedah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Kedah">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kedah"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kedah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kedah"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota" title="Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota">Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">God Save the Crowned Sultan</span> (since 1937)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAllah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAllah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg&lang=ms-arab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms-Arab" label="بهاس ملايو ‪(ms-arab)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAllah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota_instrumental.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kedah in present-day Malaysia"><img alt="Kedah in present-day Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg/250px-Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg/375px-Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg/500px-Kedah_in_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kedah in present-day <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Old Kedah<br />(330–1136)<br />Independent Sultanate<br />(1136–1821)<br />State of <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> (1821–1909)<br />Protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (1909–1941; 1945–1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anak_Bukit" title="Anak Bukit">Anak Bukit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><br />(1136-1941; 1945-1946; 1948-1957)<br /><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> within <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><br />(since 1957)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1136–1179 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mudzaffar_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Mudzaffar Shah I of Kedah">Mudzaffar Shah I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2017–present </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah" title="Sallehuddin of Kedah">Sallehuddin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1909–1915; 1918–1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_(administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Maxwell (administrator)">George Maxwell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)<br />(1136–1905)<br />Kedah State Council<br />(1905–1941; 1945–1946; 1948–1959)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kedah_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kedah State Legislative Assembly">Kedah State Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1136<span class="noprint">; 888 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1136</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II_of_Kedah" title="Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah">Golden Age</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1735</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1909</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Annexed by Thailand</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1943</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">Japanese surrender</a>; returned to United Kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Restored and admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1948</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">429,691<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Native gold and silver coins<br /><a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">Straits dollar</a> (until 1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Malayan_dollar" title="Malayan dollar">Malayan dollar</a> (until 1953)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Kedah_%2818th_century_-_1821%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kedah_%2818th_century_-_1821%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Kedah_%2818th_century_-_1821%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kedah_%2818th_century_-_1821%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Kedah_%2818th_century_-_1821%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kedah_%2818th_century_-_1821%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedah Kingdom">Kedah Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah"><b>1948:</b><br /> Kedah</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union"><b>1946:</b><br /> Malayan Union</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya"><b>1942-43:</b><br /> Japanese Occupation</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom"><b>1821:</b><br /> Kingdom of Siam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Thailand_%281817%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thailand_%281817%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Thailand_%281817%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand_%281817%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Thailand_%281817%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thailand_%281817%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><sup>1</sup> Remains as capital until today <br /> <sup>2</sup> Malay using Jawi (Arabic) script</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kedah Sultanate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">كسلطانن قدح</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Muslim dynasty</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. It was originally an independent state, but became a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> in 1909. Its <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> was abolished after it was added to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> but was <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">restored</a> and added to the Malayan Union's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>. </p><p>The information regarding the formation of this sultanate and the history before and after its creation comes from the "<a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Kedah Annals</a>". The annals were written in the 18th century, over a millennium after the formation of the supposed Kedah Kingdom. It describes the first king of Kedah as arriving on the shores of Kedah as a result of an attack by a mythical gigantic beast. It states that the nation was founded by the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. However, Thai chronicles mention that Kedah was a Thai city like <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> and was a part of the Siamese kingdom but later was changed into a Malay state after invasion by Muslim kingdoms until today.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kedah Annals provides unreliable information on the sultans of Kedah, listing the first sultan of Kedah as <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mudzafar_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mudzafar Shah I">Sultan Mudzafar Shah I</a> in 1136, while an Acehnese account gives the conversion of Kedah to Islam in 1474. Although not impossible, the year 1136 is also unlikely since it pre-dates the <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone" title="Terengganu Inscription Stone">Terengganu Inscription Stone</a> by almost three centuries. Claims made by the Kedah Annals also directly contradict the fact that the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> kingdom was in direct control of Kedah at the time Sultan Mudzafar Shah I allegedly converted the region to a sultanate. Kedah may have remained Hindu-Buddhist until the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">History of Kedah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedah001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Kedah001.jpg/220px-Kedah001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Kedah001.jpg/330px-Kedah001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Kedah001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Map of Old Kedah and the early transpeninsular routeway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LangkasukaBuddha001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LangkasukaBuddha001.jpg/220px-LangkasukaBuddha001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LangkasukaBuddha001.jpg/330px-LangkasukaBuddha001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/LangkasukaBuddha001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Stone sculpture sitting in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a> found in Kedah</figcaption></figure> <p>By around 788 BCE, a systematic government of a large settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Malay native</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> had been established around the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Merbok_River" title="Merbok River">Merbok River</a>. The state consisted of a large area of the <a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a>, covering the Merbok and <a href="/wiki/Muda_River" title="Muda River">Muda River</a> branches in an approximately 1,000-square mile area. The capital of the settlement was built at the estuary of a branch of the Merbok River, now known as <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Batu" title="Sungai Batu">Sungai Batu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 170 CE, groups of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> arrived at Kedah, who were soon joined by peoples from nearby islands and from the northern <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon-Khmer">Mon-Khmer</a> region. At the same time, traders from India, Persia and the Arabian Peninsula arrived at the brink of the Malacca Strait, using <i>Gunung Jerai</i> (the Kedah Peak) as a marking point. Ancient Kedah covered the areas of Kuala Bahang, Kuala Bara, Kuala Pila and Merpah.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_king_from_Gombroon">The king from Gombroon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The king from Gombroon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah</i>, written by Muhammad Hassan bin Dato' Kerani Muhammad Arshad in 1928, in around 630 CE, Maharaja Derbar Raja of Gombroon (now known as <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> was defeated in battle and escaped to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and was later blown off course by a storm to the remote shores of Kuala Sungai Qilah, Kedah.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants of Kedah found him to be a valiant and intelligent person and made him the king of Kedah. In 634 CE, a new kingdom was formed in Kedah consisting of Persian royalty and native <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> people of the Hindu faith; the capital was <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Islam">Conversion to Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conversion to Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the account given in <i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a></i> (also known as the <i>Kedah Annals</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Kedah">Sultanate of Kedah</a> was formed when King <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mudzafar_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mudzafar Shah I">Phra Ong Mahawangsa</a> converted to Islam and adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah. <i>At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah</i> described the conversion to Islam as starting in 1136 AD. However, historian Richard Winstedt, quoting an <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Acehnese</a> account, gave 1474 as the year of conversion to Islam by the ruler of Kedah. This later date lines up with an account in the <i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>,</i> which describes a raja of Kedah visiting Malacca during the reign of its <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mahmud Shah of Malacca">last sultan</a> seeking the honour of the royal band that marks the sovereignty of a Malay Muslim ruler. The request by Kedah was in response to be Malacca's vassal, probably due to fears of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthayan</a> aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonisation_of_Penang_and_Seberang_Perai">British colonisation of Penang and Seberang Perai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British colonisation of Penang and Seberang Perai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first British vessel arrived in Kedah in 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1770, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Light" title="Francis Light">Francis Light</a> was instructed by the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC) to take <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> from Kedah. He achieved this by assuring Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II_of_Kedah" title="Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah">Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II</a> that his army would protect Kedah from any Siamese invasion. In return, the Sultan agreed to hand over Penang to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:114_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:114-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Light made the agreement without the consent of his superiors in India. The EIC did not provide military support, as promised by Light, when Siam attacked Kedah. The Sultan demanded that Light return Penang, but Light was reluctant to hand it back. He offered compensation for the damage but was refused by the Sultan. In 1790, Abdullah planned to launch an amphibious invasion of the island of Penang to recapture it. The EIC, with the help of the British military made a <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">preemptive strike</a> and attacked Kedah's navy and fort in <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a>, damaging them. The Sultan signed a ceasefire agreement with Light in 1791. </p><p>On 7 July 1800, while <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_William_Leith" title="George Alexander William Leith">George Alexander William Leith</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Penang" title="List of governors of Penang">Lieutenant-Governor of Penang</a>, a treaty came into effect that gave the British sovereignty over Seberang Perai, subsequently named <i>Province Wellesley</i>. The treaty, negotiated by Penang's First Assistant <a href="/wiki/George_Caunter" title="George Caunter">George Caunter</a> and Sultan of Kedah <a href="/wiki/Dziaddin_Mukarram_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II of Kedah">Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II</a>, increased the annual payment to the sultan from 6,000 to 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the acquisition improved Penang Island's military and food security, for Kedah it provided a protective strip against enemy attack from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty also provided for the free flow of food and commodities from Kedah to Penang Island and Province Wellesley.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian federal government</a> still pays Kedah, on behalf of Penang, RM 10,000 annually as a symbolic gesture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_Kedah_and_Siamese_vassalage">Partition of Kedah and Siamese vassalage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Partition of Kedah and Siamese vassalage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kedah_(1821_-_1912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Kedah_%281821_-_1912%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Kedah_%281821_-_1912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Kedah_%281821_-_1912%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Kedah_%281821_-_1912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Kedah_%281821_-_1912%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Kedah_%281821_-_1912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Kedah (1821–1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah">Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a> in 1797, the throne was given to his half brother Sultan <a href="/wiki/Dziaddin_Mukarram_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II of Kedah">Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II</a>. However Sultan Dziaddin was forced to <a href="/wiki/Abdicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicate">abdicate</a> in 1803 by the King of Siam and was replaced by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin II. This sparked a succession crisis as crown prince, Tunku Bisnu claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne. Fearing civil war, Siam reconciled the two parties by appointing Tunku Bisnu as ruler of Setul, thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara</a> in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-MyKedah_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyKedah_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1821, a <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a> fragmented Kedah's territory. This period marked the exile of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah">Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the imposition of direct Siamese rule on Kedah for a time. Tengku Kudin, a nephew of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin, captured Alor Setar from the Siamese in 1831<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the town was retaken soon after. After 20 years of living in exile, Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin was restored to the throne of Kedah in 1842. </p><p>In 1892, the kingdom was reunified with the Kedah Sultanate. However, the assimilation of the Siamese people and their culture in Setul had weakened Kedah rule over it. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a> in 1909 finally ended Kedahan rule over Setul, as the Siamese and British agreed to exclude Setul from Kedah's jurisdiction. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_Opposition_Wave" title="2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave">2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list of rulers of Kedah as given here is based to some extent on the <i>Kedah Annals</i> beginning with the Hindu ruler Durbar Raja I. According to the <i>Kedah Annals</i>, the 9th Kedah maharaja, Derbar Raja, converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Muzaffar Shah, thereby starting the Kedah sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-durbar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durbar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genealogy was compiled in the 1920s, <i>Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah Darul Aman</i> or <i>Kedah Genealogy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historicity and the dating of the list of rulers however is questionable as Kedah may have remained Hindu-Buddhist until the 15th century when its king converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_era">Hindu era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hindu era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of kings of Kedah Kingdom. Each used the Hindu title of <i><a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">Sri</a> <a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a> <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>. The exact dates of each king's reign are not known, and the dates given are speculative. </p> <ol><li>Durbar Raja I (330–390)</li> <li>Diraja Putra (390–440)</li> <li>Maha Dewa I (440–465)</li> <li>Karna Diraja (465–512)</li> <li>Karma (512–580)</li> <li>Maha Dewa II (580–620)</li> <li>Maha Dewa III (620–660)</li> <li>Diraja Putra II (660–712)</li> <li>Darma Raja (712–788)</li> <li>Maha Jiwa (788–832)</li> <li>Karma II (832–880)</li> <li>Darma Raja II (880–956)</li> <li>Durbar Raja II (956–1136; succeeded as <i>Sultan of Kedah</i>, see below)</li></ol> <dl><dd><small>Source for the list of sultans is the Muzium Negeri Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a>, Malaysia. "The sultans of Kedah".</small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_era">Islamic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">Sultan of <span class="country-name">Kedah</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;">Provincial</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg/100px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg/150px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Sultan_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="557" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kedah">Arms of His Royal Highness the Sultan of Kedah</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg/200px-Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg/300px-Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg/400px-Sultan_Sallehuddin_of_Kedah_in_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah" title="Sallehuddin of Kedah">Sallehuddin</a></span></b><br />since 12 September 2017</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">installation 22 October 2018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">His Royal Highness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Sarafuddin_Badlishah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunku Sarafuddin Badlishah">Tunku Sarafuddin Badlishah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mudzaffar_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Mudzaffar Shah I of Kedah">Mudzaffar Shah I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1136<span class="noprint">; 888 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1136</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data">Istana Anak Bukit, <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The beginning of the use of the title <i><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a></i> in Kedah is attributed to a visit by a Muslim scholar from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, Sheikh Abdullah bin Ja'afar Quamiri, to Durbar Raja II's <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a> at Bukit Meriam in 1136.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="source please (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The audience resulted in the king's conversion to Islam. He adopted the name <a href="/wiki/Mudzaffar_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Mudzaffar Shah I of Kedah"><i>Mudzaffar Shah</i></a> and established the Sultanate of Kedah.<sup id="cite_ref-durbar_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durbar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source for the list of sultans given here is the official genealogy given for the Sultan of Kedah.<sup id="cite_ref-genealogy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genealogy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are however discrepancies with the <i>Kedah Annals</i> as it lists only five sultans from the first convert Mudzaffar Shah to Sulaiman Shah, who was captured by Aceh in 1619, in contrast to the twelve listed here. The rest of the list largely follows as that given in the <i>Kedah Annals</i> with the exception of a few changes and more recent updates in the 20th and 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" width="525" align="center"> <caption><b>Sultans of Kedah</b> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <th>Number </th> <th>Sultan </th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mudzaffar_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Mudzaffar Shah I of Kedah">Mudzaffar Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1136–1179 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mu%27adzam_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Mu'adzam Shah of Kedah">Mu'adzam Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1179–1202 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Muhammad Shah of Kedah">Muhammad Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1202–1237 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muzzil_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Muzzil Shah of Kedah">Muzzil Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1237–1280 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Mahmud Shah I of Kedah">Mahmud Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1280–1321 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Ibrahim Shah of Kedah">Ibrahim Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1321–1373 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Sulaiman Shah I of Kedah">Sulaiman Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1373–1423 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ataullah_Muhammad_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Ataullah Muhammad Shah I of Kedah">Ataullah Muhammad Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1423–1473 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_I_of_Kedah" title="Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin I of Kedah">Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1473–1506 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Mahmud Shah II of Kedah">Mahmud Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1506–1547 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mudzaffar_Shah_III_of_Kedah" title="Mudzaffar Shah III of Kedah">Mudzaffar Shah III</a> </td> <td align="center">1547–1602 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Sulaiman Shah II of Kedah">Sulaiman Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1602–1626 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rijaluddin_Muhammad_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah of Kedah">Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1626–1652 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Mansur_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Muhyiddin Mansur Shah of Kedah">Muhyiddin Mansur Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1652–1662 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dziaddin_Mukarram_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Dziaddin Mukarram Shah I of Kedah">Dziaddin Mukarram Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1662–1688 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ataullah_Muhammad_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Ataullah Muhammad Shah II of Kedah">Ataullah Muhammad Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1688–1698 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Mu%27adzam_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Abdullah Mu'adzam Shah of Kedah">Abdullah Mu'adzam Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1698–1706 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I of Kedah">Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1706–1710 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II_of_Kedah" title="Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah">Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1710–1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah">Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1778–1797 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dziaddin_Mukarram_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II of Kedah">Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1797–1803 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah">Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1803–1821 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a> </td> <td align="center">1821–1842 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">(22) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah">Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1842–1845 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zainal_Rashid_Al-Mu%27adzam_Shah_I_of_Kedah" title="Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I of Kedah">Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I</a> </td> <td align="center">1845–1854 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah of Kedah">Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1854–1879 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zainal_Rashid_Mu%27adzam_Shah_II_of_Kedah" title="Zainal Rashid Mu'adzam Shah II of Kedah">Zainal Rashid Mu'adzam Shah II</a> </td> <td align="center">1879–1881 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Halim_of_Kedah" title="Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah">Abdul Hamid Halim Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1881–1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badlishah_of_Kedah" title="Badlishah of Kedah">Badlishah Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1943–1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_of_Kedah" title="Abdul Halim of Kedah">Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah</a> </td> <td align="center">1958–2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah" title="Sallehuddin of Kedah">Sallehuddin</a> </td> <td align="center">2017–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobat">Nobat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nobat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>nobat</i> musical instruments of Nagara and Nepiri were introduced to Kedah by Maharaja Derbar Raja. The instrument is also called <i>semambu</i>. The band is led by the king, and it consists of drums, a gong, a flute and a trumpet. Today, <i>nobat</i> is a royal orchestra, played only during royal ceremonies such as inaugurations, weddings, and funerals. The building which houses the instruments and where the ensemble rehearses is known as the Balai Nobat, literally the Office of Nobat, in <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a> city proper.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Johor">Sultanate of Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singgora" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Singgora">Sultanate of Singgora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam</a>, another historical Malay Kingdom born during the Partition of Kedah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Kedah_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Kedah monarchs">Family tree of Kedah monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Malaysian_monarchs" title="Family tree of Malaysian monarchs">Family tree of Malaysian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Unconstitutional+to+wipe+Penang+off+Malaysia%27s+map%2C+Kedah+told&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themalaymailonline.com%2Fmalaysia%2Farticle%2Funconstitutional-to-wipe-penang-off-malaysias-map-kedah-told&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MyKedah_2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MyKedah_2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyKedahn.d." class="citation cs2">MyKedah (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904011122/http://www.mykedah2.com/10heritage/103_4_p2.htm"><i>Pusat- pusat Pentadbiran Kedah Darul Aman Dari Bukit Meriam Ke Kota Star</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykedah2.com/10heritage/103_4_p2.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pusat-+pusat+Pentadbiran+Kedah+Darul+Aman+Dari+Bukit+Meriam+Ke+Kota+Star&rft.au=MyKedah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mykedah2.com%2F10heritage%2F103_4_p2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/20-9-Siam,Laos,Cambodia1800-1950.html">"Siam, Cambodia, and Laos 1800-1950 by Sanderson Beck"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siam%2C+Cambodia%2C+and+Laos+1800-1950+by+Sanderson+Beck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.san.beck.org%2F20-9-Siam%2CLaos%2CCambodia1800-1950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn2019" class="citation book cs1">Stearn, Duncan (25 March 2019). <i>Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go2travelmalaysia.com/tour_malaysia/kdh_bckgnd.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go2Travelmalaysia.com&rft.atitle=Kedah%3A+Intro+and+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo2travelmalaysia.com%2Ftour_malaysia%2Fkdh_bckgnd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelani_Harun" class="citation web cs1">Jelani Harun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930070455/http://eseminar.dbp.gov.my/bengkelmanuskrip/jelani.pdf">"Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah Darul Aman Sebuah Karya Agung Melayu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eseminar.dbp.gov.my/bengkelmanuskrip/jelani.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Tarikh+Salasilah+Negeri+Kedah+Darul+Aman+Sebuah+Karya+Agung+Melayu&rft.au=Jelani+Harun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feseminar.dbp.gov.my%2Fbengkelmanuskrip%2Fjelani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykedah2.com/e_10heritage/e101_1_p4.htm">"The Development of Kedah's Early History Based on Archeological Finds"</a>. <i>MyKedah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyKedah&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Kedah%27s+Early+History+Based+on+Archeological+Finds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mykedah2.com%2Fe_10heritage%2Fe101_1_p4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genealogy-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genealogy_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedah_State_Public_Library2003" class="citation web cs1">Kedah State Public Library (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykedah2.com/raja_kita/eng/040000.htm">"The genealogy of His Highnesses"</a>. <i>Our Sultan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Sultan&rft.atitle=The+genealogy+of+His+Highnesses&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Kedah+State+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mykedah2.com%2Fraja_kita%2Feng%2F040000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._O._Winstedt1938" class="citation journal cs1">R. O. Winstedt (December 1938). "The Kedah Annals". <i>Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>16</b> (2 (131)): 31–35. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559921">41559921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malayan+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Kedah+Annals&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2+%28131%29&rft.pages=31-35&rft.date=1938-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41559921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=R.+O.+Winstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKedah+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Mohammad Isa Othman, Politik Tradisional Kedah 1681–1942, <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>, Kuala Lumpur, 1990</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ibrahim Bakar (Ed.), At-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah Darul Aman by Muhammad Hassan bin Dato' Kerani Muhammad Arshad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Sejarah_Malaysia_Cawangan_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia Cawangan Kedah (page does not exist)">Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia Cawangan Kedah</a>, Alor Setar Kedah, 2018</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Sultanate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060511194957/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/states/malaysia/kedah.html">List of Kedah sultans</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313191545/http://www.nobat.hostrocket.com/datang.html">Nobat</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Malay)</span> (archived)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Kedah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kedah" title="Template:Kedah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kedah" title="Template talk:Kedah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kedah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kedah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Kedah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a>, Royal town: <a href="/wiki/Anak_Bukit" title="Anak Bukit">Anak Bukit</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Kedah (page does not exist)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Kedah-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Kedah-related articles (page does not exist)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Kedah (page does not exist)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kedah" title="Elections in Kedah">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Kedah (page does not exist)">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_State_Executive_Council" title="Kedah State Executive Council">Executive</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Menteris Besar of Kedah">Menteris Besar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kedah State Legislative Assembly">Legislative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Kedah" title="Template:Geography of Kedah">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_in_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary in Kedah (page does not exist)">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Kedah (page does not exist)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Kedah (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kedah" title="List of people from Kedah">Kedahans</a></li> <li>Symbols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Selamatkan_Sultan_Mahkota" title="Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Kedah" title="Flag and coat of arms of Kedah">Flag and coats of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Kedah" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Kedah">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Kedahnan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Kedahnan culture (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Kedah (page does not exist)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuisine of Kedah (page does not exist)">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Kedah (page does not exist)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Kedah (page does not exist)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kedah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Kedah (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kedah" title="Category:Politics of Kedah">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative<br />divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baling_District" title="Baling District">Baling District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Baharu_District" title="Bandar Baharu District">Bandar Baharu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Setar_District" title="Kota Setar District">Kota Setar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Muda_District" title="Kuala Muda District">Kuala Muda District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_District" title="Kubang Pasu District">Kubang Pasu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulim_District" title="Kulim District">Kulim District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkawi" title="Langkawi">Langkawi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Terap_District" title="Padang Terap District">Padang Terap District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendang_District" title="Pendang District">Pendang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokok_Sena_District" title="Pokok Sena District">Pokok Sena District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sik_District" title="Sik District">Sik District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_District" title="Yan District">Yan District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Tajar" title="Alor Tajar">Alor Tajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anak_Bukit" title="Anak Bukit">Anak Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baling" class="mw-redirect" title="Baling">Baling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedong" title="Bedong">Bedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Kayu_Hitam" title="Bukit Kayu Hitam">Bukit Kayu Hitam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Pinang" title="Bukit Pinang">Bukit Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Selambau" title="Bukit Selambau">Bukit Selambau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changlun" title="Changlun">Changlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian_Burung" title="Durian Burung">Durian Burung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guar_Chempedak" title="Guar Chempedak">Guar Chempedak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurun,_Kedah" title="Gurun, Kedah">Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeniang" title="Jeniang">Jeniang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitra" title="Jitra">Jitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepala_Batas,_Kedah" title="Kepala Batas, Kedah">Kepala Batas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodiang" title="Kodiang">Kodiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Sarang_Semut" title="Kota Sarang Semut">Kota Sarang Semut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuah" title="Kuah">Kuah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kedah" title="Kuala Kedah">Kuala Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Ketil" title="Kuala Ketil">Kuala Ketil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Nerang" title="Kuala Nerang">Kuala Nerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Pegang" title="Kuala Pegang">Kuala Pegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulim">Kulim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang,_Kedah" title="Kupang, Kedah">Kupang, Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langgar,_Kedah" title="Langgar, Kedah">Langgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunas,_Kedah" title="Lunas, Kedah">Lunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megat_Dewa" title="Megat Dewa">Megat Dewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merbok" title="Merbok">Merbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Matsirat" title="Padang Matsirat">Padang Matsirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Serai" title="Padang Serai">Padang Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendang">Pendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokok_Sena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokok Sena">Pokok Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeling" title="Semeling">Semeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdang,_Kedah" title="Serdang, Kedah">Serdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sik,_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sik, Kedah">Sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintok" title="Sintok">Sintok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Lalang" title="Sungai Lalang">Sungai Lalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Limau" title="Sungai Limau">Sungai Limau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani" title="Sungai Petani">Sungai Petani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Dawai" title="Tanjung Dawai">Tanjung Dawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai,_Kedah" title="Tokai, Kedah">Tokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan,_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan, Kedah">Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Townships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Laguna_Merbok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Laguna Merbok (page does not exist)">Bandar Laguna Merbok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Puteri_Jaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Puteri Jaya (page does not exist)">Bandar Puteri Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Darulaman" title="Bandar Darulaman">Bandar Darulaman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagenda_Height&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagenda Height (page does not exist)">Lagenda Height</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Baru_Mergong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Baru Mergong (page does not exist)">Bandar Baru Mergong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandop_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tandop Baru (page does not exist)">Tandop Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Amanjaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Amanjaya (page does not exist)">Bandar Amanjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Stargate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Stargate (page does not exist)">Bandar Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Starcity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Starcity (page does not exist)">Bandar Starcity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Sejahtera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Sejahtera (page does not exist)">Bandar Sejahtera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Ambangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Ambangan (page does not exist)">Bandar Ambangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kedah" class="extiw" title="commons:Kedah">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Kedah" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Kedah">Wikisource</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kedah" title="Category:Kedah">Category</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_states_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sultans_and_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Template:Sultans and Yang di-Pertua Negeri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sultans_and_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Template talk:Sultans and Yang di-Pertua Negeri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans_and_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans and Yang di-Pertua Negeri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_states_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_states_and_governments_of_Malaysia" title="List of current heads of states and governments of Malaysia">Heads of states in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Johor</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ismail_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Ismail of Johor">Sultan Ibrahim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">the King</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Ismail_Idris" title="Tunku Ismail Idris">Tunku Ismail</a> (the Prince Regent)</dd> <dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kedah</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah" title="Sallehuddin of Kedah">Sultan Sallehuddin</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Kelantan</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_V_of_Kelantan" title="Muhammad V of Kelantan">Sultan Muhammad V</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Yamtuan_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamtuan Besar">Negeri Sembilan</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Muhriz_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan">Tuanku Muhriz</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Pahang</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang" title="Abdullah of Pahang">Al-Sultan Abdullah Riayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Perak</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Nazrin Shah of Perak">Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong#Timbalan_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">the Deputy King</a>)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Perlis</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_of_Perlis" title="Sirajuddin of Perlis">Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sharafuddin_of_Selangor" title="Sharafuddin of Selangor">Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Terengganu</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_of_Terengganu" title="Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu">Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Malacca" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca">Malacca</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mohd_Ali_Rustam" title="Mohd Ali Rustam">Dr. Mohd. Ali Mohd. Rustam</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Penang" title="List of governors of Penang">Penang</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak" title="Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak">Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">Sabah</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juhar_Mahiruddin" title="Juhar Mahiruddin">Juhar Mahiruddin</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar">Dr. Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Thailand_navbox" title="Template:History of Thailand navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Thailand_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Thailand navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Thailand_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Thailand navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History of Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%C4%81n" title="Xiān">Xiān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932 to 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973 to 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">Since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Lin" title="Chin Lin">Chin Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tou_Yuan" title="Tou Yuan">Tou Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canasapura" title="Canasapura">Canasapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khottrabun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khottrabun (page does not exist)">Khottrabun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="th:อาณาจักรโคตรบูร">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_Wang" title="Ny Wang">Ny Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Dan" title="Wen Dan">Wen Dan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raktamaritika" class="mw-redirect" title="Raktamaritika">Raktamaritika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanling" title="Tanling">Tanling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phip_Phli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phip Phli (page does not exist)">Phip Phli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:อาณาจักรพริบพรี">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suphannabhum" title="Suphannabhum">Suphannabhum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Suwannaphum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Suwannaphum (page does not exist)">Suwannaphum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4" class="extiw" title="th:เมืองสุวรรณภูมิ">th</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai" title="Kingdom of Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Lampang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Lampang (page does not exist)">Lampang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" class="extiw" title="th:นครลำปาง">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Lamphun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Lamphun (page does not exist)">Lamphun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:นครลำพูน">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Nan (page does not exist)">Nan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:นครน่าน">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phayao_Kingdom" title="Phayao Kingdom">Phayao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Phrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Phrae (page does not exist)">Phrae</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" class="extiw" title="th:นครแพร่">th</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singora" title="Sultanate of Singora">Singora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pattani">Pattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setul_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Setul Kingdom">Satun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman Kingdom">Reman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Isan" title="History of Isan">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Phitsanulok_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Phitsanulok Province">Phitsanulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/16px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/24px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, 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