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class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob Baradaeus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A5%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%92_%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%A5%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܘܪܕܥܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܘܪܕܥܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_d%27Edessa_el_Vell" title="Jacob d'Edessa el Vell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jacob d'Edessa el Vell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Baradai" title="Jakub Baradai – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub Baradai" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Baradai" title="Jakob Baradai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob Baradai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος Βαραδαίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος Βαραδαίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Baradeo" title="Jacobo Baradeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo Baradeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_Baradai" title="Jakobo Baradai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo Baradai" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="یعقوب برادعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یعقوب برادعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barad%C3%A9e" title="Jacques Baradée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques Baradée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Baradeo" title="Giacomo Baradeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo Baradeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="യാക്കോബ് ബുർദാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യാക്കോബ് ബുർദാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%89" title="يعقوب البرادعى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يعقوب البرادعى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Baradaeus" title="Jacobus Baradaeus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus Baradaeus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Baradeusz" title="Jakub Baradeusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub Baradeusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B3_Baradeu" title="Jacó Baradeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacó Baradeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Иаков Барадей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иаков Барадей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Baradai" title="Jakub Baradai – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakub Baradai" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Јаков Барадеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаков Барадеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Baradej" title="Jakov Baradej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakov Baradej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Zanzolus_Baradaeus" title="Jakob Zanzolus Baradaeus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob Zanzolus Baradaeus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q559495#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Syriac Orthodox Bishop of Edessa (c. 500–578)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Jacob Baradaeus</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Bishop of Edessa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Viran%C5%9Fehir" title="Viranşehir">Tall Mawzalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 578 (aged 77–78)<br />Monastery of St. Romanus in <a href="/wiki/Maiuma_(city)" title="Maiuma (city)"> Maiuma</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Rimal" title="Rimal">Rimal</a>, Palestine)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 July</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacob Baradaeus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰάκωβος Βαραδαῖος</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مار يعقوب البرادعي</span>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܘܪܕܥܝܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Yaʿqub Burdʿoyo</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also known as <b>Jacob bar Addai</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Jacob bar Theophilus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Edessa">Bishop of Edessa</a> from 543/544 until his death in 578. He is venerated as a saint in the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> and his feast day is 31 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob's missionary efforts helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, also known as the "Jacobite" Church after its eponymous leader, and ensured its survival despite persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Baradaeus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451, the church in the Eastern Roman Empire suffered division between Chalcedonians, supporters of the council, and non-Chalcedonians, also known as miaphysites and pejoratively called monophysites, who opposed the council.<sup id="cite_ref-SL3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SL3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Chalcedonians lost political support at the ascension of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> in 518,<sup id="cite_ref-SL3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SL3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who subsequently persecuted non-Chalcedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequentially, the number of non-Chalcedonian religious leaders declined and, despite the widespread support they held in Syria, Armenia, and Egypt, non-Chalcedonianism faced extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Baradaeus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacob was born in c. 500 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Viran%C5%9Fehir" title="Viranşehir">Tall Mawzalt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the son of Theophilus bar Manu, a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsoum_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsoum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of two, Jacob was left in the care of Eustathius, Abbot of the Monastery of Fsilta,<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studied Greek, Syriac, and religious and theological texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsoum_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsoum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob's mother later returned to the monastery and attempted to bring him home, however, Jacob refused to return and declared his dedication to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his parents' death, Jacob donated his inheritance to the poor and manumitted several slaves he had inherited, to whom he bestowed his parents' house.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Jacob was ordained a deacon and priest at the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Jacob became renowned as a miracle-worker and people came to him seeking healing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several miracles are attributed to Jacob, such as the resurrection of the dead, the healing of the blind, procurement of rain, and stopping the movement of the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also reputed to have ended the Siege of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> as <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> was afflicted with a vision and abandoned the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora</a>, a non-Chalcedonian, learned of Jacob and invited him to meet with her at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, however, he was reluctant to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a vision, Jacob was instructed to travel to Constantinople,<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus, in c. 527, he arrived at the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Irvin_2001_pp._248_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irvin_2001_pp._248-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodora received Jacob with honour, however, he was uninterested in life at court,<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered the Monastery of <a href="/wiki/Sykai" title="Sykai">Sykai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Irvin_2001_pp._248_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irvin_2001_pp._248-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he remained for 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst at Constantinople, he gained the favour of Theodora and <a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Jabalah" title="Al-Harith ibn Jabalah">Al-Harith ibn Jabalah</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>, both fellow non-Chalcedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outbreak of persecution of non-Chalcedonians carried out by <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Antioch" title="Ephraim of Antioch">Ephraim</a>, Patriarch of Antioch, spurred Empress Theodora and Al-Harith to urge <a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria</a> to consecrate bishops to counter Ephraim and ensure the survival of non-Chalcedonianism.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Jacob was consecrated Bishop of Edessa by Pope Theodosius in Constantinople in 543/544.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsoum_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsoum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his episcopal appointment, Jacob travelled to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barsoum_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsoum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he, with two non-Chalcedonian bishops, consecrated Conon as Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Syrian_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (Syrian diocese)">Tarsus</a> and Eugenius as Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Seleucia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then set about consecrating non-Chalcedonian clergymen throughout Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold198_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold198-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, through his missionary work, Jacob aimed to restore non-Chalcedonianism as the official position of the church in the Eastern Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold198_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold198-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman government attempted to hinder the non-Chalcedonian revival and imprison Jacob, however, in his travels he wore a disguise and thus became known as <i>Burde'ana</i>, "man in ragged clothes", from which the sobriquet "Baradaeus" is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob ordained Sergius bar Karya as Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Tella" title="Sergius of Tella">Sergius of Tella</a> as <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a> in 544.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsoum_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsoum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Sergius of Tella's death in 547, with Eugenius, Jacob ordained <a href="/wiki/Paul_II_the_Black_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul II the Black of Alexandria">Paul</a> as Patriarch of Antioch in 550.<sup id="cite_ref-Ned_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences between Jacob and Eugenius and Conon later emerged and Jacob anathematised the pair for their adherence to <a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a>, and they anathematised Jacob on the accusation of adherence to <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 553, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> convened the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in an attempt to unite Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory318_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory318-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the council was unconvincing to Syrian non-Chalcedonians, and Jacob began to form a separate, non-Chalcedonian church, that would later become the Syriac Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory318_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory318-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob ordained <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a> as Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in 558.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 559, Jacob consecrated <a href="/wiki/Ahudemmeh" title="Ahudemmeh">Ahudemmeh</a> as <a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Metropolitan of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 566, Jacob attended discussions held by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> at Constantinople between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians with the goal of a compromise between the two factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold219_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold219-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the discussions in 567, Justin issued an edict which was agreed upon by all who attended, however, the edict was rejected by a non-Chalcedonian council at <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold219_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold219-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 571, Jacob Baradaeus and other non-Chalcedonian bishops gave their approval to an edict of union with the Chalcedonian church as they both agreed they held the same beliefs but expressed them differently.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold221_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob and the other bishops subsequently accepted communion from <a href="/wiki/John_Scholasticus" title="John Scholasticus">John Scholasticus</a>, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold221_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This angered many non-Chalcedonians, however, and the bishops withdrew their approval of the edict.<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold221_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unbeknownst to Jacob, Paul, Patriarch of Antioch, and several other non-Chalcedonian bishops, had been tortured by the Roman government and unwillingly agreed to adhere to Chalcedonianism. Jacob consequentially forbade Paul from receiving communion and Paul took refuge in the Kingdom of the Ghassanids. Three years later, Paul was brought before a non-Chalcedonian synod and Jacob restored him to communion for his penance. This angered <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Egyptian</a> non-Chalcedonians, and, in 576, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Pope Peter IV of Alexandria</a> deposed Paul as Patriarch of Antioch, contrary to canon law. Jacob denounced Peter. However, in an effort to reunite non-Chalcedonians, he travelled to Alexandria and agreed to give his assent to Paul's deposition on the condition that he was not excommunicated, thus restoring good relations between the Syrian and Egyptian non-Chalcedonians. Nevertheless, on Jacob's return to Syria, many Syrian non-Chalcedonians expressed anger at the compromise and violence erupted between Jacob and Paul's supporters. King <a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_III_ibn_al-Harith" title="Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith">Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith</a>, Al-Harith's successor, and Paul attempted to discuss the conflict with Jacob, however, he refused to seek another compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacob, with several other bishops, abruptly left Syria with the intention of travelling to Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst en route, Jacob and his group stopped at the Monastery of St. Romanus in <a href="/wiki/Maiuma_(city)" title="Maiuma (city)"> Maiuma</a> where they became ill and Jacob died on 30 July 578.<sup id="cite_ref-Venables_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cyriacus, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a>, Jacob's remains were kept at the Monastery of St. Romanus until moved to the Monastery of Fsilta in 622.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians note the name of the monastery as the Monastery of Cassian.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Baradaeus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Yaqub-Burdoyo">"Yaʿqub Burdʿoyo"</a>. <i>e-GEDSH</i>. Beth Mardutho, The Syriac Institute/Gorgias Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-GEDSH&rft.atitle=Ya%CA%BFqub+Burd%CA%BFoyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2Fentry%2FYaqub-Burdoyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory (2010), p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butin (1907)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingstone-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livingstone (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SL3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SL3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SL3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint-Laurent (2015), p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint-Laurent (2015), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint-Laurent (2015), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1999), p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsoum-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsoum_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsoum_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsoum_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsoum_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsoum_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barsoum (2003), p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venables-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venables_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Venables (1911)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ned-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ned_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neamericandiocese.org/feasts-memorials.54/st-jacob-baradaeus.aspx"><i>St. Jacob Baradaeus</i></a>. Northeast American Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irvin_2001_pp._248-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irvin_2001_pp._248_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irvin_2001_pp._248_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irvin & Sunquist (2001), pp. 248–249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadgold198-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold198_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold198_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold (1997), p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory318-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory318_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory318_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory (2010), p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint-Laurent (2015), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barsoum (2003), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadgold219-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold219_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold219_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold (1997), pp. 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadgold221-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold221_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold221_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold221_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold (1997), p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barsoum (2003), p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stgregorioscathedral.com/feasts-fasts/2017/11/28/st-jacob-baradaeus">St Gregorios Cathedral (Illinios) website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://soc-wus.org/2011News/7302011135242.htm%7C">http://soc-wus.org/2011News/7302011135242.htm%7C</a> <i>Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch; Archdiocese of the Western United States</i> website</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Baradaeus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1999" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gerald H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&q=jacob+baradaeus"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846808" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846808"><bdi>9780802846808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Christian+Missions&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802846808&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQ8BFk9K0ToC%26q%3Djacob%2Bbaradaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsoum2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I_Barsoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum">Barsoum, Ignatius Aphrem</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Barsoum2000HistorySyriacLit"><i>The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences, trans. Matti Moosa, 2nd rev. ed</i></a>. Gorgias Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scattered+Pearls%3A+A+History+of+Syriac+Literature+and+Sciences%2C+trans.+Matti+Moosa%2C+2nd+rev.+ed.&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Barsoum&rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Aphrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBarsoum2000HistorySyriacLit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButin1907" class="citation book cs1">Butin, R. (1907). "Jacob Baradæus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02282a.htm"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>. Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob+Barad%C3%A6us&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Butin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02282a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2553?rskey=o08BBH&result=1"><i>Jacob Baradaeus</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Baradaeus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-2553%3Frskey%3Do08BBH%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIFJiOCSYc8C&q=History+of+Byzantium+Timothy+E.+Gregory"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444359978" title="Special:BookSources/9781444359978"><bdi>9781444359978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444359978&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIFJiOCSYc8C%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BByzantium%2BTimothy%2BE.%2BGregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvinSunquist2001" class="citation book cs1">Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKfYAAAAMAAJ&q=jacob%20baradeus"><i>History of the World Christian Movement: Earliest Christianity to 1453</i></a>. Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570753961" title="Special:BookSources/9781570753961"><bdi>9781570753961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+Christian+Movement%3A+Earliest+Christianity+to+1453&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781570753961&rft.aulast=Irvin&rft.aufirst=Dale+T.&rft.au=Sunquist%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKfYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djacob%2520baradeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2006" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, E. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198614425.001.0001/acref-9780198614425-e-3012"><i>Jacob Baradaeus</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861442-5"><bdi>978-0-19-861442-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Baradaeus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861442-5&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198614425.001.0001%2Facref-9780198614425-e-3012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Laurent2015" class="citation book cs1">Saint-Laurent, Jeanne-Nicole Mellon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtkkDQAAQBAJ&q=jacob+baradaeus"><i>Missionary Stories and the Formation of the Syriac Churches</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520284968" title="Special:BookSources/9780520284968"><bdi>9780520284968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Stories+and+the+Formation+of+the+Syriac+Churches&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520284968&rft.aulast=Saint-Laurent&rft.aufirst=Jeanne-Nicole+Mellon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtkkDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Djacob%2Bbaradaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC&q=Jacob+Baradaeus+byzantine"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804726306" title="Special:BookSources/9780804726306"><bdi>9780804726306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780804726306&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC%26q%3DJacob%2BBaradaeus%2Bbyzantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenables1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Venables" title="Edmund Venables">Venables, Edmund</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Jacobus Baradaeus, bp. of Edessa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Jacobus_Baradaeus,_bp._of_Edessa">"Jacobus Baradaeus, bp. of Edessa" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wace_(priest)" title="Henry Wace (priest)">Wace, Henry</a>; Piercy, William C. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century" title="Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century">Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century</a></i> (3rd ed.). London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacobus+Baradaeus%2C+bp.+of+Edessa&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography+and+Literature+to+the+End+of+the+Sixth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Venables&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+Baradaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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