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revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Minimum use and production of nuclear weapons</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Full spectrum deterrence</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (previously known as <b>Minimum Credible Deterrence</b> (<b>MCD</b>; officially named <b>N-deterrence</b><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers,_2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ali_Siddiqi,_Los_Angeles_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ali_Siddiqi,_Los_Angeles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the defence and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">strategic</a> principle on which the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">atomic weapons programme</a> of Pakistan is based.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Times,_Friday,_12_August_2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times,_Friday,_12_August_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine is not a part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_doctrine_of_Pakistan" title="Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan">nuclear doctrine</a>, which is designed for the use of the atomic weapons in a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Declared_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Declared war">declared war</a> if the conditions of the doctrine are surpassed.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the policy of the Minimum Credible Deterrence falls under <a href="/wiki/Minimal_deterrence" title="Minimal deterrence">minimal deterrence</a> as an inverse to the <a href="/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually assured destruction">Mutually Assured Destruction</a> (MAD), which is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking any military actions against Pakistan, as it did in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_Research_Services2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Research_Services2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a>) Pakistan has adopted No first use policy, like the other regional powers, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, have.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_history">Developmental history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Developmental history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comprehensive nuclear weapons policy was addressed by populist prime minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> in a vision for the country to "walk tall" in global politics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining equality on every level of scientific development with India was a primary motivation for his government.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, the popular support helped Bhutto to consolidate the political and economical aspects of atomic bomb projects and the control of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan military</a> in civilian hands.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the creation of formation of defence mechanism systematic programmes, known as <a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a> (NCA), <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Special Forces</a> (JSF) under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> which is led by its designated <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Externally, the nuclear status was a way to boost Pakistan's prestige, importance and influence on among the friendly and Muslim nations, including rich Gulf monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 May 1999, in his address at the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a> (NDU), Prime minister Nawaz Sharif used the term "minimum credible deterrence" while speaking about Pakistan's nuclear stance.<sup id="cite_ref-Zawar_Haider_Abidi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the Prime minister (even the government at present now), made cleared Pakistan's nuclear declaratory statements that India is regarded as its sole nuclear adversary and thus the focus of its nuclear deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-Zawar_Haider_Abidi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MCD theory is based on the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence theory</a> and offers the idea of the achieving the <a href="/wiki/Second_strike" title="Second strike">second strike</a> capability. The MCD theory is effectively, an ideal form of the <a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a> (named after mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Nash, Jr.">John Forbes Nash</a>), in which both India and Pakistan, once armed, have no rational incentive to either initiate a conflict, or to disarm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promulgation_and_enforcement">Promulgation and enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Promulgation and enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policy framework was announced by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime minister</a> of Pakistan (at that time) <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> after ordering to perform country's first atomic tests (see the operations: <a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Chagai-I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chagai-II" title="Chagai-II">Chagai-II</a>) in 1998 as part of <a href="/wiki/Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">tit-for-tat</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In end of 1998, the doctrine and organisation began to be redesigned, and a proceeded to a full-scope scientific, economical and defence review, involving key country's institutions, to develop and test ideas and concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies and policy were studied at the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a> (NDU), <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology (Pakistan)">National University of Sciences and Technology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_%26_Strategic_Studies_(DSS)_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence & Strategic Studies (DSS) Department (page does not exist)">Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies</a> (IDSS) and various others.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the public atomic tests in 1998, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Government">Pakistan Government</a> has adopted considerable recommendations and suggestions to think through its nuclear doctrine, and to integrate the nuclear power dimension into its defence strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of potential thresholds has been refined, at least in public statements by Pakistani officials. According to one reliable source, the country adopted a three-point nuclear policy in early 2001 as part of the minimum credible deterrence.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most authoritative of these statements are provided by the officials of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">Atomic Command Authority</a>, in the form of four thresholds which were first mentioned by Khalid Kidwai in late 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_statements">Policy statements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Policy statements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of "Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD)" has been frequently being interpreted by the various government-in-time of effect of Pakistan. Although the MCD theory was officially adopted in 1998 as part of Pakistan's defence theory,<sup id="cite_ref-Zawar_Haider_Abidi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the other hand, the theory has had been interpreted by the government since in 1972. On military perspective, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> (PAF), has retrospectively contended that "MCD is not view to enter into a "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear race">nuclear race</a>", but to follow a policy of "<a href="/wiki/Peaceful_co-existence" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful co-existence">peaceful co-existence</a>" in the region, it cannot remain oblivious to the developments in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Yahoo!_News_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Yahoo!_News-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Government">Pakistan Government</a> officials have repeatedly emphasized that the MCD is a defence theory, a doctrine that is based on maintaining a balance to safeguard its sovereignty and ensure peace in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, Bhutto launched a more aggressive and serious diplomatic offensive on the United States and the Western world over the nuclear issues. Writing to the world and Western leaders, Bhutto made it clear and maintained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pakistan was exposed to a kind of "nuclear threat and blackmail" unparalleled elsewhere..... (...)... If the world's community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would be constraint to launch atomic bomb programs of their own!... [A]ssurances provided by the United Nations were not "Enough!...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, <small>statement written in "<i>Eating Grass</i>"</small>, source<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If Pakistan restricts or suspends her <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">nuclear deterrence</a>, it would not only enable India to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">blackmail</a> Pakistan with her <a href="/wiki/Indian_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nuclear programme">nuclear advantage</a>, but would impose a crippling limitation on the development of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Pakistan">science and technology</a>....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, 1969, source<sup id="cite_ref-Farhatullah_Babar_and_Courtesy_The_News_International_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhatullah_Babar_and_Courtesy_The_News_International-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pakistan's strategy of "<a href="/wiki/Minimum_Credible_Deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum Credible Deterrence">minimum credible deterrence</a>" guarantees "peace in the region", and the nuclear weapons programme is moving "strength to strength"... </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-Repro_India_Ltd._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Repro_India_Ltd.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/People_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Pakistan">People</a> of Pakistan are "security conscious" because of the (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">1971</a>) severe trauma, and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan Wars">three wars</a> with (India). Our nuclear development was peaceful... but was "an effective deterrence to India"..... because (<a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>) had detonated a nuclear device. She, Pakistan,...., thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and sovereignty.....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister, <small>Benazir Bhutto on Pakistan's nuclear weapons</small>, source<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Ali_Siddiqi,_Los_Angeles_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Ali_Siddiqi,_Los_Angeles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No matter whether we are recognized as "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapon state">nuclear weapon-state</a> or not, we are a <b><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear power</a></b>. "Nuclear restraint", stabilization and "minimum credible deterrence" constitute the basic elements of Pakistan's nuclear policy.,.. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, 1998, source<sup id="cite_ref-Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute_(1998)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute_(1998)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pakistan does not harbour <a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">any aggressive designs</a> against any state, but it is determined to defend its territorial integrity.... That is why we need to maintain a balance in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">conventional forces</a> suitably backed by minimum credible deterrence. Pakistan will continue to "develop her military potential that guarantees peace with honour and dignity". "Our military capability is basically for the deterrence purpose while peace remains the ultimate cherished goal for Pakistan..."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a>, <small> describing the official <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons of Pakistan">nuclear weapons policy</a> statement in 2012</small>, source<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation,_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_and_persuasion">Rationale and persuasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rationale and persuasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">senior officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Game theorist">game theorists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">strategists</a> affiliated with Pakistan's government has persuaded multiple times for maintaining the Minimum Credible Deterrence.<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government officials points out that "<a href="/wiki/Indo-US_civilian_nuclear_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement">Indo-US nuclear deal</a> as well as cooperation in conventional field is likely to grow in India's favour, thus accelerating arms race in the region".<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, maintaining "minimum credible nuclear deterrence" would require Pakistan to review its nuclear policy.<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government officials maintained that while Pakistan will continue to act with responsibility avoiding an arms race, it will not remain oblivious to the imperative of maintaining "minimum credible nuclear deterrence".<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unnamed official at the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Islamabad Policy Research Institute">Islamabad Policy Research Institute</a> (IPRI) stated that "the nuclear weapons programme has been exclusively driven by security considerations to ensure the survival and very existence of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_observer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_observer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a> stated the comprehensive policy and quoted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Pakistan">State of Pakistan</a> does not harbour any aggressive designs against any state, but it is determined to defend its territorial integrity. That is why, we need to maintain a balance in conventional forces suitably backed by minimum credible deterrence.... She (Pakistan) will continue to "develop her potential military deterrence that guarantees peace with honour and dignity....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a>, Prime minister of Pakistan (2008-2012), source<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation,_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 2010, a high ranking science minister of government of Pakistan publicly announced at the international <a href="/wiki/International_Nathiagali_Summer_College_on_Physics" title="International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics">conference on science</a> after delegating foreign ambassadors and scientists from all over the world: "Our <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_capability" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear capability">nuclear capability</a> is purely for defensive purposes, first believing in peaceful co-existence and reconciliation and will always strive for peace and prosperity in our region".<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Atom_Publishers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Atom_Publishers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_doctrine_of_Pakistan" title="Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan">Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/pakistans-latest-nuclear-antics-in-the-form-of-full-spectrum-deterrence">"Pakistan's latest nuclear antics in the form of Full Spectrum Deterrence"</a>. <i>orfonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orfonline.org&rft.atitle=Pakistan%E2%80%99s+latest+nuclear+antics+in+the+form+of+Full+Spectrum+Deterrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fexpert-speak%2Fpakistans-latest-nuclear-antics-in-the-form-of-full-spectrum-deterrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers,_2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhumman2011" class="citation news cs1">Ghumman, Khawar (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued/">"N-deterrence to be pursued"</a>. <i>Dawn Newspapers, 2011</i>. Dawn Newspapers Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/20Ap95.html#ndet">the original</a> on 9 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>The nuclear arms race in South Asia is not purely a quantitative matter; it encompasses a qualitative dimension where the nuclear weapons and delivery systems on both sides are improving in quality as well ... dr. Farah Zahra</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Credible+minimum+nuclear+deterrence&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.au=Farah+Zahra%2C+PhD+%28Political+Science%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2011%5C08%5C12%5Cstory_12-8-2011_pg3_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS" class="citation web cs1">IISS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120628051326/http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/nbm/nuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment/pakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-/">"Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning Rationales for nuclear weapons"</a>. <i>International Institute for Strategic Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/nbm/nuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment/pakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-/">the original</a> on 28 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Nuclear+policy%2C+doctrine+and+planning+Rationales+for+nuclear+weapons&rft.au=IISS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiss.org%2Fpublications%2Fstrategic-dossiers%2Fnbm%2Fnuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment%2Fpakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congressional_Research_Services2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congressional_Research_Services2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrMary_Beth_Nikitin2012" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Paul K.; Mary Beth Nikitin (10 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:m-HagfV8yNIJ:www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf+minimum+credible+deterrence+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESicWuviT0cR2EVoJL19er0QWzXfg5rBT0ad2zazS4HFeLQ3R9Xghfghta8G9srpRPEmdXE9OuAoMempBkf9LiKLK00j_ggsyH4t2kBhNXf0sMWmcZVHf0GV8GdXnFUNm01jV1Eo&sig=AHIEtbSE_FKxeElGk2bnCAHhF4TGLwuEgA">"Pakistan and Nuclear weapons"</a>. <i>United States Government</i>. United States Congress: Congressional Research Services. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government&rft.atitle=Pakistan+and+Nuclear+weapons&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft.au=Mary+Beth+Nikitin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3Am-HagfV8yNIJ%3Awww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fnuke%2FRL34248.pdf%2Bminimum%2Bcredible%2Bdeterrence%2BPakistan%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESicWuviT0cR2EVoJL19er0QWzXfg5rBT0ad2zazS4HFeLQ3R9Xghfghta8G9srpRPEmdXE9OuAoMempBkf9LiKLK00j_ggsyH4t2kBhNXf0sMWmcZVHf0GV8GdXnFUNm01jV1Eo%26sig%3DAHIEtbSE_FKxeElGk2bnCAHhF4TGLwuEgA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertrais" class="citation web cs1">Tertrais, Bruno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strafasia.com/no-first-use-no-deterrence/">"No First Use, No Deterrence"</a>. <i>Strafasia | Strategy, analysis, News and insight of Emerging Asia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strafasia+%7C+Strategy%2C+analysis%2C+News+and+insight+of+Emerging+Asia&rft.atitle=No+First+Use%2C+No+Deterrence&rft.aulast=Tertrais&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrafasia.com%2Fno-first-use-no-deterrence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning, Rationales for nuclear weapons at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> published page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zawar_Haider_Abidi_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zawar_Haider_Abidi_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zawar_Haider_Abidi_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbidi" class="citation web cs1">Abidi, Zawar Haider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vHiRcw0A9oUJ:www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/zawarabidi.pdf+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence+Nawaz+Sharif&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgRRH-LdU5JVnystFVZ7TbzJc53kbUEHcIxI7Ky2e-zuhW-TxLb1eJtR2JeykGxaKk25G0GdUUP_0RSnpOZLhBkBMqqA0ytYHaw3F5sh774V7CgaOaSnfavBgPVmAeJ3vbY1ehk&sig=AHIEtbT-0TWP7tNT1jElldUTye_RgUPniA">"Threat Reduction in South Asia"</a>. <i>Zawar Haider Abidi</i>. p. 6/15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zawar+Haider+Abidi&rft.atitle=Threat+Reduction+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=6%2F15&rft.aulast=Abidi&rft.aufirst=Zawar+Haider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AvHiRcw0A9oUJ%3Awww.stimson.org%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fresearch-pdfs%2Fzawarabidi.pdf%2BMinimum%2BCredible%2BDeterrence%2BNawaz%2BSharif%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESgRRH-LdU5JVnystFVZ7TbzJc53kbUEHcIxI7Ky2e-zuhW-TxLb1eJtR2JeykGxaKk25G0GdUUP_0RSnpOZLhBkBMqqA0ytYHaw3F5sh774V7CgaOaSnfavBgPVmAeJ3vbY1ehk%26sig%3DAHIEtbT-0TWP7tNT1jElldUTye_RgUPniA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Yahoo!_News-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Yahoo!_News_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANI2011" class="citation news cs1">ANI, ANI (22 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.news.yahoo.com/peace-loving-pak-continue-credible-minimum-nuke-deterrence-20110321-222051-561.html">"Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy"</a>. <i>The Yahoo! News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Pakistan does not wish to enter into a nuclear arms race, but will continue to maintain the policy of credible minimum deterrence, Pakistan's Air Force chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman has said</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Peace-loving%27+Pakistan+to+continue+credible+minimum+nuke+deterrence+policy.&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.aulast=ANI&rft.aufirst=ANI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.news.yahoo.com%2Fpeace-loving-pak-continue-credible-minimum-nuke-deterrence-20110321-222051-561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425231402/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\02\28\story_28-2-2006_pg7_24">"Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 28 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\02\28\story_28-2-2006_pg7_24">the original</a> on 25 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times.&rft.atitle=Pakistan+will+maintain+minimum+credible+deterrence&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2006%5C02%5C28%5Cstory_28-2-2006_pg7_24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz Hassan (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&pg=PA100">"The Route to Nuclear Ambition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(google book)</span>. <i>Eating grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto+%22The+Myth+of+Independence%22&rft.atitle=Bhutto%27s+Footprints+on+Nuclear+Pakistan&rft.aulast=Babar+%28MSc+in+Civil+Engineering%29&rft.aufirst=Farhatullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsixhour.com%2Fbhutto_footprints_on%2520nuclear_pakistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Repro_India_Ltd.-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Repro_India_Ltd._14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjali2009" class="citation book cs1">Anjali, Ghosh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&q=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&pg=PA66"><i>India's Foreign Policy Pakistan Factor</i></a>. New Delhi: Repro India Ltd. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131710258" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131710258"><bdi>978-8131710258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Foreign+Policy+Pakistan+Factor&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Repro+India+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8131710258&rft.aulast=Anjali&rft.aufirst=Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY32u4JMroQgC%26q%3DMIRAGE%2B5%2Band%2BPakistan%2BNavy%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute_(1998)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute_(1998)_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Zafar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:dyjZJzNTYIoJ:ipripak.org/journal/winter2012/Article%25202.pdf+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence+Nawaz+Sharif&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjKtQyjBcfaANDxC4_ZQYMC21UBo7EPQj92NOdqIgZfrsSNs7sbyVeEmzGNFnhPSfRILKpJ3zCKCIYgeGKlS968V0_3s1jggn9Vf6wDeRK6IJmxYAJYtQqYGW8kt3VW7_A1JmZE&sig=AHIEtbSlXoO_Y8TlLplzT8tGza5C3uSD_A">"Pakistan's authorization of the nuclear testing programme: External and Internal Pressures"</a>. <i>Zafar Khan, game theorist and nuclear strategist at the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Islamabad Policy Research Institute">Islamabad Policy Research Institute</a> (IPRI)</i>. Islamabad Policy Research Institute (1998)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zafar+Khan%2C+game+theorist+and+nuclear+strategist+at+the+Islamabad+Policy+Research+Institute+%28IPRI%29&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+authorization+of+the+nuclear+testing+programme%3A+External+and+Internal+Pressures&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AdyjZJzNTYIoJ%3Aipripak.org%2Fjournal%2Fwinter2012%2FArticle%2525202.pdf%2BMinimum%2BCredible%2BDeterrence%2BNawaz%2BSharif%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESjKtQyjBcfaANDxC4_ZQYMC21UBo7EPQj92NOdqIgZfrsSNs7sbyVeEmzGNFnhPSfRILKpJ3zCKCIYgeGKlS968V0_3s1jggn9Vf6wDeRK6IJmxYAJYtQqYGW8kt3VW7_A1JmZE%26sig%3DAHIEtbSlXoO_Y8TlLplzT8tGza5C3uSD_A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation,-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reports2012" class="citation news cs1">Staff reports (31 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/31-Mar-2012/pakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm">"Pakistan to maintain conventional balance: PM"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402210602/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/31-Mar-2012/pakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Our military capability is basically for deterrence purpose while peace remains the ultimate cherished goal for us. We believe that military weakness invites aggression from stronger nations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Pakistan+to+maintain+conventional+balance%3A+PM&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft.au=Staff+reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F31-Mar-2012%2Fpakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_News_International-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasheed_Khalid2011" class="citation news cs1">Rasheed Khalid (2 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-29004-Pakistan-has-to-maintain-minimum-credible-nuclear-deterrence-expert">"Pakistan has to maintain minimum credible nuclear deterrence: expert"</a>. <i>The News International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Pakistan+has+to+maintain+minimum+credible+nuclear+deterrence%3A+expert&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft.au=Rasheed+Khalid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-6-29004-Pakistan-has-to-maintain-minimum-credible-nuclear-deterrence-expert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_observer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_observer_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaman_Zulfiqar" class="citation news cs1">Saman Zulfiqar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=104961">"Pak minimum deterrence posture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Observer" title="Pakistan Observer">Pakistan Observer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Observer&rft.atitle=Pak+minimum+deterrence+posture&rft.au=Saman+Zulfiqar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakobserver.net%2Fdetailnews.asp%3Fid%3D104961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Atom_Publishers-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Atom_Publishers_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:VsUM1DkwjMkJ:www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/2010/p-mj10.pdf+http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/2010/p-mj10.pdf&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjAAHFkhcLgC1AF8CGdSIuPpq_U4KX_Fy5wExmlp44jwUXFXc7V6ASoylnulycgC-t64BPrgU2DqMC-wwahvXocNJoSWR3SawrX-MXrrmT65_gAJZgexVrYR1iKQfLpR4_murA3&sig=AHIEtbTuw8LSGST8ZvmUNgembVIK4of6Ng">"Pakistan's nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes"</a>. <i>Pakistan Atom Publishers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Our nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes. We believe in peaceful co-existence and reconciliation and will always strive for peace and prosperity in our region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Atom+Publishers&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+nuclear+capability+is+purely+for+defensive+purposes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AVsUM1DkwjMkJ%3Awww.paec.gov.pk%2Fnewsletters%2Fpkatm-n%2F2010%2Fp-mj10.pdf%2Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.paec.gov.pk%2Fnewsletters%2Fpkatm-n%2F2010%2Fp-mj10.pdf%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESjAAHFkhcLgC1AF8CGdSIuPpq_U4KX_Fy5wExmlp44jwUXFXc7V6ASoylnulycgC-t64BPrgU2DqMC-wwahvXocNJoSWR3SawrX-MXrrmT65_gAJZgexVrYR1iKQfLpR4_murA3%26sig%3DAHIEtbTuw8LSGST8ZvmUNgembVIK4of6Ng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_bibliography">Concept bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concept bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhutto1969" class="citation book cs1">Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (15 April 1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200"><i>The Myth of Independence</i></a></span>. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192151674" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192151674"><bdi>978-0192151674</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Independence&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0192151674&rft.aulast=Bhutto&rft.aufirst=Zulfikar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofindependen0000bhut%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Credited_scholarly_articles">Credited scholarly articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_spectrum_deterrence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Credited scholarly articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaq,_PhD_(Economics)1998" class="citation web cs1">Haq, PhD (Economics), Professor Mahbub (27 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/mh.htm">"The Nuclear Race in South Asia"</a>. <i>Dr. Professor Mahbub-ul-Haq, Professor of Economics at Karachi University</i>. This was the last public address of Dr. Haq at the North South Roundtable Conference in Easton, Maryland on 27 June 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>. <q><small>"Why Pakistan reacted with nuclear test explosions, for it is an indictment of the lack of a Western strategy, not an indictment of Pakistan's irresponsibility. After India's nuclear tests in early May, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Pakistan armed forces debated whether or not to conduct their own nuclear tests and I am convinced they were resolved not to test as long as they could be provided with the right security assurances....</small></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Professor+Mahbub-ul-Haq%2C+Professor+of+Economics+at+Karachi+University&rft.atitle=The+Nuclear+Race+in+South+Asia&rft.date=1998-06-27&rft.aulast=Haq%2C+PhD+%28Economics%29&rft.aufirst=Professor+Mahbub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Fziqbal%2Fmh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh" class="citation web cs1">Shaikh, M. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/mar14.htm">"Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan"</a>. <i>M. N. Shaikh, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M.+N.+Shaikh%2C+University+of+Calgary%2C+Alberta%2C+Canada&rft.atitle=Credible+nuclear+deterrence+and+doctrine+for+Pakistan&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Fziqbal%2Fmar14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+spectrum+deterrence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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